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Background Objective Methods Results Conclusion The “interictal burden of migraine” (MIB) is a new concept that encompasses the overall impact of the disease between migraine episodes. However, the factors that contribute to this interictal burden are still unclear.This study aimed to identify explanatory factors of interictal burden in patients with migraine.This prospective cross‐sectional observational including 200 patients with migraine (92% [n = 184] female, with a mean [standard deviation] age of 44.8 [12] years, 53% [n = 106] with chronic migraine) completed a clinical and questionnaire assessment targeting MIB, migraine impact, and depressive and cognitive complaints.More than three‐fourths (76% [n = 152]) of patients had moderate‐to‐severe interictal burden. Higher interictal burden (MIB Scale ≥2) was associated with higher headache frequency (eight vs. 14, p = 0.001) and intensity (headache index score 17.0 vs. 30.0, p = 0.002), higher headache impact (six‐item Headache Impact Test score 59.2 vs. 63.9, p = 0.001), and more subjective memory complaints (Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire [SMC] score 9.0 vs. 4.5, p = 0.001), as well as anxiety (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)‐Anxiety score 5 vs. 10, p < 0.001) and depression symptoms (HADS‐Depression score 5 vs. 8, p < 0.001). Once accounted for these potential explanatory variables, subjective memory complaints and impact of headache during ictal phase remained as individual determinants of the interictal burden, with SMC explaining 15% (odds ratio 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.28; p = 0.010) of the interictal burden.This finding highlights the need to consider cognitive complaints as part of the construct of interictal burden of these patients to refine the focus of their management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the origin and associated factors of subjective memory complaints (SMCs) in the young population, although they might be closely related to the psychophysiological states produced by stress exposure, such as anxiety and depression. In this regard, resilience has been related to a reduction in these negative states, as well as to more adaptive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. We aimed to investigate the importance of depression, anxiety, and HPA axis activity in SMCs in the young population. We also analysed the relationship between resilience and SMCs through the mediation of depression, anxiety, and the cortisol awakening response (CAR). To do so, we measured SMCs, depression and anxiety states, resilience, and the CAR in 77 healthy young people. Both depression and anxiety were associated with SMCs. In addition, greater resilience was related to fewer SMCs through depression and anxiety. However, the CAR was not related to SMCs, and it did not mediate the relationship between resilience and SMCs. These results suggest that negative affective states have greater importance in SMCs than HPA functioning in this age group, and they also highlight the importance of resilience in the psychological adjustment to stressful situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMemory impairment imposes a great burden on stroke patients and can be divided into Objective Memory Problems (OMPs) and Subjective Memory Complaints (SMCs). Studies have shown that these do not always co-occur. Possibly, the gap between SMCs and OMPs can be bridged when using a more ecologically valid memory test and considering the impact of other common stroke symptoms such as sensory hypersensitivity (SHS) and fatigue. In the present study, we applied Virtual Reality (VR) to create a sensory-rich environment with real-life stimuli. Memory performance was tested with the 15-Verbal Word Learning Test (VLT). Furthermore, we assessed SMCs (Everyday Memory Questionnaire), and the levels of SHS (Multi-Modal Evaluation of Sensory Sensitivity) and fatigue in the previous month. 31 chronic stroke patients and 32 healthy controls participated. The results showed that participants’ memory performance decreased in a sensory-rich compared to a neutral environment. This decrease did not significantly differ between the groups. Interestingly, fatigue and SHS are related to the level of SMC in stroke patients but no such evidence was found in healthy controls. Last, for stroke patients, we found a significant negative correlation between SMCs and memory performance in a sensory-rich environment, but not in a neutral environment. In conclusion, our study implicates that in stroke patients, fatigue and SHS are related to SMCs and that using a sensory-rich VR environment might be a more ecologically valid way to objectify SMCs. However, interpretative caution is warranted due to the absence of sex and age-matched controls and potential selection bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Patients with subjective memory complaints (SMC) may include subgroups with different neuropsychological profiles and risks of cognitive impairment. METHODS: Cluster analysis was performed on two datasets (n: 630 and 734) comprising demographic and neuropsychological data from SMC and healthy controls (HC). Survival analyses were conducted on clusters. Bayesian model averaging assessed the predictive utility of clusters and other biomarkers. RESULTS: Two clusters with higher and lower than average cognitive performance were detected in SMC and HC. Assignment to the lower performance cluster increased the risk of cognitive impairment in both datasets (hazard ratios: 1.78 and 2.96; Plog‐rank: 0.04 and <0.001) and was associated with lower hippocampal volumes and higher tau/amyloid beta 42 ratios in cerebrospinal fluid. The effect of SMC was small and confounded by mood. DISCUSSION: This study provides evidence of the presence of cognitive clusters that hold biological significance and predictive value for cognitive decline in SMC and HC. Highlights: Patients with subjective memory complaints include two cognitive clusters.Assignment to the lower performance cluster increases risk of cognitive impairment.This cluster shows a pattern of biomarkers consistent with incipient Alzheimer's disease pathology.The same cognitive cluster structure is found in healthy controls.The effect of memory complaints on risk of cognitive decline is small and confounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Development of screening tools and assessment protocols to identify individuals at risk of cognitive decline and depression, allowing for early intervention and support. Ultimately, enhance the quality of life and cognitive health for older adults by guiding the development of targeted interventions and support strategies. This study investigates memory performance among 73 adults over 60 years old, utilising Memory Impairment Screening (MIS) and self-reported memory failures assessed by the Memory Failures in Everyday questionnaire (MFE-28). Participants were divided into four groups: individuals with depressive symptoms, healthy individuals, individuals with depressive symptoms and mild cognitive impairment, and individuals with mild cognitive impairment only. Groups were organised according to their Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) scores. The study aims to analyse MIS scores and self-reported memory failures across these groups as measured with the 28-item Memory Failures Everyday (MFE-28) scale. Correlation analyses were conducted for the complete sample, while variance analyses were carried out for the four classification groups above. Bivariate linear regression analysis was carried out to explore how the combination of cognitive and depressive symptoms status influenced memory performance. Results show that subjective memory complaints and memory performance are related to depressive symptoms, and the latter is associated with worse cognitive performance. Lastly, our study highlights that individuals with mild cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms exhibit worse performance in recall tasks and report more subjective memory complaints compared to those with mild cognitive impairment alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptions of recurrent forgetfulness or episodes of distraction in daily life are referred to as subjective memory complaints (SMCs). Their nature has been extensively studied in older adults, but their significance and relationship with neurocognitive performance have not been fully addressed in younger adults. Some psychological traits have been suggested as possible moderators of the association between objective and subjective memory performance. The first aim of this study was to analyze the correspondence between the objective and subjective perception of memory failures in young people. Second, we studied whether the psychological trait of neuroticism could be influencing this relationship. To do this, we measured SMCs, different cognitive domains (episodic and working memory and executive functions), and neuroticism in 80 young men and women. Results showed that only immediate episodic memory was statistically related to SMCs. Interestingly, the negative relationships between objective and subjective memory performance only appeared in participants with higher neuroticism. Thus, memory complaints reported by young people could reflect poorer immediate episodic memory performance, whereas neuroticism would play a main role in the association between memory deficits and SMCs. This study provides data that can help to better understand SMCs in young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia is characterized by a cognitive decline in memory and other domains that lead to functional impairments. As people age, subjective memory complaints (SMC) become common, where individuals perceive cognitive decline without objective deficits on assessments. SMC can be an early sign and may precede amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which frequently advances to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective: This study aims to investigate white matter microstructure in individuals with SMC, in cognitively impaired (CI) cohorts, and in cognitively normal individuals using diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and free water imaging (FWI). The study also explores voxel-based correlations between DKI/FWI metrics and cognitive scores to understand the relationship between brain microstructure and cognitive function. Methods: Twelve healthy controls (HCs), ten individuals with SMC, and eleven CI individuals (MCI or AD) were enrolled in this study. All participants underwent MRI 3T scan and the BNI Screen (BNIS) for Higher Cerebral Functions. Results: The mean kurtosis tensor and anisotropy of the kurtosis tensor showed significant differences across the three groups, indicating altered white matter microstructure in CI and SMC individuals. The free water volume fraction (f) also revealed group differences, suggesting changes in extracellular water content. Notably, these metrics effectively discriminated between the CI and HC/SMC groups. Additionally, correlations between imaging metrics and BNIS scores were found for CI and SMC groups. Conclusions: These imaging metrics hold promise in discriminating between individuals with CI and SMC. The observed differences indicate their potential as sensitive and specific biomarkers for early detection and differentiation of cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hippocampal volume is particularly sensitive to the accumulation of total brain white matter hyperintensity volume (WMH) in aging, but how the regional distribution of WMH volume differentially impacts the hippocampus has been less studied. In a cohort of 194 healthy older adults ages 50-89, we used a multivariate statistical method, the Scaled Subprofile Model (SSM), to (1) identify patterns of regional WMH differences related to left and right hippocampal volumes, (2) examine associations between the multimodal neuroimaging covariance patterns and demographic characteristics, and (3) investigate the relation of the patterns to subjective and objective memory in healthy aging. We established network covariance patterns of regional WMH volume differences associated with greater left and right hippocampal volumes, which were characterized by reductions in left temporal and right parietal WMH volumes and relative increases in bilateral occipital WMH volumes. Additionally, we observed lower expression of these hippocampalrelated regional WMH patterns were significantly associated with increasing age and greater subjective memory complaints, but not objective memory performance in this healthy older adult cohort. Our findings indicate that, in cognitively healthy older adults, left and right hippocampal volume reductions were associated with differences in the regional distribution of WMH volumes, which were exacerbated by advancing age and related to greater subjective memory complaints. Multivariate network analyses, like SSM, may help elucidate important early effects of regional WMH volume on brain and cognitive aging in healthy older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background & Aim(s) Medication adherence (MA) is a key factor in maintaining adequate blood pressure and preventing complications. However, some older adults experience difficulties in taking medicine properly due to declines in cognitive function. Although subjective memory complaints (SMC) are recognized as early markers of cognitive impairment, previous studies concerning the relationship between MA and cognitive function have focused only on objective cognitive function. Furthermore, while depression has a high correlation with SMC, low MA, and social support, there is limited evidence on their relationship. This study aims to understand the effect of SMC on MA and the mediating effect of depression and social support. Method(s) This study is a descriptive cross-sectional investigation. A sample of 195 community-dwelling hypertensive older adults with multimorbidity from 3 community senior centers in Gwangju, South Korea were recruited through convenience sampling. Data was collected through face-to-face survey from January to March 2018. The PROCESS macro v4.2 program [Model 6] was used to analyze the mediating effect of depression and social support in the relationship between SMC and MA. Data analysis was performed using SPSS/WIN 26.0 and STATA MP 17.0. Results The average MA was 6.74. There were significant differences in MA according to awareness of prescribed drugs, awareness of side effects, insomnia, and healthcare accessibility. SMC was positively correlated with depression, while social support and MA were negatively correlated. While depression was a significant mediator of the effect of SMC on MA, the mediating effect of social support was not significant. The multiple mediation effect of depression and social support was not significant. Conclusion The results suggest that medication management of older adults in community settings should be accompanied by a comprehensive health assessment of associated factors. Health professionals should explore strategies to improve memory as well as prevent and alleviate depression to increase MA among hypertensive older adults with multimorbidity.

Background & Aim(s): Medication adherence (MA) is a key factor in maintaining adequate blood pressure and preventing complications. However, some older adults experience difficulties in taking medicine properly due to declines in cognitive function. Although subjective memory complaints (SMC) are recognized as early markers of cognitive impairment, previous studies concerning the relationship between MA and cognitive function have focused only on objective cognitive function. Furthermore, while depression has a high correlation with SMC, low MA, and social support, there is limited evidence on their relationship. This study aims to understand the effect of SMC on MA and the mediating effect of depression and social support. Method(s): This study is a descriptive cross-sectional investigation. A sample of 195 community-dwelling hypertensive older adults with multimorbidity from 3 community senior centers in Gwangju, South Korea were recruited through convenience sampling. Data was collected through face-to-face survey from January to March 2018. The PROCESS macro v4.2 program [Model 6] was used to analyze the mediating effect of depression and social support in the relationship between SMC and MA. Data analysis was performed using SPSS/WIN 26.0 and STATA MP 17.0. Results: The average MA was 6.74. There were significant differences in MA according to awareness of prescribed drugs, awareness of side effects, insomnia, and healthcare accessibility. SMC was positively correlated with depression, while social support and MA were negatively correlated. While depression was a significant mediator of the effect of SMC on MA, the mediating effect of social support was not significant. The multiple mediation effect of depression and social support was not significant. Conclusion: The results suggest that medication management of older adults in community settings should be accompanied by a comprehensive health assessment of associated factors. Health professionals should explore strategies to improve memory as well as prevent and alleviate depression to increase MA among hypertensive older adults with multimorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The FACEmemory® online platform comprises a complex memory test and sociodemographic, medical, and family questions. This is the first study of a completely self-administered memory test with voice recognition, pre-tested in a memory clinic, sensitive to Alzheimer's disease, using information and communication technologies, and offered freely worldwide. Objective: To investigate the demographic and clinical variables associated with the total FACEmemory score, and to identify distinct patterns of memory performance on FACEmemory. Methods: Data from the first 3,000 subjects who completed the FACEmemory test were analyzed. Descriptive analyses were applied to demographic, FACEmemory, and medical and family variables; t-test and chi-square analyses were used to compare participants with preserved versus impaired performance on FACEmemory (cut-off = 32); multiple linear regression was used to identify variables that modulate FACEmemory performance; and machine learning techniques were applied to identify different memory patterns. Results: Participants had a mean age of 50.57 years and 13.65 years of schooling; 64.07% were women, and 82.10% reported memory complaints with worries. The group with impaired FACEmemory performance (20.40%) was older, had less schooling, and had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and family history of neurodegenerative disease than the group with preserved performance. Age, schooling, sex, country, and completion of the medical and family history questionnaire were associated with the FACEmemory score. Finally, machine learning techniques identified four patterns of FACEmemory performance: normal, dysexecutive, storage, and completely impaired. Conclusions: FACEmemory is a promising tool for assessing memory in people with subjective memory complaints and for raising awareness about cognitive decline in the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mobile devices have been used by many older adults and have the potential to assist individuals with subjective cognitive complaints (SCCs) in daily living tasks. Financial management is one of the most complex daily activity for older adults, as it is easily impaired in the prodromal stage of dementia and cognitive impairment. Aim: To investigate financial management ability among older adults from SCCs and mobile device proficiency. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was sent to 529 participants who were ≥ 65 years and regularly use mobile devices. Participants were divided into four groups based on SCC prevalence and scores of the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire (MDPQ-16). Financial management abilities were compared between groups using the Process Analysis of Daily Activities for Dementia subscale. Regression model and crosstabulation table were used to investigate associations in detail. Results: A significant difference in financial management ability was observed among the four groups (p < 0.001), with the dual impairment group showed significantly lower than the robust and SCC groups (p < 0.001). Educational history, sex, and MDPQ-16 score were significantly associated with participants’ financial management ability (p ≤ 0.01). The proportion of participants who could use ATMs and electronic money independently was significantly lower among those with low proficiency in mobile devices (LPM), regardless of SCC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The LPM group showed an impaired ability to manage their finances, particularly in situations where they would use information devices. Therefore, healthcare professionals should assess not only the SCC but also their proficiency with mobile devices to predict their impairment in activities of daily living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A significant body of research has suggested that the contraction of SARS-CoV-2 may cause memory impairment, even in the months following recovery. In this regard, studies suggest that COVID-19 predominantly targets structures and cortices within the temporal lobe, and the hippocampus, a critical brain structure for memory and spatial navigation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective memory complaints, which represent an individual’s perception of subtle changes in memory in the absence of an objective memory impairment. Method: to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic may affect subjective memory complaints, we incorporated ad hoc self-reported measures of subjective memory complaints, the "Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire" (SMCQ) and the "Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire" (PRMQ), in our crosssectional study. Both measures referred to two periods: the pre-pandemic period (T0) and the moment of survey administration (T1) (December 28th, 2021, to February 6th, 2022). Results: 207 Italian participants accessed the survey, out of which 189 participants were included in the final sample. The majority of the participants were females, and their age ranged from 55 to 65 years. The study revealed a significant increase in the total PRMQ score at T1 compared to T0 (p = 0.02). However, no significant differences were found between PRMQ and SMCQ scores of COVID-19-negative individuals and those who tested positive for COVID-19 in the last 12 months from the date of completing the survey. McNemar's test showed a statistically significant increase in the score of item 1 (“Do you think that you have a memory problem?” (p = 0.016) and item 10 (“Do you lose objects more often than you did previously”) (0.019) of the SMCQ, while for the PRMQ, significant increases were found in several individual items. Conclusions: our study suggests that subjective memory complaints increased during the pandemic, potentially due to the compound effects of stress and social isolation, rather than solely due to COVID-19 infection. Although a marginal association between COVID-19 and reported prospective memory issues was detected, further investigation is warranted to understand its persistent effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hippocampal volume is particularly sensitive to the accumulation of total brain white matter hyperintensity volume (WMH) in aging, but how the regional distribution of WMH volume differentially impacts the hippocampus has been less studied. In a cohort of 194 healthy older adults ages 50–89, we used a multivariate statistical method, the Scaled Subprofile Model (SSM), to (1) identify patterns of regional WMH differences related to left and right hippocampal volumes, (2) examine associations between the multimodal neuroimaging covariance patterns and demographic characteristics, and (3) investigate the relation of the patterns to subjective and objective memory in healthy aging. We established network covariance patterns of regional WMH volume differences associated with greater left and right hippocampal volumes, which were characterized by reductions in left temporal and right parietal WMH volumes and relative increases in bilateral occipital WMH volumes. Additionally, we observed lower expression of these hippocampal-related regional WMH patterns were significantly associated with increasing age and greater subjective memory complaints, but not objective memory performance in this healthy older adult cohort. Our findings indicate that, in cognitively healthy older adults, left and right hippocampal volume reductions were associated with differences in the regional distribution of WMH volumes, which were exacerbated by advancing age and related to greater subjective memory complaints. Multivariate network analyses, like SSM, may help elucidate important early effects of regional WMH volume on brain and cognitive aging in healthy older adults.

This study investigates memory performance among 73 adults over 60 years old, utilising Memory Impairment Screening (MIS) and self-reported memory failures assessed by the Memory Failures in Everyday questionnaire (MFE-28). Participants were divided into four groups: individuals with depressive symptoms, healthy individuals, individuals with depressive symptoms and mild cognitive impairment, and individuals with mild cognitive impairment only. Groups were organised according to their Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) scores. The study aims to analyse MIS scores and self-reported memory failures across these groups as measured with the 28-item Memory Failures Everyday (MFE-28) scale. Correlation analyses were conducted for the complete sample, while variance analyses were carried out for the four classification groups above. Bivariate linear regression analysis was carried out to explore how the combination of cognitive and depressive symptoms status influenced memory performance. Results show that subjective memory complaints and memory performance are related to depressive symptoms, and the latter is associated with worse cognitive performance. Lastly, our study highlights that individuals with mild cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms exhibit worse performance in recall tasks and report more subjective memory complaints compared to those with mild cognitive impairment alone.

Introduction: Out of all the modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD), physical inactivity is the strongest. Rural residents have an increased risk for dementia and face significant barriers to accessing ADRD information, caregiving support, and memory-related services, which contributes to substandard care. Rural communities have greater barriers to participating in physical activity, and in particular exercise, due to lack of social support, travel/weather problems, and lack of facilities/equipment. The purpose of this pilot study was to implement and evaluate the feasibility and safety of a synchronous, remotely delivered, aerobic exercise (AEx) telerehabilitation program in persons with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) living in rural areas. Methods: The Minnesota Rehabilitation Intervention for Dementia Evasion for rural residents (MN RIDE) pilot study was one of five pilot studies conducted through the Center for Community Engaged Rural Dementia and Alzheimer's Research, conducted in collaboration with the Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team. The Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team employs a community-based participatory research model and uses a community advisory group, community-based researchers and a rural community engagement specialist to ensure research studies are aligned with rural community needs and to facilitate the recruitment of participants living in rural northern Minnesota. The MN RIDE study employed a single group, pretest-post-test design to test the feasibility and safety of an AEx-focused synchronous telerehabilitation program in rural-living middle-aged or older adults (>45 years) with SCD (indicated by answering yes to both, 'Do you perceive memory or cognitive difficulties?' and 'In the last two years, has your cognition or memory declined?'). All 36 AEx sessions (conducted over 12 weeks) were supervised remotely via smart devices and Zoom. The AEx program was classified as moderate intensity stationary cycling starting at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 11-12 or for 30-35 minutes in session 1, and was alternatively increased by 1-point RPE or 5-minute increments as tolerated up to RPE 12-14 for 50 minutes a session over time (by session 18). Secondarily, moderate intensity was defined as achieving an exercise heart rate of 64-76% of age-predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax). Feasibility and safety outcomes were assessed by session attendance, intensity adherence, presence of adverse events, and participant satisfaction. Results: The average age of the study sample (n=9) was 57.44±7.16 years (average age of SCD onset 53.44±7.47 years) with 14.00±5.57 years of education and 88.9% female. All patients completed the study, resulting in a dropout rate of 0%. Out of the possible 324 sessions scheduled, 276 were attended (85% session adherence). Average intensity metrics achieved over the AEx sessions were RPE 13.2±0.5 and HRmax 72.0±7.9%, which both represent of moderate intensity AEx metrics. No adverse events were reported. Conclusion: This pilot study further provides the first evidence of preliminary feasibility of synchronous audiovisual, telerehabilitation programs delivered to rural residents at risk for ADRD. Thus, exercise telerehabilitation programs that focus on AEx could be viable and useful tools to overcome situations with limited access to healthcare services such as in rural communities. Further controlled studies with greater sample size could help further expand our results.

Background: Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are a possible prodrome of cognitive decline but are understudied in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC). We aimed to estimate the prevalence of SMCs in a large, nationally representative sample of older adults from Brazil and to identify sociodemographic and health‐related factors that are associated with SMCs independently of objective memory. Methods: Baseline data (n = 7831) from the ELSI‐Brazil study, a national representative sample of adults aged 50 and over. They were asked to rate their memory and then divided into two groups ‐ having or not having SMCs. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the association of demographic characteristics, health related factors, objective memory performance and disability in basic (b‐ADL), instrumental (i‐ADL), and advanced (a‐ADL) activities of daily living associated with SMCs. Whether sex was an effect modifier of the association between age and objective memory performance and SMCs was also tested. Results: Of the sample, 42% (95% CI; 39.9–43.9) had SMCs, and it was higher among women (46.9%) than men (35.9%). SMC prevalence decreased with age among women and increased among men, and for both it decreased with better cognitive performance. Fully adjusted logistic regression model showed that older age, higher education, higher b‐ADL scores, and better cognitive performance were associated with decreased SMCs, while being female, with higher number of chronic conditions, higher i‐ADL scores, worst self‐rated health, and an increased number of depressive symptoms were associated with increased SMCs. However, the interaction test (p < 0.001) confirmed that increased age was associated with decreased SMCs only among women, and that better objective memory performance was associated with decreased SMCs only among men. Conclusions: SMCs are common in the Brazilian older population and are associated with health and sociodemographic factors, with different patterns between men and women. There is a need for future studies looking at the cognitive trajectory and dementia risk in older adults with subjective cognitive complaints. Key Points: Subjective Memory Complaints (SMCs) are a possible prodrome of cognitive decline but are understudied in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC).SMC prevalence is high among older Brazilians, being higher among women (46.9%) than men (35.9%)Higher education and a lower number of chronic conditions and depressive symptoms were independently associated with decreased SMCsIncreased age was associated with decreased SMCs only among women, and better objective memory performance was associated with decreased SMCs only among men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) in cognitively intact older adults have been investigated as a clinically important symptom that may portend the onset of a neurodegenerative disorder such as Alzheimer's disease. Few studies have concurrently incorporated demographic features, depressive symptoms, neuropsychological status, and neuroimaging correlates of SCC and evaluated whether these differ in White and African American older adults. In the current study, 131 (77 White, 54 African American) healthy participants ≥50 years old completed the Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI) to assess SCC, and they underwent objective cognitive testing, assessment of mood, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Pearson Product Moment correlations were performed to evaluate associations of the CFI self-ratings with the above measures for the combined group and separately for White and African American participants. SCC were associated with greater depressive symptoms in both White and African American participants in adjusted models controlling for overall cognitive status, education, and hypertension. Greater white matter hyperintensities, lower cortical thickness, older age, and slower set shifting speed were associated with increased SCC in White participants. Although the correlations were not significant for African Americans, the strength of the associations were comparable to White participants. Hippocampal volume was not associated with either total SCC or items specific to memory functioning in the entire group. Longitudinal studies are needed to further evaluate the clinical significance of these associations with risk of conversion to mild cognitive impairment and dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Several U.S. health surveillance surveys contain items related to self- and proxy reports of dementia and subjective memory complaints (SMC). Despite their similar content, these items differ in terminology, item specificity, and time frame. The goal of this study was to analyze whether item features might influence endorsement rates for dementia and SMC. Methods We calculated design-appropriate estimates for the endorsement of dementia and SMC across U.S.-based national surveys and employed pairwise comparisons to evaluate endorsement rates across surveys. We also examined item characteristics to explore possible effects on endorsement rates. Results Endorsement rates were wide-ranging for dementia (ranging from 2.7% to 9.9%) and SMC (5.6% to 46.6%). Pairwise comparisons revealed statistically significant differences on most dementia-related items (76%), and all SMC comparisons (100%). Items varied substantially in the terminology used to assess dementia and SMC (e.g. "dementia" vs "Alzheimer's disease") and used different time frames (e.g. "past month" vs "5 years"). Discussion National survey data on reported dementia and SMC can have important research, training, and policy implications, yet endorsement rates vary widely across surveys. That variability could emerge from subtle but influential item characteristics, and our findings highlight the need for item harmonization, in even their most basic characteristics. Standardizing items across national surveillance surveys facilitates comparison across surveys so that we can better understand the true burden of these conditions to inform public health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The main aim of this study was to examine the association of sarcopenia and subjective memory complaints with the incidence of dementia in a population-based cohort of cognitively unimpaired older adults. Design: Three-year longitudinal study. Settings and Participants: A total of 2163 community-dwelling persons aged 65 years or older who participated in the National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan, 2017. Measurements: Sarcopenia was determined based on SARC-F, a self-reported symptom-based questionnaire that includes five components: strength, assistance walking, rise from a chair, climb stairs, and falls. Two questions ("Do you have difficulties with your memory or attention?" and "Do you have difficulties with your memory only or attention only or both?") were used to screen for subjective memory complaints (SMCs). The incidence of dementia was determined by data linkage to the Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database from 2018 to 2020. Results: Among the 2163 participants without dementia at baseline, 135 had incident dementia during the 3-year follow-up, giving a crude incidence rate of 6.2% (135/2163). Compared to participants free from sarcopenia and SMCs, the adjusted hazard ratio for incident dementia was 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23–2.72) for SMCs alone, 2.40 (95% CI: 1.17–4.93) for sarcopenia alone, and 2.49 (95% CI: 1.21–5.11) for coexisting SMCs and sarcopenia. Conclusions: Our results indicate that sarcopenia screened with SARC-F and SMCs independently predict the cognitively unimpaired older adults at risk of incident dementia. Our findings highlight the importance of screening not only for cognitive but also muscle deficits to identify those at increased risk of incident dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cognitive ability (CA) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) performance are essential for productive aging. Therefore, it is important to understand if other common issues such as subjective memory complaints (SMCs) and depressive symptoms are related to CA and IADLs, and explore the nature of those relationships. This study aims to explore 1) the associations between SMCs, depressive symptoms, CA, and IADL performance and 2) the role of depressive symptoms in these associations. Method: The study sample included 1,621 community-dwelling oldest-old from the Health and Retirement Study. Results: SMCs were significantly and positively associated with cognitive decline and limitations in IADL performance. Additionally, depressive symptoms mediated the associations between SMCs and cognitive decline and between SMCs and limitations in IADL performance. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms associated with SMCs negatively affect CA and IADL performance. Therefore, healthcare providers should consider and assess SMCs and depressive symptoms in the oldest-old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subjective memory complaints are considered an early sign of cognitive decline. Recent evidence shows that grip strength is an important predictor of cognitive function. However, few studies have compared whether one condition is uniquely associated with cognitive function when another condition is controlled for. Aims: To explore the longitudinal associations of cognitive function with subjective memory complaints and grip strength in middle-aged and older adults, with a particular focus on whether one condition is uniquely associated with cognitive function when another condition is considered. Methods: A total of 3,877 middle-aged and older adults (aged 45–92 years) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study reported on their demographic and health status and completed measures of grip strength and subjective memory complaints, as well as a series of cognitive tests, every two years between 2011 and 2015. Generalized estimating equation models were used to assess the relationships between grip strength, subjective memory complaints, and cognitive function. Results: Grip strength was longitudinally associated with cognitive function (β = 0.021, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.011, 0.030, P < 0.001) independent of subjective memory complaints. In contrast, changes in the subjective memory complaints were not related to cognitive function over time (β = 0.107, 95% CI: − 0.025, 0.238, P = 0.112). Only at baseline subjective memory complaints were associated with poorer cognitive function (β = − 1.142, 95% CI: − 1.309, − 0.975, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Grip strength might be a more important clinical correlate of cognitive function decline over time than subjective memory complaints. Discussion: Regular assessment and close monitoring of grip strength might help identify individuals who might be at high risk for cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is the primary question addressed by this study? This study examines the neural correlates of the group–counseling–boosted memory training gains in older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMC). • What is the main finding of this study? Improved mood, which may boost memory training gains in older adults with SMC, was associated with changes in the functional resting-state connectivity between the amygdala and hippocampus. • What is the meaning of the finding? This finding suggests that amygdala–hippocampal connectivity may be associated with improved mood–enhanced memory training gains in older adults with SMC. Older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMC) have a higher risk of dementia and commonly demonstrate symptoms of anxiety. This study examined the neural correlates of group counseling (GC)–boosted memory training (MT) gains. This study was an active, controlled, randomized trial. Neighborhoods near the Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Community-dwelling older adults, aged 60 or above with a minimum of 6 years of education, were recruited through advertisements and flyers posted at community service stations. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations and resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) analyses were used to examine the neural correlates associated with MT gains enhanced by improved mood in older adults with SMC. Participants were randomly assigned to the combined intervention (CI) or GC group. The CI group received 3 weeks of GC followed by 4 weeks of MT, and the GC group received GC and health lectures. Cognitive function and emotions were assessed before GC (T1), after GC (T2), and after MT (T3). Both groups underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning at T2 and T3. Alleviated anxiety was positively correlated with rs-FC between the amygdala and left hippocampus and negatively correlated with rs-FC between the amygdala and right hippocampus. MT improvement was negatively correlated with rs-FC between the amygdala and right hippocampus in the CI group; the correlation was not significant after controlling for emotional changes. Amygdala–hippocampal connectivity may be associated with improved mood-enhanced MT gains in individuals with SMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Out of all the modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD), physical inactivity is the strongest. Rural residents have an increased risk for dementia and face significant barriers to accessing ADRD information, caregiving support, and memory-related services, which contributes to substandard care. Rural communities have greater barriers to participating in physical activity, and in particular exercise, due to lack of social support, travel/weather problems, and lack of facilities/equipment. The purpose of this pilot study was to implement and evaluate the feasibility and safety of a synchronous, remotely delivered, aerobic exercise (AEx) telerehabilitation program in persons with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) living in rural areas. Methods: The Minnesota Rehabilitation Intervention for Dementia Evasion for rural residents (MN RIDE) pilot study was one of five pilot studies conducted through the Center for Community Engaged Rural Dementia and Alzheimer’s Research, conducted in collaboration with the Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team. The Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team employs a community-based participatory research model and uses a community advisory group, community-based researchers and a rural community engagement specialist to ensure research studies are aligned with rural community needs and to facilitate the recruitment of participants living in rural northern Minnesota. The MN RIDE study employed a single group, pretest–post-test design to test the feasibility and safety of an AEx-focused synchronous telerehabilitation program in rural-living middle-aged or older adults (>45 years) with SCD (indicated by answering yes to both, ‘Do you perceive memory or cognitive difficulties?’ and ‘In the last two years, has your cognition or memory declined?’). All 36 AEx sessions (conducted over 12 weeks) were supervised remotely via smart devices and Zoom. The AEx program was classified as moderate intensity stationary cycling starting at a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 11–12 or for 30–35 minutes in session 1, and was alternatively increased by 1-point RPE or 5-minute increments as tolerated up to RPE 12–14 for 50 minutes a session over time (by session 18). Secondarily, moderate intensity was defined as achieving an exercise heart rate of 64–76% of age- predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax). Feasibility and safety outcomes were assessed by session attendance, intensity adherence, presence of adverse events, and participant satisfaction. Results: The average age of the study sample (n=9) was 57.44±7.16 years (average age of SCD onset 53.44±7.47 years) with 14.00±5.57 years of education and 88.9% female. All patients completed the study, resulting in a dropout rate of 0%. Out of the possible 324 sessions scheduled, 276 were attended (85% session adherence). Average intensity metrics achieved over the AEx sessions were RPE 13.2±0.5 and HRmax 72.0±7.9%, which both represent of moderate intensity AEx metrics. No adverse events were reported. Conclusion: This pilot study further provides the first evidence of preliminary feasibility of synchronous audiovisual, telerehabilitation programs delivered to rural residents at risk for ADRD. Thus, exercise telerehabilitation programs that focus on AEx could be viable and useful tools to overcome situations with limited access to healthcare services such as in rural communities. Further controlled studies with greater sample size could help further expand our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Memory complaint in the absence of organic pathology is a common phenomenon accounting for up to one third of patients presenting to memory clinics. Health anxiety has been specifically linked to dementia worry and repeated presentations to the National Health Service (NHS). Providing reassurance that an individual does not have dementia appears ineffective in reducing presentations to primary and secondary care services. Aims: This study sought to evaluate and establish the effectiveness of a 1-hour pilot training workshop to enhance healthcare professionals' knowledge and confidence to those with health anxiety around cognitive decline. Method: The one-session pilot training workshop was developed and informed by previous work and consultation with the 2Gether NHS Foundation Trust Memory Assessment Service staff. The training workshop was then evaluated by employing an idiosyncratic self-report questionnaire. Participants completed the questionnaire prior to and after the training workshop. Results: Pre- and post-training questionnaires revealed that the pilot training workshop was effective in increasing perceived knowledge and confidence in staff responding to patients presenting with health anxiety and co-occurring subjective memory complaints. Conclusions: The findings suggest that healthcare professionals may benefit from training in identifying and addressing health-anxious individuals with subjective memory complaints. This may have implications in the provision of psychologically informed care offered in a memory assessment service. Recommendations are made for further enhancing the effectiveness of staff training and promoting alternative service treatment pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionAlthough subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an early risk marker of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), research on SCD among Hispanics/Latinos/as/x (henceforth Latinos/as) living in the U.S. is lacking. We investigated if the cross-sectional relationship of self-reported SCD with objective cognition varies as a function of ethnic background (Latinos/as versus Non-Hispanic Whites [NHWs]). Secondary analyses conducted solely within the Latino/a group investigated if informant reported SCD is associated with objective cognition and whether self-reported SCD is related to markers of brain health in a sub-sample of Latinos/as with available MRI data.MethodsEighty-three participants (≥60 years of age) without dementia (35 Latinos/as; 48 NHWs) completed the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) and the Subjective Cognitive Decline-Questionnaire (SCD-Q). Additionally, 22 Latino/a informants completed the informant-version of the SCD-Q. Hierarchical regression models investigated if ethnicity moderates the association of MDRS and SCD-Q scores after adjusting for demographics and depressive symptoms. Correlational analyses within the Latino/a group investigated self- and informant-reported associations of SCD-Q scores with objective cognition, and associations of self-reported SCD-Q scores with medial temporal lobe volume and thickness.ResultsLatinos/as had lower education and MDRS scores than NHWs. Higher SCD-Q scores were associated with lower MDRS scores only in Latinos/as. Within the Latino/a group, self, but not informant reported SCD was related to objective cognition. Medium to large effect sizes were found whereby higher self-reported SCD was associated with lower entorhinal cortex thickness and left hippocampal volume in Latinos/as.ConclusionsThe association of SCD and concurrent objectively measured global cognition varied by ethnic background and was only significant in Latinos/as. Self-reported SCD may be an indicator of cognitive and brain health in Latinos/as without dementia, prompting clinicians to monitor cognition. Future studies should explore if SCD predicts objective cognitive decline in diverse groups of Latinos/as living in the U.S.

In this study, we investigated history of traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness in relation to cognitive functioning, subjective memory complaints, and brain structure in mid-life. This study included 2005 participants (mean age: 47.6 years, standard deviation: 5.0, women: 65%) from the Origins of Alzheimer's Disease Across the Life Course (ORACLE) study between 2017 and 2020. History of traumatic brain injury was defined as at least one lifetime self-reported brain injury with loss of consciousness. Associations of history of traumatic brain injury with (1) cognitive functioning (measured with the 15-Word Learning Test, Stroop Task, Letter–Digit Substitution Test, Word Fluency Test, Purdue Pegboard Test, and Design Organization Test), (2) current subjective memory complaints (present/absent, measured with a survey), and (3) brain structure (total brain volume, frontal and temporal lobe volume, gray matter volume, white matter volume, white matter hyperintensities volume, infarcts, and microbleeds, measured with brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) were assessed using linear or logistical regression models and adjusted for relevant confounders. In total, 250 of 2005 (12%) participants reported a history of traumatic brain injury. Of those who reported the time post-injury (n = 173), most participants (n = 151, 87%) reported that it had occurred >10 years ago. We found no associations between history of traumatic brain injury and any of the cognitive tests. We did find that a history of traumatic brain injury was associated with having mid-life subjective memory complaints (odds ratio [OR]: 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35, 2.58). This association was also present when investigating only those who reported an injury >10 years ago (OR:1.69; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.50). Additionally, the association was stronger in those with >30 min loss of consciousness (OR: 3.57; 95% CI: 1.48, 8.59) than in those with <30 min loss of consciousness (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.25, 2.74), when compared with those without history of traumatic brain injury. Lastly, we found no associations between history of traumatic brain injury and any of the structural brain MRI outcomes. In conclusion, our study suggests that at least one lifetime traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness in mid-life is associated with long-term subjective memory complaints, but not with cognitive functioning or brain structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the psychometric properties of the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) in older adults with subjective memory complaints. The three MMQ subscale (Satisfaction, Ability, and Strategy) was administered twice, with a 3-month interval. The test - retest reliability was examined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The random measurement error was examined by calculating the standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC95). The test - retest reliabilities of the three MMQ subscales were generally acceptable. The SEM of the three MMQ subscales was higher than the acceptable criterion of 10%. Despite the influence of random measurement error, the change scores of the three MMQ subscales may represent true changes if they are larger than the MDC95 of 13.2 (Satisfaction), 18.4 (Ability), and 16.9 (Strategy). The MMQ appears to be a reliable measure for use in research settings, but may not yet be suitable for clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The current study addressed the relationship between subjective memory complaints and negative affect, well-being, and demographic variables by investigating the Hungarian version of Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire. The original factor structure showed a poor fit on our data; therefore, principal component analysis was conducted on data from 577 participants, ranging in age from 18 to 92 years. Our analysis provided a six-component solution: Satisfaction, Retrospective memory mistakes, Prospective memory mistakes, External Strategies, Internal Strategies, and Frustration. To improve the reliability and internal consistency indicators we created four subscales by combining Frustration with Satisfaction, and Retrospective and Prospective memory mistakes subscales. Thus, we were able to preserve the factor structure similar to the original. Subjective memory complaints were correlated positively with anxiety and depression and were associated negatively with well-being. We found a slight positive correlation between age and memory ability, and age was associated negatively with the frequency of external strategy use. Individuals with higher education were satisfied with their memory, used more frequent external strategies. Furthermore, men were more satisfied with their memory and reported better memory ability, while women tended to use more external and internal strategies. Women also showed a higher level of anxiety and depression than men. In conclusion, self-reported memory changes are of particular importance because of their association with perceived mental health status and implications for later disease development.

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Subjective memory complaints (SMC), the main cognitive component of which is event memory, is a predictor of Alzheimer's disease in elderly people. The purpose of this trial was to investigate the effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) with theta frequency (6 Hz) on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in the improvement of episodic memory in individuals with SMC in a double blind, randomized, and sham-controlled parallel study. Sixteen participants with SMC received either active or sham theta tACS on the mPFC. EEG was recorded, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) was administered. tACS resulted in a significant improvement in episodic memory performance as measured by RAVLT. EEG data revealed a decrease in theta power; decrease in theta, alpha, and gamma current source density (CSD) in the postcentral, insula, and cingulate gyrus; and decrease in theta and gamma phase synchronization as a result of active tACS, compared to the sham group. Moreover, a significant correlation between delayed recall score of RAVLT and CSD in left inferior gyrus in theta frequency band was observed. The results of the current study showed that theta tACS of the mPFC can improve event memory in individuals with SMC through modulating the activity in the frontal and temporal regions in the brain and thus can be considered a potential therapeutic intervention for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate how frailty/pre-frailty in combination with subjective memory complaints predicts all-cause mortality in community dwelling cognitively unimpaired older adults. There were 1904 community-dwelling cognitively unimpaired persons aged 65 years or older who participated in the 2013 Taiwan National Health Interview Survey with a 5-year follow-up. Frailty was determined based on the fatigue, resistance, ambulation, illness, and loss of weight (FRAIL) scale. Two questions (“Do you have difficulties with your memory or attention?” and “Do you have difficulties with your memory only or attention only or both?”) were used to screen for subjective memory complaints (SMC). In this study, 11.9% of participants had both frailty/pre-frailty and SMC. A total of 239 deaths were recorded after 9009.5 person-years of follow-up. After adjustment for other factors, compared with participants who were physically robust with no SMC, participants who reported either SMC alone (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.60–1.27) or were frail/pre-frail alone (HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.90–1.92) had no significantly increased mortality risk. However, coexisting frailty/pre-frailty and SMC was associated with a significantly increased hazard ratio for mortality of 1.48 (95% CI = [1.02–2.16]). Our results highlight the high prevalence of co-occurring frailty/pre-frailty and SMC and that this co-occurrence is associated with an increased risk of mortality among cognitively unimpaired older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The 2018 NIA-AA Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Research Framework states that subtle cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired individuals can be measured by subjective reports or evidence of objective decline on neuropsychological measures. Both subjective memory complaint (SMC) and objective subtle cognitive decline (Obj-SCD) have been shown to be associated with future cognitive decline and AD biomarkers. We examined whether there are differences in tau PET levels between (a) SMC− vs. SMC+ participants, (b) Obj-SCD− vs. Obj-SCD+ participants, and (c) participants with overlapping vs. discrepant SMC and Obj-SCD classifications. Methods Cognitively unimpaired participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; n = 236) were classified at baseline as positive or negative for SMC (SMC− n = 77; SMC+ n = 159) based on the first 12 items of the Cognitive Change Index and/or classified as positive or negative for Obj-SCD (Obj-SCD− n = 173; Obj-SCD+ n = 63) based on previously defined neuropsychological criteria. Analyses of covariance, adjusting for age, sex, APOE ε4 carrier status, and pulse pressure, examined the group differences in tau PET (AV-1451) using a composite standardized uptake variable ratio (SUVR) for regions consistent with Braak stage III/IV. The chi-squared tests examined the tau positivity rates across the groups. Results Obj-SCD+ participants had higher tau continuous SUVR levels (p = .035, η p 2 = .019) and higher rates of tau positivity (15.8% Obj-SCD− vs. 30.2% Obj-SCD+) than Obj-SCD− participants. Neither tau levels (p = .381, η p 2 = .003) nor rates of tau positivity (18.2% SMC− and 20.1% SMC+) differed between the SMC groups. There was very little agreement between SMC and Obj-SCD classifications (42%; κ = 0.008, p = .862). Participants who were Obj-SCD+ without SMC had the highest tau PET levels and differed from participants who were SMC+ without Obj-SCD (p = .022). Tau levels in participants with both SMC and Obj-SCD did not differ from those with only Obj-SCD (p = .216). Tau positivity rates across the SMC-/Obj-SCD−, SMC+/Obj-SCD−, SMC−/Obj-SCD+, and SMC+/Obj-SCD+ groups were 10.5%, 18.1%, 40.0%, and 25.6%, respectively. Conclusion Participants with Obj-SCD had a greater tau PET burden than those without Obj-SCD, but SMC was not associated with higher tau levels. The combination of SMC and Obj-SCD did not have higher tau levels than Obj-SCD alone. Findings add to the evidence that the Obj-SCD classification is associated with AD biomarkers and faster cognitive decline in ADNI participants, but further work is needed to validate this approach in more representative/diverse cohorts.

The current study addressed the relationship between subjective memory complaints and negative affect, well-being, and demographic variables by investigating the Hungarian version of Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire. The original factor structure showed a poor fit on our data; therefore, principal component analysis was conducted on data from 577 participants, ranging in age from 18 to 92 years. Our analysis provided a six-component solution: Satisfaction, Retrospective memory mistakes, Prospective memory mistakes, External Strategies, Internal Strategies, and Frustration. To improve the reliability and internal consistency indicators we created four subscales by combining Frustration with Satisfaction, and Retrospective and Prospective memory mistakes subscales. Thus, we were able to preserve the factor structure similar to the original. Subjective memory complaints were correlated positively with anxiety and depression and were associated negatively with well-being. We found a slight positive correlation between age and memory ability, and age was associated negatively with the frequency of external strategy use. Individuals with higher education were satisfied with their memory, used more frequent external strategies. Furthermore, men were more satisfied with their memory and reported better memory ability, while women tended to use more external and internal strategies. Women also showed a higher level of anxiety and depression than men. In conclusion, self-reported memory changes are of particular importance because of their association with perceived mental health status and implications for later disease development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between hearing loss severity, hearing aid use, and subjective memory complaints in a large cross-sectional study in Norway. Methods: Data were drawn from the fourth wave of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT4 Hearing, 2017–2019). The hearing threshold was defined as the pure-tone average of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in the better ear. The participants were divided into five groups: normal hearing or slight/mild/moderate/severe hearing loss. Subjective self-reported short-term and long-term memory complaints were measured by the nine-item Meta-Memory Questionnaire (MMQ). The sample included 20,092 individuals (11,675 women,mean age 58.3 years) who completed both hearing and MMQ tasks. A multivariate analysis of variance (adjusted for covariates of age, sex, education, and health cofounders) was used to evaluate the association between hearing status and hearing aid use (in the hearing-impaired groups) and long-term and short-term subjective memory complaints. Results: A multivariate analysis of variance, followed by univariate ANOVA and pairwise comparisons, showed that hearing loss was associated only with more long-term subjective memory complaints and not with short-term subjective memory complaints. In the hearing-impaired groups, the univariate main effect of hearing aid use was only observed for subjective long-term memory complaints and not for subjective short-term memory complaints. Similarly, the univariate interaction of hearing aid use and hearing status was significant for subjective long-term memory complaints and not for subjective short-term memory complaints. Pairwise comparisons, however, revealed no significant differences between hearing loss groups with respect to subjective long-term complaints. Conclusion: This cross-sectional study indicates an association between hearing loss and subjective long-term memory complaints but not with subjective short-termmemory complaints. In addition, an interaction between hearing status and hearing aid use for subjective long-term memory complaints was observed in hearing-impaired groups, which calls for future research to examine the effects of hearing aid use on different memory systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examine associations between subjective memory complaints (SMCs), concussion history, and cognitive, psychological, and physical health in older men from the general population. Participants were 504 men aged 50–79 who were recruited using an online labor market. Participants completed a survey assessing demographics, medication history, concussion history, recent memory problems, and additional aspects of recent cognitive, mental, and physical health. Men with a lifetime history of ≥3 concussions also reported a lifetime history of being prescribed medication for anxiety (46.8%), depression (43.5%), chronic pain (79.0%), and high blood pressure (66.1%). When asked about symptoms experienced over the past year and the past week, they endorsed higher rates of cognitive and mental health problems, migraines, and difficulties with sleep and fatigue. The multivariable logistic regression model for predicting mild or greater memory problems was significant, χ2(8) = 168.97, p <.001. In unadjusted analyses, significant predictors, in order of magnitude (strongest to weakest), were fatigue (odds ratio [OR] = 3.21), back or neck pain (OR = 2.28), migraines (OR = 2.11), anxiety (OR = 2.07), depression (OR = 2.04), difficulty sleeping (OR = 1.98), and concussion history (OR = 1.49). In the multivariable model, only back or neck pain (OR = 1.51, p =.004) and fatigue (OR = 1.99, p =.004) were significant predictors. A personal history of multiple concussions was associated with perceived memory problems, but to a lesser degree than fatigue, back or neck pain, and migraines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Older adults with subjective memory complaints (SMC) may experience very minor difficulties in daily activities. Although caregivers and occupational therapists who support community‐dwelling older adults are aware of the existence of characteristic behaviours related to refrigerator management, no specific studies have been conducted. This study aimed to examine the implications of refrigerator management for older adults with SMC. Methods: A self‐administered questionnaire was sent to 3000 randomly selected members of Consumer's Co‐operative Kagoshima. Of the returned responses, a total of 282 older adults were analyzed. Analyzed subjects were divided into two groups: SMC (+) group (n = 74) and SMC (−) group (n = 192). A questionnaire was created by four occupational therapists and used to assess the characteristics of analyzed subjects and their abilities to manage the refrigerator. The observation list for early signs of dementia was also utilised. A multiple logistic analysis was performed to examine the association between SMC and refrigerator management. Results: The SMC (+) group had a significantly higher number of refrigerator management errors than the SMC (−) group (P = 0.008). The SMC (+) group had more errors than the SMC (−) group in the following four items regarding refrigerator management; the refrigerator has a lot of the same foods / expired food, the person does not know what's in the refrigerator, the person cannot find what he/she needs in the refrigerator. Moreover, SMC was associated with the item 'the person does not know what is in the refrigerator' (odds ratio 7.44, 95% CI 1.51–43.8, P = 0.02). Conclusions: Our results showed that older adults with SMC had several problems regarding refrigerator management. Evaluating refrigerator management among older adults with SMC may help consider multifaceted support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Subjective cognitive decline and APOE e4 allele (APOE4) are known predictors of mild cognitive impairment and dementia (mild cognitive impairment/dementia), with recent evidence showing interaction between subjective cognitive decline and APOE4 in amplifying the risk of mild cognitive impairment/dementia. However, the literature is unclear whether the interaction effect is seen across various age and sex strata. This study examined the interaction between subjective cognitive decline and APOE4—across different age and sex strata—on the risk of mild cognitive impairment/dementia. Methods: This cohort study included 16,221 participants aged ⩾50 years and had normal cognition at baseline. Participants were evaluated for subjective cognitive decline and APOE4 at baseline, and followed-up almost annually for mild cognitive impairment/dementia (median follow-up = 4.5 years). Interaction effects were examined in Cox regression using Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction, stratified by age (⩽70 vs >70 years) and sex. Results: Subjective cognitive decline and APOE4 were independently associated with mild cognitive impairment/dementia (hazard ratio: 1.4–1.8), with the highest risk when subjective cognitive decline and APOE4 co-occurred (hazard ratio: 2.6). APOE4 amplified the association between subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment/dementia in older women (Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction 1.0; 95% confidence interval = [0.3, 1.6]), but not in other age or sex strata. Among older women, half of them developed mild cognitive impairment/dementia by 12.1 years in the absence of subjective cognitive decline or APOE4. This duration shortened to 8.1–10.3 years in the presence of either subjective cognitive decline or APOE4, and to 4.4 years in the presence of both subjective cognitive decline and APOE4. Interaction effect among older women remained consistent when alternate outcomes were used (i.e. mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer's disease; dementia; and Alzheimer's dementia) (Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction 1.2–2.5). Conclusions: APOE4 amplifies the association between subjective cognitive decline and neurocognitive disorders in older women, with the findings suggesting the need for further research to delineate underlying neurobiology. APOE4 may potentially have a role in facilitating further risk stratification of older women with subjective cognitive decline in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) have been related to subtle cognitive deficits and neural changes. In this study, we investigated whether EEG rhythms, usually altered in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, are also affected in SMCs compared to people without SMCs. Seventy-one older adults (55–74 years old) and 75 young people (18–34 years old) underwent 3 min of EEG recording in a resting-state condition with their eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC) and a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The EEG measures included were power spectral delta (0.5–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and EEG reactivity to EO. Compared to controls, older people with SMCs showed increased theta power and a loss of alpha reactivity to EO. Additionally, in older participants with SMCs, the theta power spectral was related to deficits in verbal memory. In contrast, we failed to find differences in the young people with SMCs, compared to the control group, in the power spectral or the EEG reactivity to EO. Our findings suggest that neurophysiological markers of brain dysfunction may identify cognitive changes even before they are observed on objective neuropsychological tests, at least in older people. • Older people with SMCs showed increased theta power and a loss of alpha reactivity. • Higher theta power spectral was related to deficits in verbal memory. • No differences between conditions were found in young people in the power spectral. • No condition differences were found in young people in the EEG reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between the P300 event-related potential, neuropsychological measures of memory, subjective memory complaints (SMCs), and indicators of psychosocial functioning. Design, setting, and participants: In this cross-sectional study of 79 community-based older adults, aged 60–75 years, participants completed online surveys and in-person neuropsychological and electroencephalogram (EEG) assessments. Measurements: Measures included: the Change subscale of the Metamemory in Adulthood Questionnaire , NIH Toolbox Emotions battery (Perceived Stress and Psychological Well-Being), Geriatric Depression Scale , Geriatric Anxiety Scale , electrocortical measures (EEG), California Verbal Learning Test , 3rd Edition, and diagnostic ratings for mild and major neurocognitive disorders based on full neuropsychological battery, clinical interview, and two-clinician consensus. Results: P300 amplitude was associated with long-delay verbal memory recall and diagnostic rating. SMCs were not associated with objective memory or diagnostic rating. SMCs were associated with higher perceived stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms and lower psychological well-being. Conclusions: Neural indicators such as the P300 may be useful for early detection of cognitive impairment. SMCs were not a reliable indicator of early memory impairment in relation to neuropsychological or neural indicators, but may be a useful indicator of unreported stress and mood symptoms in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several factors have been found to defend against pathologic cognitive decline in aging (i.e., cognitive reserve [CR]); however, other factors, including subjective memory complaints (SMC) and decreased functionality are considered early indicators of underlying neurocognitive dysfunction. Despite these known associations, the relationship between the presence of CR and SMC remains equivocal. This study sought to determine the relationship between objectively measured CR and SMC in a sample of functionally independent older women. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited women aged ≥60 years who attended fitness or continuing education programs at the University for Seniors in Mexico City. Participants underwent a battery of physical and cognitive evaluations, including the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire (CRQ), and were asked probing questions used to identify the presence of SMC. Results: The 269 participants had a median age of 69 years; most were single (40.5 %), lived alone (32.7 %), retired (58.2 %), well-educated (≥12 years of education), and functionally independent (89.2 %). 62 % scored “high” on the CRQ, while 9.3 % scored “low”. After adjusting for multiple covariates, an independent association between CRQ score and the probability to have SMC was found (adjusted OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.80–0.95, p-value = 0.002). Conclusions: This study identified a relationship between low CR and the presence of SMC, independently of the cognitive function and motoric marker of muscle strength (i.e., low gait speed and handgrip strength) in functionally independent older women over 60y. This relationship remains independent of other variables such as age, symptoms of depression and instrumented activities of daily living.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the association between hearing loss severity, hearing aid use, and subjective memory complaints in a large cross-sectional study in Norway.MethodsData were drawn from the fourth wave of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT4 Hearing, 2017–2019). The hearing threshold was defined as the pure-tone average of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz in the better ear. The participants were divided into five groups: normal hearing or slight/mild/moderate/severe hearing loss. Subjective self-reported short-term and long-term memory complaints were measured by the nine-item Meta-Memory Questionnaire (MMQ). The sample included 20,092 individuals (11,675 women, mean age 58.3 years) who completed both hearing and MMQ tasks. A multivariate analysis of variance (adjusted for covariates of age, sex, education, and health cofounders) was used to evaluate the association between hearing status and hearing aid use (in the hearing-impaired groups) and long-term and short-term subjective memory complaints.ResultsA multivariate analysis of variance, followed by univariate ANOVA and pairwise comparisons, showed that hearing loss was associated only with more long-term subjective memory complaints and not with short-term subjective memory complaints. In the hearing-impaired groups, the univariate main effect of hearing aid use was only observed for subjective long-term memory complaints and not for subjective short-term memory complaints. Similarly, the univariate interaction of hearing aid use and hearing status was significant for subjective long-term memory complaints and not for subjective short-term memory complaints. Pairwise comparisons, however, revealed no significant differences between hearing loss groups with respect to subjective long-term complaints.ConclusionThis cross-sectional study indicates an association between hearing loss and subjective long-term memory complaints but not with subjective short-term memory complaints. In addition, an interaction between hearing status and hearing aid use for subjective long-term memory complaints was observed in hearing-impaired groups, which calls for future research to examine the effects of hearing aid use on different memory systems.

BackgroundSeveral modifiable lifestyle factors have been shown to have potential beneficial effects in slowing cognitive decline. Two such factors that may affect cognitive performance and slow the progression of memory loss into dementia in older adults are cognitive training and physical activity. There are currently no effective treatments for dementia; therefore, preventative strategies to delay or prevent the onset of dementia are of critical importance.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of simultaneous performance of memory training and aerobic exercise to a sequential performance intervention on memory functioning in older adults.Methods55 older adults (aged 60- 75) with subjective memory impairments (non-demented and non-MCI) completed the intervention that consisted of 90-minute small group classes held twice weekly. Participants were randomized to either 4-weeks of supervised strategy-based memory training done simultaneously while stationary cycling (SIM) or sequentially after the stationary cycling (SEQ). Standardized neurocognitive measures of memory, executive functioning, speed of processing, attention, and cognitive flexibility were assessed at baseline and post-intervention.ResultsThe SIM group, but not the SEQ group, had a significant improvement on composite memory following the intervention (t(51) = 2.7, p = 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.42) and transfer to non-trained reasoning abilities (t(51) = 6.0, ES = 0.49) and complex attention (t(51) = 3.1, p = 0.003, ES = 0.70). Conversely, the SEQ group, but not the SIM, showed significant improvement in executive functioning (t(51) = 5.0, p = 0.0001, ES = 0.96).ConclusionThese findings indicate that a 4-week simultaneous memory training and aerobic exercise program is sufficient to improve memory, attention, and reasoning abilities in older adults.

Introduction: Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) are common among patients with stroke, significantly affect long-term disability, and contribute to poor functional outcomes. We explored changes in the subjective memory complaints questionnaire (SMCQ) score of stroke patients, correlations among SMCs, objective cognitive performance (OCP), and functional status. We also explored whether participants could be divided into groups based on the presence or absence of SMCs and OCP impairment, which could be related to rehabilitation outcomes. Methods: A total of 102 stroke patients were recruited from a single rehabilitation center. Their OCP was determined on admission. The Mini-Mental State Evaluation (MMSE), SMCQ, and modified Barthel Index (MBI) scores were obtained at admission and at discharge. These variables were compared and time and group interactions were explored. Results: The SMCQ score did not show consistent patterns of change among individuals. The objective cognitive function and activities of daily living consistently improved after rehabilitation. The proposed cognitive impairment classification after stroke based on SMCs and objective cognitive decline was able to predict improvement attributable to rehabilitation. Conclusion: Changes in SMCQ scores of stroke patients were inconsistent and varied when compared to changes in MMSE and MBI scores, indicating that it is not a reliable metric on its own. SMCs have a clinical relationship with OCP and significant emotional and motivational effects. In clinical practice, it is important to understand and consider SMCs after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:This study aims to examine whether subjective memory complaints (SMC) contribute to social participation among older adults. Method:The study sample was 4,713 community-dwelling older adults aged 65 years and older from four waves (2010, 2012, 2014, 2016) of the Health and Retirement Study. Hierarchical linear modeling analysis was used to examine the association of SMC with social participation after controlling for factors influencing social participation. Demographic factors (i.e. age, gender, and perceived socioeconomic status) were entered in block 1, health-related factors (i.e. health conditions, perceived health, instrumental activities of daily living, memory-immediate and delayed, and depressive symptoms) were entered in block 2, environmental factors (i.e. perceived social support and strain from spouse, child, family, and friend) were entered in block 3, and SMC was entered in block 4. Results:The result showed that factors significantly contributing to social participation are age (standardized β = –0.08, p < 0.01), perceived socioeconomic status (β = 0.16, p < 0.001), perceived health (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), instrumental activities of daily living (β = 0.12, p < 0.001), memory-immediate and delayed (β = 0.09, p < 0.001; β = 0.08, p < 0.001, respectively), social support from spouse and friend (β = 0.04, p < 0.05; β = 0.13, p < 0.001, respectively), social strain from friend (β = 0.07, p < 0.001), and SMC (β = –0.05, p < 0.001). The demographic factors explained 9.5%, health-related factors explained 8.5%, environmental factors explained 2.4%, and SMC explained 0.1% of the variance in social participation. Conclusion: This finding suggests that SMC may contribute to social participation in older adults. Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1961123. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), namely at an initial stage like amnestic cognitive impairment (aMCI), typically present with memory complaints. They also have difficulties regarding self-knowledge about their cognitive deficits. In clinical practice, a formal neuropsychological assessment is often done. The present study aimed to understand whether patients with aMCI retain the ability to monitor the success or failure in their performance during the neuropsychological assessment and adjust the report of memory complaints accordingly, as compared to healthy controls., Methods: Participants were patients with aMCI and healthy controls who were questioned about their own memory abilities using the Subjective Memory Complaints (SMC) scale, applied before and after the neuropsychological assessment protocol. A repeated measures General Linear Model was performed to analyze changes in SMC (within-subjects effects) after the neuropsychological assessment, in patients with aMCI and healthy controls (between-subjects effects)., Results: Eighty volunteers, 40 patients with aMCI and 40 healthy controls, participated in the study. Patients with aMCI showed lower MMSE scores, more depressive symptoms, and deficits in memory and learning, language and executive domains. Patients with aMCI had higher SMC scores [9.4(3.6)] than healthy controls [4.4(2.3)] before the neuropsychological assessment. A statistically significant interaction was found between the SMC and the diagnostic group, meaning that healthy controls decreased SMC [3.4(1.9)] after the neuropsychological assessment, whereas patients with aMCI kept high levels of SMC [9.6(3.9)]. In patients with aMCI, an inverse correlation between logical memory and the change in SMC was found, so that patients with lower scores in the logical memory test tended to increase their memory complaints after the assessment., Conclusions: Both patients with aMCI and healthy controls can monitor and update the impression about their memory abilities following a formal neuropsychological assessment. Patients with aMCI maintain a high SMC level, which is inversely associated with their memory performance. In practical terms, SMC should be measured consistently at a particular moment in time, preferably preceding the objective neuropsychological assessment., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)