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In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in phase change materials (PCM) based on dulcitol and other sugar alcohols. These materials have almost twice as large latent heat of fusion as other organic materials. Sugar alcohols are relatively cheap, and they can undergo cold crystallization, which is crucial for long-term thermal energy storage. The disadvantage of dulcitol and other sugar alcohols is the solid–liquid phase transition. As a result, the state of matter of the material and its volume change, and in the case of materials modified with microparticles or nanoparticles, sedimentation of additives in liquid PCM can occur. In this study, we obtained shape-stable phase change materials (SSPCM) by co-gelation of starch and dulcitol. To characterize the samples obtained, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), step-mode DSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used, and they were also used to test for shape stabilization. The results show that the obtained systems have great potential as shape-stabilized phase change materials. The sample dulcitol/starch with a 50:50 ratio exhibited the highest heat of cold crystallization, up to 52.90 J/g, while the heat of melting was 126.16 J/g under typical DSC measuring conditions. However, depending on the applied heating program, the heat of cold crystallization can even reach 125 J/g. The thermal stability of all compositions was higher than the phase change temperature, with only 1% mass loss occurring at temperatures above 200 °C, while the phase change occurred at a maximum of 190 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of increasing levels of crude glycerol (CG) on the effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber (EDNDF) in Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Ex Chiov (kikuyu forage) and ruminal fermentation parameters in grazing dairy cows. Four non-lactating cannulated Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of CG infusion in the rumen at the following levels: 0 (G0), 500 (G500), 1000 (G1000), and 1500 (G1500) g/animal/day. Two kikuyu forages harvested (D) at 35 (DR35) and 45 (DR45) days of regrowth were incubated in the rumen for 72 h. The infusion of CG into the rumen increased (p < 0.05) EDNDF in both incubated forages. Total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and pH values in the ruminal fluid were unaffected (p > 0.05) by the infusion of CG. However, propionate and butyrate molar proportions increased (p < 0.05) at the expense of acetate at all CG levels. In addition, the NH3-N levels decreased (p < 0.05) by approximately 20% with the infusion of 1000 and 1500 g of CG. In conclusion, supplementation with CG increases ruminal EDNDF, improving rumen fermentation dynamics in cows grazing kikuyu forage under tropical conditions. This greater EDNDF was achieved for both harvesting times.

d -Arabitol, an alternative sweetener to sugar, has low calorie content, high sweetness, low glycemic index, and insulin resistance-improving ability. In this study, d -arabitol-producing yeast strains were isolated from various commercial types of miso, and strain Gz-5 was selected among these strains. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the internal transcribed spacer sequence revealed that strain Gz-5 was distinct from Zygosaccharomyces rouxii , a major fermenting yeast of miso. The strain, identified as Zygosaccharomyces sp. Gz-5, grew better than other Z. rouxii in 150 g/L NaCl and produced 114 g/L d -arabitol from 295 g/L glucose in a batch culture for 8 days (0.386 g/g-consumed glucose). In a fed-batch culture, the yeast produced 133 g/L d -arabitol for 14 days, and the total d -arabitol amount increased by 1.75-fold. These results indicated that Zygosaccharomyces sp. Gz-5, a non-genetically modified strain, has excellent potential for the industrial production of d -arabitol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of increasing levels of crude glycerol (CG) on the effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber (EDNDF) in Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. Ex Chiov (kikuyu forage) and ruminal fermentation parameters in grazing dairy cows. Four non-lactating cannulated Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of CG infusion in the rumen at the following levels: 0 (G0), 500 (G500), 1000 (G1000), and 1500 (G1500) g/animal/day. Two kikuyu forages harvested (D) at 35 (DR35) and 45 (DR45) days of regrowth were incubated in the rumen for 72 h. The infusion of CG into the rumen increased (p < 0.05) EDNDF in both incubated forages. Total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and pH values in the ruminal fluid were unaffected (p > 0.05) by the infusion of CG. However, propionate and butyrate molar proportions increased (p < 0.05) at the expense of acetate at all CG levels. In addition, the NH3-N levels decreased (p < 0.05) by approximately 20% with the infusion of 1000 and 1500 g of CG. In conclusion, supplementation with CG increases ruminal EDNDF, improving rumen fermentation dynamics in cows grazing kikuyu forage under tropical conditions. This greater EDNDF was achieved for both harvesting times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study explores the modification of silk fibroin films for hydrophilic coating applications using various sugar alcohols. Films, prepared via solvent casting, incorporated glycerol, sorbitol, and maltitol, revealing distinctive transparency and UV absorption characteristics based on sugar alcohol chemical structures. X-ray diffraction confirmed a silk I to silk II transition influenced by sugar alcohols. Glycerol proved most effective in enhancing the β-sheet structure. The study also elucidated a conformational shift towards a β-sheet structure induced by sugar alcohols. Silk fibroin–sugar alcohol blind docking and sugar alcohol-sugar alcohol blind docking investigations were conducted utilizing the HDOCK Server. The computer simulation unveiled the significance of size and hydrogen bonding characteristics inherent in sugar alcohols, emphasizing their pivotal role in influencing interactions within silk fibroin matrices. Hydrophilicity of ozonized silicone surfaces improved through successful coating with silk fibroin films, particularly glycerol-containing ones, resulting in reduced contact angles. Strong adhesion between silk fibroin films and ozonized silicone surfaces was evident, indicating robust hydrogen bonding interactions. This comprehensive research provides crucial insights into sugar alcohols’ potential to modify silk fibroin film crystalline structures, offering valuable guidance for optimizing their design and functionality, especially in silicone coating applications.

At present, with the continuous improvement of living standards, people are paying increasing attention to dietary nutrition and health. Low sugar and low energy consumption have become important dietary trends. In terms of sugar control, more and more countries have implemented sugar taxes in recent years. Hence, as the substitute for sugar, low-calorie sweeteners have been widely used in beverage, bakery, and confectionary industries. In general, low-calorie sweeteners consist of high-intensity and low-calorie bulk sweeteners (some rare sugars and sugar alcohols). In this review, recent advances and challenges in low-calorie bulk sweeteners are explored. Bioproduction of low-calorie bulk sweeteners has become the focus of many researches, because it has the potential to replace the current industrial scale production through chemical synthesis. A comprehensive summary of the physicochemical properties, physiological functions, applications, bioproduction, and regulation of typical low-calorie bulk sweeteners, such as D-allulose, D-tagatose, D-mannitol, sorbitol, and erythritol, is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims The pathways and metabolites that contribute to residual cardiovascular disease risks are unclear. Low-calorie sweeteners are widely used sugar substitutes in processed foods with presumed health benefits. Many low-calorie sweeteners are sugar alcohols that also are produced endogenously, albeit at levels over 1000-fold lower than observed following consumption as a sugar substitute. Methods Untargeted metabolomics studies were performed on overnight fasting plasma samples in a discovery cohort (n = 1157) of sequential stable subjects undergoing elective diagnostic cardiac evaluations; subsequent stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses were performed on an independent, non-overlapping validation cohort (n = 2149). Complementary isolated human platelet, platelet-rich plasma, whole blood, and animal model studies examined the effect of xylitol on platelet responsiveness and thrombus formation in vivo. Finally, an intervention study was performed to assess the effects of xylitol consumption on platelet function in healthy volunteers (n = 10). Results In initial untargeted metabolomics studies (discovery cohort), circulating levels of a polyol tentatively assigned as xylitol were associated with incident (3-year) major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) risk. Subsequent stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS analyses (validation cohort) specific for xylitol (and not its structural isomers) confirmed its association with incident MACE risk [third vs. first tertile adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval), 1.57 (1.12–2.21), P <.01]. Complementary mechanistic studies showed xylitol-enhanced multiple indices of platelet reactivity and in vivo thrombosis formation at levels observed in fasting plasma. In interventional studies, consumption of a xylitol-sweetened drink markedly raised plasma levels and enhanced multiple functional measures of platelet responsiveness in all subjects. Conclusions Xylitol is associated with incident MACE risk. Moreover, xylitol both enhanced platelet reactivity and thrombosis potential in vivo. Further studies examining the cardiovascular safety of xylitol are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the modification of silk fibroin films for hydrophilic coating applications using various sugar alcohols. Films, prepared via solvent casting, incorporated glycerol, sorbitol, and maltitol, revealing distinctive transparency and UV absorption characteristics based on sugar alcohol chemical structures. X-ray diffraction confirmed a silk I to silk II transition influenced by sugar alcohols. Glycerol proved most effective in enhancing the β-sheet structure. The study also elucidated a conformational shift towards a β-sheet structure induced by sugar alcohols. Silk fibroin–sugar alcohol blind docking and sugar alcohol-sugar alcohol blind docking investigations were conducted utilizing the HDOCK Server. The computer simulation unveiled the significance of size and hydrogen bonding characteristics inherent in sugar alcohols, emphasizing their pivotal role in influencing interactions within silk fibroin matrices. Hydrophilicity of ozonized silicone surfaces improved through successful coating with silk fibroin films, particularly glycerol-containing ones, resulting in reduced contact angles. Strong adhesion between silk fibroin films and ozonized silicone surfaces was evident, indicating robust hydrogen bonding interactions. This comprehensive research provides crucial insights into sugar alcohols' potential to modify silk fibroin film crystalline structures, offering valuable guidance for optimizing their design and functionality, especially in silicone coating applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sugar alcohols, such as erythritol, are low-impact candidates for attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) to kill mosquitoes. To determine whether erythritol has a viable future in ATSB formulations, a suite of assays was conducted to diagnose toxicity mechanisms and starvation effects on mortality in Aedes aegypti (L.) as a model system. Methods We measured general carbohydrate load, glucosidase levels, and free glucose in intoxicated adult mosquitoes to observe whether sugar digestion was impaired. We assayed the effects of sugar combinations with erythritol on larvae and adults. To measure erythritol effects when mosquitoes were not resource-deprived, additional assays manipulated the prior starvation status. Results Up to 50,000 ppm of erythritol in water had no effect on larvae within 72 h, but an ammonia spike indicated diuresis in larvae as early as 4 h (F 8,44 = 22.50, P

Background: Sugar alcohols, such as erythritol, are low-impact candidates for attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSB) to kill mosquitoes. To determine whether erythritol has a viable future in ATSB formulations, a suite of assays was conducted to diagnose toxicity mechanisms and starvation effects on mortality in Aedes aegypti (L.) as a model system. Methods: We measured general carbohydrate load, glucosidase levels, and free glucose in intoxicated adult mosquitoes to observe whether sugar digestion was impaired. We assayed the effects of sugar combinations with erythritol on larvae and adults. To measure erythritol effects when mosquitoes were not resource-deprived, additional assays manipulated the prior starvation status. Results: Up to 50,000 ppm of erythritol in water had no effect on larvae within 72 h, but an ammonia spike indicated diuresis in larvae as early as 4 h (F8,44 = 22.50, P < 0.0001) after sucrose/erythritol combinations were added. Adult consumption of erythritol was diuretic regardless of the sugar pairing, while sucrose and erythritol together generated above 80% mortality (F2,273 = 33.30, P < 0.0001) alongside triple the normal excretion (F5,78 = 26.80, P < 0.0004). Glucose and fructose paired individually with erythritol had less mortality, but still double the fecal excretion. When ingesting erythritol-laced meals, less sugar was detected in mosquitoes as compared to after sucrose meals (χ2 = 12.54, df = 1, P = 0.0004). Conclusions: Data showed that erythritol is a linear competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase, marking it as a novel class of insecticide in the current research climate. However, the efficacy on larvae was null and not persistent in adult mosquitoes when compared across various starvation levels. Despite significant diuresis, the combined effects from erythritol are not acute enough for vector control programs considering ATSB against mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A popular low-calorie sweetener is erythritol, a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that can be found in fruits and fermented foods. Due to its lower calorie content, it has become a popular replacement for sugar, particularly for those who have diabetes. Although erythritol is believed to be safe for the majority of individuals, current research indicates that it may be linked to cardiovascular diseases, including a higher risk of blood clots formation, heart attack, and stroke. This paper discusses the erythritol's natural occurrence, production, and metabolism while raising concerns about its potential effects on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tobacco Science & Technology is the property of Tobacco Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Arabitol is gaining attention in the food industry as an alternative sweetener owing to its low-caloric and non-cariogenic characteristics. The yeast strain kiy1 was newly isolated from unpasteurized honey for arabitol production. Based on internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Zygosaccharomyces siamensis. In this study, the effects of different substrates and sugar concentrations on arabitol production were investigated. When three types of carbon sources (glycerol, fructose, and glucose) were used, glucose was the most suitable substrate for arabitol production (68.7 g/L). Maximum arabitol production (101.4 g/L) was observed at a glucose concentration of 30%, and the highest arabitol production yield was 0.34 g/g of initial glucose. In the time-course production of sugar alcohols by strain kiy1, glucose was completely consumed for 8 days. The concentration of arabitol exceeded that of glycerol after 3 days, and the final arabitol concentration reached 83.6 g/L after 10 days. The maximum production rate was 16.7 g/L/day. The yeast produced glycerol as an intracellular sugar alcohol in the early stage of culture and switched its metabolism to arabitol production after the middle stage. Z. siamensis kiy1 possessed an NADP+-dependent arabitol dehydrogenase, which indicated that it probably produces arabitol via ribulose from glucose. These results suggest that the novel yeast strain, Z. siamensis kiy1, is promising for arabitol production. The proposed arabitol production approach can contribute toward its production at the industrial scale. Graphical Abstract

Oral aging causes conditions including periodontal disease. We investigated how the sugar alcohol erythritol, which has anti-caries effects, impacts aging periodontal tissues and gingival fibroblasts in mice and humans in vivo and in vitro. Mice were classified into three groups: control groups of six-week-old (YC) and eighteen-month-old mice (AC) and a group receiving 5% w/w erythritol water for 6 months (AE). After rearing, RNA was extracted from the gingiva, and the levels of aging-related molecules were measured using PCR. Immunostaining was performed for the aging markers p21, γH2AX, and NF-κB p65. p16, p21, γH2AX, IL-1β, and TNFα mRNA expression levels were higher in the gingiva of the AC group than in the YC group, while this enhanced expression was significantly suppressed in AE gingiva. NF-κB p65 expression was high in the AC group but was strongly suppressed in the AE group. We induced senescence in cultured human gingival fibroblasts using H2O2 and lipopolysaccharide before erythritol treatment, which reduced elevated senescence-related marker (p16, p21, SA-β-gal, IL-1β, and TNFα) expression levels. Knockdown of PFK or PGAM promoted p16 and p21 mRNA expression, but erythritol subsequently rescued pyruvate production. Overall, intraoral erythritol administration may prevent age-related oral mucosal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand to provide sustainably produced plastic materials requires, a.o., the development of biobased flame retardants (FRs) for applications where flame retardancy is essential. To meet those challenging new sustainability requirements, a set of novel phosphorus-containing cellulose esters were synthesized by an efficient two-step procedure. In the first step, cellulose was treated with acrylic anhydride to synthesize acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters—more specifically, cellulose acrylate butyrate (CeAcBu) and propionate (CeAcPr). Subsequently, phosphorylated anhydro erythritol (PAHE), synthesized from the sugar alcohol erythritol, was added to the acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters via Phospha-Michael addition. For comparison a cellulose ester based on 6H-Dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-on (DOPO) was prepared analogously. The acrylate-functionalized cellulose esters and novel FRs were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. TGA investigations of PAHE-functionalized CeAcBu revealed an onset temperature of decomposition (2% mass loss) of approx. 290 °C. The novel PAHE-based FR was incorporated into a polypropylene-polyethylene copolymer (PP-co-PE) together with poly-tert-butylphenol disulfide (PBDS) (8 wt.%/2 wt.%) as a synergist. The PP-PE samples achieved V2 classification in the UL 94 V test. In addition, specimens of a rapeseed oil-based polyamide containing PAHE-functionalized CeAcBu at 20 wt.% loading yielded a V2 rating with short burning times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to explore the effects of combined ultrasound and vacuum assisted osmotic dehydration on the mass transfer kinetics and qualities of fresh-cut orange slices. The experiments were carried out under four different conditions, i.e., osmotic dehydration (OD), vacuum osmotic dehydration (VOD), ultrasound assisted osmotic dehydration (UOD) and ultrasound assisted vacuum osmotic dehydration (UVOD). Aqueous solutions of the four osmotic agents – sucrose, xylitol, sorbitol, and maltitol at a concentration of 50°Brix were used in each condition. The results showed that UVOD had the highest (p < 0.05) water loss (WL) and solid gain (SG). The high regression coefficient (R2 > 0.99) and low χ2 and RMSE values revealed the applicability of Peleg model for fitting mass transfer of orange slice during osmotic dehydration. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) spectra revealed the water distribution in orange cells. Electronic nose data indicated that osmotic dehydration did not significantly (p > 0.05) change the flavor of orange slices. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated osmotic dehydration could preserve internal chemical composition of orange slice. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images illustrated the mechanisms of VOD, UOD and UVOD. The results of mass transfer kinetics and qualities showed that sugar alcohols were good alternative osmotic agents to sucrose. Although UVOD led to the largest loss of vitamin C due to its highest WL, UVOD exhibited better hardness and could combine the advantages of VOD and UOD in water activity and color, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabitol is gaining attention in the food industry as an alternative sweetener owing to its low-caloric and non-cariogenic characteristics. The yeast strain kiy1 was newly isolated from unpasteurized honey for arabitol production. Based on internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Zygosaccharomyces siamensis. In this study, the effects of different substrates and sugar concentrations on arabitol production were investigated. When three types of carbon sources (glycerol, fructose, and glucose) were used, glucose was the most suitable substrate for arabitol production (68.7 g/L). Maximum arabitol production (101.4 g/L) was observed at a glucose concentration of 30%, and the highest arabitol production yield was 0.34 g/g of initial glucose. In the time-course production of sugar alcohols by strain kiy1, glucose was completely consumed for 8 days. The concentration of arabitol exceeded that of glycerol after 3 days, and the final arabitol concentration reached 83.6 g/L after 10 days. The maximum production rate was 16.7 g/L/day. The yeast produced glycerol as an intracellular sugar alcohol in the early stage of culture and switched its metabolism to arabitol production after the middle stage. Z. siamensis kiy1 possessed an NADP+-dependent arabitol dehydrogenase, which indicated that it probably produces arabitol via ribulose from glucose. These results suggest that the novel yeast strain, Z. siamensis kiy1, is promising for arabitol production. The proposed arabitol production approach can contribute toward its production at the industrial scale. Key points: Z. siamensis kiy1 was isolated as an arabitol producer from unpasteurized honey. Z. siamensis kiy1 produces arabitol under the high glucose conditions. Z. siamensis kiy1 may produce arabitol by NADP-dependent arabitol dehydrogenase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions the Japan Society of Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers is the property of Japan Society of Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Three-dimensional printing technology holds marked promise for the pharmaceutical industry and is now under intense investigation. Most research is aimed at a greater efficiency in printing oral dosage forms using powder bed printing or fused deposition modeling (FDM). Oral dosage forms printed by FDM tend to be hard objects, which reduce the risk of cracking and chipping. However, one challenge in printing oral dosage forms via FDM is achieving rapid drug release, because the materials for FDM are basically thermoplastic polymers with slow drug release properties. In this study, we investigated printing a fast-dissolving oral dosage form by adding sugar alcohol to a poly(vinyl alcohol)-based formulation for FDM. Filaments which contain sugar alcohol were successfully prepared, and objects were printed with them as oral dosage forms by FDM. On drug release testing, a printed oral dosage form in a ring shape which contained 55% maltitol showed a more than 85% drug release in 15 min. In vivo oral absorption of this printed oral dosage form in dogs was comparable to that of a conventional fast-dissolving tablet. Of particular interest, the drug release profile and drug amount of the oral dosage forms can be easily controlled by a change in shape using 3D Computer Aided Design. These characteristics will encourage the prevalence of FDM by the pharmaceutical industry, and contribute to the promotion of personalized medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low survival rate, poor adaptation to ex vitro environments, and time required for hardening plants to adapt to fluctuating environments of field trials are major barriers to micropropagation techniques. Three iso-osmotic treatments (6% sucrose, 4% mannitol, and 3% sucrose + 2.5% mannitol) along with 3% sucrose as control were established to study the in vitro hardening process of Curcuma zedoaria [Cristm.] Roscoe (white turmeric) plants. They were transferred to ex vitro environments and subsequently cultivated in greenhouse conditions. The growth and physiology of C. zedoaria plants primed with 3% sucrose + 2.5% mannitol treatment were significantly adapted during in vitro and ex vitro conditions. Pseudostem height and root length in acclimatized plantlets under 3% sucrose + 2.5% mannitol treatments were compacted as compared to control, resulting in a small plant in the ex vitro adaptation for 6 wk. Morphological and physiological traits of aboveground and underground parameters of acclimatized-plantlets derived from 3% sucrose + 2.5% mannitol treatments were maximized, leading to high yield of curcuminoids (229.4 mg plant−1) in dry rhizomes when cultivated under greenhouse microenvironments for 9 mo. The osmopriming of in-vitro C. zedoaria plantlets using culture medium containing 3% sucrose + 2.5% mannitol was indicated as a suitable protocol for ex vitro adaptation and resulted in high curcuminoid content in the rhizomes at the harvesting stage. In summary, the plantlets of C. zedoaria micropropagated using culture medium containing 3% sucrose + 2.5% mannitol can readily acclimatize under ex vitro conditions and subsequently develop as healthy plants in greenhouse conditions. Based on the results, in vitro acclimation using iso-osmotic treatment is recommended for white turmeric and furthermore this technique may be implemented in other rhizomatous plant species, especially within the Zingeberaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parameter α was obtained from the molar fraction of solute and the freezing points of sugar alcohols and their related sugars in water. For comparison with this parameter, simple measurement of the hydration parameter h was performed using a capillary viscometer and a density meter. This parameter was calculated from the viscosity B coefficient and the partial molar volume of solute. The viscosity B coefficient was more suitable than the partial molar volume for h calculation, as indicated by the determination coefficients of the linear regression lines. h correlated well with α for various compounds, including sugar alcohols in water, supporting the parameters' theoretical correspondence (α = -h). In addition, the activation energy required for hydration implies that the thermal stability increases with the saccharide molecular weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoencapsulation can effectively protect phase change material (PCM) from the ambient. Sugar alcohols have great potential for thermal energy storage. However, base or acid used in the most popular encapsulation methods may damage the PCM core. In this study, binary sugar alcohols of D-mannitol (DM) and inositol (IN) were first nanoencapsulated at neutral pH conditions. Nanocapsules with silica as the shell and different DM/IN ratios of 4.0:1, 4.6:1 and 5.5:1 were synthesized at different precursor ratios of tetraethoxysilane to triethoxysilane of 8:6, 9:5, and 10:4. The nanoencapsulation was demonstrated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The phase change characteristics, thermal energy storage-release performance and thermal stability of the nanocapsules were studied by differential scanning calorimeter, thermal energy storage-release experiments, SEM, thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and thermal cycling tests. Results show that the phase change characteristics and thermal energy storage-release performance of the nanocapsules varied with the DM/IN mixing ratio and ratios of precursors. The DM/IN-4.6:1-9:5@SiO2 nanocapsules exhibited the best phase change characteristics and thermal energy storage-release performance. Thermal stability of the nanocapsules was improved compared to pure binary sugar alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a draft genome sequence of Zygosaccharomyces siamensis kiy1 isolated from unpasteurized honey in Japan was analyzed. This strain was reported to be a promising arabitol-producing strain, and this report contributes to a better understanding of arabitol production in yeasts.

Most known catalytic dehydration of sugar alcohols such as D-sorbitol and D-mannitol can only produce di-dehydrated forms as major product, but mono-dehydrated products are also useful chemicals. Moreover, both di- and mono-dehydration demand a high temperature (150°C or higher), which deserves further attentions. To improve the mono-dehydration efficiency, a series of metal-containing hydrothermal carbonaceous materials (HTC) are prepared as catalyst in this work. Characterization reveals that the composition of preparative solution has a key influence on the morphology of HTC. In transformation of D-sorbitol, all HTC catalysts show low conversions in water regardless of temperature, but much better outputs are obtained in ethanol, especially at a higher temperature. When D-mannitol is selected as substrate, moderate to high conversions are obtained in both water and ethanol. On the other hand, high mono-dehydration selectivity is obtained for both sugar alcohols by using all catalysts. The origin of mono-dehydration selectivity and role of carbon component in catalysis are discussed in association with calculations. This study provides an efficient, mild, eco-friendly, and cost-effective system for mono-dehydration of sugar alcohols, which means a lot to development in new detergents or other fine chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch retrogradation is desirable for some food textures and nutritional traits but detrimental to sensory and storage qualities of other foods. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sweetener structure and concentration on the retrogradation of wheat starch gels. The effects of 20 sweeteners selected based on common food usage and stereochemical structures of interest, and ranging in concentration from 10 to 50%w/w, on the retrogradation of wheat starch gels were monitored spectrophotometrically over time. The sweeteners were sucrose, xylose, ribose, glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, mannitol, L-sorbose, xylitol, tagatose, allulose, maltose, lactose, isomaltulose, isomalt, sorbitol, maltitol, and raffinose. Retrogradation rates and amounts were compared by Avrami equation rate constants (k = 0.1–0.7) and absorbance values measured on day 28 (Abs = 0.1–1.0), respectively. Both sweetener concentration and type significantly affected retrogradation. Gels made with sugar alcohols and high sweetener concentrations (≈≥40%) tended to retrograde more and faster, whereas gels made with sugars and low sweetener concentrations tended to have lower retrogradation rates and amounts. Sweeteners with more equatorial and exocyclic hydroxyl groups (e.g., glucose and maltitol) and those with larger molar volumes (e.g., isomaltulose and raffinose) tended to increase the rate and amount of retrogradation, particularly at higher concentrations. The impact of sweeteners on retrogradation was a balance of factors that promoted retrogradation (intermolecular interactions and residual short-range molecular order) and inhibiting behaviors (interference at crystallization sites), which are influenced by sweetener concentration and structure. Understanding which sweeteners at which concentrations can be used to promote or inhibit retrogradation is useful for product formulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isolation of mannitol from natural sources, e.g. from plant extracts or broths, requires considerable time and effort. The separation of mannitol from aqueous solutions containing also glucose, fructose, and sucrose was tested using discontinuous preparative anion- and cation-exchange chromatography. The suitability of the application in the separation of carbohydrates and especially mannitol was tested under various conditions and using three different types of ion-exchangers. The effect of sorbent regeneration and modification on the separation was also examined using different concentrations and volumes of chemical agents. The fractions collected after the discontinuous chromatography were analysed on the content of mannitol by the high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) method. The successful isolation of pure mannitol fraction, using water as a mobile phase and a combination of sodium chloride and hydroxide for sorbent regeneration, was achieved only on anion-exchange chromatography.

• Sugars and sugar alcohols can reduce the CMC of the solution and promote micelle formation. • Sugars are more effective at reducing CMC and improving stability than sugar alcohols. • Sugars or sugar alcohols alter thermodynamics and physicals stability of paclitaxel system. • The orientation of the OH groups of sugars or sugar alcohols has a different effect on the size of micelles. Paclitaxel (PTX) is clinically recommended for the treatment of breast, ovarian and non-small cell lung cancer. This study delves into the impact of sugars (mannose or glucose) and sugar alcohols (mannitol or sorbitol) with varying spatial structures on the interfacial and thermodynamic behavior of the PTX/HS15/Tween80 micellar system. The research reveals that the presence of OH groups in sugars and sugar alcohols enhances hydrogen bonding force between surfactant and water, altering the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in solution and the surfactant's arrangement at the interface, thus facilitating micelle formation and enhancing system stability. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results show that the particle size of the PTX/HS15/Tween80 system is 11.69 nm, with micellar size showing a positive correlation with additive concentration. Sugar alcohols exhibit a more pronounced effect on increasing micelle size compared to sugars. Molecules featuring outward-facing OH groups demonstrating a greater ability to facilitate the formation of smaller micelle than those with inward-facing groups, emphasizing the influence of spatial structural differences. Stability experiments demonstrate that light transmission remains above 97 % in the system for 8 h after the addition of sugar, and the relative absorbance of PTX is maintained above 97 % within 6 h. Results from FD-B21 fluorescence probe release further confirm the positive impact of sugars and sugar alcohols on the stability of PTX/HS15/Tween80 micelles, highlighting stability differences based on molecules with distinct spatial structures. When OH groups on sugar or sugar alcohol molecules are more oriented in the same direction, intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed, reducing spatial resistance and promoting the formation of micellar with smaller particle sizes. This process enhances physical stability by reducing inter-molecular collisions. In summary, the presence of sugars and sugar alcohols promotes micelle formation and boosts system stability, offering valuable insights for enhancing the stability of drug-loaded micelles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and biocompatible thermal energy storage derived from renewable sources holds significant importance in the endeavor to achieve sustainable energy solutions. In this regard, phase change materials (PCMs) based on biocompatible protic ionic liquids (PILs) offer a promising approach, utilizing solid-liquid reversible phase transition to capture significant thermal energy. However, their performance is highly influenced by thermal properties of the added material to form the composite such as sugar alcohols and nano-particles. This study presents modified composite phase change materials (CPCMs) based on 2-hydroxyethylamonium stearate as novel PIL incorporated with D -mannitol as sugar alcohol and four different nano-particles, hydroxyapatite (HAP), SiO 2 , ZnO and ZrO 2 to address the common limitations of conventional PCMs. Various analysis such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis methods such as DSC and TGA are utilized to comprehensively characterize the chemical structure, morphology, and thermal behavior of the prepared nanocomposite PCMs. The results show that prepared PCMs have sufficiently high enthalpy of fusion and enhanced specific heat capacity. Notably, all composites exhibit excellent thermal stability exceeding 200 °C and appropriate phase change temperatures between 82 °C and 93 °C, making them potential candidates for medium temperature thermal energy storage applications. To assess their practical application, a designed device incorporating a leakage-proof PCM container cell and a commercial thermoelectric generator module was employed to convert the stored thermal energy into electricity. [Display omitted] • Green nanocomposite protic ionic liquid based phase change materials are introduced. • Ionic liquid 1-hydroxyethylamonium stearate (HEAS) as phase change material (PCM). • Mix of HEAS and D-mannitol is a better PCM for thermal energy storage (TES). • Nano-fillers 0.25%w/w addition to PCMs enhances the TES properties significantly. • Performance of PCMs is evaluated by Thermoelectric Conversion application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sucralose (Suc), maltitol (Mal), mannitol (Man), and stevioside (Ste) — a group of alcohol-soluble sugar derivatives with different contents and molecular configurations of hydrophilic groups — were complexed with deaminated zein to significantly enhance the stability of zein-based Pickering foams and develop new composite coacervates to replace animal protein-based foams. Compared with Suc, Mal, and Man, Ste induced better hydrophilic reassembly in zein by forming stronger van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds, leading to optimum foamability (+160.66%) and foam stability (+17.11%). Moreover, it increased the solubility (+0.07 mg/mL) and decreased the surface hydrophobicity index (−24.88) of zein. These enhancements could primarily be attributed to alterations in the aggregation conformation and hydrophobic interactions within Ste/ZN. Subsequently, SEM and CLSM confirmed that due to the amphiphilic structure of Ste, dispersed zein micelles could aggregate into complex stacking structures. The increase in random coils (+2.48%) and β-sheets (+2.93%) indicated the enhanced flexibility of the zein chain, thereby facilitating zein adsorption and unfolding at the air-water interface. Moreover, molecular simulation demonstrated that an average of 3.1 hydrogen bonds were formed between zein and Ste, and the average binding free energy was −14.20 kcal/mol. These findings provide novel evidence and theoretical guidance for the development of highly stable plant protein-based food foams. The enhancement of Pickering foam stability holds significant implications for the storage and development of high-performance food foams. [Display omitted] • The foam properties of zein were effectively improved following deamination and combination with mannitol and stevioside. • Sugar derivatives improved the flexibility and hydrophilic aggregation of zein, increasing its stability and solubility. • The optimum foamability of Ste/ZN was attributed to greater hydrogen bond formation and reduced hydrophobicity. • Ste/ZN is a promising sweetening agent for highly stable Pickering foamed foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To expand the range of soluble carbon sources for enzyme production by the microbial system, we investigated the ability of different sugars in cellulase production. Carbon sources play a vital role in cell metabolism and the synthesis of cellulase. Although the insoluble cellulosic materials are considered the most effective natural inducers for cellulase production by microorganisms in terms of both enzyme yield and productivity, their insolubility causes many problems and presents a major drawback that is partly responsible for the high cost of cellulase production. Mostly, the insolubility of sugar polymer leads to difficult and complex fermentation operations, including sterilization, cell biomass measurement, mixing and aeration of the fermentation broth, continuous feeding/sampling, and subsequent enzyme purification. Second, cellulase gets absorbed into the solid cellulose surface, leading to enzyme loss. The present paper gives a comparative view on the utility of pure sugars (lactose, CMC, sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, xylose, trehalose, arabinose) and sugar alcohols (sorbitol, mannitol) on cellulase production by various fungal strains. It also describes the blending effect of sugars as well as sugar alcohols on cellulase production by fungal strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) was a member of Malvaceae family. Its calyxes had bright red color due to presence of anthocyanin with an excellent antioxidant property. Raw roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx was highly perishable due to its high moisture content. In order to diversify products from this plant, this research evaluated the possibility of spray drying for roselle extract into dried powder for long-term consumption. We focused on the effect of sugar alcohols (mannitol, sorbitol, isomalt, xylitol, erythritol) at 8%, carrier agents (maltodextrin, gum arabic, glutinous starch, whey protein concentrate, carboxymethyl cellulose) at 12%, operating parameters of spray dryer (inlet/outlet air temperature, feed rate) on physicochemical quality (bulk density, solubility, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, anthocyanin content) of rosselle powder. Results showed that the optimal spray drying variables for rosselle powder should be 8% isomalt, 12% whey protein concentrate, inlet/ outlet air temperature 140/85oC/oC, feed rate 12 ml/min. Based on these optimal conditions, the highest physicochemical attributes of the dried roselle calyx powder would be obtained.

Summary: Preventing spontaneous crystallization of supersaturated solutions by additives is of critical interest to successful process design and implementation, with numerous applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, medical, pigment, and food industries, but challenges remain in laboratory and industry settings and fundamental understanding is lacking. When copresented with antifreeze proteins (AFPs), otherwise spontaneously crystallizing osmolytes are maintained at high supersaturations for months in over-wintering organisms. Thus, we here explore the inhibition phenomenon by AFPs, using persistent crystallization of a common sugar alcohol, D-mannitol, as a case study. We report experimentally that DAFP1, an insect AFP, completely inhibits D-mannitol nucleation. Computer simulations reveal a new mechanism for crystallization inhibition where the population of the crystal-forming conformers are selectively bound and randomized in solution by hydrogen bonding to the protein surface. These results highlight the advantages of using natural polymers to address crystallization inhibition challenges and suggest new strategies in controlling the nucleation processes.

The effects of metformin on invertase activity and its inhibition on sucrose digestion were studied. The rapid unfolding kinetics of invertases, followed a two-state model with an inactive intermediate formation. The dynamic interaction between metformin and invertase caused the secondary structure of the enzyme to become less β-sheet, more α-helix, and random coiling oriented, which weakened the binding force between enzyme and its substrate. Metformin acted as a chaotrope and disrupted the hydrogen bonds of water, which facilitated the unfolding of invertase. However, some sugar alcohols, which promoted the H-bond formation of water, could repair the secondary structure of metformin-denatured invertase and therefore regulate the enzyme activity. This research enriches our understanding of the mechanism of enzyme unfolding induced by guanidine compounds. Moreover, because metformin and sugar substitutes are of concern to diabetes, this research also provides useful information for understanding the activity of the digestive enzyme that coexists with metformin and sugar alcohols.

Background: As a kind of rare sugar alcohol, allitol has important application values in food and medication. In addition, it can be used as a key substrate to produce other D/L-rare sugars. Allitol can be effectively produced by the resting-cell biotransformation method. Results: Two recombinant Escherichia coli strains, one simultaneously expressing ribitol dehydrogenase (RDH) and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) in fusion (fusion expression strain for short) and the other expressing the above two enzymes individually (individual expression strain for short), were respectively constructed and used for allitol bioproduction. The produced allitol was confirmed by HPLC, mass spectrometry, and polarimetry. The individual expression strain had higher activity, which produced 58.5 g/L allitol from 90 g/L D-allulose (also named D-psicose) in 1 h with an allitol productivity of 58.5 g/L/h under optimized conditions. Conclusions: The constructed individual expression strain had the highest allitol productivity among the reports. The production process developed in this study was simple, highly efficient, and had the potential for mass production of allitol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar alcohols is a type of phase change materials with high latent heat for thermal energy storage. However, the supercooling degrees of sugar alcohols are high, which hinder their applications. D-mannitol, as a sugar alcohol, is promising for medium-temperature thermal energy storage. In this study, the effects of nucleating agents and thickening agents on the phase change characteristics of D-mannitol are studied by differential scanning calorimeter. Aluminum oxide and silicon carbide are selected as nucleating agents, while sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose are selected as thickening agents. The morphologies of the pure D-mannitol, nucleating agents, thickening agents, and D-mannitol with individual or combined nucleating agents and thickening agent are observed. The results show that the nucleation and crystallization of D-mannitol are promoted by aluminum oxide, silicon carbide and sodium alginate of proper amounts. When the mass fraction of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide and sodium alginate is 7.0wt%, 9.0wt% and 0.5wt%, the lowest supercooling degree is obtained, which is 17.4 ℃, 12.2 ℃ and 17.3 ℃, respectively lower than that of pure D-mannitol. The combination of nucleating agent and thickener improves the nucleation and crystallization of D-mannitol compared with the addition of individual nucleating agent or thickener. When the mass fraction of aluminum oxide and sodium alginate are 5.0wt% and 1.0wt%, respectively, the supercooling degree of the sample is reduced by 19.7 ℃ compared with pure D-mannitol. When the mass fraction of silicon carbide and sodium alginate are 3.0wt% and 1.0wt%, respectively, the supercooling degree of the sample is reduced by 16.5 ℃ compared with pure D-mannitol. The mechanism for the effects of the nucleating agents and thickening agents on the phase change characteristics of D-mannitol are discussed. It is found that the thickening agents enhance the dispersion of the nucleating agents in the D-mannitol samples, thus improving the nucleation induction effects of the nucleating agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature-dependent rheological behaviors of five selected binary eutectic mixture sugar alcohols, with great potential for latent heat storage in the range of 353.15 K to 523.15 K, were investigated. It was found that the rheological behaviors of the mixture sugar alcohols depend on those of the pure compounds as well as their molar ratios. The two mixtures of xylitol (75 mol%)+erythritol and erythritol (84 mol%)+d-mannitol behave like pseudoplastic fluids with typical non-Newtonian shear-thinning behaviors, as indicated by the power law index of 0.99 (<1). The mixture of d-mannitol (70 mol%)+d-dulcitol is a nonlinear Bingham fluid, exhibiting a slight yield stress (0.001 Pa to 0.01 Pa) at low shear rates. The rest two mixtures containing the cyclic-structured inositol behave like Herschel-Bulkley fluids. The infinite shear viscosities of the eutectic mixtures over the entire temperature range appear to be higher than those of their respective pure compounds, except for inositol. The mixture of xylitol (75 mol%)+erythritol at its melting point shows higher dynamic viscosity of about 0.546 Pa·s than the values of about 0.396 Pa·s and 0.035 Pa·s for xylitol and erythritol, respectively. In addition, the activation energies of viscous flow of the mixtures, as determined by fitting the dynamic viscosity-temperature curves using the Arrhenius model, also exhibit higher values than those of their pure compounds. The activation energy of viscous flow of the mixture xylitol (75 mol%)+erythritol was determined to be about 92 400 J/mol in the supercooled liquid state, while the supercooled liquid xylitol and erythritol have much lower values of 83 500 J/mol and 51 900 J/mol, respectively. Both the increased dynamic viscosities and activation energies of viscous flow can result in deteriorated crystallization performance during latent heat retrieval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in phase-change materials (PCM) is related to their possible role in thermal energy storage and thermal management. The choice of materials depends strongly on the required temperature range, whereas the latent heat of solid–liquid phase transition has to be as high as possible. Among other organic PCM, sugar alcohols have gained some attention due to their availability and certain advantageous properties. However, the thermal processes in these materials still require investigation. In the present work, we focused on the materials with solid–liquid phase change within 80 °C–100 °C. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted to elucidate the available sugar alcohols relevant to this range. It was found that the use of pure materials of this type is not very practical, because of their scarcity in the required range and their specific features, like difficulties with crystallization and solidification. On the other hand, based on the literature, we have discerned three eutectic mixtures of erythritol with other organic materials, namely, erythritol–xylitol, erythritol–urea and erythritol– trimethylolethane (TME). In all those cases, it is remarkable that while the components commonly have rather high melting temperatures, the eutectic mixtures had the phase transitions in the required range. Still, each of these mixtures has its own peculiar features, especially at cooling and solidification. An extensive experimental study was performed to provide detailed visualization of these major processes. The results revealed the melting temperature and latent heat of the mixtures to be: 84 °C and 190 J g ^−1 for erythritol–xylitol, 82 °C and 227 J g ^−1 for erythritol–urea. Erythritol–TME has two phase transitions at 82 °C and 97 °C, with total latent heat of 198 J g ^−1 . Based on the present findings, the erythritol–urea mixture is the best PCM candidate for the melting range within 80 °C–100 °C.

Sugar alcohol dehydration in hot water is an important reaction that allows for environmentally friendly biomass conversion without the use of organic solvents. Here, we report a free‐energy analysis by metadynamics (MTD) simulations based on ab initio density functional theory and semiempirical density‐functional tight‐binding method to understand the mechanism of dehydration reactions of d‐sorbitol (SBT) in hot acidic water. Comparing the results of ab initio and semiempirical MTD, it was found that the latter gives a reliable free energy surface of SBT dehydration reaction, although the results vary upon the inclusion of dispersion correction. It was found that the reaction proceeds consistently via an SN2 mechanism, whereby the free energy of protonation of the hydroxyl group created as an intermediate is affected by the acidic species. This mechanism was further verified by real‐time trajectories started from the transition state using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The free energy barriers of the reaction pathways leading to five‐membered ether products are lower than those leading to six‐membered ether products, in agreement with experiment. This outcome can be ascribed, in part, to our finding that the reaction barrier of the pathway is correlated to the stability of the SBT confined conformation at the initial stage of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar alcohol slurries were proposed as a slurry heat medium for applications at low/medium temperatures (>100 °C). The flow characteristics of the sugar alcohol slurries were investigated experimentally. The solid fraction and the flow velocity were varied and the pressure drop in the sugar alcohol slurries flowing through a horizontal circular tube was measured. A power-law model, in which the viscosity coefficient and viscosity index were determined from the relationship between the shear rate and the shear stress, was discussed to describe the flow behavior of the slurries. For a mannitol slurry, the viscosity index decreased as the solid fraction increased. The slurry flow could be described as a pseudoplastic fluid. For erythritol slurries, there was no significant correlation between the viscosity index, the viscosity coefficient, and the solid fraction. Therefore, a power-law model could not be applied to erythritol slurry because the pipe friction coefficient could not be appropriately calculated. The differences of rheological behavior between the erythritol slurry and mannitol slurry seem to be occurred by the different flow patterns in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugar alcohols, also known as polyols, have been widely applied in food products for their unique properties. In this work, the effect of soaking treatments composed of the sugar alcohols xylitol, sorbitol, erythritol, lactitol, mannitol, maltitol, and isomaltitol on the quality properties of peeled Pacific white shrimp during frozen storage were evaluated. Samples treated with water and sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7) were designated as the negative and positive controls, respectively. The results indicated that significant improvements were found in thawing, pressing, and cooking loss, myofibrillar protein content, myofibrillar Ca2+-ATPase activity, and textural variables in xylitol- and mannitol-treated shrimp as compared to that of control samples. Water mobility analyses showed that xylitol and mannitol effectively increased the relaxation times T21 and T22 and the percentage of A21 (trapped water) but decreased the percentage of A22 (free water) in muscle tissue. Additionally, the microstructural results indicated that soaking in xylitol and mannitol significantly slowed the damage caused to muscle tissues by large ice crystals. Here, the incorporated xylitol and mannitol molecules presumably replaced water molecules by forming large hydrogen bonds with the muscle proteins, thereby stabilizing their structures in the absence of water while in the frozen state and suppressing the destruction of tissue structure. To note, the lactitol, isomaltitol, and maltitol used in this study did not seem to significantly contribute to cryoprotective effects on shrimp muscle during the experimental period.