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Adopting the perspective of practitioners, we analyse the case of farm ponds for supplemental irrigation built in Burkina Faso and Mali. We reflect on the ways in which climate technologies can contribute to smallholder farmers' resilience to climate change, showing that in the different processes involved in the design and implementation of farm ponds as climate technologies, the distinction between infrastructure, equipment and machinery, on the one hand, and people, societies and communities, on the other, concealed the complexity of agricultural, agro-ecological and development practices. This ultimately hindered the potentially positive impacts of the technology and confirmed what the literature has already shown: that climate technologies should be approached as solutions that, regardless of their use of a particular piece of infrastructure or equipment, are always 'socio-technical'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The research findings on the environmental impact of innovative malted and decorticated yellow lentils emphasize the need for sustainable production practices in regions facing water scarcity. By focusing on breeding drought-resistant lentil varieties and optimizing agricultural practices, stakeholders can directly contribute to minimizing the environmental footprint of lentil production while maintaining or improving yields. This knowledge can be leveraged to inform policy development, breeding programs, consumer education, and industry innovation, ultimately promoting sustainable and resilient lentil farming systems. This study evaluated the environmental impact of malted, decorticated, and split yellow lentils, specifically Moroccan (ML) and Onano (OL) varieties, cultivated in Morocco and Italy, using a cradle-to-retailer Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. An analysis through SimaPro 9.5.0.0 software and the Product Environmental Footprint method revealed carbon footprints of approximately 4.5 and 3.3 kg CO2e per kg for malted, dehulled, and split MLs and OLs, respectively, representing increases of 50% and 52% compared to their untreated dry seed counterparts. The Product Environmental Footprints also rose significantly, by 50% for MLs and 55% for OLs, reflecting the higher water and energy demands, as well as additional waste generation, associated with the malting process. This study emphasizes the importance of focusing mitigation efforts on improving the agricultural phase, particularly in land and water use efficiency. While supplemental irrigation can boost yields, especially in water-limited regions, it significantly increases the environmental footprint, underscoring a trade-off between yield gains and sustainability. Consequently, the optimal environmental strategy may not involve increasing irrigation, but rather developing drought-resistant lentil varieties, which could reduce the overall environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly incorporated module into the WASH_2D model has enabled simulating a rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) using a tank. The incorporated module in WASH_2D was tested for two field experiments to determine the optimal tank capacity and cultivated area that give the highest net income for farmers. The first experiment was composed of treatments A, B, and C having the same cultivated and harvested areas (plastic sheets) of 24 m2 and 12.5 m2, respectively. The capacity of the tanks for treatments A, B, and C was set at 500, 300, and 200 L, corresponding to storability of 21, 13, and 8 mm, respectively, while in the second experiment we carried out three treatments: F, G, and H having the same tank capacity of 300 L and harvested area of 12.5 m2 with variable cultivated areas as G and H were larger by two and three times than F (10.5 m2), respectively. Water was applied automatically through a drip irrigation system by monitoring soil water suction. Results of the first experiment showed that the optimal storability and seasonal net income simulated by WASH_2D were 17 mm and 5.82 USD yr−1, which were fairly close to 18 mm and 5.75 USD yr−1 observed from field data, respectively. Similarly, the results of the second experiment revealed that simulated net incomes for different cultivated areas agreed well with the observed data. We concluded that the use of the simulation model WASH_2D can be economically useful to promote small-scale irrigation in semi-arid regions and guide planning irrigation or rainwater harvesting investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions faces significant challenges due to low and irregular rainfall, worsened by climate change, which negatively affects rain-fed crop productivity. Various techniques, including supplemental irrigation using runoff harvesting ponds, aim to address these issues but often suffer from water loss due to infiltration, influenced by the pond liner type. This study uses a factorial analysis to assess the farmers' perceptions of four pond sealing techniques. Using the Waso-2 method, a survey conducted in 2022 among 41 rainwater harvesting pond owners across three regions of Burkina Faso revealed that farmers prioritized impermeability and ease of maintenance over cost and availability. Concrete, scoring 16/20, was the most preferred, chosen by over 75% of farmers for its durability and resistance to weathering, despite its high cost. Geomembrane, with a score of 12/20, was valued for its waterproofing properties but had durability concerns. Clay, although cheap and available, scored 8/20 due to poor waterproofing on unstable ground. Bitumen, the least favored with a score of 6/20, was hindered by scarcity and lack of familiarity. To enhance supplemental irrigation in Burkina Faso and similar regions, waterproof concrete or durable geomembrane liners are recommended. Further research into improving bitumen and clay liners is also suggested. These findings provide key insights into farmers' preferences, offering guidance for developing effective water conservation strategies to boost agricultural productivity and address food security challenges in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) gaining international popularity in the early 21st century for its nutritional benefits, there remains a critical need to optimize its cultivation practices in arid regions. Current research often overlooks the combined effects of supplemental irrigation and foliar treatments on quinoa's yield and water efficiency, particularly under challenging environmental conditions like those in Borg El-Arab, Egypt. Field studies were conducted in Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt, during the winter seasons of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 to determine the influence of supplemental irrigation (rainfed, 2000, and 4000 m3/hectare, respectively) and foliar spraying of sodium silicate (control, 200, and 400 ppm) on yield, yield components, seed quality, and water usage efficiency in quinoa cv. Chibaya grown in arid lands. Three replications were used in a split-plot design. The main plots were designated for irrigation, while the subplots were designated for foliar spraying. The results indicate that applying irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3/hectare significantly increased leaf dry weight per plant by 23.5%, stem dry weight per plant by 18.7%, total dry weight per 25 plants by 21.4%, leaf area per plant by 19.2%, and straw yield by 26.8% compared to the control treatment. There were no significant differences between irrigation with the rate of 4000 m3 or 2000 m3/hectare on biological yield kg/hectare, N (%), P (mg/100 g), and protein (%). The utilization of sodium silicate had no significance on all studied features except for straw yield kg ha−1 at the rate of 200 or 400 ppm. The results regarding the RAPD1 primer revealed that the 2000+0 silicon treatment was the only treatment that resemble the control with no up- or downregulated fragment. Moreover, 20 upregulated fragments were observed in all treatments, while 19 DNA fragments were downregulated. Furthermore, the results obtained regarding the RAPD2 primer revealed that 53 fragments were upregulated and 19 downregulated. Additionally, the RAPD3 primer demonstrated that 40 DNA fragments were upregulated, whereas 18 downregulated DNA fragments were detected. It may be inferred that the application of irrigation at a rate of 4000 m3 ha−1 might serve as a supplemental irrigation method. Spraying sodium silicate at a 400 mg L−1 concentration could alleviate the dry climate on the Egyptian shore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BRRI dhan103 is a transplanting Aman (T. Aman) rice variety that demands sufficient organic manure and supplemental irrigation to ensure successful production. Seven treatments, viz., T1= rainfed control; T2= one supplemental irrigation at 80 days after transplanting (DAT); T3= two supplemental irrigations at 70 and 80 DAT; T4= additional 5 t ha-1 poultry compost under rainfed condition; T5= additional 10 t ha-1 poultry compost under rainfed condition; T6= additional 2.5 t ha-1 biochar under rainfed condition; and T7= additional 5 t ha-1 biochar under rainfed condition, were evaluated against BRRI dhan103 to assess the impact of supplemental irrigation and manuring under terminal drought conditions. It was revealed that supplemental irrigation and manuring significantly improved all growth parameters and yield attributes compared to the rainfed control. Notably, T5 treatment provided its greatest performance statistically in respect of SPAD value (36.13), root dry weight (12.43 g), number of tillers hill-1 (13.22), panicle length (28.87 cm), panicles hill-1 at harvest (9.13), total spikelet (194.53), spikelet panicle-1 (197.63), filled spikelet panicle-1 (197.63), thousand grain weight (33.78 g), grain weight panicle-1 (28.70 g), grain yield hill-1 (31.97 g), and above-ground biological yield (3043.35 g m-2). The highest tiller hill-1 at harvest (9.53) was achieved when an additional 10 t ha-1 of poultry compost was applied under rainfed conditions. This study suggested that additional 10 t ha-1 poultry compost under rainfed conditions performed best to enhance the growth and yield of BRRI dhan103. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Pampean region, the groundwater mostly used for supplementary irrigation is sodium bicarbonate, which poses a potential risk to soil salinity and sodicity. It is therefore necessary to carry out a monitoring of the soil quality. The use of electromagnetic sensors is an interesting alternative for this purpose. These instruments measure the apparent electrical conductivity of a volume of soil (ECap), which has been shown to be related to many properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of ECap in monitoring and mapping the properties of a non-saline soil in irrigated agriculture. Plots, including irrigated and rainfed areas, were surveyed with an electromagnetic sensor to measure ECap. Soil samples were taken to establish relationships. The edaphic properties that correlated better with ECap were precisely those related to salinization and sodification, such as electrical soil conductivity (ECs), pH and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), which are usually affected by irrigation. Even in some plots, the most conductive zones were distributed over the irrigated area with high values of these variables. The predictive models of these soil properties based on the ECap had good fittings. Moreover, in one of the plots, the maps obtained from predictions agreed with the maps interpolated from the soil samples. Thus, ECap can be considered as a good predictor of the variability of soil properties related to the impact of supplemental irrigation on non-saline soil. Geophysical exploration allows rapid and non-invasive monitoring of soil salinity and sodicity to improve irrigation management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in Egypt and all over the world. Its productivity is adversely affected by drought due to deficient irrigation to provide nutrients required for plant growth. In a field experiment, silicon foliar applications at concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mg L−1 were performed at different irrigation rates ranging from 1000 to 4000 m3 ha−1 to assess water irrigation productivity and wheat crop yield in a calcareous soil under arid climate conditions. Increased irrigation rates led to a significant increase in soil nutrient dynamics, as well as in the number and weight of grains per spike, leaf area index, grain yield, straw yield, and biological yield, with the exception of the weight of 1000 grains. Spraying with sodium silicate had a significant impact on grain yield and harvest index but did not significantly impact the other traits. Furthermore, the interaction between irrigation and silicate application rates showed significance only for grain yield, the number of spikes/m2, and the harvest index. Applying three times irrigation could produce the highest nutrient retention, wheat yield, and water irrigation productivity. No significance was observed between 3000 m3 ha−1 and 4000 m3 ha−1 irrigation, indicating a saving of 25% of applied irrigation water. It can be concluded that applying irrigation at 3000 m3 ha−1 could be a supplemental irrigation strategy. High wheat grain yield can be achieved under deficit irrigation (3000 m3 ha−1) on the northwestern coast of Egypt with an arid climate by spraying crops with sodium silicate at a rate of 400 mg L−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conducted to evaluate catchment storage and command relationship and water use strategies under supplemental irrigation for sustainable rainfed agriculture in the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, India. In southern Rajasthan, a small category of farmers is above 78%, the potential evapotranspiration is greater than the average rainfall with prevailing arid conditions, and rainfed agriculture is a challenging task. An agricultural micro watershed of 2.0 ha evaluated to establish a catchment storage command area (CSC) relationship and micro irrigation system as an effective water use strategy. The significant results indicate that a farm pond with a storage capacity of 560 m3 with permanent lining (cement + brick) is sufficient to harvest runoff water from a 2.0 ha catchment under the rainfall conditions of below normal (up to 50% deficit), long-term average, and wet years. Harvested rainwater can be used to irrigate a command area of even up to 1.0 ha, with supplemental irrigation of 5 cm in both the seasons of kharif as well as rabi. The two crops, maize (Zea mays) in the kharif season and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) in the rabi season, were significantly profitable with supplemental irrigation by adopting a drip irrigation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions faces significant challenges due to low and irregular rainfall, worsened by climate change, which negatively affects rain-fed crop productivity. Various techniques, including supplemental irrigation using runoff harvesting ponds, aim to address these issues but often suffer from water loss due to infiltration, influenced by the pond liner type. This study uses a factorial analysis to assess the farmers’ perceptions of four pond sealing techniques. Using the Waso-2 method, a survey conducted in 2022 among 41 rainwater harvesting pond owners across three regions of Burkina Faso revealed that farmers prioritized impermeability and ease of maintenance over cost and availability. Concrete, scoring 16/20, was the most preferred, chosen by over 75% of farmers for its durability and resistance to weathering, despite its high cost. Geomembrane, with a score of 12/20, was valued for its waterproofing properties but had durability concerns. Clay, although cheap and available, scored 8/20 due to poor waterproofing on unstable ground. Bitumen, the least favored with a score of 6/20, was hindered by scarcity and lack of familiarity. To enhance supplemental irrigation in Burkina Faso and similar regions, waterproof concrete or durable geomembrane liners are recommended. Further research into improving bitumen and clay liners is also suggested. These findings provide key insights into farmers’ preferences, offering guidance for developing effective water conservation strategies to boost agricultural productivity and address food security challenges in the context of climate change.

Climate adaptation offers promising approaches to cope with the detrimental impacts of climate change on rainfed agriculture, intending to mitigate yield losses and safeguard food security worldwide. This is especially critical in the semi-arid tropics, characterized by highly variable and often intensified rainfall regimes. The current study explored the potential contribution of climate adaptation measures, specifically sowing windows and supplemental irrigation (SI), to offset the impacts of rainfall variability on rainfed crop yield in the Thondamuthur block, India. Under the proposed adaptation measures, this study analyzed the relationship between historical rainfall variability (1951–2019) and rice, maize, and sorghum yield anomalies. A seamlessly integrated framework was developed to link rainfall variability analysis with yield response simulations using the AquaCrop model. Rainfall classification analysis indicated an increase in rainfall availability during the Kharif season and a decrease during the Rabi season in Period III compared with the baseline. The late-sown Kharif and early-sown Rabi crops demonstrated effective climate adaptation, with the 27th and 38th SMWs identified as optimal climate-adapted sowing weeks, respectively. Significant decreases of 10% and 12% in SI requirements were observed in early-sown Rabi maize and sorghum, respectively. The results showed that substituting Rabi rice and maize with Rabi sorghum led to reductions of 90% and 75% in seasonal SI requirements, respectively. The early-sown Rabi rice and maize contributed to 88% and 12% relative yield increases, respectively, compared with the normal-sown. This study highlights the effectiveness of climate adaptation measures in enabling farmers to withstand climate-induced anomalies.

Due to global warming, high temperature stress severely impacts maize growth and development, especially during the early filling stage. Supplemental irrigation is an effective measure to mitigate high temperature stress in maize. However, the underlying mechanism for alleviating transient high temperature stress during the early grain-filling stage is still unclear. A two-year field experiment involving high temperature during the early filling stage (HT), supplemental irrigation under high temperature stress (HTW), supplemental irrigation under control condition (W), and control treatment (CK) by using heat-tolerant variety ZD958 and heat-sensitive variety XY335 was conducted. Compared with the CK treatment, the HT treatment significantly decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). HT also significantly reduced the Pn, soluble sugar content in stem, and dry matter accumulation, thus reducing kernel number per ear and yield by 11.2–17.6% and 23.4–23.7% in the both variety, respectively. However, compared with HT, the HTW treatment reduced the daily mean canopy temperature of ZD958 and XY335 by 2.6 °C and 2.8 °C, respectively. Accordingly, HTW increased SPAD value, photosynthetic performance, starch and soluble sugars content in stems and leaves, and antioxidant enzymes activities, but reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA). Moreover, HTW increased the grain sink capacity, prolonged the effective filling days by 1.4–6.5 d, and increased the average filling rate by 14.8–41.0% compared with HT. Finally, grain yield of HTW was increased by 15.8–22.3% compared with HT. Therefore, supplemental irrigation could effectively enhanced maize heat resistance by reduce canopy temperature. This study provides important insights into enhancing maize resistance and yield stability under a warming climate.

Drainage water recycling (DWR) has been proposed as a source of supplemental irrigation to increase crop production resilience to extended and more frequent dry periods during the crop growing season; however, the system's potential benefits have not been adequately quantified. The main objective of this study was to assess the performance of a DWR system for providing water for supplemental irrigation to corn and soybean at a research site in eastern North Carolina and quantify corn and soybean yield responses during 4 growing seasons (2018-2021) with varying weather conditions. Two treatments were implemented at the study site: DWR and the control (CT) treatment. The CT treatment was a 11.23 ha non-irrigated field that was primarily drained by a surface drainage system. The DWR treatment (11.48 ha) had a subsurface drainage system that provided drainage during the wet periods and subirrigation during the dry periods of the growing season. A small size reservoir (5,458 m3) was used to collect surface runoff and subsurface drainage and subirrigate the DWR treatment. Results showed that the DWR reservoir stored enough water to meet irrigation requirements in 3 of the four growing seasons and provided 5 to 73 mm of irrigation to the DWR treatment. Subirrigation raised the groundwater table by an average of 15 cm, which helped increase the upward movement of soil water to the root zone and meet crop evapotranspiration demand. DWR increased corn yields by 0.13 and 0.91 Mg ha-1 (1% and 79%) and soybean yields by 0.31 and 0.59 Mg ha-1 (9% and 30%). Subirrigation, which is generally less efficient than overhead irrigation methods, did not optimize the use of the limited water stored in the small reservoir and could not provide enough protection to corn against prolonged dry conditions in the 2019 growing season. The amount of nutrients recycled back to the field through subirrigation was not large enough to help reduce fertilizer application rate. Overall, the results demonstrated that DWR is a promising practice for increasing the resilience of crop production in the southeastern U.S. to the uncertainty in precipitation, which is expected to intensify by climate change. Monitoring the performance of DWR for longer periods with varying factors of weather, soil, and system design and management would help guide the design and management of the system to optimize the performance and minimize the implementation cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In semi-arid climates, rain-fed agriculture often faces long dry spells and crop losses. The use of plastic sheets combined with tanks may enable to harvest water in sandy fields where runoff seldom occurs. To present a methodology to determine an optimal tank capacity, we cultivated garlic (Allium sativum L.) in a sand dune, Japan under three treatments, A, B, and C having the same cultivation and plastic sheet areas of 24 m² and 12.5 m², respectively. Tank capacities for treatment A, B, and C were set as 500, 300, and 200 L, corresponding to storability of 21, 13, and 8 mm, respectively. Water was automatically applied through a drip irrigation system using tensiometers. Results showed that treatment A had larger stored water by 15% and 28%, as well as larger cumulative irrigation depth by 15% and 39% compared to B, and C, respectively. As a result, bulb yield was higher for A by 6% and 18% compared to B, and C, respectively. The optimum storability that gave the highest net income was around 18 mm. Without overflow from gutters, the average collection efficiency was around 95%. The methodology would be suitable to determine the optimal storability of the tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drainage water recycling (DWR) has been proposed as a source of supplemental irrigation to increase crop production resilience to extended and more frequent dry periods during the crop growing season; however, the system's potential benefits have not been adequately quantified. The main objective of this study was to assess the performance of a DWR system for providing water for supplemental irrigation to corn and soybean at a research site in eastern North Carolina and quantify corn and soybean yield responses during 4 growing seasons (2018-2021) with varying weather conditions. Two treatments were implemented at the study site: DWR and the control (CT) treatment. The CT treatment was a 11.23 ha non-irrigated field that was primarily drained by a surface drainage system. The DWR treatment (11.48 ha) had a subsurface drainage system that provided drainage during the wet periods and subirrigation during the dry periods of the growing season. A small size reservoir (5,458 m³) was used to collect surface runoff and subsurface drainage and subirrigate the DWR treatment. Results showed that the DWR reservoir stored enough water to meet irrigation requirements in 3 of the four growing seasons and provided 5 to 73 mm of irrigation to the DWR treatment. Subirrigation raised the groundwater table by an average of 15 cm, which helped increase the upward movement of soil water to the root zone and meet crop evapotranspiration demand. DWR increased corn yields by 0.13 and 0.91 Mg ha-1 (1% and 79%) and soybean yields by 0.31 and 0.59 Mg ha-1 (9% and 30%). Subirrigation, which is generally less efficient than overhead irrigation methods, did not optimize the use of the limited water stored in the small reservoir and could not provide enough protection to corn against prolonged dry conditions in the 2019 growing season. The amount of nutrients recycled back to the field through subirrigation was not large enough to help reduce fertilizer application rate. Overall, the results demonstrated that DWR is a promising practice for increasing the resilience of crop production in the southeastern U.S. to the uncertainty in precipitation, which is expected to intensify by climate change. Monitoring the performance of DWR for longer periods with varying factors of weather, soil, and system design and management would help guide the design and management of the system to optimize the performance and minimize the implementation cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yadgir district is identified as most backward ditrict by NITI ayoga on account of their "lowest composite indicators in terms of health and nutrition, education, agriculture, water resources, financial inclusion, skill development and basic infrastructure. Traditional community tanks (TCT's) are classic examples of common pool resources that have been traditionally managed by local communities for irrigating their crops since age old and they are a living example that illustrates the capability of a man-made tank ecosystem evolved in harmony with nature to withstand natural disasters like drought, floods, and cyclones. These tanks not only protect and conserve the environment, but also contribute to livelihood security to rural farmers. These tanks have contributed significantly in agricultural production through supplementary irrigation and are declined recent decades in Yadgir district which is susceptible to drought compared to other district in the states. Such 13 TCT's were rejuvenated for enhancing water storage capacity in the district under "Jal Samvardhane - District-wide Water Conservation Project" by Bharatiya Jain Sangh (BJS) In colloboration with Dept. of Agriculture, Yadgir. The study proved that, the average water storage capacity was raised by 24.80 percent in selected rejunuvented TCT's. The average GWL increased for all selected tanks from 1.62 m to 3.81 m during the post-monsoon seasons of 2019 and 2020, respectively, compared to 1.31 metres before tank disiltation in Rabi 2018. Pigeonpea yield was increased by 4.13 percent (6.56 q/ha) to 20.57 percent (7.62 q/ha) with an average of 11.80 percent across all TCTs. Similarly, cotton prices increased by 4.85 percent (7.13 q/ha) to 21.53 percent (7.45 q/ha) throughout the growing season, with an average of 13.44 percent across all TCTs. Tank irrigation development activities have a substantial impact on groundwater recharge, access to groundwater, and in turn on the extension of irrigated water area. Tank irrigation development efforts have been shown to alter crop patterns, increase crop yields, and diversify crops, resulting in increased employment and farm income of small & marginal farmers of the Yadgir district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yadgir district is identified as most backward ditrict by NITI ayoga on account of their “lowest composite indicators in terms of health and nutrition, education, agriculture, water resources, financial inclusion, skill development and basic infrastructure. Traditional community tanks (TCT’s) are classic examples of common pool resources that have been traditionally managed by local communities for irrigating their crops since age old and they are a living example that illustrates the capability of a man-made tank ecosystem evolved in harmony with nature to withstand natural disasters like drought, floods, and cyclones. These tanks not only protect and conserve the environment, but also contribute to livelihood security to rural farmers. These tanks have contributed significantly in agricultural production through supplementary irrigation and are declined recent decades in Yadgir district which is susceptible to drought compared to other district in the states. Such 13 TCT’s were rejuvenated for enhancing water storage capacity in the district under “Jal Samvardhane -District-wide Water Conservation Project” by Bharatiya Jain Sangh (BJS) In colloboration with Dept. of Agriculture, Yadgir. The study proved that, the average water storage capacity was raised by 24.80 percent in selected rejunuvented TCT’s. The average GWL increased for all selected tanks from 1.62 m to 3.81 m during the post-monsoon seasons of 2019 and 2020, respectively, compared to 1.31 metres before tank disiltation in Rabi 2018. Pigeonpea yield was increased by 4.13 percent (6.56 q/ha) to 20.57 percent (7.62 q/ha) with an average of 11.80 percent across all TCTs. Similarly, cotton prices increased by 4.85 percent (7.13 q/ha) to 21.53 percent (7.45 q/ha) throughout the growing season, with an average of 13.44 percent across all TCTs. Tank irrigation development activities have a substantial impact on groundwater recharge, access to groundwater, and in turn on the extension of irrigated water area. Tank irrigation development efforts have been shown to alter crop patterns, increase crop yields, and diversify crops, resulting in increased employment and farm income of small & marginal farmers of the Yadgir district.

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The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the relationship between the accumulation of polyamines during the filling period of wheat grain with yield and grain protein under dryland and supplemental irrigation (SI) conditions and also the effect of foliar spraying of urea on the amount of polyamines in grain a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping seasons. The examined treatments included water availability (dryland and SI), wheat cultivars (Homa, Sardari, Rijaw, Ouhadi, and Azar2), and foliar application of urea (control and 4% urea foliar application). The results demonstrated that SI (10%) reduced and urea foliar (12%) application increased the percent of grain protein. SI reduced the contents of three PAs by 24%: spermine, spermidine, and putrescine. But urea foliar application increased the three PAs in the first and second years by 31% and 27% in dryland conditions and 12% and 4% in SI conditions, respectively. These results indicated that there is less need for PAs in SI conditions, and they thus exhibit poorer accumulation in the grain; in dryland conditions, however, their content increases with greater access to foliar nitrogen. Older cultivars Sardari and Azar 2 had more polyamines. According to the observed positive correlation between 1000-grain weight and the three PAs under stress conditions, PAs are probably involved in the improvement of grain filling, and urea foliar application can affect drought tolerance by increasing PA accumulation. Moreover, cadaverine exhibited a different function from the other PAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In humid climate regions, a short period of water deficit, especially during the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, has been found to affect potato plant growth, yield and tuber quality. However, there is still a lack of information on the impact of the water deficit duration. In this study, we examined potato plant growth, yield and tuber quality parameters with plants under 0 to 25 days of water deficit initiated at the beginnings of the vegetative growth stage and the tuberization stage, respectively. We found that for both the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, a longer water deficit duration resulted in no significant change in final plant height but significantly delayed flowering and reduced total biomass, yield, tuber dry matter content and share of large tubers. We estimate that per day of prolonged water deficit, there will be a yield loss of 3.1% and 3.4% for the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, respectively. Similarly, for per liter of irrigation water, there will be a yield increase of 16.3 g and 19.1 g for the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, respectively. Further studies are suggested to examine how supplemental irrigation can be used most effectively to mitigate the impact of water deficit on potato production in humid climate regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Algeria, the launching of projects encouraging the practice of supplemental irrigation on cereals to increase productivity and the sustainability of farms in arid and semi-arid regions is confronted with the problems of water use efficiency and soil quality conservation. The use of poor-quality irrigation water for supplemental irrigation is subject to secondary salinization processes, which become worse over time. The present paper aims to study the impact of supplemental irrigation on the increase of durum wheat yield, water use and soil salinization, a trial was set up in the soil of the HMADNA experimental station (RELIZANE, Lower-Cheliff). The experimental set-up is a randomized block with three replications and five treatments (water regime): T1 rainfed, T2 irrigated at tellering stage (T), T3 irrigated up to booting stage (TB), T4 irrigated up to heading stage (TBH) and T5 irrigated up to grain filling stage (TBHF). The parameters studied were: grain yield (GrYd), water consumption or actual evapotranspiration (AET), water use efficiency (WUE), soil salinity (EC) and water satisfaction rate (Ts). The analysis of the variance of the measured parameters showed significant to highly significant differences. Under the experimental conditions of the study site, the supplemental irrigation corresponding to the T5 water regime with an AET of 543mm, contributed significantly to the increase in grain yield up to 62.64 Qx/ha with a WUE of 11.83 Kg/ha/mm and a Ts of 96.31%. Moreover, an irrigation water quantity of near 113mm at the end of the wheat vegetative cycle (grain filling stage) causes the leaching of salts from the surface layer (H0-20cm) previously acquired during the vegetative cycle of the crop. The behavioural study of the saline profile showed that the salinity of the H20-40cm layers undergoes a secondary salinization process with an increased rate ranging from 100% to 220%. In saline environments, the contribution of supplemental irrigation is very important to ensure sustainable food security within specific phenological stages (end of cycle) according to the prevailing climatic conditions of the area while meeting the water needs of the crop.

Soya, one of the most economically important crops, is sensitive to periodic water deficits, which, because of climate change, are becoming more and more common in central Europe. The goal of this study was to estimate the water requirements of soybean from 1981 to 2020 in four provinces of central Poland and the rainfall deficits affecting soybean cultivation; the study also evaluates rainfall water use efficiency for soybean cultivated in production fields to investigate the future necessity of supplemental irrigation. Calculations were based on the values of monthly air temperature and the sum of precipitation. Soybean water requirements were calculated using the method of crop coefficients and reference evapotranspiration was estimated using the Blaney–Criddle approach. Crop water requirements were defined as potential evapotranspiration. Precipitation deficits for soybean were estimated using the Ostromęcki method. Water use efficiency was calculated based on rainfall totals and soybean yield in the rainfed fields. It was found that, on average in the central Poland provinces, from 1981 to 2020, the water requirements of soybean in the growing season amounted to 384 mm, and the highest water requirements occurred in June and July. In the studied forty-year period, a significant upward trend in soybean water requirements in central Poland was observed, both from 1 May to 31 August and from 1 June to 31 August. Rainfall deficits in soybean cultivation in central Poland were found from May to August and amounted to 123 mm in normal years (N50%). The rainfall water use efficiency from April to August for soybean cultivated in central Poland on average amounted to 6.6 kg ha−1 mm−1 and varied in individual years and regions. The results of the study indicate the need to develop supplemental irrigation systems for soybean crops cultivated in central Poland and other areas of the world with similar climate conditions to optimize yield and the sustainable use of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing supplemental irrigation (SI) measures and enhancing stem lodging resistance can be the keys to achieving a high and stable yield and high efficiency in wheat. The experiment was established as a two-factor field trial in 2018–2020. We used four SI combinations at different stages: rain-fed (T0), SI at jointing (T1), SI at jointing + anthesis (T2), and SI at regreening + jointing + anthesis (T3) with 'Bainong4199' (BN4199) and 'Zhoumai18' (ZM18) as experimental materials. We researched the effects of different SI combinations on the stem characteristics, stem vigor, grain filling, and yield of winter wheat. The results suggest that the basal internode at the anthesis stage grew with the increase in SI amount, but the stem fracture resistance of T1 and T2 was higher than that of T0 and T3. As grain filling continued, the lodging index increased and stem vigor decreased. In comparison with T3, the average stem lodging index of T2 decreased by 21.92% for 'BN4199' and 36.63% for 'ZM18', but the WUE increased by 29.76% and 14.92%, respectively. The grain yield increased with the increase in irrigation times during the growth period; there was no significant difference between T2 and T3 in 2018–2019. In a biennial comparison, the grain yield of all treatments in 2019–2020 was significantly lower than those in 2018–2019, and the grain yield of 'ZM 18' was lower than that of 'BN 4199'. Correlation analysis displayed that there were significant positive correlations between post-anthesis stem vigor and the dry matter contribution rate of post-anthesis to grains and between the grain filling rate at 21–28 days after anthesis (DAA) and stem strength at 30 DAA. In summary, selecting a high-yield lodging-resistant wheat variety with SI at jointing and anthesis was beneficial for forming strong stems and maintaining higher stem vigor at the later growth stage for grain filling, which reduced lodging risk and ensured high yield and high WUE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize yields in many regions of the world have increased significantly since the 1960s. The increase is mainly attributed to technological improvements and climate change. On a regional scale and in recent decades, climate change has altered growth conditions of maize and this, in turn, has influenced changes in yield. In order to analyze the contribution of different factors to yield changes, and to obtain a model setup that could be used for further analyses of yield development, this study systematically investigated the effects of recent climate change, irrigation, cultivar selection and nutrient availability on historical yields in Northern Bavaria. Four sets of simulations were conducted with the mechanistic plant growth model PROMET, during the time period between 1997 and 2020, and the resulting yields were compared to county statistics. In addition, three scenarios were simulated in order to determine yield increase potentials for the highly mechanized agricultural region of Northern Bavaria. The results showed a good agreement with the observed yields (R2 = 0.76), when considering altered nutrient availability, suggesting that an increase in nutrient uptake by plants plays a key role in reproducing yield statistics and has a main contribution to the observed increasing yield trends. Moreover, other factors considered individually, such as recent climate change, irrigation and cultivar selection, could not explain the yield levels and trends shown by the statistics. The scenario simulations demonstrated potential increases in yield due to irrigation and cultivar adaptation. The yield response to irrigation shows a trend, with recent climate change progressing, of 0–25% when irrigating currently grown cultivars and 10–50% when irrigating an adapted cultivar; rainfed cultivar adaptation consistently increased the level of yields by approximately 10%. This study highlights the importance of a dynamic consideration of growth conditions in the course of climate change, rather than static assumptions of model parameters, and emphasizes the importance of the second-order effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat is one of the most important cereal crops in Egypt and all over the world. Its productivity is adversely affected by drought due to deficient irrigation to provide nutrients required for plant growth. In a field experiment, silicon foliar applications at concentrations of 0, 200, and 400 mg L−1 were performed at different irrigation rates ranging from 1000 to 4000 m3 ha−1 to assess water irrigation productivity and wheat crop yield in a calcareous soil under arid climate conditions. Increased irrigation rates led to a significant increase in soil nutrient dynamics, as well as in the number and weight of grains per spike, leaf area index, grain yield, straw yield, and biological yield, with the exception of the weight of 1000 grains. Spraying with sodium silicate had a significant impact on grain yield and harvest index but did not significantly impact the other traits. Furthermore, the interaction between irrigation and silicate application rates showed significance only for grain yield, the number of spikes/m2, and the harvest index. Applying three times irrigation could produce the highest nutrient retention, wheat yield, and water irrigation productivity. No significance was observed between 3000 m3 ha−1 and 4000 m3 ha−1 irrigation, indicating a saving of 25% of applied irrigation water. It can be concluded that applying irrigation at 3000 m3 ha−1 could be a supplemental irrigation strategy. High wheat grain yield can be achieved under deficit irrigation (3000 m3 ha−1) on the northwestern coast of Egypt with an arid climate by spraying crops with sodium silicate at a rate of 400 mg L−1.

The effects of the irrigation regime and different fertilizer sources on the eco-physiological responses and yield characteristics of dragon's head were explored in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications in the 2019 growing season. The treatments included six different fertilizer sources (animal manure, vermicompost, poultry manure, biofertilizer, chemical fertilizer, and control) and two irrigation regimes (rainfed and supplemental irrigation). The results indicated the positive effects of supplementary irrigation and the application of vermicompost, poultry manure, and animal manure by increasing the absorption of nutrients (phosphorus and potassium) and improving relative water contents, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and the fixed oil percentage of dragon's head. The activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase decreased in the rainfed plants, whereas organic fertilizer application increased the antioxidant enzyme activity. The highest grain yield (721 kg ha−1), biological yield (5858 kg ha−1), total flavonoids (1.47 mg g−1 DW), total phenol (27.90 mg g−1 DW), fixed oil yield (200.17 kg ha−1), and essential oil yield (1.18 kg ha−1) were noted in plants that were treated with vermicompost under supplemental irrigation. Therefore, it is recommended that organic fertilizers such as vermicompost and poultry manure be used to substitute chemical fertilizers. These practices can help popularize organic crops using rainfed and supplementary irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the effects of different supplemental irrigation (SI) treatments on yield, yield components, and some drought-related traits in eight wheat varieties grown in the semi-arid environment of Jordan. Two SI treatments were used in addition to the control (i.e. rainfed treatment with 262.8mm accumulated rains): partially SI treatment (PSI=262.8mm rains+220mm irrigation at anthesis stage) and continuous SI treatment (CSI= 262.8mm rains + 377.5mm at 2-3 weeks intervals during different stages of wheat growth). Seven durum wheat varieties; namely Sham1, Omqais, Acsad65, Bani Suef6, Bani Suef4, Horani Nawawi, and Dairalla6 in addition to one bread wheat variety (Ammon) were included in this study. Yield and yield components were significantly increased and the time required to anthesis and maturity were delayed by SI. PSI treatment significantly increased grain yield by 50.2%, while CSI increased yield by 121% as compared to the control treatment. Considerable variations among varieties were observed under different irrigation treatments. Sham1 (2266.7 kg ha-1 ), Omqais (2253.3 kg ha-1 ), and Acsad65 (1963.3 kg ha-1 ) gave the highest grain yield under control treatment with low drought susceptibility indices, implying their low grain yield losses under control as compared with SI treatments with high genetic potentials for drought tolerance. The top-yielding varieties under CSI were Acsad65 (4716.7 kg ha-1 ), Dairalla6 (4586.7 kg ha-1 ), Bani Suef6 (4460 kg ha-1 ), and Omqais (4360 kg ha-1 ). Under PSI, Sham1 (3303 kg ha-1 ) followed by Dairalla6 (3193.3 kg ha-1 ), Horani Nawawi (3130 kg ha-1 ), and Bani Suef6 (3026.7 kg ha-1 ) gave the highest grain yield. All yield components (number of kernels per spike, number of tillers, and grain size) significantly contributed to increasing grain yield under SI. In conclusion, SI under rainfed conditions improves yield-attributing traits, which led to a substantial increase in grain yield. It would be possible to increase GY by more than 3 and 4 tonnes ha-1 with PSI and CSI, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Planting the proper cultivar in the most optimal sowing date is very decisive in the management of environmental resources, including water resources, and leads to maximum water productivity of and energy efficiency for increasing performance. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the most appropriate sowing date and water productivity for commercial cultivar of bread wheat under supplemental irrigation and water deficit conditions in the climatic conditions of Gorgan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This experiment was carried out as split-split plots based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications, during the 2021-2022 cropping season. In this experiment, two moisture conditions (supplemental irrigation and water deficit conditions) were placed in main plots, seven sowing dates (from 1 November to 31 December, 10-day intervals) were placed in subplots and four bread wheat genotypes (including Arman, Araz, Taktaz and N-93-9) were placed as sub-subplots. Results: The analysis of variance for grain yield and water productivity showed that the effect of moisture conditions was significant at the 0.05 level and the effects of sowing date and cultivar were significant at the 0.01 level. The results of mean comparisons showed that the grain yield in water deficit conditions (5288 kg ha-1) was significantly lower than the supplemental irrigation conditions (5715 kg ha-1). Water deficit conditions caused a significant increase in water productivity (17.3 kg ha-1 mm-1) compared to supplemental irrigation conditions (16.1 kg ha-1 mm-1). The highest grain yield was obtained on the second (11 November, 6340 kg ha-1) and third (21 November, 6165 kg ha-1) sowing dates. Also. The highest water productivity was related to the second and third sowing dates (18.6 kg ha-1 mm-1). The results of mean comparisons for cultivars showed that in Taktaz (as an early-maturing cultivar) grain yield (5872 kg ha-1) and water productivity (17.8 kg ha-1 mm-1) were significantly greater than other genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation on dryland wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications during cropping seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. The factors were drought stress levels (dryland and supplemental irrigation) and wheat cultivars (Homa, Sardari, Rijaw, Ouhadi and Azar2). Supplemental irrigation significantly increased grain yield. In both cropping seasons, drought stress increased free amino acids and glycine betaine and decreased relative water content (RWC) and rate of water loss (RWL). Negative and significant correlation of RWL with free amino acids of leaf and glycine betaine and also positive and significant correlation of RWC with glycine betaine level indicated that the higher the concentration of osmotic compounds in leaves, the lower the rate of leaf water loss and the higher the leaf water content. The results of this study confirmed that adequate water supply by using supplementary irrigation in the most sensitive stages of wheat growth is a viable strategy to improve the physiological traits of the plant and hence obtain an acceptable grain yield under dryland conditions.

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Wheat production in Iraq under permanent farming systems faced sharp seasonal fluctuations during the previous years resulting from Climate fluctuations that affected the output, and for the rational use of scarce water resources, an effective system to improve irrigation, and the research aimed To estimate the technical efficiency of wheat farms by means of random correlation analysis using the logarithmic production function, based on field data for a random sample of 30 farms in the district of Al-Baaj Nineveh Governorate for the agricultural season 2020-2021. The results of estimating the technical efficiency showed that the research sample achieved a technical efficiency of 94%, which means that a waste of resources was 6%, so it is the responsibility of this sample to produce the same amount of wheat using only 94% or less of the inputs to reach the optimum efficiency. Also, there is a positive relationship between the number of irrigations, the amount of pesticides, the area, and the yield of wheat, while this output is associated with an inverse relationship with agricultural work, the amount of seeds and fertilizers, as an increase in the amount of fertilizers, the quantity of seeds, and agricultural work by 1% leads to a decrease in wheat production by 0.261% and 0 723% and 0.159%, respectively. This may be attributed to the use of these resources at a rate that exceeds the plant’s need for these resources, and this in turn led to waste in resources and thus a decrease in technical efficiency below the optimal level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In humid climate regions, a short period of water deficit, especially during the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, has been found to affect potato plant growth, yield and tuber quality. However, there is still a lack of information on the impact of the water deficit duration. In this study, we examined potato plant growth, yield and tuber quality parameters with plants under 0 to 25 days of water deficit initiated at the beginnings of the vegetative growth stage and the tuberization stage, respectively. We found that for both the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, a longer water deficit duration resulted in no significant change in final plant height but significantly delayed flowering and reduced total biomass, yield, tuber dry matter content and share of large tubers. We estimate that per day of prolonged water deficit, there will be a yield loss of 3.1% and 3.4% for the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, respectively. Similarly, for per liter of irrigation water, there will be a yield increase of 16.3 g and 19.1 g for the vegetative growth and tuberization stages, respectively. Further studies are suggested to examine how supplemental irrigation can be used most effectively to mitigate the impact of water deficit on potato production in humid climate regions.

The horticultural management of rainfed fig orchards under water stress conditions has developed using supplemental irrigation (SI) strategy. Diffusion of SI technology requires dealing with orchardists' demands. The aim of this descriptive survey research was to investigate factors contributing to the SI application by fig growers under semi‐arid conditions. Orchard‐system, demographic features, attitudinal patterns, and economic characteristics of fig growers were assessed to identify the characteristics that lead to, or detract from SI application adoption, when rainfall is insufficient for normal plant growth. The sampling frame contained 377 out of 7,530 fig orchard addresses in Estahban region, southern Iran. Results revealed that higher yield, fruit quality including fruit size (as an indicator for fruit weight), and color of fig fruit were the most important components influencing fig growers' perception of SI usefulness. SI technology adopters and non‐adopters indicated statistically different results in terms of average income and number of trees. The current research can benefit policymakers, researchers, farmers, water associations, etc. in determining the appropriate supplemental irrigation amount and time, and will be of significant value in water supply planning and higher agricultural productivity, considering the limited water resources. Key Points: Fruit yield, quality, size and color affect farmers' perception of supplemental irrigation (SI) usefulnessSocial norms play a great role on supplementary irrigation practicesFarm characteristics are the most important factor in adoption of SI practices [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mediterranean, unbalanced precipitation distribution causes drought stress in rainfed wheat cultivation. Under such conditions, supplemental irrigation (SI) is a highly efficient practice to reduce the adverse effects of drought stress and improve yield. The present study aimed to assess the effects of SI on traits related to N accumulation and remobilization, chlorophyll concentration, yield and yield components, and water use efficiency (WUE) in different cultivars. Two field experiments with four irrigation levels (I0= rainfed, I1= SI at booting stage, I2= SI at booting and anthesis stages, I3= SI at booting, anthesis, and grain filling stages) and five cultivars (Rejaw, Sardari, Homa, Azar2, and Sirwan) was conducted during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 wheat growing seasons. Overall, results showed that SI notably had a positive effect on chlorophyll concentration, N content of plant parts, N remobilization (NR), grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, and grain yield in cultivars. Although the grain yield in the three SI treatments was 237.1 kg ha−1 and 630.4 kg ha−1 more than the other two (I2) and one (I1) SI, respectively, but the WUE was slightly lower in this treatment. The cultivars exhibited apparent differences in their responses to SI. The Sirwan cultivar showed a higher reaction to SI amongst cultivars. The highest N remobilization efficiency (NRE) was observed in I1 (73.69%) and I0 (73.34%) irrigation treatments. Sardari (74.03%) and Azar2 (73.60%) cultivars had higher NRE than other cultivars. The minimum contribution of NR to grain appeared in the I3 treatment (74.54%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Low soil fertility and reduced seasonal rainfall contribute to low potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield in Kenya. Nitrogen (N) deficiency is the major problem facing by the smallholder farmers of Kenya due to lack of fallow. Hence an introduction of supplemental irrigation with an adequate application of this nutrient could increase potato yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplemental irrigation and N-fertilisation on potato tuber yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The experiment was conducted in Nakuru County, Kenya for two seasons. The experimental soils are classified as mollic Andosols. The treatments comprised two irrigation treatments of full supplemental irrigation (FI) and rainfed production (RF) and four N levels of four N levels of 0 (N0), 60 (N1), 90 (N2) and 130 kg N/ha (N3). Results The results showed that total tuber yield, marketable tuber yield and NUE were significantly (P

Maize yields in many regions of the world have increased significantly since the 1960s. The increase is mainly attributed to technological improvements and climate change. On a regional scale and in recent decades, climate change has altered growth conditions of maize and this, in turn, has influenced changes in yield. In order to analyze the contribution of different factors to yield changes, and to obtain a model setup that could be used for further analyses of yield development, this study systematically investigated the effects of recent climate change, irrigation, cultivar selection and nutrient availability on historical yields in Northern Bavaria. Four sets of simulations were conducted with the mechanistic plant growth model PROMET, during the time period between 1997 and 2020, and the resulting yields were compared to county statistics. In addition, three scenarios were simulated in order to determine yield increase potentials for the highly mechanized agricultural region of Northern Bavaria. The results showed a good agreement with the observed yields (R2 = 0.76), when considering altered nutrient availability, suggesting that an increase in nutrient uptake by plants plays a key role in reproducing yield statistics and has a main contribution to the observed increasing yield trends. Moreover, other factors considered individually, such as recent climate change, irrigation and cultivar selection, could not explain the yield levels and trends shown by the statistics. The scenario simulations demonstrated potential increases in yield due to irrigation and cultivar adaptation. The yield response to irrigation shows a trend, with recent climate change progressing, of 0–25% when irrigating currently grown cultivars and 10–50% when irrigating an adapted cultivar; rainfed cultivar adaptation consistently increased the level of yields by approximately 10%. This study highlights the importance of a dynamic consideration of growth conditions in the course of climate change, rather than static assumptions of model parameters, and emphasizes the importance of the second-order effects of climate change.