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The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of phenols, total flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant, genoprotective, and photoprotective activities of the red propolis ethanolic extract produced by Apis mellifera. Different concentrations of the extract were analyzed In vitro by spectrophotometry. The photoprotective effect of the extract was evaluated In vivo in 30 Wistar rats divided into three groups: Group 1 - the skin received no topical application of the extract and was not subjected to ultraviolet irradiation; Group 2 - the skin was not subjected to topical application of the extract and was irradiated; Group 3 – the skin underwent topical application of the extract and was irradiated. The skin was evaluated macroscopically, and the density of inflammatory cells, mast cells, necrotic cells, and collagen fibers were quantified. The extract contained high levels of phenols and flavonoids, with antioxidant and genoprotective capacity, protecting the skin from irradiation. In group II, erythemas, blisters, and superficial crusting were observed. No significant differences in mean values of mast cell density and collagen fibers were observed between groups I and III. It was concluded that the ethanolic extract of red propolis exerted genoprotective and photoprotective effects by promoting satisfactory absorbance of ultraviolet radiation and was able to protect the skin from lesions induced by UVB irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solanum ferox is a typical Central Kalimantan plant widely used by Dayak’s community as a vegetable. The study aims to determine the ethanol extract of sour eggplant activities by measuring its SPF in vitro and identifying secondary metabolite contents. The sour eggplant is extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent and then bound with an evaporator. The secondary metabolite groups of ethanol extract were identified using phytochemical screening. The identification results indicate the presence of flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, and phenolic compounds. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated with a water solvent, and its functional cluster was identified using the IR spectrum. IR spectral identification results indicate the presence of OH, C-O, C=C olefin, C -O ether, and aliphatic CH functional groups. (CH2 and CH3) SPF values were determined by measuring the absorption of ethanol and water extracts in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at UV-B wavelengths of 290-320 nm. In vitro testing has been conducted as a preliminary test in developing a sunscreen product (active substance). The SPF values of ethanol extract and water from weighted fruit extract in sequence are 40 and 23 at a 10% concentration with ultra-category.

Sterculia populifolia is commonly used as the ingredient of traditional herb in Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. It contains flavonoid which roles as antioxidant. This flavonoid can be sunblock due to the existence of chromophore which commonly gives color to plants. This study aimed to determine the activity of antioxidants and sunblock through the value of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) from Sterculia populifolia extract-based cream and cream preparation extract. This cream was formulated into four formulas; extract concentrate 0% (F0), 1% (F1), 3% (F2) and 5% (F3). The result showed that the whole formula of cream preparation filled the physical stability parameter. F3 cream had IC50 79.179 ppm value while SPF had 5.6 value higher than F1 and F2. The smaller the IC50 value, the bigger antioxidant activity and SPF increased.

The genus Nothofagus is one of the most abundant in the subantarctic Patagonian forests. Five species inhabit these ecosystems, three evergreen (Nothofagus betuloides, Nothofagus dombeyi, and Nothofagus nitida) and two deciduous (Nothofagus pumilio and Nothofagus antarctica). This is the first report on the levels of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant capacity of Patagonian tree species growing in natural environments. The aim of this work was to carry out a phytochemical screening, to determine the antioxidant capacity, the sun protection factor, and the α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of foliar extracts of the five previous species. Besides, Aristotelia chilensis and Berberis microphylla, two species of Patagonian shrubs growing in the same forests, were used as reference. N. dombeyi was the Nothofagus with the best antioxidant capacity. B. microphylla differed from all studied species. Moreover, the Nothofagus was split into two groups. N. betuloides and N. dombeyi are the most similar species to A. chilensis. The α-glucosidase was completely inhibited by all studied extracts. Furthermore, N. antarctica, N.pumilio, and N. nitida inhibited about 70% of the tyrosinase activity. All the results found in this study for the species of the genus Nothofagus support further research on their potential beneficial properties for human health.

In winemaking, a large amount of grape pomace is produced that is rich in polyphenolics and highly beneficial for human health, as phenols are useful for skin ultraviolet (UV) protection. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a sunscreen system containing a grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. as a bioactive ingredient. The recovery of phenolics in the waste was performed by percolation. Nine emulsions were developed using a factorial design and two were evaluated clinically: Formulation E, containing only UV filters (butylmethoxydibenzoyl methane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA), and F, with the extract at 10.0% w/w + UV filters. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and the in vitro efficacy was established by sun protection factor (SPF) measurements (Labsphere UV-2000S). Clinical tests were performed to determine safety (human repeated insult patch test) and to confirm efficacy (photoprotective effectiveness in participants). The results showed a synergistic effect between the sunscreen system and the extract on UVB protection and antioxidant activity. Both samples were considered safe. Formulation F was 20.59% more efficient in protecting skin against UVB radiation, taking approximately 21% more time to induce erythema compared to the extract-free sample.

Aim: We evaluated the effects of the incorporation of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in a mesoporous matrix, aiming to improve the textural, structural and morphological properties and verify their safety so that they can be applied in sunscreen cosmetics. Materials and Methods: ZnO nano-particles were incorporated into an ordered mesoporous silica matrix known as Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15), using post-synthesis methodology. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized using X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and predicted in vitro sun protector factor (SPF) estimation. Effectiveness and safety were evaluated by antimicrobial activity, in vitro cell toxicity and non-invasive multi-photon tomography with fluorescence lifetime imaging. Results: The structure of the nanocomposites was similar to that of SBA-15, with little perturbation caused by ZnO incorporation. Nanocomposites had an increased in vitro SPF, reduced cytotoxic activity and favourable antimicrobial properties compared to ZnO. ZnO:SBA-15 nanocomposites exhibited no measurable toxicity when applied to human skin in vivo. Conclusion: Due to their suitable physicochemical properties and improved safety compared to bare ZnO nanoparticles, the ZnO:SBA-15 nanocomposites show promise for use in cosmetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Nothofagus is one of the most abundant in the subantarctic Patagonian forests. Five species inhabit these ecosystems, three evergreen (Nothofagus betuloides, Nothofagus dombeyi, and Nothofagus nitida) and two deciduous (Nothofagus pumilio and Nothofagus antarctica). This is the first report on the levels of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant capacity of Patagonian tree species growing in natural environments. The aim of this work was to carry out a phytochemical screening, to determine the antioxidant capacity, the sun protection factor, and the α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of foliar extracts of the five previous species. Besides, Aristotelia chilensis and Berberis microphylla, two species of Patagonian shrubs growing in the same forests, were used as reference. N. dombeyi was the Nothofagus with the best antioxidant capacity. B. microphylla differed from all studied species. Moreover, the Nothofagus was split into two groups. N. betuloides and N. dombeyi are the most similar species to A. chilensis. The α-glucosidase was completely inhibited by all studied extracts. Furthermore, N. antarctica, N.pumilio, and N. nitida inhibited about 70% of the tyrosinase activity. All the results found in this study for the species of the genus Nothofagus support further research on their potential beneficial properties for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In winemaking, a large amount of grape pomace is produced that is rich in polyphenolics and highly beneficial for human health, as phenols are useful for skin ultraviolet (UV) protection. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a sunscreen system containing a grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. as a bioactive ingredient. The recovery of phenolics in the waste was performed by percolation. Nine emulsions were developed using a factorial design and two were evaluated clinically: Formulation E, containing only UV filters (butylmethoxydibenzoyl methane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA), and F, with the extract at 10.0% w/w + UV filters. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and the in vitro efficacy was established by sun protection factor (SPF) measurements (Labsphere UV-2000S). Clinical tests were performed to determine safety (human repeated insult patch test) and to confirm efficacy (photoprotective effectiveness in participants). The results showed a synergistic effect between the sunscreen system and the extract on UVB protection and antioxidant activity. Both samples were considered safe. Formulation F was 20.59% more efficient in protecting skin against UVB radiation, taking approximately 21% more time to induce erythema compared to the extract-free sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]