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Crop rotation has been a commercial practice for managing the sugarbeet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii, SBCN) since the 1950s. Research conducted in southern California established that SBCN populations decline at the rate of 49% to 80% per year, leading to estimates that three- to four-year rotations to nonhost crops would be sufficient to reduce SBCN densities to nondamaging levels. Following grower reports that much longer rotations were needed in central California, trials were conducted to establish the rate of decline of SBCN in the San Joaquin Valley. Ten commercial fields with a history of SBCN infestation were sampled periodically for up to 6.3 years. In each field, 10 circular subplots located 30.5 meters apart (each with a 6-m radius) were established with reference to a permanent landmark. On each sampling date, 12 subsamples from each subplot were taken randomly from the top 0 cm to 30 cm of soil and composited into a single sample. Standard techniques were utilized to extract and count cysts and eggs from soil samples. Average yearly rates of population decline in the sampled fields ranged from 11.4% to 25.8%. This finding has implications for SBCN management in California sugarbeets grown for biofuel, as the lower decline rates indicate that longer nonhost rotation periods than previously anticipated may be necessary.

Cercospora beticola, causal agent of Cercospora leaf spot of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris), is the most economically damaging foliar pathogen inhibiting sugarbeet production. Despite the global importance of C. beticola, significant knowledge gaps exist pertaining to pathogen virulence and adaptation to management practices that include the use of resistant host varieties and the application of different fungicide chemistries. The lack of a high-quality reference genome for C. beticola has hindered research progression addressing these critical knowledge gaps. Here, we report the complete and gapless genome assembly and annotation of the reference C. beticola isolate Cb09-40. We identified misassembled regions in the previous reference genome and annotated previously missing protein-coding genes. This work establishes a high-quality reference genome that can serve as the foundation for future comparative genomic, population genetic, and evolutionary studies into the virulence and evolution of this important plant pathogen. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

In this study, meta-transcriptome sequencing was conducted on a total of 18 sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) sample libraries to profile the virome of field-grown sugarbeet to identify the occurrence and distribution of known and potentially new viruses from five different states in the United States. Sugarbeet roots with symptoms resembling rhizomania caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), or leaves exhibiting leaf-curling, yellowing to browning, or green mosaic were collected from the sugarbeet growing areas of California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, and North Dakota. In silico analysis of de novo assembled contigs revealed the presence of nearly full-length genomes of BNYVV, beet soilborne virus (BSBV), and beet soil-borne mosaic virus (BSBMV), which represent known sugarbeet-infecting viruses. Among those, BNYVV was widespread across the locations, whereas BSBV was prevalent in Minnesota and Idaho, and BSBMV was only detected in Minnesota. In addition, two recently reported Beta vulgaris satellite virus isoforms (BvSatV-1A and BvSatV-1B) were detected in new locations, indicating the geographical expansion of this known virus. Besides these known sugarbeet-infecting viruses, the bioinformatic analysis identified the widespread occurrence of a new uncharacterized Erysiphe necator-associated abispo virus (En_abispoV), a fungus-related virus that was identified in all 14 libraries. En_abispoV contains two RNA components, and nearly complete sequences of both RNA1 and RNA2 were obtained from RNASeq and were further confirmed by primer-walking RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic comparison of En_abispoV isolates obtained in this study showed varying levels of genetic diversity within RNA1 and RNA2 compared to previously reported isolates. The undertaken meta-transcriptomic approach revealed the widespread nature of coexisting viruses associated with field-grown sugarbeet exhibiting virus disease-like symptoms in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Listy Cukrovarnicke a Reparske is the property of VUC Praha a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bacillus subtilis is a gram positive, endospore-forming bacteria play a major role in biocontrol and PGPR activities. Eighteen rhizosphere soil samples of healthy sugarbeet plants were collected from sugarbeet crop grown at Amritsar, Punjab (10), Baramati, Maharashtra (6), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (1) and Dharwad, Karnataka (1). Soil samples were collected from different spots in each sampling field and pooled them to get a composite soil sample. The pooled samples were placed in sterile polythene bags, labelled, brought to the laboratory of the Department of Plant Pathology, U.A.S., Dharwad, Karnataka, India and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C before using for isolation of bioagents. Rhizosphere soil samples collected from different sugarbeet fields of India were used for isolation of bioagents. With respect to morphological characters, all the B. subtilis isolates were Gram positive and rod-shaped, produced endospores and with respect to colony characters, they were cream to white coloured, circular to irregular shape and having irregular or ragged colony edge. All the B. subtilis isolates produced green coloured colonies on HiCromeTM Bacillus Agar (HIMEDIA) medium. Regarding biochemical characterization, all the isolates showed positive reaction to starch hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, casein hydrolysis, VP (Voges-Proskauer) test, citrate test, catalase test, phosphate solubilization and there was no growth of B. subtilis isolates at 55°C temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, meta-transcriptome sequencing was conducted on a total of 18 sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) sample libraries to profile the virome of field-grown sugarbeet to identify the occurrence and distribution of known and potentially new viruses from five different states in the United States. Sugarbeet roots with symptoms resembling rhizomania caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), or leaves exhibiting leaf-curling, yellowing to browning, or green mosaic were collected from the sugarbeet growing areas of California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, and North Dakota. In silico analysis of de novo assembled contigs revealed the presence of nearly full-length genomes of BNYVV, beet soil-borne virus (BSBV), and beet soil-borne mosaic virus (BSBMV), which represent known sugarbeet-infecting viruses. Among those, BNYVV was widespread across the locations, whereas BSBV was prevalent in Minnesota and Idaho, and BSBMV was only detected in Minnesota. In addition, two recently reported Beta vulgaris satellite virus isoforms (BvSatV-1A and BvSatV-1B) were detected in new locations, indicating the geographical expansion of this known virus. Besides these known sugarbeet-infecting viruses, the bioinformatic analysis identified the widespread occurrence of a new uncharacterized Erysiphe necator-associated abispo virus (En_abispoV), a fungus-related virus that was identified in all 14 libraries. En_abispoV contains two RNA components, and nearly complete sequences of both RNA1 and RNA2 were obtained from RNASeq and were further confirmed by primer-walking RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic comparison of En_abispoV isolates obtained in this study showed varying levels of genetic diversity within RNA1 and RNA2 compared to previously reported isolates. The undertaken meta-transcriptomic approach revealed the widespread nature of coexisting viruses associated with field-grown sugarbeet exhibiting virus disease-like symptoms in the United States.

Precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) lime is a byproduct of sucrose extraction from sugarbeet processing factories in Idaho. Each year 351,000 Mg PCC is produced and stockpiled at sugarbeet factories in Idaho. There currently are no large-scale disposal strategies for the PCC and these stockpiles continue to grow each year. The simplest solution would be to apply more of the PCC directly to agricultural fields each year, however the effects of PCC on high pH soils and southern Idaho crop rotations are not well understood. A study was conducted at the USDA-ARS laboratory in Kimberly, ID to determine the effects of PCC application to an alkaline silt loam soil on sugarbeet, dry bean and barley production and soil properties. Three PCC treatments (rate and timing) and an untreated control were compared. The PCC had no effects on crop production factors and most soil properties. The only significant effect of PCC treatments was an increase in soil phosphorus (P) concentrations compared to the control. This indicates the PCC can serve as a P fertilizer. For all three crops in this study, PCC was applied at rates that resulted in applied P levels that were 1.6 to 5.3 times greater than even the highest published recommended P rates. Compared to the control, bicarbonate soil P concentrations increased by 25% and 73% for the final PCC application amounts of 26.9 Mg ha-1 (6.7A treatment) and 89.7 Mg ha-1 (6.7A and 89.7T treatments), respectively. The PCC used in this study can safely be applied (at rates up to 87.9 Mg ha-1) to heavier textured alkaline soils in the local growing area. Disposing of PCC in this way represents a viable strategy for reducing PCC stockpiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium disease of sugarbeet is a threat to sugarbeet production and can cause significant losses. During routine evaluation, a unique Fusarium species was solely isolated from unknown dark galls in sugarbeets from Wilkin County, MN, U.S.A. Analysis of the RPB2 gene placed this isolate in the Fusarium solani FSSC 5 clade (100.0% similarity) but uniquely separated from the potato F. solani. Sequencing of this Fusarium species by Minion Nanopore Systems resulted in a draft genome assembly of 19 contigs with a genome size of 59.3 Mb and GC content of 50.66%. A total of 18,900 protein-coding genes, 37 secondary metabolite clusters, 1,559 secreted proteins, 668 carbohydrate-active enzymes, and 404 effectors were predicted in the genome. Pathogenicity tests showed mild vascular discoloration in inoculated sugarbeets unaccompanied by external symptoms, suggesting weak pathogenic ability of this species, indicative of an opportunistic pathogen. These results extend our understanding of this unique opportunistic Fusarium solani isolated from sugarbeet. [Figure: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agronematology is the property of Egyptian Society for Agronematology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agricultural crops grown in the irrigated semi-arid region of southern Idaho account for almost two-thirds of the median household income in the region. The impacts of climate change on cropping systems and the availability of water for irrigation would be a serious challenge for the state's economic dependence on agriculture. The objective of the study was to simulate the future impact of climate change on a crop rotation of spring wheat-potato-spring barley-sugarbeet grown in the semi-arid region of southern Idaho using conventional management practices and a high dairy manure application. The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM2) simulations used bias-corrected and spatially disaggregated projections from the World Climate Research Program's coupled model inter-comparison project phase 5 to generate 40 GCM projections for the time from 2071-2099. The 28-yr scenarios were designed to simulate the impact of temperature and CO2 regimes on crop production, soil nitrogen mineralization, nitrogen seepage, deep seepage of water, and nitrous oxide emissions. Data from a field experiment in southern Idaho with conventional fertilizer practices and annual applications of 52 Mg ha-1 dairy manure with a crop rotation of spring wheat-potato-spring barley-sugarbeet were used in the RZWQM2 simulations. Results were compared to a baseline scenario of conventional management practices, historical weather data, and ambient CO2. Spring wheat yield increased by 22% and 16% for manure and fertilizer treatments, respectively, compared to the baseline scenario. Using the same comparison, potato tuber yield decreased by 65% and 60% in the manure and fertilizer treatments, respectively, for the highest temperature and CO2 increase scenarios. Spring barley produced a 33% higher yield with increased temperature and CO2. However, yield decreased when temperature increased, but CO2 remained unchanged. Sugarbeet yields decreased by 16% and 18% for manure and fertilizer treatments, respectively, compared to the baseline scenario. Nitrogen mineralization, N seepage from the profile, and nitrous oxide emissions were strongly influenced by the manure applications, and there was little simulated impact of climate change on these processes. These simulation results indicate that genetic enhancements or alternative management will be needed to maintain potato and sugar beet production levels in semi-arid areas, while spring barley and wheat yields may increase, assuming adequate irrigation water supplies are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) management is important in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) production. This study was conducted to continue to fine-tune N management in the Northwest U.S. sugarbeet growing area. In 2018 and 2019, field studies were conducted at 6 locations by agronomists from Amalgamated Sugar Company (ASCO) and scientists at the USDA-ARS Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory in Kimberly, ID. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of N supply (fertilizer N + soil available N) on sugarbeet production. Five of the studies showed a significant relationship between N supply and sucrose or root yield. The N supply required to maximize sucrose yields in the 5 responsive sites ranged from 145 to 258 kg N/ha. Data from our study supports past research showing that a Static Range N Management (SRNM) approach is valid as an alternative to a Yield Goal N Management (YGNM) approach which often leads to an over-supply of N. The average N supply required to maximize yields in our study was only 1 kg N ha-1 greater than that identified in our 2005-2011 study conducted in the same area (203 kg N ha-1 vs 202 kg N ha-1). However, although optimal N supply was similar, the aver- age maximum yield in this study was 22.2% greater than in the 2005-2011 studies. We suggest that sugarbeet growers determine N supply from a representative 0-0.9 m soil samples and employ a SRNM approach to N management. Continued research over time may be required to further fine tune the SRNM N range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) management is the most important fertility consideration in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) production as it affects not only yield but also sugar quality. Increased N in sugarbeets can result in increased impurities which reduces sugar extraction efficiency. As industry yields continue to increase over time, the established method for determining N requirement in sugarbeets results in greater and greater fertilizer N applied. This is despite research showing that the actual amount of N supply required to achieve these yields has remained relatively stable over time. This study was conducted to compare two commonly used N determination methodologies to potential alternative N management approaches in the Northwest U.S. sugarbeet production. In 2020 and 2021, studies were conducted in six locations by the Amalgamated Sugar Company (ASCO) to evaluate current and proposed N supply recommendations on sugarbeet production. The N supply treatments were determined using the industry standard yield goal N management (YGNM) method, recommendations from a commonly used agricultural consultant business (ACB), and 3 rates representing a range of a proposed alternative to the YGNM approach, Static Range N Management (SRNM) low, SRNM med, and SRNM high. Two of the study sites had significant treatment effects on root and sucrose yield. The N supply needed to maximize sucrose yields at the 2 responsive sites was 202 and 218 kg N/ha. For five of the six siteyears, the SRNM low N supply treatment met or was closest to the N supply required to maximize yields. For the sixth site-year, the SRNM med N supply treatment maximized yield. Nitrogen requirement calculated using the YGNM approach, resulted in an average of 91 kg N ha-1 in excess fertilizer N being applied. This represented an economic cost of $79 to $200 ha-1 depending on N price (2018 to 2022 U.S. prices used). The ACB recommendations resulted in even greater excess N fertilizer application, an average of 140 kg N ha-1, cost- ing from $122 to $308 ha-1 depending on N price. The SRNM approach better matches N supply with crop need compared to the YGNM and ACB N recommendations over time. Results from this study indicate that sugarbeet growers should evaluate the needed N supplies in their growing area and follow a SRNM approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Unmolassed sugarbeet ingestion led to transient decrease in oral pH. • Oats, alfalfa and hay ingestion did not reduce oral pH. • Ingestion of meadow and ryegrass haylages did not lower oral pH. • Feed associated modulation of oral pH in horses may only be short-lived. Feedstuffs, especially ensiled forage, may be detrimental to equid oral health by exposing the oral cavity to low pH. This study aimed to identify if salivary pH was altered by 1) a range of different feedstuffs and (2) specifically by feeding haylages with differing nutrient profiles. Two studies were conducted. The first measured oral pH following five feedstuffs, (hay, haylage, unmolassed sugarbeet pulp, unmolassed alfalfa chaff and rolled oats), tested individually over five days. Saliva (≥1 ml) was collected in triplicate, prior to feeding, directly after ingesting 500 g of each feedstuff, then 15 min and 30 min post-prandially. Oral pH was determined (pH meter) within 10 min of collection. In study two, eight ponies, were fed as their total diet, four different haylages over four 15-day periods. Saliva was collected, prior to feeding and immediately after ingesting 500 g of forage on day 1, day 6, and day 12 of each period. Samples were collected and analysed as per study one. All data were analysed by repeated measures ANOVA, and in study two linear regression was used to attempt to predict nutrients that influenced oral pH. All statistics were conducted in Genstat 20 th Ed. Only feeding unmolassed sugarbeet caused a reduction (p<0.001) in oral pH. There were differences in oral pH depending on the type of haylage fed in study two but at all times oral pH post-feeding was the same or greater than basal pH. These studies suggest any feed associated modulation of oral pH in horses may only be short-lived and quickly buffered by saliva. However, these studies only reflect oral pH within the oral cavity around the feeding occasion and may not reflect gingival pH or the effects of different feeds over longer time periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic Aphanomyces species are a global threat to agri- and aquaculture, causing multimillion USD damage every year. Via the global trade, Aphanomyces has spread across all continents with exception of South America and Antarctica, and has become a major problem in pea, sugar beet, fish and crayfish production. The widespread A. euteiches and A. cochlioides induce root rot diseases in leguminous species and sugar beet respectively. The fish pathogen A. invadans is the causative agent of Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome in various fish species whilst A. astaci infects crayfishes causing crayfish plague. Aphanomyces have developed an efficient transmission and infection mechanism which allows a rapid colonization and disruption of the host's infected tissues. This review presents an overview on the current research on Aphanomyces genus. We summarise the latest research efforts on four pathogenic Aphanomyces species, shedding light on the biology of these microorganisms, the pathogenicity factors of these parasites, the diseases which they cause, their distribution and finally the strategies to control the diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two consecutive growing seasons of successful field experiments 2018/19 and 2019/20 were caried out at Nubaryia Agriculture Research station (30º 54` 54`` N 29º 57` 53`` E) in calcareous soils under drip irrigation to study the effect of applied three rates of water (I) 60, 80 and 100% of potential evapotranspiration ETp (using class A pan) and two soil amendments (S) plus control treatment (without amendment), Aquita and Potassium humate on water relation, crop coefficient and productivity of two sugarbeet varieties (V), Farida and Marathon. The statistical split-split plots design with three replicates was adopted for this study. Roots yield, gross sugar yield, amount applied irrigation water (AIW), water consumptive use (WCU), crop coefficient (Kc), productivity of irrigation water (PIW) and water productivity (WP) of the two tested sugarbeet varieties were calculated and evaluated. The results, in the two seasons, indicated that there was a significant and direct relationship between irrigation rate (I) and yield of roots and gross sugar of the two sugarbeet varieties (V). The highest values of roots crop were (30.55 tons fed-1 ) and raw sugar (5.724 tons / feddan) obtained from the irrigation treatment of 100% of standard evapotranspiration in the first season, while it was (23.053 tons fed-1 ) and (4.325 tons fed-1 ). With the irrigation treatment 80% of the measured evaporation emitted in the second season. The addition soil amendment (Aquita) was more efficient than potassium humate on roots and gross sugar yields. The interactions of (I x V) was significant effect for roots and gross sugar yields in both seasons. Farida variety with 100% ETp irrigation rate recorded the highest roots and gross sugar yields in the first season, while Marathon variety with 80% rate achieved the highest ones in the second season. The (I x S) interaction was significant effect on root yields in both seasons, and the highest yield was recorded by (100 ETp irrigation rate with Aquita soil amendment) treatment. However, the (S x V) interaction was significant effect for grass sugar yield in the second season only and the highest yield was obtained by (Aquita with Farida variety) treatment. Also, the interaction of (I x S x V) was significant effect on roots and gross sugar yields in the second season only. The maximum roots were obtained by (Farida variety amended with Aquita under 100% of ETp) treatment, while the gross sugar yield was recorded by (Marathon variety amended with potassium humate under 80% of ETp) treatment. The obtained overall average values of (AIW) were 2682.31, 2173.69 and 1665.10 m³ fed-1 for 100, 80 and 60 % of ETp, respectively. Also, the overall average of water consumptive use (WCU) for the two Farida and Marathon sugarbeet varieties were (1985.05, 1597.07 and 1205.46 m³ ) and (1956.91, 1586.14 and 1181.44 m³ ) for 100, 80 and 60 % of ETp, respectively. Crop coefficient (Kc) was not affected by the irrigation rate and sugarbeet varieties where the seasonal average Kc values for the three stages (Initial, Mid. and Late season) of Farida and Marathon were (0.34- 0.33, 1.02 -1.01 and 0.69- 0.67), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two field experiments were conducted to study the effect of irrigation intervals (I) at (20, 35,50 days between irrigation) and antioxidant materials (control, Ascorbic acid, Oxalic acid, Tanic acid) on growth, productivity and quality attributes of sugar beet, split plot design in 3 replications was used in this study. The results showed that, irrigation intervals at 20 days gave the highest significant values in total dry weight, leaf area, root diameter, biological yield, root yield, sugar yield, Potassium and Sodium % while, irrigation intervals at 50 days recorded the highest values of root length, sucrose % and Quality %, in both seasons. On the other hand the irrigation intervals at 35 days showed the greatest significant values of a amino N in both seasons. Both of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid recorded the highest significant values of root length, biological yield, root yield, leaf weight, sucrose % and potassium content in both seasons, while the same effect on sodium content was in the first seasons and on quality % was in the second seasons. The effect of interactions between irrigation intervals (I) and antioxidant materials recorded significant differences in total dry weight (gm), leaf area (cm2), sugar yield (ton/fed), Sucrose%, Quality%, Potassium and Sodium%, a amino N in both seasons and root length (cm) in the second seasons. Both of Ascorbic acid and Oxalic acid treatments with irrigation intervals 20 and 35 days recorded the highest sugar yield in both seasons. It could be concluded that the combination between irrigation intervals at 20 or 35 days with both ascorbic acid and oxalic acid treatments recorded the highest productivity of sugar beet and sugar yield in both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Sugarbeet paired maintainer lines and male sterile lines′ cytoplasmic types were determined in order to provide theoretical basis and technical advice for breeding sugarbeet maintainer lines and male sterile lines.【Methods】40 sugarbeet test materials were identified using the generated VNTR specific primers TR1, TR2, TR3,and TR4, and the cytoplasmic types were separated according to the particular bands, which was combined with the research of fertility features in the field.【Results】Among the 21 materials to be selected for sterility type,the materials conforming to be Owen type were N9849-17-1,N9865-103-C1, N9857-5-1-TH1-400, MS321-C27-1-80, MS331-N70, MS343-80, MS117-3-6-4-2, MS301-500, MS351-80, MS327-70-80, MS333-70-80, MS335-N70, 2068B-2, MS151-1-16-301-400, MS317-1-8-301, MS313-506-600 and MS320-7-605-1-84. MS329-N70 was cytoplasm type N1 and MS323-503-600 was N2. Among the 19 fertile materials to be selected, 960767-201TH-1, 960764-1-11-1-1-400, OT322-C7-70-80, OT332-N70, OT352-80, OT328-70-80, BS301-13-9, OT352-80-1, OT342-80 and OT152-1-6-301-400 were found to be in line with the cytoplasm type N1, and OT302-500 was found to be in line with the cytoplasm type N2. 960766-1077-c1, OT344-80, OT118-4-5-4-4 and OT324-501-600 were Owen type. Six materials with inconsistent molecular identification results were MS351-80-1, MS341-80, OT152-1-1-1-C301, OT330-N70, OT334-70-80, and OT336-N70. The results of field investigation revealed that 960766-1077-c1, OT344-80, OT118-4-5-4-4 and OT324-501-600 were semi-fertile with Owen cytoplasmic types. MS329-N70 and MS323-503-600 were semi-sterile type Ⅱ and were not Owen cytoplasmic type.【Conclusion】The VNTR specific primers developed could be utilized to distinguish the cytoplasmic types of sugarbeet maintainer lines and male sterile lines. The results were consistent with the results of the field fertility feature identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the effect of N supply by soil depth on sugarbeet production is important to continue fine-tuning management practices. To accomplish this objective, a greenhouse column study was conducted at USDA-ARS in Kimberly, ID. The study was conducted using 30 1 m x 0.3 m columns filled with 0.9 m of soil. The treatments consisted of adding N fertilizer at a rate of 132 kg N ha-1 differently to three 0.3 m soil depths. Although all treatments had a total N supply of 222 kg N ha-1 in the 0.9 m soil depth, the distribution of the N in the soil profile affected the yields and N uptake. Sugarbeet root mass, root sucrose mass, leaf mass, root N mass, and leaf N mass were higher for treatments where N fertilizer was added to depths 1 (0-0.3 m) and 2 (0.3-0.6 m) compared to when N fertilizer was added to depth 3 (0.6-0.9 m). The sugarbeets were not able to utilize N from depth 3 as efficiently as from depth 1 and depth 2. There were no treatment effects on sugarbeet quality factors. The findings of this study highlight the need to question the value of a depth 3 soil sample for determining N fertilizer requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, meta-transcriptome sequencing was conducted on a total of 18 sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L. subsp . vulgaris ) sample libraries to profile the virome of field-grown sugarbeet to identify the occurrence and distribution of known and potentially new viruses from five different states in the United States. Sugarbeet roots with symptoms resembling rhizomania caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), or leaves exhibiting leaf-curling, yellowing to browning, or green mosaic were collected from the sugarbeet growing areas of California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, and North Dakota. In silico analysis of de novo assembled contigs revealed the presence of nearly full-length genomes of BNYVV, beet soil-borne virus (BSBV), and beet soil-borne mosaic virus (BSBMV), which represent known sugarbeet-infecting viruses. Among those, BNYVV was widespread across the locations, whereas BSBV was prevalent in Minnesota and Idaho, and BSBMV was only detected in Minnesota. In addition, two recently reported Beta vulgaris satellite virus isoforms (BvSatV-1A and BvSatV-1B) were detected in new locations, indicating the geographical expansion of this known virus. Besides these known sugarbeet-infecting viruses, the bioinformatic analysis identified the widespread occurrence of a new uncharacterized Erysiphe necator- associated abispo virus (En&#95;abispoV), a fungus-related virus that was identified in all 14 libraries. En&#95;abispoV contains two RNA components, and nearly complete sequences of both RNA1 and RNA2 were obtained from RNASeq and were further confirmed by primer-walking RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic comparison of En&#95;abispoV isolates obtained in this study showed varying levels of genetic diversity within RNA1 and RNA2 compared to previously reported isolates. The undertaken meta-transcriptomic approach revealed the widespread nature of coexisting viruses associated with field-grown sugarbeet exhibiting virus disease-like symptoms in the United States., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chinnadurai, Wyatt, Weiland, Neher, Hastings, Bloomquist, Chu, Chanda, Khan, Bolton and Ramachandran.)

Rhizomania is a disease of sugarbeet caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) that significantly affects sugarbeet yield globally. Accurate and sensitive detection methods for BNYVV in plants and field soil are necessary for growers to make informed decisions on variety selection to manage this disease. A recently developed CRISPR-Cas-based detection method has proven highly sensitive and accurate in human virus diagnostics. Here, we report the development of a CRISPR-Cas12a-based method for detecting BNYVV in the roots of sugarbeet. A critical aspect of this technique is the identification of conditions for isothermal amplification of viral fragments. Toward this end, we have developed a reverse transcription (RT) recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for detecting BNYVV in sugarbeet roots. The RT-RPA product was visualized, and its sequence was confirmed. Subsequently, we designed and validated the cutting efficiency of guide RNA targeting BNYVV via in vitro activity assay in the presence of Cas12a. The sensitivity of CRISPR-Cas12a trans reporter-based detection for BNYVV was determined using a serially diluted synthetic BNYVV target sequence. Further, we have validated the developed CRISPR-Cas12a assay for detecting BNYVV in the root-tissue of sugarbeet bait plants reared in BNYVV-infested field soil. The results revealed that BNYVV detection is highly sensitive and specific to the infected roots relative to healthy control roots as measured quantitatively through the reporter signal. To our knowledge, this is the first report establishing isothermal RT-RPA- and CRISPR-based methods for virus diagnostic approaches for detecting BNYVV from rhizomania diseased sugarbeet roots.

Rhizomania is a disease of sugarbeet caused by beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) that significantly affects sugarbeet yield globally. Accurate and sensitive detection methods for BNYVV in plants and field soil are necessary for growers to make informed decisions on variety selection to manage this disease. A recently developed CRISPR-Cas-based detection method has proven highly sensitive and accurate in human virus diagnostics. Here, we report the development of a CRISPR-Cas12a-based method for detecting BNYVV in the roots of sugarbeet. A critical aspect of this technique is the identification of conditions for isothermal amplification of viral fragments. Toward this end, we have developed a reverse transcription (RT) recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) for detecting BNYVV in sugarbeet roots. The RT-RPA product was visualized, and its sequence was confirmed. Subsequently, we designed and validated the cutting efficiency of guide RNA targeting BNYVV via in vitro activity assay in the presence of Cas12a. The sensitivity of CRISPR-Cas12a trans reporter-based detection for BNYVV was determined using a serially diluted synthetic BNYVV target sequence. Further, we have validated the developed CRISPR-Cas12a assay for detecting BNYVV in the root-tissue of sugarbeet bait plants reared in BNYVV-infested field soil. The results revealed that BNYVV detection is highly sensitive and specific to the infected roots relative to healthy control roots as measured quantitatively through the reporter signal. To our knowledge, this is the first report establishing isothermal RT-RPA- and CRISPR-based methods for virus diagnostic approaches for detecting BNYVV from rhizomania diseased sugarbeet roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two split trials with four replications were conducted at the Bangar El- Sukar region, Burg El- Arab, Alex. Governorate, Egypt during 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons to study the effect of two nitrogen sources fertilizers (ammonium sulphate 20.6% and urea 46%) with three rates (80, 100 and 120 Kg N/ fed.) on growth, yield components and quality characters and nitrogen use efficiency of sugarbeet grow on a clay loam soil. Results showed that significant differences were reported between sources of nitrogen fertilizer in the most plant growth characters, yield components, quality parameters and impurity parameters as well as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the two seasons. Beet plants fertilized with ammonium sulphate as compared with urea significantly exceeded root and top fresh weight, root length, root diameter, leaf area index and total dry matter accumulation per plant as growth parameters, roots, top, gross sugar and white sugar as yield components, percentage of gross sugar, white sugar, quality index as quality parameters and NUE for yields of roots, gross sugar, white sugar and loss sugar in both seasons, and chlorophyll “a” in first season only. On contrary, also, ammonium sulphate significantly decreased concentrations of K, Na, α- amino- N as impurities and loss sugar% as compared with urea in both seasons. Application of different rates of nitrogen fertilizer in the two seasons, significantly affected all tested traits, except loss sugar yield and quality index in the first season only. Application of 120 Kg N/fed. rate recorded the highest values of all tested plant characters, photosynthetic contents, yield components, quality parameters and NUE for gross sugar and white sugar yields. In addition, the same nitrogen rate produced the lowest values for all impurity parameters measured (K, Na, α- amino- N and AC), loss sugar percent, NUE for roots and loss sugar yields in the both seasons. The interaction between sources and rates of nitrogen fertilizer were significant effect on root length and fresh weight/ plant in first season only, root diameter, chlorophyll “b”, gross sugar yield/ fed., all quality parameters and NUE for loss sugar yield in the second season only. However, in the two seasons, roots, top and white sugar yields/ fed. and all impurities as well as NUE for roots, gross sugar and white sugar yields were significantly affected by the interaction between sources and rates of nitrogen fertilizer. In general, application ammonium sulphate fertilizer at the rate of 120 Kg N/ fed. was recommended because it recorded the highest root characterse, chlorophyll "b", most yield components and quality traits as well as NUE for gross sugar and white sugar yields, and the lowest loss sugar yield, loss sugar%, NUE for roots yield and all impurities traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) is considered to be one of the most viable alternatives to corn for biofuel production as it may be qualified as the feedstock for advanced biofuels (reducing greenhouse gas emission by 50%) under the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007. Because sugarbeet production is affected by crop rotation and tillage through optimal use of soil water and nutrients, simulation of these effects will help in making proper management decisions. In this study, the CSM-CERES-Beet, CSM-CERES-Maize, CROPSIM-Wheat, and CROPGRO-Soybean models included in the RZWQM2 were calibrated against experimental field data of crop yield, soil water, and soil nitrate from the North Dakota State University Carrington Research Extension Center from 2014 to 2016. The models performed reasonably well in simulating crop yield, soil water, and nitrate (rRMSE = 0.055 to 2.773, d = 0.541 to 0.997). Simulation results identified a non-significant effect of crop rotation on sugarbeet yield, although sugarbeets following wheat resulted in 3% to 6.5% higher yields compared to other crops. Net mineralization and N uptake rates were slightly higher when sugarbeets followed wheat compared to the other crops. Seasonal N and water mass balances also showed lower N and water stresses when sugarbeets followed wheat. The effects of tillage operations on sugarbeet yield were also non-significant. The difference in the N losses to runoff and drainage from the sugarbeet fields under different crop rotations and tillage operations was negligible. As sugarbeet production may be expanded into nontraditional planting areas in the Red River Valley due to potential demand for biofuel production, our findings will help to assess the associated environmental impacts and identify suitable crop rotations and management scenarios in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 In order to develop the way of innovation and utilization of sugarbeet germplasm resources,make the excellent hybrid combinations and improve the efficiency of breeding.【Methods】 The genetic diversity and population structure of 70 sugarbeet germplasm resources were analyzed by SSR molecular markers. The sugarbeet genomic DNA was extracted by CTAB method,and the genomic DNA of 70 sugarbeet germplasm resources was amplified by PCR using 12 pairs of SSR primers with good polymorphism and clear bands,the amplified products were detected by 6% denatured polyacrylamide GEL electrophoresis, and the results were statistically analyzed.【Results】 A total of 52 alleles were amplified from the resources,each pair of primers could catch 2-6 alleles,the average number of the alleles was 4.33,and the heterozygosity (Ho)was 0.06-0.60,the average value was 0.22. The expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.15-0.97,the average value was 0.69,which indicated that the genetic diversity of the resources was rich,and the polymorphism information content（PIC）was 0.10-0.96,and the average value was 0.65. According to SSR marker data,70 sugarbeet germplasm resources were divided into 6 subgroups at K=6,which was essentially consistent with the result of principal component analysis.【Conclusion】 The study further reflected the genetic diversity,genetic background and inherent genetic structure of the 70 sugarbeet germplasm resources materials,and provided a theoretical foundation for the selection and utilization of the materials in future breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of sugar beet production under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizing strategies. This manuscript is an evaluation of the production inputs used in a research carried previous on sugar beet and its conversion into GHG emissions equivalent. This paper evaluates the potential for environmental mitigation, including the reduction of total GHG emissions from agricultural inputs in sugar beet production by managing irrigation and nitrogen fertilizing. In this context, the nine treatments based on three different irrigations (full irrigation, conventional deficit irrigation, partial root drying irrigation) and three nitrogen fertilization strategies (full nitrogen, partial deficit nitrogen, moderate deficit nitrogen) were assessed. The results of evaluation showed that DI-N1 strategy can reduce irrigation water and nitrogen use up to 25% compared to control treatment (FIN). In addition, this strategy saved 25% of electricity consumption use for irrigation. The analyse of pollution in this study led to very important findings: more environment-friendly irrigation and fertilization practices by using less water and nitrogen have a considerable potential for environmental mitigation in sugar beet production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normalized crop canopy temperature, termed crop water stress index (CWSI), was proposed over 40 years ago as an irrigation management tool but has experienced limited adoption in production agriculture. Development of generalized crop-specific upper and lower reference temperatures is critical for implementation of CWSI-based irrigation scheduling. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate data-driven models for predicting the reference canopy temperatures needed to compute CWSI for sugarbeet and wine grape. Reference canopy temperatures for sugarbeet and wine grape were predicted using machine learning and regression models developed from measured canopy temperatures of sugarbeet, grown in Idaho and Wyoming, and wine grape, grown in Idaho and Oregon, over five years under full and severe deficit irrigation. Lower reference temperatures (TLL) were estimated using neural network models with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies exceeding 0.88 and root mean square error less than 1.1°C. The relationship between TLL minus ambient air temperature and vapor pressure deficit was represented with a linear model that maximized the regression coefficient rather than minimized the sum of squared error. The linear models were used to estimate upper reference temperatures that were nearly double the values reported in previous studies. A daily CWSI, calculated as the average of 15 min CWSI values between 13:00 and 16:00 MDT for sugarbeet and between 13:00 and 15:00 local time for wine grape, were well correlated with irrigation events and amounts. There was a significant (p < 0.001) linear relationship between the daily CWSI and midday leaf water potential of Malbec and Syrah wine grapes, with an R2 of 0.53. The data-driven models developed in this study to estimate reference temperatures enable automated calculation of the CWSI for effective assessment of crop water stress. However, measurements taken under conditions of wet canopy or low solar radiation should be disregarded as they can result in irrational values of the CWSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】 In order to obtain a better seed collection mode of biennial sugarbeet. 【Methods】 The effects of wheat， corn and biennial beets stubble on seed collection of biennial sugarbeet were compared in the open-field overwintering and cellar storage overwintering modes，and herbicide sprayed and no herbicide on the seed harvesting of biennial sugarbeet in Pei County，Jiangsu Province. 【Results】 The results showed that the bolting rate of the test materials was significantly higher than that of the cellar. Among them，the bolting rates were 80.8% and 95.2% respectively，the 1000-grain weight was 15.27 and 17.87 g，germination rate was 85.33% and 93.67%，seed yield was 1 664.80 and 2 072.70 kg/hm2，respectively. Under different stubble treatments with the same overwintering pattern，there was no significant difference in bolting rate.The 1000-grain weight of wheat，corn and biennial sugarbeet stubble treated were 17.87，15.27，14.13 g，germination rate 93.67%，88.33% and 83.33% respectively，and seed yield 2 072.70，2 422.50 and 1 750.65 kg/hm2，among them，sugarbeet seed yield in the maize stubbles，was 38.38% higher that in biennial sugarbeet stubbles；The previous stubble herbicide sprayed had an inhibitory effect on seed production of sugarbeet compared with no herbicide sprayed. 【Conclusion】 When selecting seed production base，the previous stubble，no herbicide used and higher soil fertility should be selected first. The overwintering mode of open-field should be selected，which can save labor cost and produce better effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artificial neural network (ANN) method was used in this study for predicting sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaves. The experiment was carried out in field conditions in 2015-2016. In this research, symbiotic mychorrhizae as Bio-one (Azotobacter vinelandii and Clostridium pasteurianum) in commercial preparation (10 kg/da) and ammonium sulfate (40 kg/da) were use used as a fertilizer. In order to measure the leaves' chlorophyll concentration we used a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. Artificial neural network, red, green, and blue components of the images were used which was developed to predict chlorophyll concentration. The results showed the ANN model able to estimate sugar beet leaf chlorophyll concentration. The coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be 0.98 while mean square error (MSE) was obtained as 0.007 from validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar can potentially change the soil physico-chemical environment significantly, but its impact on the soil chemical environment is poorly understood. To investigate this, a three-year field experiment with drip irrigation under plastic film mulch was conducted from 2018 to 2020 in a saline-alkali cotton and sugarbeet field in Xinjiang, China. The experiment examined the influences of different biochar application rates (BAR) on the distribution and variations of soil Na+ and K+ contents, soil nutrient contents (NO 3 –-N, NH 4 +-N, soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, and available potassium), soil salt content and accumulation. Four BAR treatments of 0, 10, 50, and 100 t ha–1, namely CK, B10, B50, and B100 were designed in 2018, with adjusted in 2019 and 2020 based on the former 2 year's results, namely CK, B10, B25 (25 t ha–1), B50, and B100 in 2019, and CK, B10, B25, and B30 (30 t ha–1) in 2020. The results indicated that increasing BAR significantly increased Na+, K+, and soil nutrient contents in cotton and sugarbeet fields. Soil salinity were the highest in inter-rows, followed by narrow and wide rows, and salt accumulated at 0–60 cm depth the most. Weighted-average planar soil salt storage positively correlated with BAR, with lower soil salt contents for sugarbeet than cotton at the same depth. Based on the effects of different BAR on soil ion concents, soil nutrients, and soil salinity, we recommended 10 t ha−1 as an optimal BAR for improving the chemical environment of saline-alkali soil, and sugarbeet as an effective crop for reducing soil salinity. These findings provided valuable technique parameters for biochar application in saline-alkali land. [Display omitted] • Biochar increased Na+, K+, soil nutrient contents, and WAPSSS. • Sugarbeet as an effective crop for reducing soil salinity compare with cotton. • Appropriate biochar application rate improved saline-alkali soil chemical environment. • 10 t ha−1 was recommended as an appropriate biochar application strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) as the second most important world’s sugar source after sugarcane is one of the major industrial crops. The presence of weeds in sugar beet fields, especially at early growth stages, results in a substantial decrease in the crop yield. It is very important to efficiently eliminate weeds at early growing stages. The first step of precision weed control is accurate detection of weeds location in the field. This operation can be performed by machine vision techniques. Hough transform is one of the shape feature extraction methods for object tracking in image processing which is basically used to identify lines or other geometrical shapes in an image. Generalized Hough transform (GHT) is a modified version of the Hough transform used not only for geometrical forms, but also for detecting any arbitrary shape. This method is based on a pattern matching principle that uses a set of vectors of feature points (usually object edge points) to a reference point to construct a pattern. By comparing this pattern with a set pattern, the desired shape is detected. The aim of this study was to identify the sugar beet plant from some common weeds in a field using the GHT. Materials and Methods Images required for this study were taken at the four-leaf stage of sugar beet as the beginning of the critical period of weed control. A shelter was used to avoid direct sunlight and prevent leaf shadows on each other. The obtained images were then introduced to the Image Processing Toolbox of MATLAB programming software for further processing. Green and Red color components were extracted from primary RGB images. In the first step, binary images were obtained by applying the optimal threshold on the G-R images. A comprehensive study of several sugar beet images revealed that there is a unique feature in sugar beet leaves which makes them differentiable from the weeds. The feature observed in all sugar beet plants at the four-leaf stage was a stretched S-shaped curve at the junction of the leaf and petiole. This unique shape characteristic was used as the pattern for sugar beet detection using GHT. To implement the Hough transform in the images, a 50-member group of samples was prepared from S-shaped curve to build appropriate patterns. Desired features for the Hough transformation were extracted from the patterns. In the next step, the attempts were made to find the images for the shapes similar to each of the patterns. Results and Discussion Plants were thoroughly separated from soil and residues. The accuracy of segmentation algorithm was achieved by almost 100%. The accuracy of the generalized Hough algorithm was evaluated in two stages. In the first stage, the algorithm accuracy was assessed in detecting patterns in the images. Results showed that the accuracy of the algorithm was 96.21%. In the second stage, the algorithm was evaluated for some other test images, whereas the algorithm achieved an overall accuracy of 91.65%. In some cases, the presence of a large overlap between objects in the image reduced the detection accuracy. This was because of two main reasons; 1) high interference and ambiguity in the object edges, so that Hough transform was not able to detect the predefined patterns in the objects and, 2) weeds highly overlapped with sugar beet plants and thereby they were wrongly detected as sugar beet. However, since there is no or little interference between plants at the four-leaf stage, this interference can be eliminated by morphological operations. Due to this fact, it can be said that the results of GHT algorithm are acceptable for the detection of sugar beet in the plants close to four-leaf stage. Conclusions A special feature in the shape of sugar beet leaves was used as a criterion to distinguish between sugar beet and weeds. The results showed that by quantifying this special feature, which is an S-shaped curve near the petioles connection of beet leaves, sugar beet can be discriminated from weeds with an accuracy of 91.65 %. Recalled that this feature is a shape characteristic, therefore, the generalized Hough algorithm must be applied prior to plant canopy development, which is consistent with the critical period of weed control in sugar beet fields.

This study was carried out in sugar beet fields (Centrum, Düger and Karaköy) in the center of Ilgın, the district of Konya between the years of 2017-2018. With this study, it is aimed to determine infestation rate, the first adult emergence time, adult population abundance, adult population peaks and adult activity duration in nature, which are essential criteria required for the management of Beet armyworm [Spodoptera exigua (Lep.: Noctuidae)] in Ilgın. The population development of S. exigua was monitored by sexual attractive pheromone traps. As a result of the study, it was determined that the adults of Spodoptera exigua were first caught in sexual attractive traps in the first half of May. In order to determine the infestation rate caused by the pest, weekly beans were sampled from the period of sugarbeet with 8-10 leaves. The adult population peaked twice during the all years, including June and July. The date when adults were caught in traps was in the first half of September every two years. With these results, it was determined that S. exigua adults were active in nature for at least four months (May-September). The average infestation rate of the fields in 2017-2018 was 0.0- 0.1%, 0.1- 0.1% in Düger and 0.2- 0.2% in Karaköy, respectively. Although the population of the pest does not increase every year, it might create an outbreak in some years. It is recommended that our producers continuously monitor the population of the pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• No-till produced similar yield and quality of sugarbeet compared to conventional tillage. • No-till saved US$111 per ha in tillage costs compared to conventional tillage. • Sugarbeet root yield increased linearly with increasing nitrogen input, but impurity also increased. • Sugarbeet sucrose concentration decreased with increasing nitrogen input. Conventional intensive tillage (CT) is widely practiced in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) growing regions. However, CT uses more labor and machinery and has negative impacts on soil and environment. Limited information exists for the performance of sugarbeet in reduced tillage compared to CT systems. A three-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate yield and quality of sugarbeet under no-till (NT), and strip-till (ST) systems compared to CT. The response of sugarbeet to the increasing rate of nitrogen (N) from 56 to 224 kg ha−1 in each tillage system was also studied. Sugarbeet plant stand, root yield, root impurities (sodium, potassium, and amino-N concentration in the root), sucrose loss to molasses (SLM) and recoverable sucrose yield were measured. Tillage had no significant effect on plant stand, root yield, and recoverable sucrose yield. The estimated cost of tillage operation showed that growing sugarbeet under NT was 111 US$ ha−1 less than that in CT, which could be translated into 111 US$ ha−1 higher net benefit for growers considering the similar yields in both systems. Sugarbeet root yield linearly increased in response to increasing rate of N, however, sucrose concentration decreased and root impurities increased with increasing N input. Overall, little increase of recoverable sucrose yield was observed with N rate increasing from 56 to 224 kg ha−1. Response to N rate occurred irrespective of tillage method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifty-five soil samples were collected from sugarbeet fields with rhizomania occurrence in the region of Tadla. BNYVV was ascertained by RT-PCR in 40 out of 55 fields surveyed and the positive samples were subsequently examined for the presence of the different pathotype of BNYVV. Using the same technique, a survey was simultaneously undertaken to identify the occurrence of other soil-borne viruses, which might frequently associate with BNYVV such as beet soilborne virus (BSBV), beet soilborne mosaic virus (BSBMV) and beet virus Q (BVQ). Results indicated that most samples were infected with A-type BNYVV, but only 9% of the samples were positive for B-type BNYVV. BNYVV (72.7%) was the most frequently detected, followed respectively by BSBV (36.36%) and BVQ (30.9%). However, P-type BNYVV was not detected at all. Our results also indicated the likely absence of BSBMV in the Tadla region. Surprisingly, among the 40 BNYVV-infected samples, 17 were also infected with BVQ and 20 with BSBV. In conclusion, BSBV occurred in triple infections with BNYVV and BVQ. In addition, there was only one sample revealed positive for both viruses BNYVV-B and BVQ and four samples for BSBV infection. Therefore, this study is the first investigation of BSBV and BVQ in fields-grown sugarbeet of Morocco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For optimization autumn sugarbeet irrigation water, an experiment was conducted at Safi-Abad Agricultural Research center in the years 2010 and 2011 with silty clay loam soil.The experiment was arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Tape irrigation levels (25,50,75,100 and 125% of water requirement with T25,T50,T75,T100 and T125 respectively) and furrow irrigation was conducted. Production, cost and water function and thresholds indexes basis of irrigation depth was compared and computed. Although full rrigation in field experiment(T100 treatment) and maximizing level of applied water index(Wm) had maximum yield, T100 treatment had not significant difference with T75 and T50 treatments. On the other hand irrigation water application depth in water limited condition (Ww) was almost equal to minimum rate of water application,T25 treatment. Although Ww index had not maximum net benefit per unit of irrigation water, caused to decrease 43 percent consumed water and 21 percent of root yield and caused to increase sugare content and decrease irrigation costs. The results showed that in a view economic deficit irrigation in North of Khouzestan climatic conditions was applicable.

In the present study, the antagonistic capability of bacterial agents inhabiting the rhizosphere of sugarbeet plants were evaluated against Cercospora beticola Sacc. under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. After preliminary screening using the dual culture method, 14 strains with higher antagonistic capability were selected for further inhibitory assays against C. beticola. Bacterial strains were identified based on the sequence data of the small subunit-rDNA (SSU-rDNA) gene. Based on the SSU sequence data, the identity of bacterial strains were determined as Bacillus (10 strains: RB1, RB2, RB3, RB4, RB5, RB6, RB7, RB8, RB9, RB10), Paenibacillus (two strains: RP1, RP2), Enterobacter (one strain: RE), and Pseudomonas (one strain: RPs). The results obtained in this study showed that in all of the assays (dual culture, volatile and non-volatile metabolites) bacterial antagonists significantly inhibited the growth of C. beticola compared to the control. Bacillus (RB2) showed the highest inhibition rate on C. beticola in all of the assays. Based on the results of the laboratory assays, three bacterial strains RB2 (Bacillus), RPs (Pseudomonas), and RE (Paenibacillus) were selected for greenhouse assays. The experiment was designed based on a completely randomised design (CRD) with the application of antagonists prior to, simultaneously, and after inoculation with C. beticola on sugarbeet leaves. The reduction in disease severity was evaluated seven days after inoculation. The results of greenhouse assays were consistent with the results of laboratory studies. The obtained results showed that bacterial antagonists significantly reduced the disease severity when compared to the control.

Description of the subject. Dietary fiber is largely used in pig production but some contradictions appear in the literature regarding the effects on performance and health. Objectives. This paper aims to contribute to the clarification of the effects of a diet rich in sugar beet pulp on animal behavior, growth performance, carcass quality and gut health of fattening pigs. Method. Two successive batches of 24 fattening pigs were each divided into two groups fed ad libitum either a standard diet based on cereals (STD, 19% NSP [non-starch-polysaccharides]) or a fibrous diet based on 23% sugar beet pulp (HFD, 31% NSP). Results. Pigs activity rate and feeder occupancy duration were increased by 57% and 165% for group fed HFD, respectively (P < 0.05). The fecal bacteria counts showed increases with HFD for Lactobacillus (10.21 vs 9.84 log10 of cfu·g-1 of feces dry matter, P < 0.05) and Bifidobacterium (9.49 vs 8.88, P < 0.01) but decreases for Enterobacteriaceae (4.85 vs 5.97, P < 0.001). Reductions of the average daily gain (788 vs 876 g per day, P < 0.001) and the dressing percentage (75.7 vs 78.9%, P < 0.001) were observed with HFD. Gastric lesion score was decreased with HFD (0.82 vs 1.55, P < 0.05). For pigs fed HFD, the proportion of surface area occupied by goblet cells was increased in the jejunum (10.06 vs 7.99%, P < 0.01) and the number of CD3 lymphocytes was increased in the colon (1.24 vs 0.90·mm-², P < 0.05). Conclusions. HFD contributes to strengthen the gut health of fattening pigs, but it impairs growth performance and carcass traits.

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Chemistry & Biotechnology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Glyphosate has been shown to affect the development of plant disease in several ways. Plants utilize phenolic and other shikimic acid pathway‐derived compounds as part of their defense against pathogens, and glyphosate inhibits the biosynthesis of these compounds via its mode of action. Several studies have shown a correlation between enhanced disease and suppression of phenolic compound production after glyphosate. Glyphosate‐resistant crop plants have also been studied for changes in resistance as a result of carrying the glyphosate resistance trait. The evidence indicates that neither the resistance trait nor application of glyphosate to glyphosate‐resistant plants increases susceptibility to disease. The only exceptions to this are cases where glyphosate has been shown to reduce rust diseases on glyphosate‐resistant crops, supporting a fungicidal role for this chemical. Finally, glyphosate treatment of weeds or volunteer crops can cause a temporary increase in soil‐borne pathogens that may result in disease development if crops are planted too soon after glyphosate application. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agronematology is the property of Egyptian Society for Agronematology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)