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The current research aimed at developing conceptual comprehension and motivation for learning in science among the sixth-grade pupils via a suggested teaching model based on active learning. The research made use of the quasi-experimental method. The research sample included 60 pupils who were divided into two equivalent groups, an experimental group and a control one. The research instruments included a test assessing the dimensions of conceptual comprehension in science, and a motivation scale for learning in the second term 2021-2022. The results of the research revealed the effectiveness of the proposed model in developing conceptual comprehension and motivation for learning in science. The research made use of the advantage of the principles of constructive learning in developing the tasks of science activities. The research recommended constructing proposed programs necessary for developing the dimensions of comprehension and motivation for learning among the sixth grade pupils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study calls attention to the current state of the probability (P) domain which presents weak points at the mathematical level and more significant flaws at the application level. Popper noticed how fundamental issues raised in quantum mechanics (QM) directly derive from unresolved probabilistic questions. Endless philosophical debates create more problems than solutions, so the author of this research suggests going directly to the root of the issues and searching for the probability theory which formalizes the multifold nature of P. This study offers a brief overview of the structural theory of probability, recently published in a book, and applies it to QM in order to show its completeness. The whole probability-based interpretation of QM goes beyond the limits of a paper and these pages condense a few aspects of this theoretical scheme. The double slit experiment is used to corroborate the theorems presented here.

American folklorist Richard M. Dorson, in his book “Folklore and Folklife – An Introduction” has explained twelve research principles. D. Lourdu has translated these principles into Tamil and published the book “Nattar Vazhakkatriyal Kotpadugal”. One of these twelve theories is the Structuralist Theory. The Father of Structuralism in the field of Folklore is Vladimir Propp of Russia. Propp, who examined one hundred fairy tales compiled by Afanasyev, pointed out that only 31 functions are found recurrent in the stories. All these 31 functions cannot be found in the same story. He said that fairy tales were made up of many of these functions. Propp published his findings in 1928 in his book “Morphology of the Folk Tale” written in the Russian language. This book was translated into English in 1958. Alan Dundes started his research following Propp’s structural theory. He published the book “The Morphology of North American Indian Folktales” in 1964. Dundes removed Propp's term 'function' and adopted Kenneth Pike's term 'motifeme'. He explored in his structural analysis that there are two to six motifs found in these stories. In Tamil Literature, ‘Ponnirathaal Kathai’ is one of the ballads found in the Kanyakumari district. Ponnirathaal is worshipped as a sub-deity in Mutharamman temples at Dhammathukkonam and Puchivilagam in Agastheeswaram taluk of Kanyakumari district. The manuscripts say that Ulagudaiya Perumal Nadar is the author of “Ponnirathaal Kathai”. This story mentions that Ponnirathaal's husband Inasuran is the son of Thirumalai Nayakan. Ananja Perumal and Ponmari have seven sons. They wanted a girl child and got from penance and named ‘Ponnirathaal’. Ponniratthal and Inasuran got married. After two years, she became pregnant. In the seventh month, she came to her mother’s home as per the clan's custom. She saw many evil omens and while she was going for bathing with her friends, she was killed by thugs who looted the Kattalamman temple. By the boons from Lord Siva, she avenged them and became a deity. This article examines ‘Ponnirathaal Kathai’ according to the structural theories of Vladimir Propp and Alan Dundes.

Copyright of Journal of Special Needs Sciences is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract In this paper, an improved thermo‐economic diagnosis model based on the structural theory of thermo‐economics combined with advanced exergy analysis is proposed in a combined cycle fault diagnosis model. Diagnosis model simulation of a 590 MW combined cycle unit is implemented by EBSILON Professional in terms of advanced exergy analysis method. The characteristic fault value (CFV) required for diagnosis is quantitatively presented and precisely located in the diagnosis model. The results show that with 3% performance deterioration fault of the compressor, gas turbine and intermediate pressure cylinder of the turbine, gas turbine failure leads to three times fuel consumption to the unit compared to the compressor. In contrast, multiple fault diagnosis results show that the fault value generated by each component under multiple faults is not a simple superposition of a single fault. The impact of some component faults is partially offset or increased. However, the increased fuel consumption of the whole unit under multiple faults or malfunctions must be greater than the sum of the increased fuel consumption under a single fault. CFV can effectively perform precise positioning and quantitative analysis on single and multiple fault scenarios of the combined cycle unit. In addition, CFV has strong sensitivity and changes linearly with the performance deterioration of the components, which paves the way for a reliable approach for early‐stage warning and diagnosis.

The earth pressure theory from 1700 to 1850: 250 years of Coulomb's earth pressure theory Earth pressure theory can look back on more than 300 years of history. Its first half was shaped by French engineering officers ranging from Sébastien le Prêtre de Vauban (1633–1707) through Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1697/98–1761) and Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736–1806) to Jean‐Victor Poncelet (1788–1867) had to do with the design, construction, building and maintenance of forts. Coulomb's Memoire Sur une application des règles de Maximis et Minimis à quelques Problèmes de Statique, relatifs à l'Architecture presented to the Paris Académie Royale des Sciences 250 years ago – which also contains groundbreaking findings on beam and vault theory – forms the basis historical‐logical middle of the development of the earth pressure theory from 1700 to 1850. In the following, the thesis is developed that the French military engineers from the end of the 17th century to the middle of the 19th century not only played an important role in the development of the modern civil engineering profession, but also created the first genuine technical‐scientific theory with the earth pressure theory, which self‐image of the civil engineer constituted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an improved thermo‐economic diagnosis model based on the structural theory of thermo‐economics combined with advanced exergy analysis is proposed in a combined cycle fault diagnosis model. Diagnosis model simulation of a 590 MW combined cycle unit is implemented by EBSILON Professional in terms of advanced exergy analysis method. The characteristic fault value (CFV) required for diagnosis is quantitatively presented and precisely located in the diagnosis model. The results show that with 3% performance deterioration fault of the compressor, gas turbine and intermediate pressure cylinder of the turbine, gas turbine failure leads to three times fuel consumption to the unit compared to the compressor. In contrast, multiple fault diagnosis results show that the fault value generated by each component under multiple faults is not a simple superposition of a single fault. The impact of some component faults is partially offset or increased. However, the increased fuel consumption of the whole unit under multiple faults or malfunctions must be greater than the sum of the increased fuel consumption under a single fault. CFV can effectively perform precise positioning and quantitative analysis on single and multiple fault scenarios of the combined cycle unit. In addition, CFV has strong sensitivity and changes linearly with the performance deterioration of the components, which paves the way for a reliable approach for early‐stage warning and diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equivalent single layer theories for layered beams effectively and accurately predict global displacements and internal force and moment resultants using a limited number of displacement variables. However, they cannot reproduce local effects due to material architecture or weak/imperfect bonding of the layers, such as zigzag displacement fields, displacement jumps at the layer interfaces and complex transverse stress fields, nor can they simulate delamination damage growth. In this work we will present some applications and discuss advantages and limitations of a recently formulated zigzag model. The model, through a modification of the equilibrium equations of an equivalent single layer theory, which maintains the same number of variables, reproduces local effects and delamination fracture under mode II dominant conditions. The approach is based on a local enrichment of the displacement field of first order shear deformation theory, the introduction of cohesive interfaces and homogenization.

Vladimir Vasil′evich Markovnikov (1837–1904) was a Russian chemist whose graduate research at Kazan Imperial University from 1860–1869 gave us, among other things, one of the most enduring empirical rules in organic chemistry. Markovnikov's Rule for electrophilic addition was first published in the inaugural volume of the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society (Zh. Russ. Khim. O‐va.), but it was not until a year later when it was published in German that it received attention internationally. The rule itself was worded differently from the most common modern versions, in that it is expressed in terms of the electronegative part of the adding reagent. It has been suggested that this rule was the result of an inspired guess, but a careful examination of Markovnikov's graduate dissertations reveals a very different picture. In the dissertations, there is a careful build‐up of logic from which the rule itself, as defined by Markovnikov, emerges naturally. Markovnikov's Rule was most decidedly not an inspired guess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the perspective of conflict theory, family harmony is created due to coercion, both by the system and by the stronger groups to the weaker ones. Academically, the results of this study have a scientific contribution in order to enrich modern social theories as suggested by sociologists in functional, structural and conflict theory. In addition, it is also expected that the results of the study can give sufficient information to create an alternative way of reducing inter-religious conflicts in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After asking what makes an activity a profession, contemporary research is primarily focused on the structures and characteristics of professional action. In educational research, a distinction is made between structural, competence-oriented and biographical approaches. Recently, didactics of religion has mainly taken up the structural and the competence-oriented approach. Applying the concept of 'habitus', characteristic structures of religious teaching in religious education are described. And various catalogues of competencies present the skills of professional teachers of religion. These theoretical references to the discourse on profession mark a characteristic of a corresponding research design in didactics of religion, because the methods used in this format cover the whole spectrum of possible methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equivalent single layer theories for layered beams effectively and accurately predict global displacements and internal force and moment resultants using a limited number of displacement variables. However, they cannot reproduce local effects due to material architecture or weak/imperfect bonding of the layers, such as zigzag displacement fields, displacement jumps at the layer interfaces and complex transverse stress fields, nor can they simulate delamination damage growth. In this work we will present some applications and discuss advantages and limitations of a recently formulated zigzag model. The model, through a modification of the equilibrium equations of an equivalent single layer theory, which maintains the same number of variables, reproduces local effects and delamination fracture under mode II dominant conditions. The approach is based on a local enrichment of the displacement field of first order shear deformation theory, the introduction of cohesive interfaces and homogenization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy & Power / Reneng Dongli Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy & Power and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A structural designer needs to be able to create something new. What is the source of these new ideas? They can come from an understanding of technology, a knowledge of history, research and educated inspiration. Not all structural engineers are structural designers, who create work that has structural engineering principles as a central aspect. What does a structural engineer need to learn to be a good structural designer? Structural designers need to understand structural theory, the behavior of materials, mathematics (including a deep understanding of geometry) and the difference between analysis and design. It is import- ant to understand structural failures and learn from what hasn’t worked in the past. They need to learn and understand the history of design and designers and have the ability to make freehand sketches. They need to lose their fear of criticism and learn how to free themselves to create. A knowledge of the history of art and architecture will help spark ideas and provide another basis for communication with collaborators. One challenge for structural designers is to go into unknown territory instead of continuing down the same path, but also to not be afraid of utilizing a known solution and adapting it to the situation at hand. A designer needs to learn how to nd or create knowledge through research. The fundamental question is: how can we design the education of engineers to create structural designers?

This article is not going to limit itself to presenting the traditional dualist view of good versus bad (the good is represented by average citizens manipulated by the bad, which is the capitalist media-driven society). Such views have their origin point in the Marxist or neo-Marxist school of thought, which was strictly adhered to by the (first generation) of the Frankfurt School, and it is known as critical thinking. This research supports the fundamentals of critical thinking, but additionally argues that "critical thinking" exists also to criticize itself, to overcome it, and to enter into what we call "Complex Structural Approach" (CSA). The Power is, to a large extent, the market in evolution and involution and acts today through the marginalization of universal historical memory and philosophy, among other knowledge, and is replaced by infoxication. The western citizen is not completely unaware of its dependency. The virtual-intelligent society of the 21th century connects with one of the innate characteristics of the individual: his selfishness, whether it is positive or destructive behavior, in various formats and in varying degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the impact of a family group counseling program in the parenting skills and family parental adjustment among alternative families that have included a child into their families through alternative care programs offered by the Ministry of Social Development. The study population which was selected in a purposive way, consisted of (16) alternative families. They were randomly assigned into which experimental group (8) families and the control group (8) families, the parental skills and the family parental adjustment scales were applied pre, posttest and fellow up test at the study groups. A family counseling program based on structural theory had been developed, it consists of (15) sessions and applied on the experimental group. The results of the study indicated: There were statistically significant differences in the total, sub tests parental skills, and the family parental adjustment; were in a favor of the experimental group. There were no statistically significant differences in the parental skills and family adjustment according to the gender. There were no statistically significant differences between post-test and the follow-up test on the experimental group in the parental skills and family parental adjustment. The study recommended applying this program, on alternative families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical research unveils the structure of chemical space, spanned by all chemical species, as documented in more than 200 y of scientific literature, now available in electronic databases. Very little is known, however, about the large-scale patterns of this exploration. Here we show, by analyzing millions of reactions stored in the Reaxys database, that chemists have reported new compounds in an exponential fashion from 1800 to 2015 with a stable 4.4% annual growth rate, in the long run neither affected by World Wars nor affected by the introduction of new theories. Contrary to general belief, synthesis has been the means to provide new compounds since the early 19th century, well before Wö hler's synthesis of urea. The exploration of chemical space has followed three statistically distinguishable regimes. The first one included uncertain year-to-year output of organic and inorganic compounds and ended about 1860, when structural theory gave way to a century of more regular and guided production, the organic regime. The current organometallic regime is the most regular one. Analyzing the details of the synthesis process, we found that chemists have had preferences in the selection of substrates and we identified the workings of such a selection. Regarding reaction products, the discovery of new compounds has been dominated by very few elemental compositions. We anticipate that the present work serves as a starting point for more sophisticated and detailed studies of the history of chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay offers the outlines of a systemic explanation of war in Africa, treating the African state system as the underlying cause of conflict. The essay lays out the logic of structural theory and how it applies to Africa, focusing on the constituent parts of the African state system. Specific attention is paid to three unique aspects of the African state system: juridical statehood, neopatrimonial politics, and strained center-periphery relations. These elements combine to create conflict zones that are characterized by wars across states. This essay provides an explanation for how the Africa weak state system conditions the propensity for war in Africa and the nature and durability of those wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the sesquicentennial of the first publication of Markovnikov's Rule, it is appropriate to re‐visit the development of A. M. Butlerov's version of the theory of chemical structure, and its extension from molecular structure (static) to reaction regiochemistry (dynamic) by Butlerov's student (disciple!), V. V. Markovnikov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the advantages of using relative free energy instead of exergy to build a mathematical theory of thermodynamic costs to diagnose malfunctions in thermal systems. This theory is based on the definition of a linearized characteristic equation that represents the physical behavior of each component. The physical structure of the system described by its energy interrelationships is called “primal”, and its derivatives are the costs and consumptions. The obtained costing structure is the mathematical “dual” of its primal. The theory explains why the F and P cost assessment rules and any other suggestion may (or may not be) rational under a given disaggregation scheme. A result of the theory is a new thermodynamic function, called the relative free energy, and a new parameter called deterioration temperature due to a component’s deterioration cause, characterized by a h-s thermodynamic trajectory describing the effects on the exiting stream. The relative free energy function allows for an exact relationship between the amount of used resources and the increase in entropy generation caused by the deterioration path of the component. This function allows the obtaining of, for the first time, an appropriate characteristic equation for a turbine and a new definition of efficiency that does not depend on the environment temperature but on its deterioration temperature. Also, costing with relative free energy instead of exergy may open a new path for more precise and straightforward assessments of component deteriorations.