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UV radiation causes long- and short-term skin damage, such as erythema and skin cancer. Therefore, the use of sunscreens is extremely important. However, concerns about UV filter safety have prompted exploration into alternative solutions, with nanotechnology emerging as a promising avenue. This systematic review identified 23 experimental studies utilizing nanocarriers to encapsulate sunscreens with the aim of enhancing their efficacy and safety. Polymeric and lipid nanoparticles are frequently employed to encapsulate both organic and inorganic UV filters along with natural antioxidants. Nanocarriers have demonstrated benefits including reduced active ingredient usage, increased sun protection factor, and mitigated photoinstability. Notably, they also decreased the skin absorption of UV filters. In summary, nanocarriers represent a viable strategy for improving sunscreen formulations, offering enhanced physicochemical properties and bolstered photoprotective effects, thereby addressing concerns regarding UV filter safety and efficacy in cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, microalgal biotechnology has attained great acceptance among various researchers and industries for the green and sustainable production of different bioactive compounds. They provide multiple metabolites and molecules, making them an ideal candidate for cosmetic formulators and cosmeceutical companies. Nevertheless, numerous microalgae strains have never been studied for their pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmeceutical purposes. Even less, only some have been cultivated on a large scale for bioactive compound production. Here, we have studied the cosmetic and cosmeceutical potentials of different microalgal strains for sunscreen as adjuvants and boosters in a green, carbon‐neutral and sustainable platform. Other bioactive compounds were exploited, and the available products in the market and the published patents were also reviewed. From our review, it will be possible to combine the fundamental and practical aspects of microalgal biotechnology toward a greener and more sustainable future for the cosmetic/cosmeceutical areas of the photoprotection scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin cancer continues to be an imperative global health issue, urging continuous exploration of treatment methodologies. Conventional treatments for skin cancer include surgical interventions, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, these methods often present obstacles like treatment resistance, systemic toxicity, limited effectiveness in advanced stages, infection risk, pain, long recovery, and impact on healthy tissue. Nanomedicine holds promise by facilitating precise drug administration, early detection, and heightened therapeutic efficiency via targeted and localized delivery systems. The integration of nanomedicine into skin cancer alleviation therapies demonstrates optimistic outcomes, including refined drug delivery, augmented bioavailability, minimized adverse effects, and potential theranostic applications. Recent breakthroughs in nanomedicine have propelled advancements in skin cancer treatment, showing significant potential in transforming the treatment paradigm. The presents review provides comprehensive aspects of existing skin cancer treatments and their challenges, spotlighting recent breakthroughs propelled by nanomedicine. Short conclusion: This abstract delineates the present landscape of skin cancer treatments, underscores their constraints, and highlights recent strides in nanomedicine that have the potential to transform the paradigm of skin cancer treatment, ultimately elevating patient prognosis. Importantly, the present review emphasizes substantial challenges that hinder the clinical translation of nanomedicines and suggests possible remedies to surpass them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topical sunscreens decrease the quantity of ultraviolet (UV) light from the sun reaching the skin by either blocking or scattering it and help protect the skin from dyspigmentation, photoaging, DNA damage, and photocarcinogenesis, especially in photosensitive individuals. The significant role played by visible light and infrared light in skin pigmentation and photoaging has been recognized in recent years. The majority of broad-spectrum sunscreens protect against UV-B (290–320nm) and UV-A (320–400nm) radiation. Allergic reactions to sunscreens were relatively uncommon compared to their widespread use in the last more than four decades. With growing awareness of problems associated with excessive sunlight exposure, their use has increased exponentially, especially that of cosmetics and other personal grooming products containing UV filters. In recent years, sunscreen agents have been commonly identified as causing allergic contact dermatitis and photodermatitis. Thus, allergic contact dermatitis, photo-irritation, photo-allergenicity, and photo-toxicity (acute/subacute effects) are of immediate concern in the assessment of topical sunscreens for their optimal use. Sunscreen chemicals such as p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and PABA esters, the cinnamates, benzophenones, oxybenzone, and dibenzoylmethane that absorb UV radiation are common contact sensitizers capable of producing both allergic contact dermatitis and photodermatitis. The excipients in sunscreen formulations by themselves may also cause allergic reactions. Herein, we review potential allergens, clinical evaluation, and management aspects of topical sunscreen contact sensitivity for their optimal use in clinical practice.

Abstract Background Skin cancer continues to be an imperative global health issue, urging continuous exploration of treatment methodologies. Conventional treatments for skin cancer include surgical interventions, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, these methods often present obstacles like treatment resistance, systemic toxicity, limited effectiveness in advanced stages, infection risk, pain, long recovery, and impact on healthy tissue. Main body of the abstract Nanomedicine holds promise by facilitating precise drug administration, early detection, and heightened therapeutic efficiency via targeted and localized delivery systems. The integration of nanomedicine into skin cancer alleviation therapies demonstrates optimistic outcomes, including refined drug delivery, augmented bioavailability, minimized adverse effects, and potential theranostic applications. Recent breakthroughs in nanomedicine have propelled advancements in skin cancer treatment, showing significant potential in transforming the treatment paradigm. The presents review provides comprehensive aspects of existing skin cancer treatments and their challenges, spotlighting recent breakthroughs propelled by nanomedicine. Short conclusion This abstract delineates the present landscape of skin cancer treatments, underscores their constraints, and highlights recent strides in nanomedicine that have the potential to transform the paradigm of skin cancer treatment, ultimately elevating patient prognosis. Importantly, the present review emphasizes substantial challenges that hinder the clinical translation of nanomedicines and suggests possible remedies to surpass them. Graphic abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the ability of sunscreen active ingredients to inhibit in vitro drug metabolism via cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and drug uptake transporters. Methods: Metabolism assays with human liver microsomes were conducted for CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 using probe substrates warfarin, bufuralol and midazolam, respectively. Uptake transporter assays with transfected cell lines were conducted for OAT3, OCT2 and OATP1B1 with probe substrates estrone-3-sulfate, metformin and rosuvastatin, respectively. Six sunscreen active ingredients, avobenzone, enzacamene, oxybenzone, octinoxate, trolamine, and homosalate, were evaluated up to their aqueous solubility limits in the assays. Results: None of the sunscreen active ingredients inhibited CYP2D6 or CYP3A4 activities in the microsomes at concentration ranges up to tenfold higher than their known clinical total plasma levels. Only enzacamene, oxybenzone and trolamine were found to be inhibitory to CYP2C9 activity with IC50 values of 14.76, 22.46 and 154.7 µM, respectively. Avobenzone, enzacamene, homosalate and octinoxate were not inhibitory to the uptake transporters at the evaluated concentrations. Oxybenzone was inhibitory to OAT3 and OCT2 with IC50 values of 39.93 and 42.77 µM, respectively. Trolamine also inhibited uptake in OAT3 and OCT2 transfected cells with IC50 values of 448.1 and 1376 μM, respectively. Conclusions: Although enzacamene, oxybenzone and trolamine inhibited CYP2C9 and the renal transporters OAT3 and OCT2 in vitro, their IC50 values exceeded total plasma levels found in clinical studies. Therefore, it is unlikely that these sunscreen active ingredients in sunscreen products will inhibit the metabolism or transport of co-administered drugs in consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Although quantum mechanical calculations have proven effective in accurately predicting UV absorption and assessing the antioxidant potential of compounds, the utilization of computer-aided drug design (CADD) to support sustainable synthesis research of new sunscreen active ingredients remains an area with limited exploration. Furthermore, there are ongoing concerns about the safety and effectiveness of existing sunscreens. Therefore, it remains crucial to investigate photoprotection mechanisms and develop enhanced strategies for mitigating the harmful effects of UVR exposure, improving both the safety and efficacy of sunscreen products. A previous study conducted synthesis research on eight novel hybrid compounds (I–VIII) for use in sunscreen products by molecular hybridization of trans-resveratrol (RESV), avobenzone (AVO), and octinoxate (OMC). Herein, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations performed in the gas phase on the isolated hybrid compounds (I–VIII) proved to reproduce the experimental UV absorption. Resveratrol-avobenzone structure-based hybrids (I–IV) present absorption maxima in the UVB range with slight differences between them, while resveratrol-OMC structure-based hybrids (V–VIII) showed main absorption in the UVA range. Among RESV-OMC hybrids, compounds V and VI exhibited higher UV absorption intensity, and compound VIII stood out for its broad-spectrum coverage in our simulations. Furthermore, both in silico and in vitro analyses revealed that compounds VII and VIII exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with compound I emerging as the most reactive antioxidant within RESV-AVO hybrids. The study suggests a preference for the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanism over single-electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET-PT) in the gas phase. With a strong focus on sustainability, this approach reduces costs and minimizes effluent production in synthesis research, promoting the eco-friendly development of new sunscreen active ingredients. Methods: The SPARTAN'20 program was utilized for the geometry optimization and energy calculations of all compounds. Conformer distribution analysis was performed using the Merck molecular force field 94 (MMFF94), and geometry optimization was carried out using the parametric method 6 (PM6) followed by density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d)). The antioxidant behavior of the hybrid compounds (I–VIII) was determined using the highest occupied molecular orbital (εHOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (εLUMO) energies, as well as the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), ionization potential (IP), and proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE) values, all calculated at the same level of structural optimization. TD-DFT study is carried out to calculate the excitation energy using the B3LYP functional with the 6-31G(d) basis set. The calculated transitions were convoluted with a Gaussian profile using the Gabedit program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rutin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has gained attention for its potential applications in the cosmetic industry due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential photoprotective properties. Our review explored the use of rutin (rutoside, 3-O-rutinoside-quercetin) in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, focusing on its physicochemical properties and stability, cutaneous permeability, and efficacy in sunscreen systems, involving in vitro tests and the current state of clinical trials. Rutin's ability to scavenge free radicals, prevent peroxidation, and reduce vascular fragility makes this flavonoid a promising ingredient for photoprotection. Studies have shown that rutin can enhance the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen formulations, especially when combined with organic UV filters. The encapsulation of rutin in nanostructures has also been investigated to improve its applicability. Overall, rutin shows potential as a safe and effective ingredient in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, offering protection against the harmful effects of UV radiation and oxidative stress on the skin, as well as being a feasible strategy for developing environmentally friendly multifunctional sunscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose: Nowadays, there are emerging trends in customized and personalized photoprotection, focusing on the innovative approaches to enhance sun protection efficacy tailored to individual needs. Methods: We conducted an electronic search of the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Skin Register, and TESEO. Specific search terms related to personalized photoprotection and the variables of age, genetic predisposition, skin phototype, photodermatosis, and physiological conditions such as pregnancy, as well as lifestyle habits were used. Results/Conclusion: The article highlights the challenges and opportunities in adopting personalized photoprotection strategies, aiming to promote skin health and prevent the harmful effects of UV radiation in the era of precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To analyze whether the application of topical formulas as cosmetics or sunscreens could affect the skin thermographic readings in terms of infection control in pandemic situations. The temperature of the skin of the dorsal region of the back and the face of 20 volunteers was followed after the application of 6 different types of gels, sunscreens, and make-up under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. High-resolution thermographic images were analyzed to calculate the temperature of treated skin compared to skin free of topical products. The application of hydroalcoholic gel resulted in a mean drop of more than 2°C just after 1 minute followed by organic sunscreens until 1.7°C. Recovery was observed progressively until minute 9. Color make-up type formulas, rich in iron oxide as well as sunscreens with mineral filters had little or no effect on the skin thermal response. It is possible to alter the skin temperature almost immediately by using hydroalcoholic gels and sunscreen cosmetics. So, it is possible to produce false negative data in the readings of patients screened thermically. [Display omitted] • Facial thermography is used for a rapid detection for fever screening in transit areas in control of infections. • Thermal reading of the skin can be altered after application of topical formulas. • Hydroalcoholic gel and organic sunscreens dropped 2 ºC on skin, just 1 min after application. • It is possible to produce false negative data in the readings of patients screened thermically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avobenzone is one of the most widely used sunscreens in skin care formulations, but suffers from some drawbacks, including photo instability. To mitigate this critical issue, the use of octocrylene as a stabilizer is a common approach in these products. However, octocrylene has been recently demonstrated to show potential phototoxicity. The aim of this work is to analyze the performance of a series of mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA)-inspired compounds to act as avobenzone stabilizers as an alternative to octocrylene. Different avobenzone/MAA analogue combinations included in galenic formulations were followed under increasing doses of solar-simulated UV radiation. Some of the synthetic MAA analogues analyzed were able to increase by up to two times the UV dose required for 50% of avobenzone photobleaching. We propose some of these MAA analogues as new candidates to act as avobenzone-stabilizing compounds in addition to their UV absorbance and antioxidant properties, together with a facile synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avobenzone is one of the most widely used sunscreens in skin care formulations, but suffers from some drawbacks, including photo instability. To mitigate this critical issue, the use of octocrylene as a stabilizer is a common approach in these products. However, octocrylene has been recently demonstrated to show potential phototoxicity. The aim of this work is to analyze the performance of a series of mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA)-inspired compounds to act as avobenzone stabilizers as an alternative to octocrylene. Different avobenzone/MAA analogue combinations included in galenic formulations were followed under increasing doses of solar-simulated UV radiation. Some of the synthetic MAA analogues analyzed were able to increase by up to two times the UV dose required for 50% of avobenzone photobleaching. We propose some of these MAA analogues as new candidates to act as avobenzone-stabilizing compounds in addition to their UV absorbance and antioxidant properties, together with a facile synthesis.

Sunscreens are topical preparations containing one or more compounds that protect humans from ultraviolet (UV) light. This review focuses on analytical methods, particularly liquid chromatography, with the aim of identifying and determining UV filters (UVFs) in environmental and marine biota matrices. A literature review was conducted using NIH (PubMed and Medline), FDA and EPA databases, Google Scholar, and federal regulations. This retrospective literature review is focused on the last five years. UVF quantification in environmental and biological matrices showed a wide array of methods where liquid chromatography is predominant. The scientific literature identified a large variety of analytical methodologies that are compared in this review to evaluate the better results in terms of limits of quantification and the possibility to identify as many analytes as possible simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a position paper that discusses the use of sunscreens. It emphasizes the importance of using sunscreen properly and suggests the need for a meeting among scientific experts to improve their composition, particularly for pediatric use. The paper also acknowledges the benefits of sun exposure for physical and mental well-being, but cautions against excessive exposure and the use of tanning beds. It suggests that physical protection and clothing may be preferable to relying solely on sunscreen. The paper raises concerns about the controversial effectiveness of sunscreens in preventing skin cancer and the potential endocrine-disrupting effects of certain chemical filters. It concludes by calling for further research and collaboration to develop the best strategy for sun protection. The document includes a list of references covering various topics related to sun protection, such as the role of vitamin D in melanoma development, risk factors for melanoma, the effectiveness and absorption of sunscreen ingredients, the potential effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and the safety of nanoparticles in sunscreen. These references can be valuable for library patrons conducting research on sun protection and its impact on health and the environment. [Extracted from the article]

The concept of modern human sun protection is no more than one hundred years, but real development of it, including protection against UVA + UVB radiation (and more recently also the IR and blue light), has been no more than 30 years. One fundamental issue while formulating sunscreens is the photostability of the UV filters, which is particularly feeble for the UVA. The gold standard for the determination of sunscreen UVA protection "in vitro" is ISO 24443:2021. Still, interlaboratory results are not as consistent as expected. The Technical Committee for Cosmetics (ISO TC 217) has tried to standardize the method with precise specifications for the materials and equipment used. In particular, the standardization of UV exposure sources based on Xe arc lamps. This fact requires expensive equipment out of the reach of many laboratories to achieve adequate temperature control on the samples. In this paper, it will be shown that, within the experimental error, satisfactory results were achieved with a cheap commercial LED source irradiating only in the UVA spectra. Evidence is presented to conclude that other more relevant factors must be considered as the main cause of uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose: Exposure to sunlight has been shown to cause pigmentary alterations, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. Understanding photoprotective patterns in adolescent populations is beneficial to public health initiatives. We utilized data provided by the American College Health Association's National College Health Assessment to evaluate photoprotective behaviors among adolescent populations. Methods: Behavioral questions related to photoprotection were analyzed from the American College Health Association (ACHA) National College Health Assessment (NCHA) (Version III). Results: When comparing races, Black/African American respondents had the lowest association of practicing photoprotective behaviors in comparison to white respondents (p <.05). When comparing US geographic regions, the south had the lowest association of photoprotective measures (p <.05). Limitations: The response rate of each institution varied, although there was still a large quantity of respondents. Finally, we cannot discern the specific reasoning for adolescent populations not using sunscreen. Conclusion: These data identify demographics where efforts to enhance education on photoprotective behaviors, specifically among skin of color and southern population, to support public health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to recent global warming threats, the changes in the atmosphere have caused significant ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure, primarily emitted by the sun, which creates more awareness of photoprotection. Sunscreen development has been a convenient and crucial approach to photoprotection against ultraviolet radiation. Due to high demand, upgrading the quality of sunscreen products and certifying methods are necessary to guarantee the safety of commercial sunscreen products for use. Sunscreen products should have a satisfactory amount of sun protection factor (SPF), ultraviolet A protection factor, as well as the photostability of the sunscreens for them to be considered effective and safe for use. A rigorous study on the effectiveness of the sunscreen components and their safety standards is essential for the productive use and further improvement of the available sunscreen materials. This article summarizes the effects and issues, protective measures of sunscreen usage, and its components, mainly ultraviolet filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine macroalgae (seaweeds) are important primary global producers, with a wide distribution in oceans around the world from polar to tropical regions. Most of these species are exposed to variable environmental conditions, such as abiotic (e.g., light irradiance, temperature variations, nutrient availability, salinity levels) and biotic factors (e.g., grazing and pathogen exposure). As a result, macroalgae developed numerous important strategies to increase their adaptability, including synthesizing secondary metabolites, which have promising biotechnological applications, such as UV-absorbing Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid (MAAs). MAAs are small, water-soluble, UV-absorbing compounds that are commonly found in many marine organisms and are characterized by promising antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and photoprotective properties. However, the widespread use of MAAs by humans is often restricted by their limited bioavailability, limited success in heterologous expression systems, and low quantities recovered from the natural environment. In contrast, bloom-forming macroalgal species from all three major macroalgal clades (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyta) occasionally form algal blooms, resulting in a rapid increase in algal abundance and high biomass production. This review focuses on the bloom-forming species capable of producing pharmacologically important compounds, including MAAs, and the application of proteomics in facilitating macroalgal use in overcoming current environmental and biotechnological challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rutin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has gained attention for its potential applications in the cosmetic industry due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential photoprotective properties. Our review explored the use of rutin (rutoside, 3-O-rutinoside-quercetin) in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, focusing on its physicochemical properties and stability, cutaneous permeability, and efficacy in sunscreen systems, involving in vitro tests and the current state of clinical trials. Rutin’s ability to scavenge free radicals, prevent peroxidation, and reduce vascular fragility makes this flavonoid a promising ingredient for photoprotection. Studies have shown that rutin can enhance the sun protection factor (SPF) of sunscreen formulations, especially when combined with organic UV filters. The encapsulation of rutin in nanostructures has also been investigated to improve its applicability. Overall, rutin shows potential as a safe and effective ingredient in cosmetics/dermocosmetics, offering protection against the harmful effects of UV radiation and oxidative stress on the skin, as well as being a feasible strategy for developing environmentally friendly multifunctional sunscreens.

In recent years, concerns about the harmful effects of synthetic UV filters on the environment have highlighted the need for natural sun blockers. Lignin, the most abundant aromatic renewable biopolymer on Earth, is a promising candidate for next-generation sunscreen due to its inherent UV absorbance and its green, biodegradable, and biocompatible properties. Lignin’s limitations, such as its dark color and poor dispersity, can be overcome by reducing particle size to the nanoscale, enhancing UV protection and formulation. In this study, 100–200 nm lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were prepared from various biomass by-products (hardwood, softwood, and herbaceous material) using an eco-friendly anti-solvent precipitation method. Pure lignin macroparticles (LMPs) were extracted from beech, spruce, and wheat straw using an ethanol–organosolv treatment and compared with sulfur-rich kraft lignin (KL). Sunscreen lotions made from these LMPs and LNPs at various concentrations demonstrated novel UV-shielding properties based on biomass source and particle size. The results showed that transitioning from the macro- to nanoscale increased the sun protection factor (SPF) by at least 2.5 times, with the best results improving the SPF from 7.5 to 42 for wheat straw LMPs and LNPs at 5 wt%. This study underscores lignin’s potential in developing high-quality green sunscreens, aligning with green chemistry principles.

Introduction: Both UVB and UVA rays induce biological damages in the epidermis and the dermis that contribute to photo-carcinogenesis and photoaging. In the present study, the photoprotective effect of 2 ISO standard sunscreens, P3 (Sun Protection Factor [SPF]15) and P6 (SPF40) and of an SPF50+ labeled commercial sunscreen product was tested in reconstructed skin tissues exposed to increasing doses of UV Solar Simulated Radiation (UV-SSR). UV-induced damages were evaluated using several biological markers, including DNA lesions in the presence or absence of sunscreen protection. Method: T-Skin™ model samples (EPISKIN), composed of a fibroblast-populated dermal equivalent and a fully differentiated epidermis, were protected with the test sunscreens (1.3 mg/cm² topically applied on molded polymethyl methacrylate plate) before being exposed to increasing UV doses (0 – 2.5 – 5 - 25 – 40 J/cm²). Twenty-four hours after exposure, tissues with and without sunscreen protection, were analyzed for skin viability and morphology, DNA lesions (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer) and inflammatory mediator quantification. Results were compared to untreated exposed tissues using a Wilcoxon non-parametric test. Results: For untreated tissues, UV-SSR exposure induced a dose-dependent decrease in epidermal and dermal viabilities, an increase in release of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases and were associated with morphological damages at doses as low as 5 J/cm2. DNA lesions were even detected at the lowest dose of 2.5 J/cm2, and their number increased with the UV-SSR dose. In the samples protected with sunscreens, these abnormalities were partially or totally prevented with P6 providing a better protection compared to P3, and the SPF50+ sunscreen showing a trend for better protection than P6, for example against DNA damage. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that photoprotective effects of different sunscreens can be discriminated and ranked on reconstructed skin tissues (T-Skin™ model) exposed to UV-SSR. Showing significant differences between the reference products P3 and P6 in line with their respective SPF values, such study allows the evaluation of epidermal and dermal damages at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels. It thus opens the way to a new model of integrated assessment of sunscreens. In line with its labeled 50+ SPF, the commercial test product confirmed its improved protection especially on DNA damage prevention.

Background and Aims: Evaluation of sun protection behavior and related factors in children aged between 6 and 18 years in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: This cross‐sectional study was conducted at outpatient pediatric clinics affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran during the summer of 2021. A checklist was designed, and the interviewer used that to gather the required information including children's demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic data, and sun‐protective behaviors in children. Results: The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of children was 10.54 ± 3.61. Among the study population, 63.7% of children were male. The most common skin phototypes were II and III (33.5% each). 83.8% of children used at least one method of sun protection (94.5% of girls, 77.6% of boys, p < 0.001). Wearing long‐sleeved clothes was the most frequent UV‐protection method (48%), while sunscreen application was the least prevalent method (28.1%). Sun protection behaviors were more frequent among urban children (86.7%, p = 0.009) and children with wealthy families (94%, p = 0.035). Sun protection methods were used by most of the children whose mothers applied sunscreen on a daily basis (90.2%, p = 0.002) and all of the children whose mothers held a master's degree or above (100%, p = 0.004). Conclusion: Children's sun protection behavior is directly associated with demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic level and maternal usage of sun protection measures. It is necessary to provide information and education about sun protection methods and the risks of excessive sun exposure to families and children, as well as facilitate their access to these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octocrylene (OCR) is a widely used organic sunscreen molecules, and is a dominant component of many sunscreen formulations. Here, we perform the first measurements on the protonated form of OCR, i. e. [OCR+H]+, to probe whether protonation affects the molecule's photostability. The novel photochemical technique of UV laser‐interfaced mass spectrometry is employed from 400–216 nm, revealing that the electronic absorption spectrum of OCR across the S1 and S2 states red shift by 40 nm upon protonation. Our measurements reveal that [OCR+H]+ predominantly undergoes photofragmentation into the m/z 250 and 232 ionic products, associated with loss of its bulky alkyl side chain, and subsequent loss of water, respectively. We compare the photochemical fragmentation results with higher‐energy collisional dissociation results to investigate the nature of the photodynamics that occur following UV absorption. The excited state decay pathways over the S1 and S2 excited states of [OCR+H]+ are associated with statistical fragmentation in line with dominant ultrafast decay. This behaviour mirrors that of neutral OCR, demonstrating that protonation does not affect the ultrafast decay pathways of this sunscreen molecule. We discuss our results in the context of the known breakdown of OCR into benzophenone, identifying a potential photoactivated pathway to benzophenone formation in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic UVA filter is popularized in sunscreen cosmetics due to the advantages of excellent light stability and high molar extinction coefficient. However, the poor water solubility of organic UV filters has been a common problem. Given that nanoparticles (NPs) can significantly improve the water solubility of organic chemicals. Meanwhile, the excited-state relaxation pathways of NPs might differ from their solution. Here, the NPs of diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), a popular organic UVA filter, were prepared by an advanced ultrasonic micro-flow reactor. The surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was selected as an effective stabilizer to prevent the self-aggregation of the NPs for DHHB. Femtosecond transient ultrafast spectroscopy (fs-TA) and theoretical calculations were utilized to trace and explain the excited-state evolution of DHHB in NPs suspension and its solution. The results reveal that the surfactant-stabilized NPs of DHHB reserve a similarly good performance of ultrafast excited-state relaxation. The stability characterization experiments demonstrate that the strategy of surfactant-stabilized NPs for sunscreen chemicals can maintain its stability and enhance the water solubility of DHHB compared with that of the solution phase. Therefore, the surfactant-stabilized NPs of organic UV filters are an effective method to improve water solubility and keep the stability from aggregation and photoexcitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background and Aims Evaluation of sun protection behavior and related factors in children aged between 6 and 18 years in Isfahan, Iran. Methods This cross‐sectional study was conducted at outpatient pediatric clinics affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran during the summer of 2021. A checklist was designed, and the interviewer used that to gather the required information including children's demographic characteristics, families' socioeconomic data, and sun‐protective behaviors in children. Results The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of children was 10.54 ± 3.61. Among the study population, 63.7% of children were male. The most common skin phototypes were II and III (33.5% each). 83.8% of children used at least one method of sun protection (94.5% of girls, 77.6% of boys, p

The need for extra protection to mitigate the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV), such as direct or indirect DNA damage, has become of great importance in the last decades. Synthetic photoprotectors, commonly used in sunscreen formulations, are associated with a large number of genotoxic, photoallergic, and environmental problems. Thus, the interest of both scientific research and industry has notably increased, aiming to advance in new developments that will improve effectiveness, minimizing detrimental effects. Nevertheless, due to the high benefit-risk ratio of synthetic photoprotectors, there is still a dilemma between either continuing their use or replacing them with more sustainable alternatives. In this regard, natural photoprotectors emerged as promising substitutes to synthetic ones, although they cannot usually be obtained on a large scale, and do not always represent an adequate option. Most of the scientific literature is biased towards natural or synthetic photoprotectors, and therefore a rigorous comparison between them is necessary to access a more accurate and critical view. In this work, a comprehensive one-to-one comparison was made between benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone) and gadusol, chosen as representative models of synthetic and natural photoprotectors, respectively. The review of their physicochemical properties allows an in-depth understanding of their behavior under UV solar radiation exposure and their environmental fate. Even though synthetic sunscreens cannot be completely replaced by natural ones immediately, the information provided in this work seeks to set a starting point for studies that aim the development of more efficient sunscreens.

Objectives: The triblock copolymer Pluronic® is widely used in the personal care industry, including sun protection, for its film‐forming and solubilization capabilities. In this study, the effect of three commonly used organic UV filters (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate [EMC], ethylhexyl triazone [EHT], and avobenzone [AVB]) on the structure of Pluronic P123 micelles was investigated. Methods: The Pluronic P123 micelle structure has been investigated using dynamic surface tension, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS). Results: Dynamic surface tension results show strong interactions between the UV filters and Pluronic® evident by sharp changes in the surface activity of the latter. The NMR results have revealed the creation of a hydrophobic microenvironment special to the Pluronic PPO core group in the presence of UV filters. Some interaction with the hydrophilic EO was also recorded, albeit weaker. This is further confirmed by SANS, where the Pluronic P123 micelles interacted with varying strengths with the UV filters, resulting in sharp changes in their size and shape. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the sensitivity of the Pluronic P123 micelles to the presence of various UVA/B filters. The micelles shape varied from spherical to cylindrical as the concentration and type of the UV filters were varied. These variations in the shape are expected to have a significant effect on the sun protection factor (SPF), as it affects the solubilization of the UV filters within a formulation in addition to the formulations' rheological profile and film‐forming behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incidence rates of melanoma and keratinocyte skin cancers have been on the rise globally in recent decades. While there has been a select focus on personal sun protection awareness, to our knowledge, there is a paucity of legislation in place to help support citizens' efforts to protect themselves from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Given this, we conducted a comprehensive review of legislation and guidelines pertaining to a variety of sun protection-related topics in countries of the Group of Seven (G7), Australia and New Zealand. Australia was the only country to have banned tanning beds for individuals of all ages, while other select countries have instituted bans for minors. In workplace policy, there is very little recognition of the danger of occupational UVR exposure in outdoor workers, and thus very few protective measures are in place. With regard to sports and recreation, certain dermatological/professional associations have put forward recommendations, but no legislation was brought forward by government bodies outside of Australia and New Zealand. With regard to youth, while there are various guidelines and frameworks in place across several countries, adherence remains difficult in the absence of concrete legislation and standardization of procedures. Finally, only Australia and a few select jurisdictions in the United States have implemented sales tax exemptions for sunscreen products. In light of our findings, we have made several recommendations, which we anticipate will help reduce the rates of melanoma and keratinocyte cancers in years to come. However, minimizing UVR exposure is not without risk, and we, therefore, suggest the promotion of vitamin D supplementation in conjunction with sun protective practices to limit potential harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth's surface is a major societal concern, and therefore, there is a significant consumer demand for cosmetics formulated to mitigate the harmful effects of UV radiation. Synthetic sunscreens being formulated to block UV penetration include inorganic metal oxide particles and organic filters. Lately, organic UV-absorbing compounds are manufactured from non-renewable petrochemicals and, as a result, there is a need to develop a sustainable manufacturing process for efficient, high-level production of a naturally occurring group of UV-absorbing compounds, namely mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), for use as a sunscreen additive to skincare products. Currently, the commercial production of MAAs for use in sunscreens is not a viable proposition due to the low yield and the lack of fermentation technology associated with native MAA-producing organisms. This review summarizes the biochemical properties of MAAs, the biosynthetic gene clusters and transcriptional regulations, the associated carbon-flux-driving processes, and the host selection and biosynthetic strategies, with the aim to expand our understanding on engineering suitable cyanobacteria for cost-effective production of natural sunscreens in future practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acne pathophysiology includes a complex interaction among inflammatory mediators, hyperseborrhea, alteration of keratinization and follicular colonization by Propionibacterium acnes. Aims: To describe the impact of the exposome on acne and how photoprotection can improve outcomes. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was carried out; searches with Google Scholar and Pubmed from January 1992 to November 2022 were performed. The keywords used were "acne," "sunscreens," "photoprotection," "cosmetics," "cosmeceuticals," "pathogenesis," "etiology," "exposome," "sunlight," "stress," "lack of sleep," "diet," "postinflammatory hyperpigmentation," "pollution," "exposome," "ultraviolet radiation," and "visible light." Results: Environmental factors such as solar radiation, air pollution, tobacco consumption, psychological stress, diverse microorganisms, nutrition, among others, can trigger or worsen acne. Solar radiation can temporarily improve lesions. However, it can induce proinflammatory and profibrotic responses, and produce post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation and/or post‐inflammatory erythema. While photoprotection is widely recommended to acne patients, only four relevant studies were found. Sunscreens can significantly improve symptomatology or enhance treatment and can prevent post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Furthermore, they can provide camouflage and improve quality of life. Based on acne pathogenesis, optimal sunscreens should have emollient, antioxidant and sebum controlling properties. Conclusions: The exposome and solar radiation can trigger or worsen acne. UV light can induce post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation/erythema, and can initiate flares. The use of specifically formulated sunscreens could enhance adherence to topical or systemic therapy, camouflage lesions (tinted sunscreens), decrease inflammation, and reduce the incidence of post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation/erythema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of the vehicle formulation is important during the development of sunscreens, as it influences their efficacy. In this context, the aim of the present study was to develop photoprotective formulations and evaluate the influence of the formulation components in the sun protection factor (SPF) and physical–mechanical and sensory properties of the formulations. We evaluated four sunscreens through a 22 full factorial design in terms of concentration and emulsifier type. The design of experiments (DOE) parameters were SPF, thixotropy, and work of shear. After the screening of the formulations by DOE, the SPF values, mechanical and sensory properties, and stability were evaluated. All study formulations showed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior, compatible with sunscreens, and presented SPF values above 30. The factors evaluated in DOE had significant interactions for all the analyzed parameters. The concentration of the phosphate-based emulsifier influenced the SPF parameter. The work of shear was influenced by the concentration of polyglyceryl-based emulsifier. The concentration and the type of emulsifier influenced the thixotropy. Finally, effective sunscreens were developed, and the type and concentration of emulsifiers had an influence on the SPF of the formulations. In addition, the formulations chosen by DOE were stable and showed good sensory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using algal-derived mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in sunscreen formulations is constrained by low cellular concentrations of MAAs and by the high costs associated with harvesting algal cells and extracting the MAAs. Here, we report an industrial scalable method using a membrane filtration approach to purify and concentrate aqueous extracts of MAAs. The method includes an additional biorefinery step enabling purification of phycocyanin, an established valuable natural product. Cultivated cells of the cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis fritschii (PCC 6912) were concentrated and homogenised to produce a feed for sequential processing through three membranes of decreasing pore size to obtain a retentate and permeate for each step. Microfiltration (0.2 µm) was used to remove cell debris. Ultrafiltration (10,000 Da) was used to remove large molecules and recover phycocyanin. Finally, nanofiltration (300–400 Da) was used to remove water and other small molecules. Permeate and retentate were analysed using UV-visible spectrophotometry and HPLC. The initial homogenised feed had a shinorine concentration of 5.6 ± 07 mg L−1. The final nanofiltered retentate resulted in a 3.3 times-purified concentrate (shinorine concentration of 18.71 ± 0.29 mg L−1). Significant process losses (35%) highlight scope for improvement. Results confirm the potential of membrane filtration to purify and concentrate aqueous solutions of MAAs with simultaneous separation of phycocyanin highlighting a biorefinery approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased awareness of the negative effects of sun radiation exposure has resulted in the increased production and use of sunscreens. This in turn has resulted in the accumulation of UV filters, sunscreen active ingredients, in the aquatic environment. Studies have shown that UV filters, especially those organic, such as oxybenzone, octinoxate, and 4-MBC, pose a danger to a wide range of organisms. Research findings discussed in this paper refer to the toxic effect of the stated chemicals on marine and freshwater organisms, and they indicate that the presence of these chemicals in the aquatic environment has resulted in inhibition of growth and photosynthesis, reproductive and developmental disorders, organism bleaching, and even death of test organisms. Inorganic UV filters, which are mostly nanoparticle forms of TiO2 and ZnO, show lower toxicity or have hardly any effect on test organisms in the conducted ecotoxicological tests. However, in studies in which they have shown low toxicity, this toxicity is not only caused by the presence of nanoparticles, but also by the formation of reactive oxygen species, which in some organisms has caused growth inhibition, bleaching, abnormal embryogenesis, and oxidative stress. Further research is necessary to understand better the toxic effects of these compounds, and to assess more accurately the risks they pose to the aquatic environment as well as the entire ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Availability of new UV filters in the United States lags behind the European Union (EU), partly due to differing approval processes. To review available human safety data of all US- and EU-approved UV filters. Data from Food and Drug Administration and EU regulatory guidelines, federal governmental documentation, databases, reviews, and opinions for approval and ongoing safety evaluation were analyzed. Currently, there are 17 US UV filters and 29 EU UV filters (18 EU-approved only filters). Almost all US filters possessed sensitization data (94%, 16/17) with the majority (76%, 13/17) showing minimal skin sensitization. The minority of EU-approved only filters (33%, 6/18) possessed sensitization data, all showing no sensitization. Some filters possessed dermal absorption data (US: 76%, 13/17; EU: 44%, 8/18). Oxybenzone, octinoxate, octisalate, homosalate, and octocrylene, approved in the US and EU, were shown to have plasma levels exceeding the Food and Drug Administration exposure threshold. Proprietary manufacturer human data were unavailable. Many new UV filters are available in the EU, but not yet in the United States. Rigorous US and EU guidelines ensure that UV filters provide adequate photoprotection assuming consumers follow American Academy of Dermatology SPF (sun protection factor) and broad-spectrum recommendations. Human data are limited, but known human risks of sunscreen appear minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Oil-in-water photoprotective nanoemulsions (NEs) were developed using Babassu (BBS) lipophilic extract, nonionic surfactants, and low concentrations of organic sunscreens by ultrasonic processing. BBS extract was chosen due to its suitable physicochemical properties (acidity index, peroxide index, refraction index, and relative density) and predominance of saturated fatty acids, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which promote biological activities and high oxidative stability. NEs were characterized by mean droplet size, morphology, polydispersity index (PdI), pH, and organoleptic properties, and the physical stability of the NEs was evaluated for 120 days at room temperature. The sun protection factor (SPF) was determined, and the photostability and in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed for NEs. All NEs remained stable for 120 days, with a droplet size

The widespread popularity of sunscreens contributes significantly to the release of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles into bodies of water, yet there is still lack of sufficient understanding on the realistic behaviour and long-term exposure. In this study, a simple and effective method was used to extract ZnO nanoparticles from ZnO-based sunscreen products (available in Australia) that end up in wastewaters. The extracted ZnO nanoparticles were negative charged at controlled pH 7. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed an irregular, spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles extracted from sunscreens and wastewaters with size ≥100 nm. Various nanoparticles containingZnO, iron, silver, and titanium were detected in wastewater samples collected from treatment plants. Other contaminants were also found in the wastewater samples based on TEM elemental analysis. The results documented in this study are useful to understand the presence and characterizations of ZnO nanoparticles in sunscreens and wastewaters. With this knowledge, we can realistically investigate the fate, behaviours and adverse effects of ZnO nanoparticles.

Sunscreens are topical preparations containing one or more compounds that protect humans from ultraviolet (UV) light. This review focuses on analytical methods, particularly liquid chromatography, with the aim of identifying and determining UV filters (UVFs) in environmental and marine biota matrices. A literature review was conducted using NIH (PubMed and Medline), FDA and EPA databases, Google Scholar, and federal regulations. This retrospective literature review is focused on the last five years. UVF quantification in environmental and biological matrices showed a wide array of methods where liquid chromatography is predominant. The scientific literature identified a large variety of analytical methodologies that are compared in this review to evaluate the better results in terms of limits of quantification and the possibility to identify as many analytes as possible simultaneously.

Acquired dermal hyperpigmentation, allergic contact dermatitis, case report, drometrizole trisiloxane, ethylhexyl salicylate, drometrizole, frontal fibrosing alopecia, sunscreens, UV absorber, UV filter Keywords: acquired dermal hyperpigmentation; allergic contact dermatitis; case report; drometrizole; drometrizole trisiloxane; ethylhexyl salicylate; frontal fibrosing alopecia; sunscreens; UV absorber; UV filter EN acquired dermal hyperpigmentation allergic contact dermatitis case report drometrizole drometrizole trisiloxane ethylhexyl salicylate frontal fibrosing alopecia sunscreens UV absorber UV filter 215 217 3 08/04/23 20230901 NES 230901 Drometrizole trisiloxane (INCI) (CAS number 155633-54-8) is a heterocyclic compound used as a light-stabilizer, UV-absorber and UV-filter authorized in cosmetics at a maximum concentration of 15% within the EU.[1] CASE REPORT A 45-year-old nonatopic woman was referred for facial dermatitis and dry cough, that she related to one sunscreen product (Delial 50 Kids Spray, Garnier; Figure 1A,B). [Extracted from the article]

This research investigated plant extracts as a source of potential new actives in the nutritional, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields. Moringa oleifera, which is extensively known for its nutritional properties, has been investigated in this work by preparation, characterization, and evaluation of the antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH, ORAC, and PCL test), antifungal, photoprotective, and cytotoxicity profile against human melanoma Colo38 cell line of two different extracts (hydroalcoholic and methanolic) and one infusion of dry leaves collected from Paraguay in four distinct harvest times (February, March, April, and May 2017). The outcomes of this study highlight Moringa oleifera as a potential ally to counteract skin aging and oxidative stress, as indicated by the favorable antioxidant profile of the extracts and infusions of Paraguay, which was, in all cases, superior to that provided by the same plant species when collected from Senegal. Moreover, some samples were more efficient in preventing the photodegradation of UVA filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) compared to commercial filters, thus suggesting an interesting future role as natural additives in sunscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ultraviolet (UV) radiation promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), resulting in skin damage. Cosmetic industries have adopted a strategy to incorporate antioxidants in sunscreen formulations to prevent or minimize UV-induced oxidative damage, boost photoprotection effectiveness, and mitigate skin photoaging. Many antioxidants are naturally derived, mainly from terrestrial plants; however, marine organisms have been increasingly explored as a source of new potent antioxidant molecules. This work aims to characterize the frequency of the use of antioxidants in commercial sunscreens. Photoprotective formulations currently marketed in parapharmacies and pharmacies were analyzed with respect to the composition described on the label. As a result, pure compounds with antioxidant activity were found. The majority of sunscreen formulations contained antioxidants, with vitamin E and its derivatives the most frequent. A more thorough analysis of these antioxidants is also provided, unveiling the top antioxidant ingredients found in sunscreens. A critical appraisal of the scientific evidence regarding their effectiveness is also performed. In conclusion, this work provides an up-to-date overview of the use of antioxidants in commercial sunscreens for a better understanding of the advantages associated with their use in photoprotective formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) is a common UVA and UVB filter molecule that is widely used in commercial sunscreens. Here, we used gas-phase laser photodissociation spectroscopy to characterise the intrinsic photostability and photodegradation products of OMC by studying the system in its protonated form, i.e., [OMC·H]+. The major photofragments observed were m/z 179, 161, and 133, corresponding to fragmentation on either side of the ether oxygen of the ester group (m/z 179 and 161) or the C–C bond adjacent to the ester carbonyl group. Additional measurements were obtained using higher-energy collisional dissociation mass spectrometry (HCD-MS) to identify fragments that resulted from the breakdown of the vibrationally hot electronic ground state. We found that the m/z 179 and 161 ions were the main fragments produced by this route. Notably, the m/z 133 ion was not observed through HCD-MS, revealing that this product ion is only produced through a photochemical route. Our results demonstrate that UV photoexcitation of OMC is able to access a dissociative excited-state surface that uniquely leads to the rupture of the C–C bond adjacent to the key ester carbonyl group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transepidermal water-loss (TEWL), stratum-corneum hydration (SCH), erythema, elasticity, pH and melanin, are parameters of the epidermal barrier function and skin homeostasis that objectively indicate the integrity of the skin barrier. Sunscreens are necessary to protect people from skin cancer, but could modify the skin barrier function. Nevertheless, there are not many studies on their impact on skin homeostasis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of sunscreens on the epidermal-barrier function and skin homeostasis of healthy individuals. A prospective observational study was designed. TEWL, SCH, erythema, elasticity, pH and melanin were measured on the cheek and volar region of the forearm, using non-invasive methods before and after applying sunscreen. Four different sunscreens were tested, one full-body sunscreen and three facial sunscreens. The study included 51 healthy volunteers, 72.5% (37/51) women, with a mean age of 41.63 years. After full-body sunscreen application, temperature increased by 0.68 °C (p < 0.001), pH by 0.16 units (p < 0.001), and elasticity by 0.22% (p = 0.039), while melanin decreased by 10.95 AU (p < 0.001), erythema by 28.79 AU (p < 0.001) and TEWL by 0.66 g·m−2·h−1 (p = 0.019). On the cheek, facial sunscreen 1 increased temperature by 0.51 °C, TEWL 0.7 g·m−2·h−1 (p < 0.05), pH by 0.12 units (p < 0.001) and elasticity by 0.059% (p < 0.001), but decreased erythema by 19.87 AU (p < 0.05) and SCH by 5.63 AU (p < 0.001). Facial sunscreen 2 increased temperature by 0.67 °C, TEWL by 1.93 g·m−2·h−1 (p < 0.001), pH by 0.42 units (p < 0.001) and elasticity by 0.12% (p < 0.01), but decreased melanin by 15.2 AU (p = 0.000), erythema by 38.61 AU (p < 0.05) and SCH by 10.80 AU (p < 0.01). Facial sunscreen 3 increased temperature by 1.15 °C, TEWL by 2.29 g·m−2·h−1 (p < 0.001), pH by 0.46 units (p < 0.001) and elasticity by 0.15% (p < 0.01), but decreased erythema by 35.7 (p < 0.05) and SCH by 10.80 AU (p < 0.01). In conclusion, sunscreen could slightly modify the skin-barrier function. All of them decreased erythema, likely in relation to anti-inflammatory power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]