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We study the effect of strain on the magnetic properties and magnetization configurations in nanogranular FexGe1-x films (x = 0.53 ±0.05) with and without B20 FeGe nanocrystals surrounded by an amorphous structure. Relaxed films on amorphous silicon nitride membranes reveal a disordered skyrmion phase while films near and on top of a rigid substrate favor ferromagnetism and an anisotropic hybridization of Fe d levels and spin-polarized Ge sp band states. The weakly coupled topological states emerge at room temperature and become more abundant at cryogenic temperatures without showing indications of pinning at defects or confinement to individual grains. These results demonstrate the possibility to control magnetic exchange and topological magnetism by strain and inform magnetoelasticity-mediated voltage control of topological phases in amorphous quantum materials.

BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a significant public health problem that can result in physical disability and financial burden for the individual and society. Physical therapy is effective for managing LBP and includes evaluation of posture and movement, interventions directed at modifying posture and movement, and prescription of exercises. However, physical therapists have limited tools for objective evaluation of low back posture and movement and monitoring of exercises, and this evaluation is limited to the time frame of a clinical encounter. There is a need for a valid tool that can be used to evaluate low back posture and movement and monitor exercises outside the clinic. To address this need, a fabric-based, wearable sensor, Motion Tape (MT), was developed and adapted for a low back use case. MT is a low-profile, disposable, self-adhesive, skin-strain sensor developed by spray coating piezoresistive graphene nanocomposites directly onto commercial kinesiology tape. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to (1) validate MT for measuring low back posture and movement and (2) assess the acceptability of MT for users. METHODS: A total of 10 participants without LBP were tested. A 3D optical motion capture system was used as a reference standard to measure low back kinematics. Retroreflective markers and a matrix of MTs were placed on the low back to measure kinematics (motion capture) and strain (MT) simultaneously during low back movements in the sagittal, frontal, and axial planes. Cross-correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the concurrent validity of MT strain in reference motion capture kinematics during each movement. The acceptability of MT was assessed using semistructured interviews conducted with each participant after laboratory testing. Interview data were analyzed using rapid qualitative analysis to identify themes and subthemes of user acceptability. RESULTS: Visual inspection of concurrent MT strain and kinematics of the low back indicated that MT can distinguish between different movement directions. Cross-correlation coefficients between MT strain and motion capture kinematics ranged from -0.915 to 0.983, and the strength of the correlations varied across MT placements and low back movement directions. Regarding user acceptability, participants expressed enthusiasm toward MT and believed that it would be helpful for remote interventions for LBP but provided suggestions for improvement. CONCLUSIONS: MT was able to distinguish between different low back movements, and most MTs demonstrated moderate to high correlation with motion capture kinematics. This preliminary laboratory validation of MT provides a basis for future device improvements, which will also involve testing in a free-living environment. Overall, users found MT acceptable for use in physical therapy for managing LBP.

Current reports of thermal expansion coefficients (TEC) of two-dimensional (2D) materials show large discrepancies that span orders of magnitude. Determining the TEC of any 2D material remains difficult due to approaches involving indirect measurement of samples that are atomically thin and optically transparent. We demonstrate a methodology to address this discrepancy and directly measure TEC of nominally monolayer epitaxial WSe2 using four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM). Experimentally, WSe2 from metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) was heated through a temperature range of 18-564 °C using a barrel-style heating sample holder to observe temperature-induced structural changes without additional alterations or destruction of the sample. By combining 4D-STEM measurements with quantitative structural analysis, the thermal expansion coefficient of nominally monolayer polycrystalline epitaxial 2D WSe2 was determined to be (3.5 ± 0.9) × 10-6 K-1 and (5.7 ± 2) × 10-5 K-1 for the in- and out-of-plane TEC, respectively, and (3.6 ± 0.2) × 10-5 K-1 for the unit cell volume TEC, in good agreement with historically determined values for bulk crystals.

ObjectiveTo evaluate differences based on intrauterine device (IUD) frame geometry in force, and stress, and strain at the stem/arms junction during simulated IUD removal.Study designWe manufactured injection-molded frame models for three Nova-T IUDs (Mirena [model M]; Liletta [model L]; Kyleena [model K]) and a Tatum-T IUD (Paragard [model P]) at two-times scaling. We created a custom fixture to simulate the uterus and used a screw-driven machine to pull models at various displacement rates through the 10 cm fixture cavity to measure force and strain and calculate stress at the IUD stem/arms junction. We tested models at 30 mm/min and higher displacement rates for exploratory analyses. We used Mann-Whitney U test for statistical testing.ResultsWe completed testing at 30 mm/min using five of each Nova-T model and nine model P samples. Resistance against the cavity walls created significantly more force on model P (11.83, interquartile range [IQR] 11.61-12.31) than any Nova-T model samples (p

Hydrogen storage materials are crucial for the development of clean energy technologies, as they offer a sustainable solution for energy storage. Among various materials, magnesium hydride (MgH 2) offers excellent storage capacity and cost performance. However, its practical application is limited by slow dehydrogenation kinetics and high operating temperatures. To overcome these challenges, novel methods with improved properties are needed. This study aims to explore a two-dimensional (2D) MgH 2 structure and its modifications using density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations. We investigate the thermodynamic stability and dehydrogenation properties of pure 2D MgH 2 , as well as 2D MgH 2 doped with transition metals (Al, Cr, and Nb) and Mg-defects. Additionally, the effects of biaxial strain on pure 2D MgH 2 are explored. The results indicate that the decomposition temperature and stability can be reduced by introducing transition metals, applying biaxial strain, and creating defects. Furthermore, the Cr-doped 2D MgH 2 system exhibits excellent hydrogen storage performance and dehydrogenation kinetics under ambient conditions. It has a formation enthalpy of −39.68 kJ/mol.H 2 , a desorption temperature of 292.53 K, and an hydrogen storage capacity of 7.368 wt%. We also calculated the activation energy for hydrogen diffusion, showing that the lowest value, 0.089 eV, is observed in the Al-doped structure, indicating the fastest hydrogen diffusion among the modifications. These results are helpful for the understanding of absorption/desorption of the 2D MgH 2 system and could ultimately improve the design of Mg-based H 2 -storage materials. [Display omitted] • Stability and dehydrogenation properties of 2D MgH 2 are explored through DFT and AIMD simulations. • Thermodynamic properties were improved by applying compressive/tensile stress, metal doping, and vacancy-like defects. • Cr-doped 2D MgH 2 reaches up to 7.368 wt% with an dehydrogenation temperature of 292.53 K. • The diffusion of hydrogen atom is easier within Al-doped 2D MgH 2 than in other systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effect of strain on Magneto Acoustic Emission (MAE) characteristics in Q235 steel plates under various excitation frequencies and voltages. Using Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT), we processed envelope energy signals derived from MAE signals generated from samples subjected to incremental tensile forces revealing critical variations in features extracted from AC and DC components such as RMS, mean bias and energy distribution. The results demonstrate the significant impact of strain on MAE signal characteristics, particularly under higher excitation frequencies and voltages, which enhances the detection of subtle plastic deformations. Our approach provides a refined methodology for enhancing MAE-based Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) practices, crucial for the reliable assessment of material integrity in engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we set a series of blue‐P/Hf2CO2 vdW heterostructures by stacking blue‐P and Hf2CO2 monolayers together. Then the most stable structure, the AD‐stacking blue‐P/Hf2CO2 vdW structure (the HS), is selected out for further investigation. The electronic and optical properties of the HS are studied for exploring its potential applications. Result of its electronic structure investigation indicates that the HS is a type‐I band arrangement. By applying different biaxial strains parallel to the stacking direction to the HS, we regulate its band gap and band edge positions. Results show a suitable strain not only can adjust the band alignment type of the HS change from type‐I to type‐II but also regulate the band structure to a suitable band edge positions for photocatalytic water splitting. The band edge position of HS (2%) across the oxidation and reduction potential indicates that it is a potential photocatalyst of water splitting at pH = 7. By calculating the absorption coefficient, we found the HS (2%) has a good light‐harvesting ability in visible light and UV region, which further proves it has the potential as the sunlight‐driven photocatalyst for water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dependence of the binding energies of adsorbed In and Al atoms on the (001) surfaces of InAs and AlAs with β 2 {\beta_{2}} (2 × {\times} 4) reconstruction on the biaxial compression and tension strains has been investigated using the density functional theory. The maps of the potential energy surface of the adsorbed In atom on the (001) surface of InAs and AlAs with β 2 {\beta_{2}} (2 × {\times} 4) reconstruction have been calculated. According to the calculation results, a general trend towards an increase in the absolute values of the binding energy of the adsorbed In and Al atoms on the (001) surface of InAs and AlAs with an increase in the biaxial tension strain has been observed. For certain positions of the adsorbed atoms, a change in the sign of the derivative of the binding energy dependence on the biaxial strain has been observed with a change in the symmetry of the adsorbed state of the atom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular complications are common in patients with severe liver disease and are an important cause of peri-operative and post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM), often found in advanced liver disease, is characterized by diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, and electrophysiological abnormalities. While CCM may not cause symptoms at rest, it can become evident during stressful activities, such as surgery. Liver transplantation, while being the definitive treatment for end-stage liver disease (ESLD), carries significant cardiovascular risks. Preoperative cardiac evaluation is essential for assessing these risks and planning appropriate management. Cardiac imaging, particularly echocardiography, plays a crucial role in evaluating liver transplant candidates, helping to identify conditions such as CCM, pulmonary hypertension, hepatopulmonary syndrome, and others. Currently, liver transplant anesthetists must acquire echocardiographic knowledge and skills to evaluate the cardiocirculatory conditions of the transplanted patient, especially in the pre-operative phase, but also intra-operatively and post-operatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) directly onto flexible interdigitated gold electrodes and its application as a strain sensor. GO reduction is achieved using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Remarkably, only a single CV cycle transformed GO into rGO to obtain low‐resistance (≈100 Ω) devices. The reduction of GO is confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and electrical measurements. rGO on flexible interdigitated gold electrodes exhibits graphene‐like characteristics when used as electrolyte‐gated field‐effect transistors. The fabricated devices display a gauge factor (GF) of ≈3.7 in the 0–794 με range. This value represents a substantial improvement, ≈60% higher than traditional metallic strain sensors, which have a GF of ≈2.1. Most importantly, the rGO strain sensor exhibits fast response (1.1 s) and recovery (0.92 s) times. The rGO sensor is mounted on a clamp with an adjustable diameter, which reveals exceptional flexibility and bendability without damage or degradation. These results highlight the potential of rGO for advancing strain‐sensing applications, offering promising opportunities for the future of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work comprises a generalization of a simple geometric model originally developed to describe coupled rotations of corner-sharing octahedra in the surface layer of S r 2 RuO4 under uniaxial compression. The main objective of the model is to establish a link between the experimental global strain configuration and the possible microscopic mechanisms and compatible geometries by which the octahedra accommodate the applied strain. In achieving this, a useful and intuitive parametrization of four-site two-dimensional systems of corner-sharing octahedra has been established, which can be readily extended to three dimensions and N > 4 inequivalent sites or directly employed to analyze the octahedral configuration of many perovskites, transition metal oxides (TMOs), and layered compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and using more accurate many-body perturbation GW theory, we discuss how uniform biaxial strain affects the electronic structure, dynamical stability and optical absorption of the low-buckled penta-graphene (PG) monolayer. We found that under compressive strain, the PG structure becomes dynamically unstable, while under the tensile strain, it maintains the dynamical stability. Our findings reveal that PG behaves as a semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 2.27 eV at the DFT-GGA level which increases to a quasi-direct band gap of 4.62 eV in G0W0 approximation. However, under tensile strain, the band gap magnitude is reduced monotonically in G0W0 approximation. Furthermore, we employed the G0W0-RPA and G0W0-BSE approximations to compute the optical absorption spectra of the monolayer PG under compressive/tensile strain. Our results demonstrate that at the G0W0-BSE level, when the excitonic effects is considered, both in the strain-free and strained PG monolayer, all absorption spectra shift to lower energies (redshift). However, under tensile strain from 0 to 10%, there is an upward trend in the maximum absorption coefficient. Our results highlight the tunability of the electronic band gap and optical properties of monolayer PG under biaxial strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For technological applications, a noteworthy attention has been gain by Janus layered materials for their distinctive structure and properties. A comprehensive investigation is performed to calculate the electronic, optical and thermoelectric response, using density functional theory, for monolayer SMoSiN2 and SeMoSiN2. Indirect band gap semiconducting nature is evidenced in these monolayers. Variations in band values are observed with application strain. Studying optical properties, blue and red shift are observed with the applications of compressive and tensile strain. Thermoelectric properties expose the productivity of SMoSiN2 monolayer over SeMoSiN2 in strain free condition. Biaxial tensile and compressional strain is applied to modify the thermoelectric properties of the understudy monolayers. The higher power factor of SMoSiN2 and SeMoSiN2 with compressional strain confirms that the thermoelectric efficiency of these materials can be affectively improved by applying strain. This work deepens the understanding of strain effects on Janus materials by providing detailed insights into their electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties. These findings offer a foundation for designing next-generation materials with tailored properties for applications in thermoelectric devices, and optoelectronic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spherulitic morphology of isotactic polypropylene can be transformed into the oriented fibrillar morphology through hot stretching processes with varying temperature (Ts) or altering strain (εt). The effects of Ts and εt on the structural characteristics of fibrillar crystals are comprehensively investigated with respect to crystal orientation, long periodic spacing, lamellar thickness (Lc), crystallinity (Xc), melting point, and chain relaxation behavior. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering patterns illustrate that the fibrillar crystals consist of alternated stacks of crystalline lamellae and amorphous layers. High Ts leads to a low orientation degree of lamellae, whereas large εt facilitates a high orientation level. The Xc and mean Lc are improved continuously with the increasing of Ts or εt, indicating a stretching‐enhanced crystallization behavior driven by the two factors. The endothermic profiles reveal that new chain‐folded lamellae with relatively thinner thickness form during the hot stretching process. The formation of thinner lamellae is dominated by the melting–recrystallization mechanism. This work would provide guidance for optimizing process conditions to manipulate the microstructure of hot‐stretched semicrystalline polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study verifies the practicality of using finite element analysis for strain and deformation analysis in regions with sparse GNSS stations. A digital 3D terrain model is constructed using DEM data, and regional rock mass properties are integrated to simulate geological structures, resulting in the development of a 3D geological finite element model (FEM) using the ANSYS Workbench module. Gravity load and thermal constraints are applied to derive directional strain and deformation solutions, and the model results are compared to actual strain and tilt measurements from the Jiujiang Seismic Station (JSS). The results show that temperature variations significantly affect strain and deformation, particularly due to the elevation difference between the mountain base and summit. Higher temperatures increase thermal strain, causing tensile effects, while lower temperatures reduce thermal strain, leading to compressive effects. Strain and deformation patterns are strongly influenced by geological structures, gravity, and topography, with valleys experiencing tensile strain and ridges undergoing compression. The deformation trend indicates a southwestward movement across the study area. A comparison of FEM results with ten years of strain and tiltmeter data from JSS reveals a strong correlation between the model predictions and actual measurements, with correlation coefficients of 0.6 and 0.75 for strain in the NS and EW directions, and 0.8 and 0.9 for deformation in the NS and EW directions, respectively. These findings confirm that the 3D geological FEM is applicable for regional strain and deformation analysis, providing a feasible alternative in areas with limited GNSS monitoring. This method provides valuable insights into crustal deformation in regions with sparse strain and deformation measurement data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To understand the nature and effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving informal stroke caregiver burden, stress, and strain. Data sources: In line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic search of CENTRAL, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo, and Web of Science was conducted in May 2022. Review methods: Studies were eligible if they included an intervention designed for informal stroke caregivers, reported on caregiver burden, strain, or stress, were published in English, and used a randomized controlled trial design. An updated search was conducted in June 2024. The methodological quality of studies was appraised using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. The data were pooled, and a meta-analysis was completed for caregiver burden and strain outcomes. Results: Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria and were meta-analyzed. Interventions ranged from 4 days to 12 months. Most studies incorporated educational and/or support components. Meta-analyses revealed nonsignificant effects on caregiver burden or strain. Significant between-group differences for caregiver strain and burden were, however, found in seven studies. Conclusion: Limited studies, small sample sizes, and conflicting results made definitive conclusions on the most effective intervention characteristics for improving caregiver outcomes difficult. Of the 19 studies, seven found significant between-group differences for caregiver outcomes postintervention, and these tended to incorporate educational components and comprised between seven and nine sessions. Further high-quality research is required to identify optimal format, duration, and frequency for improving caregiver outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Fetal diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is currently associated with a high false-positive rate. Many predictive markers may be gestational age (GA)-specific. We sought to establish GA-specific traditional and speckle-tracking fetal echocardiography (STE) markers predictive of true CoA in neonates with prenatal suspicion. Study Design This is a retrospective case–control study. We compared the fetal ventricular and arch dimensions, as well as the deformation parameters by STE, of infants who required a postnatal intervention for their CoA with those who did not. Cohort was stratified based on GA before or after 30 weeks. Data extractors were masked to the outcome. The first fetal echocardiogram available was used. Results Seventy-five newborns with a fetal echocardiography performed between October 2013 and May 2022 for an antenatal suspicion of CoA were included, of which 59 (79%) had an aortic arch with nonsignificant obstruction upon ductal closure, and 16 (21%) underwent a neonatal intervention for a confirmed CoA. Before 30 weeks' GA, the right ventricular to left ventricular (RV/LV) end-diastolic width and end-diastolic area (EDA) ratios were most associated with postnatal CoA confirmation (area under the curve [AUCs] = 0.96 and 0.92). After 30 weeks' GA, the RV/LV end-diastolic width ratio (AUC = 0.95), the Z-score for the ascending aorta (AUC = 0.93), and the LV end-diastolic width Z-score (AUC = 0.91) performed the best. A decreased RV peak longitudinal strain was observed in those who developed true CoA and performed well by receiver operating characteristic analysis after 30 weeks (AUC = 0.85). In the overall cohort, the RV/LV EDA ratio was the most sensitive predictor of CoA and identified all cases with CoA. Indeed, a cutoff > 1.24 had a specificity of 69.5% and a sensitivity of 100% (receiver operating characteristic curve with an AUC of 0.88). Conclusion We outlined sensitive and specific fetal markers associated with postnatal CoA based on GA at suspicion. Key Points Fetal ventricular disproportion predicts postnatal coarctation. A decreased right ventircular contraction was observed in those with coarctation. Fetal markers differ based on gestational age at fetal evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rigorous analytical solution is developed for undrained cavity expansion problems in non-associated Mohr–Coulomb soil, based on a novel graphical analysis approach and on the Lagrangian description through tracking only the responses of a soil particle at the cavity surface. The mathematical difficulties involved with the flow rate calculation when the stress state lies on the corner/edge of two adjacent (Mohr–Coulomb) yield surfaces, for both cylindrical and spherical cases, are tackled by using the generalised Koiter theory for non-associated plasticity. In particular, through the unique geometrical formulation, the effective stress path pertaining to the cylindrical cavity problem can be very conveniently directly determined, and is found to consist of simple, piecewise straight lines in the deviatoric stress plane with the orientations dependent of the relative magnitude of Poisson's ratio and the friction angle. This thus renders possible the removal of the stringent intermediacy assumption for the vertical stress that is commonly adopted in previous formulations, and hence the development of a complete cylindrical cavity expansion solution in Mohr–Coulomb soil under undrained loading conditions. The stress and deformation responses of the cavity, including the typical pressure–expansion curves and limiting cavity pressure, are finally analytically obtained along with the Lagrangian form of the radial equilibrium equation in completely explicit forms. The closed-form solution provided in this paper is the first rigorous one of its kind, thus completing the analytical analysis of the cavity expansion problem with the classical Mohr–Coulomb model; this is deemed to be essential for the interpretation of in situ test results pertaining to cohesive-frictional soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary air leaks are amongst the most common complications in lung surgery. Lung sealants are applied to the organ surface and need to synchronously stretch with the visceral pleura, the layer of tissue which encompasses the lung parenchymal tissue. These adhesives are commonly tested on pig and rat lungs, but applied to human lungs. However, the unknown mechanics of human lung visceral pleura undermines the clinical translatability of such animal-tested sealants and the absence of how pig and rat lung visceral pleura compare to human tissues is necessary to address. Here we quantify the biaxial planar tensile mechanics of visceral pleura from healthy transplant-eligible and smoker human lungs for the first time, and further compare the material behaviors to pig and rat lung visceral pleura. Initial and final stiffness moduli, maximum stress, low-to-high strain transition, and stress relaxation are analyzed and compared between and within groups, further considering regional and directional dependencies. Visceral pleura tissue from all species behave isotropically, and pig and human visceral pleura exhibits regional heterogeneity (i.e. upper versus lower lobe differences). We find that pig visceral pleura exhibits similar initial stiffness moduli and regional trends compared to human visceral pleura, suggesting pig tissue may serve as a viable animal model candidate for lung sealant testing. The outcomes and mechanical characterization of these scarce tissues enables future development of biomimetic lung sealants for improved surgical applications. Surgical lung sealants must synchronously deform with the underlying tissue and with each breath to minimize post-operative air leaks, which remain the most frequent complications of pulmonary intervention. These adhesives are often tested on pig and rat lungs, but applied to humans; however, the material properties of human lung visceral pleura were previously unexplored. Here, for the first time, the mechanics of human visceral pleura tissue are investigated, further contrasting rarely acquired donated lungs from healthy and smoking individuals, and additionally, comparing biaxial planar material characterizations to animal models often employed for pulmonary sealant development. This fundamental material characterization addresses key hindrances in the advancement of biomimetic sealants and evaluates the translatability of animal model experiments for clinical applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For technological applications, a noteworthy attention has been gain by Janus layered materials for their distinctive structure and properties. A comprehensive investigation is performed to calculate the electronic, optical and thermoelectric response, using density functional theory, for monolayer SMoSiN2 and SeMoSiN2. Indirect band gap semiconducting nature is evidenced in these monolayers. Variations in band values are observed with application strain. Studying optical properties, blue and red shift are observed with the applications of compressive and tensile strain. Thermoelectric properties expose the productivity of SMoSiN2 monolayer over SeMoSiN2 in strain free condition. Biaxial tensile and compressional strain is applied to modify the thermoelectric properties of the understudy monolayers. The higher power factor of SMoSiN2 and SeMoSiN2 with compressional strain confirms that the thermoelectric efficiency of these materials can be affectively improved by applying strain. This work deepens the understanding of strain effects on Janus materials by providing detailed insights into their electronic, optical, and thermoelectric properties. These findings offer a foundation for designing next-generation materials with tailored properties for applications in thermoelectric devices, and optoelectronic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a major healthcare problem that is raising in prevalence. There has been a shift in HpEF management towards early diagnosis and phenotype-specific targeted treatment. However, the diagnosis of HFpEF remains a challenge due to the lack of universal criteria and patient heterogeneity. This review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the diagnostic workup of HFpEF, highlighting the role of echocardiography in HFpEF phenotyping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims This study aimed to compare the association between measures of left atrial (LA) structure and function, derived from cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), with cardiovascular death or non-fatal heart failure events in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Methods and results CMR studies of 580 prospectively recruited patients with DCM in sinus rhythm [median age 54 (interquartile range 44–64) years, 61% men, median left ventricular ejection fraction 42% (30–51%)] were analysed for measures of LA structure [LA maximum volume index (LAVImax) and LA minimum volume index (LAVImin)] and function (LA emptying fraction, LA reservoir strain, LA conduit strain (LACS), and LA booster strain]. Over a median follow-up of 7.4 years, 103 patients (18%) met the primary endpoint. Apart from LACS, each measure of LA structure and function was associated with the primary endpoint after adjusting for other important prognostic variables. The addition of each LA metric to a baseline model containing the same important prognostic covariates improved model discrimination, with LAVImin providing the greatest improvement [ C -statistic improvement: 0.702–0.738; χ 2 test comparing likelihood ratio P < 0.0001; categorical net reclassification index: 0.210 (95% CI 0.023–0.392)]. Patients in the highest tercile of LAVImin had similar event rates to those with persistent atrial fibrillation. Measures of LA strain did not enhance model discrimination above LA volumetric measures. Conclusion Measures of LA structure and function offer important prognostic information in patients with DCM and enhance the prediction of adverse outcomes. LA strain was not incremental to volumetric analysis for risk prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing normal values of left atrial (LA) phasic strains and strain rates is essential for distinguishing between normal and abnormal functions, determining the degree of abnormality, and understanding the clinical significance of reported values in pediatrics. This meta-analysis aimed to establish normal values of two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2DSTE)-derived LA phasic strains and strain rates in the pediatric population and identify the sources of inter-study heterogeneity for these values. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases was conducted using keywords such as "left atrial/left atrium," "strain/speckle/deformation," and "echocardiography" combined with pediatric age categories. Inclusion criteria comprised English-language human studies involving healthy subjects under 18 years of age. Subjects were categorized as neonates (up to 1 month), infants (1–12 months), and children (1–18 years). A random-effects model was applied to determine 2DSTE-derived LA strains and strain rates, and a meta-regression analysis was performed to investigate inter-study heterogeneity. Our analysis included 17 studies involving 1448 healthy subjects. For children, the mean values of LA strains during the reservoir, conduit, and contraction phases were 47.3% (95% CI 42.5–52.1%), 32.8% (95% CI 27.8–37.8%), and 12% (95% CI 10.0–14.1%), respectively. The mean values for LA strain rates were 2.4 s−1 (95% CI 1.1–3.8 s−1), 4.3 s−1 (95% CI 0.6–8.0 s−1), and 2.4 s−1 (95% CI 0.4–4.5 s−1), respectively. Inter-study heterogeneity for 2DSTE-derived LA phasic strains and strain rates was attributed to factors such as the number of study participants, publication year, software utilized, gating methods, the number of analyzed segments, the geographical region of the study, and heart rate. This study established the normal range of 2DSTE-derived LA phasic strains and strain rates. Additionally, inter-study heterogeneity was found to be influenced by various demographic, physiologic, and methodological factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyrin‐based nanohoops, nanorings, and cages with fully π‐conjugated structures are highly sought after, but their synthesis remains challenging. Herein, we report the template‐free synthesis of a highly strained, bithiophene‐bridged porphyrin cyclophane (1) from a porphyrin quinone via a stereoselective nucleophilic addition followed by intermolecular Yamamoto coupling strategy. X‐ray crystallographic analyses of 1 and its dication 12+ reveal significantly distorted cyclophane‐like geometries, with calculated strain energies of 51.2 and 80.7 kcal/mol, respectively. While the neutral compound 1 exhibits localized aromaticity, the dication 12+ is globally aromatic, with the porphyrin unit displaying weak antiaromaticity. Additionally, the dication 12+ undergoes nucleophilic addition with chloride, relieving strain. This work presents a novel synthetic strategy for highly strained, fully π‐conjugated systems with intriguing electronic properties and chemical reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networking sites (SNSs) play a crucial role in the lives of online users. This research aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of SNS addiction and its subsequent impact on the wellbeing of online users. Employing the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model, we examine the influence of perceived enjoyment, utilitarian needs, and social influence on SNSs addiction and its associated consequences. Additionally, we consider the boundary conditions of loneliness as the predictors of SNSs addiction and social anxiety in the association between SNSs addiction and strain. We collected data (Time 1 and II) from 558 SNSs users using an online survey. By employing structural equation modelling via Smart PLS 4.0, our findings indicate that perceived enjoyment, utilitarian needs, and social influence significantly contribute to SNSs addiction. Furthermore, SNS addiction is positively correlated with strain, which positively triggers users’ wellbeing. We also found a significant positive moderating effect of loneliness and social anxiety on the proposed relationships. Overall, this study enhances our understanding of the theoretical foundations and multifaceted influences contributing to the literature on SNSs addiction and its impact on wellbeing through strain. It also acknowledges the study's limitations and suggests directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio Frequency (RF) sputtered germanium (Ge) thin films were deposited on glass substrate at in situ annealing temperatures of 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the Ge films were initially amorphous but transformed to polycrystalline after annealing at 450 °C. Further annealing up to 600 °C resulted in improved crystallinity. Strain studies of the films using XRD and Raman showed compressive (out‐of‐plane) and tensile (in‐plane) strains, respectively, throughout all the annealing temperatures. The surface morphology of the films was recorded using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), which showed grain growth with annealing temperatures. The optical energy gap evaluated from absorption spectra for crystalline films decreased with annealing temperature, indicating improvement in crystallinity of films. The resistivity of the films deduced using current‐voltage measurements was found to decrease with annealing temperature, which can be attributed to enhancement in grain size. This study establishes a correlation between strain, grain size, optical energy gap, and electrical resistivity with temperature for Ge films deposited on glass substrates. Thus, the present study provides insights into variation in physical and electrical properties of films with in situ annealing temperature for their applicability in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal halide perovskite single crystals (SCs) have emerged as promising candidates for high‐performance X‐ray detectors. However, mitigating the adverse effects of thermal and interfacial stress during SC growth remains a significant challenge. In this study, the solution growth of high‐quality perovskite SCs using silicone containers through a constant‐temperature autonomous crystallization process is presented. Unlike conventional hard glass vessels, soft silicone containers significantly reduce the negative impact of thermal and interfacial stress on SC growth. Additionally, the microporous nature of silicone containers permits solvent leakage, facilitating autonomous SC growth at constant temperatures. The hydrophilic surface of the silicone further increases the interfacial nucleation barrier and enhances mass transfer, promoting the rapid growth of larger SCs. This multifaceted approach results in MAPbBr3 SCs with an exceptionally low defect density of 2.15×108 cm−3 and an optimal full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum of X‐ray diffraction rocking curves at 19.04 arcsec, consequently leading to an ultralow X‐ray detection limit of 850 pGyair s−1 for the X‐ray detectors. The superior quality of the SCs, combined with a low‐temperature flip‐chip bonding process, enables the integration of the crystals with pixelated arrays on a printed circuit board for both single‐photon detection and low‐dose X‐ray imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of titanium hydride TiH 2 have been investigated using the principles of density functional theory based on the coherent potential approximation (CPA) integrated in the AkaiKKR package, with the aim of reducing the high stability and decomposition temperature to create an ideal material for hydrogen storage, thereby meeting DOE (the U.S. Department of Energy) standard conditions (formation enthalpy ΔH = −40 kJ/mol.H 2 and a decomposition temperature T des from 289 to 393 K).This study focuses particularly on the effects of titanium vacancy creation and the application of uniaxial deformation on the compound. The results show that with 12% of titanium vacancies, the formation energy increase from −122.34 kJ/mol.H 2 to −40.97 kJ/mol.H 2 and the temperature of desorption decreases from 936.045 K to 313.49 K, while −8% compressive uniaxial deformation achieve the value −41.42 kJ/mol.H 2 and 316.97 K. • Enhancing the hydrogen storage properties of titanium hydride by vacancy defects. • 12% titanium vacancies reduce the enthalpy of formation to −40.973 kJ/mol.H 2 and T des to 313.49 K. • 8% compressive uniaxial deformation decreases formation enthalpy to −41.42 kJ/mol.H 2 and T des to 316.97 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amide bioisoterism is a widely used strategy in drug development to fine‐tune physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and metabolic properties, eliminate toxicity and gain intellectual property rights in uncharted chemical space. Of these, oxetane‐amines offer particularly exciting possibilities as bioisosteres, although they are less frequently investigated than warranted due to the lack of simple and widely applicable synthetic methods. Herein, we report a two‐step, practical, modular, robust, and scalable method for the construction of oxetane‐containing amide bioisosteres that relies on the readily available oxetan‐3‐one. This operationally simple procedure exploits the enhanced reactivity of the keto group of the commercially available oxetan‐3‐one to form amine‐benzotriazole intermediates, which springloaded adducts are then reacted with various aliphatic and aromatic organometallic reagents under mild conditions to afford various amino‐oxetanes in good to high yields. The simplicity and broad applicability of the method greatly facilitates the synthesis of derivatives that were previously difficult or impossible to produce. The usefulness of this method in the field medicinal chemistry was also demonstrated by eliminating the well‐known metabolic problem of ketoconazole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the coexistence of V o and N substitution on the photocatalytic performance of 2D-TiO 2 (001) under biaxial strain was studied by the GGA + U method in the framework of density functional theory. The 2% tensile strain 2D-Ti 24 O 46 N (V o 0/V o 1+/V o 2+) (001) and −2% compressive strain 2D-Ti 24 O 46 N (V o 0/V o 1+/V o 2+) (001) systems had the lowest formation energy under Ti-rich conditions, the highest cohesion energy, and the best stability among all the systems. The photocatalytic carrier lifetime, activity, absorption spectrum redshift, and reduction-oxidation reaction of all the 2D doping systems were determined. Results showed that the energy band of the 2% tensile strain 2D-Ti 24 O 46 N (V o 0) (001) system was 2.98 eV, and the band gap narrowed. The carrier activity was ideal, the electron-hole lifetime was long, the absorption spectrum red shift was substantial, the reduction was good, and the energy conversion efficiency to hydrogen was 17.701%. In addition, the hydrogen evolution reaction free energy (Δ G H*) of the 2% 2D-Ti 24 O 46 N (V o 0) (001) system was −0.134 eV, and the overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction was 0.38 V. Its electrocatalysis ability was excellent, which was beneficial to electrocatalytic water decomposition. These findings are important for the design of novel 2D-TiO 2 photocatalytic and electrocatalytic materials. • A promising HER catalytic configuration of 2D 2% Ti 24 O 46 N (V o 0) (001) is proposed. • The lifetime of 2%Ti 24 O 46 N(V o 0) (001) system has the longest lifetime of electrons and holes was 6.11 × 10−4s and 2.1 × 10−4s, respectively. • The free energy (Δ G H*) of 2% Ti 24 O 46 N (V o 0) (001) system is −0.134 eV. It is benefit to the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic decomposition of water for hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoceramics with large strain output, low hysteresis, and wide operation temperature are indispensable for the high‐end displacement control. Unfortunately, requiring these merits simultaneously remains a long‐standing challenge for lead‐free piezoceramics promising for replacing lead‐based ones. Herein a new strategy to resolve this challenge by developing modified re‐entrant‐like potassium sodium niobate ((K, Na)NbO3, KNN) relaxors is presented. Multi‐scale structural analysis reveals the presence of the significant local disorder, nano‐sized multi‐phase coexistence, and ultra‐fine grains, which facilitate the polarization rotation, effectively eliminate non‐180° domains, and erase polymorphic phase transition features in re‐entrant‐like KNN relaxors. Consequently, a combination of large strain (≈0.19%), ultra‐low hysteresis (<7%), high electrostriction coefficient (Q33 = 0.049 m4 C−2), and benign temperature stability (i.e., strain varies less than 10.6% within 30–120 °C) is realized, superior to other lead‐free relaxors. Therefore, this strategy provides a novel paradigm for designing high‐performance lead‐free piezoceramics used for high‐precision actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strain can regulate the electronic properties of transition metal sulfides and enhance their application in ion battery electrode materials. In this article, the potential of single‐layer SnS2 as anode material for magnesium ion batteries under shear strain and torsional strain was studied by first‐principles calculation. The calculation of adsorption energy shows that the strain does not have a great influence on the structural stability. The band gap of SnS2 calculated by HSE06 is 2.210 eV. When Mg is on the surface of SnS2, the band gap of SnS2 drops to 0.113 eV, which shows quasi‐metallic properties. Both strains can regulate the band gap value of SnS2. The diffusion energy barrier of SnS2 after strain is significantly lower than that without strain. After torsion strain, the diffusion barrier of Mg ions on SnS2 is 0.11 eV. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the design of magnesium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In protein‐ligand docking, the score assigned to a protein‐ligand complex is approximate. Especially, the internal energy of the ligand is difficult to compute precisely using a molecular mechanics based force‐field, introducing significant noise in the rank‐ordering of ligands. We propose an open‐source protocol (https://github.com/UnixJunkie/MMO), using two quantum mechanics (QM) single point energy calculations, plus a Monte Carlo (Monte Carlo) based ligand minimization procedure in‐between, to estimate ligand strain after docking. The MC simulation uses the ANI‐2x (QM approximating) force field and is performed in the dihedral space. On some protein targets, using strain filtering after docking allows to significantly improve hit rates. We performed a structure‐based virtual screening campaign on nine protein targets from the Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique—PubChem assays dataset using Cambridge crystallographic data centre genetic optimization for ligand docking. Then, docked ligands were submitted to the strain estimation protocol and the impact on hit rate was analyzed. As for docking, the method does not always work. However, if sufficient active and inactive molecules are known for a given protein target, its efficiency can be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gender differences in problem gambling have attracted much attention in recent gambling literature. However, relatively little is known about how gender norms relate to social strain and self-control in predicting gambling disorder within a spousal context. This study aimed to increase knowledge about gambling disorder in Chinese married couples by assessing the threeway interaction effects between social strain, self-control, and gender norms. Methods: A total of 1,620 Chinese married couples were recruited from a representative sample of households in Hong Kong. Results: The results of the generalized ordered logit model revealed the selfcontrol mitigation effect of composite strain on the propensity for gambling disorder is strong in men who accept traditional gender norms. In contrast, in women who accept traditional gender roles, self-control attenuates the effect of recent stressful life events on the propensity for gambling disorder, but selfcontrol exacerbates the effect of negative relationships with offspring on the propensity for gambling disorder. Discussion: Although reinforcing self-control is a protective factor that can alleviate social strain and disordered gambling for both men and women, the prominent contribution of gender norms to the self-control exacerbation effect deserves close attention for social workers who provide services to these gambling families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: There is a lack of therapies able to prevent anthracycline cardiotoxicity (AC). Remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) has shown beneficial effects in preclinical models of AC. Methods: REmote iSchemic condItioning in Lymphoma PatIents REceiving ANthraCyclinEs (RESILIENCE) is a multinational, prospective, phase II, double‐blind, sham‐controlled, randomized clinical trial that evaluates the efficacy and safety of RIC in lymphoma patients receiving anthracyclines. Patients scheduled to undergo ≥5 chemotherapy cycles including anthracyclines and with ≥1 AC‐associated risk factors will be randomized to weekly RIC or sham throughout the chemotherapy period. Patients will undergo three multiparametric cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) studies, at baseline, after the third cycle (intermediate CMR), and 2 months after the end of chemotherapy. Thereafter, patients will be followed up for clinical events over an anticipated median of ≥24 months. The primary endpoint is the absolute change from baseline in CMR‐based left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The main secondary outcome is the incidence of AC events, defined as (1) a drop in CMR‐based LVEF of ≥10 absolute points, or (2) a drop in CMR‐based LVEF of ≥5 and <10 absolute points to a value <50%. Intermediate CMR will test the ability of T2 mapping to predict AC versus classical markers (left ventricular strain and cardiac injury biomarkers). A novel CMR sequence allowing ultrafast cine acquisition will be validated in this vulnerable population. Conclusions: The RESILIENCE trial will test RIC (a novel non‐invasive intervention to prevent AC) in a cohort of high‐risk patients. The trial will also test candidate markers for their capacity to predict AC and will validate a novel CMR sequence reducing acquisition time in a vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, four individual full-scale tests were carried out to study the mechanical response of a cast-in-place energy pile beneath a liquefied natural gas (LNG) tank subjected to separated and coupled thermo-mechanical loads. The results show that the temperature profiles displayed a comparable trend in response to pile heating, cooling and recovery. Specifically, the temperature at the mid-depth of the pile fluctuated rapidly, while the changes at both ends were relatively slower. During the thermal stages, when the pile had the flexibility to expand or contract, the observed strain at the pile head significantly deviated from the free thermal strain. In contrast, the strain at the pile toe was relatively aligned with the free thermal strain. The thermally induced stress obtained at the end of the coupled loading–cooling stage was found to exceed the tensile strength of the C40 reinforced concrete. However, under the actual testing conditions, both the settlement and the bearing capacity of the pile remained well within the required values, ensuring the structure of the LNG tank will not be damaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassica oleracea L is low in carbohydrates and fiber, making it ideal for low‐carb diets. But they are rich in vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients. The present article investigated the antimicrobial effect of B. oleracea extract (white and broccoli) (BOE‐WB) on Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative strains and its resistance to doxycycline. BOE‐WB was used as the soaking method. It was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods. The samples were prepared with three concentrations. It used Mueller Hinton Agar culture medium of fresh bacteria. It was incubated for 24 h in a 37°C incubator. It identified 33 compounds. For BOE‐W, 77% of the compounds are oxygenated, while for BOE‐B, this percentage is 79%. For BOE‐B, 79% had oxygenated compounds. BOE‐WB has significant antibacterial effects on Pseudomonas aerogenosa and Bacillus cereus. The lethal impact of BOE‐WB on strains is very close to that of doxycycline, and it can be introduced as a new antimicrobial drug to the medical world. The research shows that the percentage of oxygenated compounds in foods containing BOE‐B is much higher than that of BOE‐W. It has a significant impact on the antioxidant effect. Foods containing BOE‐W have a high percentage of azo compounds and sulfur. One of the benefits of sulfur in the body is disinfecting the blood. In addition, sulfur increases the body's resistance to bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sonid Zuoqi ductile detachment zone is located at the southeastern margin of the Central Asian orogenic belt (CAOB), striking EW and dipping to the S. The major rock type of the Sonid Zuoqi ductile detachment zone is mylonite derived from granite. The sequence of mylonite features is: (1) S and C foliations of mylonite, and (2) extensional crenulation cleavage (ecc) or C' and the kinematic vorticity (Wk) value changed from 0.70 to 0.95 and from 0.37 to 0.69, respectively; the strain type of the mylonites within the Sonid Zuoqi ductile detachment zone is compressional to planar strain. The strong deformation mylonite and Halatu plutons yielded a zircon U‐Pb age of 244 Ma and a zircon (U‐Th)/He age of 214 Ma, respectively. Based on the strain and kinematic vorticity analysis, together with the zircon U‐Pb and zircon (U‐Th)/He ages and the regional tectonic background, the study area experienced three stage evolution: tangential simple‐shear (244 Ma), simple‐shear‐dominated general shear represented by upper crustal extension (224 Ma) and pure–shear–dominated general shear represented by the Halatu pluton doming (214 Ma), which constrained the early Mesozoic NE‐SW crustal extension at the southeastern margin of the CAOB. This NE‐SW extension probably originated from the post‐orogenic extensional collapse of the CAOB, subsequent exhumation being controlled by the far afield effects of the closure of the Mongol‐Okhotsk belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is difficult due to nonspecific clinical symptoms and echocardiographic findings. Prior studies have suggested that apical sparing strain patterns may be diagnostically useful. With increasing strain usage, it remains unclear how specific this pattern is to diagnose CA. We analyzed strain patterns between CA and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patient populations. Methods: Patients with ESRD proven negative for CA (n = 19) were compared to CA patients with CKD stage 3 or less (n = 25). The ESRD cohort was stratified based on time on dialysis. Echocardiographic longitudinal strain (LS) parameters were collected, including regional and global LS, echocardiographic, and demographic parameters. Relative apical LS was calculated using the following equation: average apical LS/(average mid LS + average basal LS). Results: No significant differences were found regarding regional strain or relative apical strain. Our study showed a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 42% when using a relative apical strain ratio of >1. All groups demonstrated an apical sparing strain pattern visually on the bulls‐eye plot. Conclusion: ESRD demonstrates significant overlapping findings across various imaging modalities compared to CA. We demonstrated that relative apical sparing strain is nonspecific for CA among patients with ESRD. Our study calls into question the clinical value of relative apical‐sparing stain patterns in identifying CA in an ESRD population and suggests that diagnostic evaluation should be driven by strong clinical suspicion and other imaging and demographic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research delves into the magnetic properties of six transition metal dihalide monolayers including MX2 (M = Ni, Cr X = Cl, Br, I) using density functional theory. We model the ground state of these samples using a simplified Heisenberg Hamiltonian, employing a supercell approach to derive the nearest and next-nearest exchange constants. Our results illuminate the influence of the electronic configuration of the transition metal element and the mass of the halogen atom on the magnetic ground state of the monolayers. Additionally, we provide an in-depth discussion on how strain impacts both the magnetic and electronic properties of the monolayers. Our study reveals that biaxial strain does not trigger a magnetic phase transition between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states. Additionally, we observe that compressive strain elevates the Curie temperature and strengthens the exchange coupling. Conversely, these properties are diminished when the monolayer is subjected to tensile strain. The study enhances our understanding of the interplay between electronic structure and magnetic properties in transition metal dihalides, offering insights that could inform future material design and application in spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterostructures are highly promising photocatalyst candidates for water splitting due to their advanced properties than those of pristine components. The ZnO/Sc2CF2 heterostructure was designed in this work, and its electronic structure was investigated to explore its potential for water splitting. The assessments of binding energy, phonon spectrum, ab initio molecular dynamics, and elastic constants provide strong evidence for its stability. The ZnO/Sc2CF2 heterostructure has an indirect band gap of 1.93 eV with a type-Ⅰ band alignment. The electronic structure can be modified with strain, leading to a transition in band alignment from type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅱ. The heterostructure is suitable for water splitting since its VBM and CBM stride over the redox potential. The energy barrier and built-in electric field, resulting from the charge transfer, facilitate the spatial separation of photogenerated carriers, enhancing their utilization efficiency for redox processes. The photogenerated carriers in the heterostructures with lattice compression greater than 6% follow the direct-Z transfer mechanism. The ZnO/Sc2CF2 heterostructure is confirmed with high photocatalytic activity by a Gibbs free energy change of HER, which is 0.89 eV and decreases to −0.52 eV under an 8% compressive strain. The heterostructure exhibits a remarkable enhancement in both absorption range and intensity, which can be further improved with strains. All these findings suggest that the ZnO/Sc2CF2 heterostructure is an appreciated catalyst for efficient photocatalytic water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to the consideration of methods for determining the strain of objects using fiber Bragg gratings under a high-frequency vibration or pulsed mechanical action, which is difficult to perform using widespread methods and devices. The methods are based on numerical processing of the time dependence of the radiation power reflected from the fiber Bragg grating at various wavelengths, which makes it possible to measure strain parameters in a wide range of magnitude and frequencies. The efficiency of the proposed methods is demonstrated by numerical simulation. It is shown that it is possible to restore the strain dependence on time in the range ± 1000   μ ϵ or more from simultaneously measured power dependencies reflected by the fiber Bragg grating using common fiber-optic components. The case of sequential registration of reflected radiation power at different wavelengths to determine the probability density of the distribution of the strain values is also considered. The results of signal processing obtained both by numerical simulation and experimentally for the case of a linear vibration are presented. The technical problems of using the proposed methods are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the current study was to investigate the predictive value of a multidirectional LV strain on adverse outcomes in a large population of uncomplicated hypertensive patients who were followed for a mean period of 10 years. Methods: This retrospective study included 591 recently diagnosed hypertensive patients who underwent clinically indicated echocardiography between January 2010 and December 2014 and were followed for a mean period of 10 years. Global longitudinal, circumferential and radial strains (GLS, GCS and GRS) were measured by 2D speckle tracking imaging. The primary outcome was a MACE occurrence defined by all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, coronary artery by-pass, coronary stent implantation, stroke, development of heart failure and the occurrence of atrial fibrillation during follow-up. Results: Our results showed that GLS, GCS and GRS were significantly lower in patients who experienced MACE. Age, male gender, systolic blood pressure, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and left atrial enlargement (LAE) were associated with MACE occurrence. Reduced GLS [OR 1.15; 95%CI: 1.01–1.30] and reduced GCS [OR 1.1; 95%CI: 1.02–1.22] were related with MACE independently of clinical characteristics, LV systolic and diastolic function, as well as LVH. Reduced GRS was not independently associated with adverse outcomes. Conclusions: Reduced GLS and GCS were independently associated with adverse outcomes during 10-year follow-up in patients who were recently diagnosed and uncomplicated hypertensive patients at the baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs) are currently considered to be promising materials for actuators in soft robotics. Magnetically controlled actuators often operate in the vicinity of a bias point. Their dynamic properties can be characterized by the piezomagnetic strain coefficient, which is a ratio of the time-harmonic strain amplitude to the corresponding magnetic field strength. Herein, the dynamic strain response of a family of MAE cylinders to the time-harmonic (frequency of 0.1–2.5 Hz) magnetic fields of varying amplitude (12.5 kA/m–62.5 kA/m), superimposed on different bias magnetic fields (25–127 kA/m), is systematically investigated for the first time. Strain measurements are based on optical imaging with sub-pixel resolution. It is found that the dynamic strain response of MAEs is considerably different from that in conventional magnetostrictive polymer composites (MPCs), and it cannot be described by the effective piezomagnetic constant from the quasi-static measurements. The obtained maximum values of the piezomagnetic strain coefficient (∼ 10 2 nm/A) are one to two orders of magnitude higher than in conventional MPCs, but there is a significant phase lag (35–60°) in the magnetostrictive response with respect to an alternating magnetic field. The experimental dependencies of the characteristics of the alternating strain on the amplitude of the alternating field, bias field, oscillation frequency, and aspect ratio of cylinders are given for several representative examples. It is hypothesized that the main cause of observed peculiarities is the non-linear viscoelasticity of these composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord stress and strain contribute to degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), while cervical kyphosis is known to negatively impact surgical outcomes. In DCM, the relationship between spinal cord biomechanics, sagittal alignment, and cord compression is not well understood. Quantifying this relationship can guide surgical strategies. A previously validated three-dimensional finite element model of the human cervical spine with spinal cord was used. Three models of cervical alignment were created: lordosis (C2–C7 Cobb angle: 20°), straight (0°), and kyphosis (− 9°). C5–C6 spinal stenosis was simulated with ventral disk protrusions, reducing spinal canal diameters to 10 mm, 8 mm, and 6 mm. Spinal cord pre-stress and pre-strain due to alignment and compression were quantified. Cervical flexion and extension were simulated with a pure moment load of 2 Nm. The Von Mises stress and maximum principal strain of the whole spinal cord were calculated during neck motion and the relationship between spinal cord biomechanics, alignment, and compression was analyzed using linear regression analysis. Spinal cord pre-stress and pre-strain were greatest with kyphosis (7.53 kPa, 5.4%). Progressive kyphosis and stenosis were associated with an increase in spinal cord stress (R2 = 0.99) and strain (R2 = 0.99). Cervical kyphosis was associated with greater spinal cord stress and strain during neck flexion–extension and the magnitude of difference increased with increasing stenosis. Cervical kyphosis increases baseline spinal cord stress and strain. Incorporating sagittal alignment with compression to calculate spinal cord biomechanics is necessary to accurately quantify spinal stress and strain during neck flexion and extension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete containing brick particles (RACB), compressive strength tests were conducted on RACBs with different water/cement ratios and recycled fine aggregate substitution rates. The changes in compressive strength, elastic modulus and peak strain of RACB were analysed as a function of the proportion of substituted recycled fine aggregate, and a stress–strain equation was established. A damage model was established using ultrasonic non-destructive testing technology to reveal the damage mechanism of RACB. Results show that the basic mechanical properties of RACB are best when the replacement proportion of recycled fine aggregate (r) is 30%. The model parameter a of the stress–strain curve equation is consistent with the change of elastic modulus with r. The model parameter b has a quadratic function relationship with r, reflecting the brittleness of RACB. The initial damage of RACB is relatively large, and cracks penetrate the recycled coarse aggregate, leading to specimen failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting ongoing inflammation in myocarditis patients has prognostic relevance, but there are limited data on the detection of chronic myocarditis and its differentiation from healed myocarditis. This study sought to assess the performance of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) for the detection of ongoing inflammation and the discrimination of chronic myocarditis from healed myocarditis. Consecutive patients with persistent symptoms (>30 days) suggestive of myocarditis were prospectively enrolled from a single tertiary center. All patients underwent a multiparametric 1.5-T CMR protocol including biventricular strain, T 1 /T 2 mapping, and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Endomyocardial biopsy was chosen for the reference standard diagnosis. Among 452 consecutive patients, 103 (median age: 50 years; 66 men) had evaluable CMR and cardiopathologic reference diagnosis: 53 (51%) with chronic lymphocytic myocarditis and 50 (49%) with healed myocarditis. T 2 mapping as a single parameter showed the best accuracy in detecting chronic myocarditis, if abnormal in ≥3 segments (92%; 95% CI: 85-97), and provided the best discrimination from healed myocarditis, as defined by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (0.87 [95% CI: 0.79-0.93]; P < 0.001), followed by radial peak systolic strain rate of the left ventricle (0.86) and the right ventricle (0.84); T 1 mapping (0.64), extracellular volume fraction (0.62), and LGE (0.57). Specificity increased when T 2 mapping was combined with elevation of either troponin or C-reactive protein. A multiparametric CMR protocol allows detection of ongoing myocardial inflammation and discrimination of chronic myocarditis from healed myocarditis, with segmental T 2 mapping and biventricular strain analysis showing higher diagnostic accuracy compared with T 1 mapping, extracellular volume fraction, and LGE. The use of biomarkers (troponin or C-reactive protein) may improve specificity. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are significant sex and age differences in left ventricular (LV) remodeling that may lead to disparity in outcomes when used to inform the timing of aortic regurgitation (AR) intervention. The aim of this study was to examine whether left atrial (LA) parameters might represent better criteria than LV parameters to inform the timing of AR intervention. Using data on patients with moderate to severe or severe AR with serial echocardiography (2010-2016), the longitudinal trends in left atrial volume index (LAVI) and left atrial reservoir strain (LAr) were evaluated by sex and age. The incremental utility of these parameters in predicting adverse events over LV parameters was also determined. In 525 patients (25.7% women) with 1,687 echocardiograms over a median follow-up period of 2.0 years (Q1-Q3: 1.0-3.6 years), there was significant increase in LAVI (1.0 mL/m2 per year [95% CI: 0.76-1.2 mL/m2 per year]) and decrease in LAr (−1.3% per year [95% CI: −1.6% to −0.92%]), without a significant interaction by sex or age category (P for interaction ≥ 0.17). In addition, both LAVI and LAr were significant predictors of adverse events independent of LV parameters. The optimal discriminatory thresholds were 37 mL/m2 for LAVI and 35% for LAr. These thresholds were similar across categories of sex and age. Within the relatively short-term follow-up, surgery was associated with survival benefit among patients with LAVI ≥37 mL/m2 (HR: 0.33 [95% CI: 0.15-0.72]; P = 0.006) but was not statistically significant among patients with LAVI <37 mL/m2 (HR: 0.46 [95% CI: 0.18-1.17]; P = 0.09). Similarly, surgery was associated with survival for the subgroup with LAr ≤35% but not among those with LAr >35%. Unlike LV remodeling, LA remodeling demonstrates a similar rate of progression between categories of sex and age among patients with AR. In addition, LA parameters provide incremental prognostic value over LV parameters. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop candidate hybrid models representing the spatial distribution of earthquake occurrence in New Zealand over the next 100 yr. These models are used within the onshore/near-shore, shallow component of the distributed seismicity model within the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model 2022. They combine a variety of spatially gridded covariates based on smoothed seismicity, strain rates, and proximity to mapped faults and plate boundaries in both multiplicative and additive hybrids. They were optimized against a standardized catalog of New Zealand earthquakes with magnitude M ≥ 4.95 and hypocentral depth ≤40 km from 1951 to 2020. We extract smoothed seismicity covariates using three different methods. The additive models are linear combinations of earthquake likelihood models derived from individual covariates. We choose three preferred hybrid models based on the information gain statistics, consideration of the ongoing Canterbury sequence and regions of low seismicity, and inclusion of the most informative covariates. Since the hazard model is designed for the next 100 yr, the preferred hybrid models are also combined with 20-year earthquake forecasts from the "Every Earthquake a Precursor According to Scale" model. Thus, in total, six hybrid spatial distribution candidates are advanced for sensitivity analyses and expert elicitation for inclusion in the final logic tree for the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1886 MW 7.3 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake, three railroads emanating from the city were exposed to severe shaking. Expansion joints in segmented railroad tracks are designed to allow railroad infrastructure to withstand a few parts in 10,000 of thermoelastic strain. We show that, in 1886, transient contractions exceeding this limiting value buckled rails, and transient extensions pulled rails apart. Calculated values for dynamic strain in the meizoseismal region are in reasonable agreement with those anticipated from the relation between strain and moment magnitude proposed by Barbour et al. (2021) and exceed estimated tectonic strain released by the earthquake by an order of magnitude. Almost all of the documented disturbances of railroad lines, including evidence for shortening of the rails, can thus be ascribed to the effects of dynamic strain changes, not static strain. Little or no damage to railroads was reported outside the estimated 10-4 dynamic strain contour. The correspondence between10-3 and 2 × 10-4 contours of dynamic strain and Mercalli intensity 9 and 8, anticipated from the dependence of each quantity on peak ground velocity, suggests it may be possible to use railroad damage to quantitatively estimate shaking intensity. At one location, near Rantowles, -20 km west of Charleston, a photograph of buckled track taken one day after the earthquake has been cited as evidence for shallow dextral slip and has long focused a search for a causal fault in this region. Photogrammetric analysis reveals that the buckle was caused by transient contraction of <10 cm with no dextral offset. Our results further weaken the evidence for faulting in the swamps and forests south of the Ashley River in 1886, hitherto motivated by the photograph and limited macroseismic evidence for high-intensity shaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]