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This study's major aim is to use a coupling system to predict the physiological parameters of a person wearing a life preserver in an immersion condition. The coupling system is made up of a thermal manikin that can simulate the human body's thermoregulatory response in an immersion environment, coupled to a multi-segment human thermal model. By comparing the results with those of the subjects, the coupled system's predictions were shown to be accurate. The core temperature, skin temperature, and heat flow density of ten healthy men were all continuously measured while they wore life preservers and were exposed to the same temperature of air and water. The coupling system demonstrated accurate predictions of heat production and core temperature compared to real measures, with RMSD of 18.91 W and 0.12 °C, respectively. The majority of the predicted values for mean skin temperature were within SD of the measured values, and the paired sample t-test with a significance level of 0.05 showed good agreement with a maximum temperature difference of 1 °C. Also, the coupling system predicted results and the measured results showed some good accuracy for predicting local skin temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study’s major aim is to use a coupling system to predict the physiological parameters of a person wearing a life preserver in an immersion condition. The coupling system is made up of a thermal manikin that can simulate the human body’s thermoregulatory response in an immersion environment, coupled to a multi-segment human thermal model. By comparing the results with those of the subjects, the coupled system’s predictions were shown to be accurate. The core temperature, skin temperature, and heat flow density of ten healthy men were all continuously measured while they wore life preservers and were exposed to the same temperature of air and water. The coupling system demonstrated accurate predictions of heat production and core temperature compared to real measures, with RMSD of 18.91 W and 0.12 °C, respectively. The majority of the predicted values for mean skin temperature were within SD of the measured values, and the paired sample t-test with a significance level of 0.05 showed good agreement with a maximum temperature difference of 1 °C. Also, the coupling system predicted results and the measured results showed some good accuracy for predicting local skin temperatures.

The aim of this review is to highlight recent and potential future enhancements to the United States Licensing Examination (USMLE) program. The USMLE program is co-owned by the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) and the Federation of State Medical Boards. The USMLE includes four examinations: Step 1, Step 2 Clinical Knowledge, Step 2 Clinical Skills, and Step 3; every graduate of Liaison Committee on Medical Education-accredited allopathic medical schools and all international medical graduates must pass this examination series to practice medicine in the United States. From 2006 to 2009, the program underwent an indepth review resulting in five accepted recommendations. These recommendations have been the primary driver for many of the recent enhancements, such as an increased emphasis on foundational science and changes in the clinical skills examination, including more advanced communication skills assessment. These recommendations will continue to inform future changes such as access to references (e.g., a map of metabolic pathways) or decision-making tools for use during the examination. The NBME also provides assessment services globally to medical schools, students, residency programs, and residents. In 2015, >550,000 assessments were provided through the subject examination program, NBME self-assessment services, and customized assessment services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to predict the core and skin temperatures of human wearing protective clothing in hot environments using the coupling system. The coupling system consisted of a sweating manikin Newton controlled by a multi-node human thermal model, and responded dynamically to the thermal environment as human body. Validation of the coupling system results was conducted by comparison with the subject tests. Five healthy men wearing protective clothing were exposed to the thermal neutral and high temperature environments. The skin temperatures of seven body segments and the rectal temperatures were recorded continuously. The predictions of core temperatures made by the coupling system showed good agreement with the experimental data, with maximum difference of 0.19 °C and RMSD of 0.12 °C. The predicted mean skin temperatures fell outside of the 95% CI for most points, whereas the difference between the simulated results and measured data was no more than 1 °C which is acceptable. The coupling system predicted the local skin temperatures reasonably with the maximum local skin temperature of 1.30 °C. The coupling system has been validated and exhibited reasonable accuracy compared with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermophysiological comfort models allow the prediction of subjective thermal sensation for transient and inhomogeneous boundary conditions for a defined validation range. However, their validation ranges are relatively limited due to only low availability of high quality experimental measurement data. The present work aims to provide a high-resolution and well-documented data set to develop and validate scalable modeling approaches. Therefore, a 300 min test study with a total of 48 subjects is conducted in the climate test bench "Aachen Comfort Cube" (ACCu). We varied the mean temperature from 18 °C to 28 °C and back to 18 °C. We use the experiments to analyze differences with regard to the physiological parameters of gender, age and body-mass-index (BMI). For this purpose, core body and skin temperatures at 25 positions are recorded and related to local and global subjective evaluations. The results show different statistical differences in skin temperature and thermal sensation depending on the subgroup parameters and boundary conditions. These findings are mostly in agreement with general findings of existing literature. However, a significant difference in local skin temperature does not consequently lead to differences for local thermal sensation. Additionally, for nearly equal local skin temperatures significant difference in local thermal sensation can be found. BMI respectively body fat percentage seems so be the most influencing parameter on physiological responses due to lower thermal conductivity of fat tissue layer. These results highlight the need for separate scaling of physiological and psychological submodels regarding individualization approaches. The available data allow such an approach. • Gender, age and BMI are influencing physiological and psychological responses. • Body mass composition represented in simplified form by BMI has biggest impact. • Test data allow individualization approaches of thermophysiological comfort models. • Separate calibration of physiological and psychological submodels needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the syntactic similarities and differences in the behavior of subject-like obliques in the Obl–V–(XP) construction in Icelandic and German. Research on this construction so far has suggested that the subject-like oblique behaves as a syntactic subject in Icelandic, but as an object in German. Data from German are presented which show that the subject-like oblique in fact passes almost all the subject tests, with some restrictions. The differences between Icelandic and German are therefore much smaller, and the similarities much greater, than predicted by analyzing them as subjects in Icelandic and objects in German. A comparison between Icelandic and German further reveals that the subject criteria cannot be applied across two as closely related languages as Icelandic and German, and they cannot be consistently applied even within the same language. Therefore, grammatical relations like “subject” and “object” should be regarded, not as universal, not as language-specific, but as CONSTRUCTIONSPECIFIC relations. It is shown that the difference between Icelandic and German resides in Obl–V–(XP) predicates being reluctant to occur in “elliptic” constructions in German, whereas their occurrences in such constructions in Icelandic are less restricted. This correlates with differences in the frequency of Obl–V–(XP) predicates in the two languages, suggesting that the construction exists at different levels of schematicity in Icelandic and German. This is expected on a usage-based account in which frequency is taken to be an important determinant of the language system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]