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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study comprised a 3-year retrospective analysis of trips by the MRTs from the northern part of the Lubelskie Province. The data was taken from records functioning in the State Medical Rescue Service (SMRS) system. Analysis period: 1.01.2020- 31.12.2022. It is the analysis of emergency medical services calls justified by threat to health, life, or injury of the victim due to the action of insects, birds, reptiles, mammals as a result of direct contact with them (stinging, biting, scratching, hitting, kicking). Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 72 emergency medical services trips representing 0.34% of the total interventions in local area. The population was divided according to the cause of the threat: insects n = 45, dogs n = 12, cattle (bull, cow) n = 15Men statistically more often suffered injuries than women 61% vs 39% (p=0.048). A statistically significant influence of the type of threat on the time of intervention was demonstrated; for dog hazards 39±25 min, insects 40±17 min; cattle 56±15 min; P = 0.015. There was a statistically significant difference in the use of pharmacology compared to the procedures described by ICD 10 codes (P<0.001). The impact of the type of threat on the need to transport the patient to the Emergency Department was not demonstrated. Hymenopterous insects are the most common type of zoonotic hazard on an annual basis, with an increase for the spring-summer months. There was a statistically significant difference in age for each type of hazard, the youngest of those injured were harmed by dogs, while the eldest were by insects. There was no statistically significant effect of place of residence (urban-rural) on the type of zoonotic injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a cosmopolitan, polyphagous pest of horticultural crops and many are resistant to insecticides. Cucumber producers in the Katahari, Biratnagar in the Eastern region of Nepal, have been facing severe challenges in recent years due to infestations by the leafminer. This pest has emerged as a major concern for local cucumber farmers, adversely affecting plant health, yield, and economic viability. The objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy of various insecticides for controlling Liriomyza and the impact of these treatments on the growth, yield, and economic aspects of cucumber cultivation. Research plots were sprayed with profenophos + cypermethrin, emamectin, chlorantraniliprole, Btk + S. spinosa, spinetoram, azadirachtin, and a water spray control. Insecticide efficacy was monitored by examining the collected leaf samples for leafminer stings, larval mines, larvae number, and rate of injury. Chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram significantly reduced the number of leafminer stings, larval mines, and the average number of larvae, resulting in lower injury rates compared to the water spray control. The insecticide treatments exhibited varying effects on plant height, number of leaves per plant, male and female flower counts, and the sex ratio. Likewise, chlorantraniliprole application led to the highest fruit number per plant, resulting in the highest yield. Other treatments also influenced these parameters but to a lesser extent. The economic analysis revealed that chlorantraniliprole had the highest total cost of cultivation but also generated the highest gross return, net return, and benefit-cost ratio. Overall, this study demonstrates that chlorantraniliprole exhibited the most promising results in terms of pest control, plant growth, yield parameters, and economic returns. These findings provide valuable insights for cucumber farmers and can aid in developing effective strategies for managing cucumber leafminers.

Abstract Brazil is located between the Equator and Tropic of Capricorn, which allows diverse climates, reliefs, and habitats for arthropods, which sting represents a risk to human health and a public health issue. This manuscript updates the epidemiological data of cases of human envenoming by spiders, scorpions, and insects with medical relevance in Brazil from 2010 to 2021. Epidemiological data were taken using the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System. Statistics of non-parametric data used the Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Nemenyi test. On average, more than 145,000 envenomation and 145 deaths are recorded annually, and more than 60% of deaths are caused by scorpion bites. When the number of deaths was pondered by the number of cases with each arthropod, bees kill the most. Most stings cause mild symptoms and affect men of working age. The incidence decreases during the colder months, which is better noticeable in regions with well-defined seasons. The distribution is distinct among the regions: Southeast, Northeast, and South have the highest rate of bites. The growing number of cases of envenomation reported annually is a serious public health concern, especially involving scorpions, and highlights the importance of studying arthropod venom and improving the therapies.

Physalia spp., or Man-of-War, drifts in tropical and subtropical waters, transported by ocean surface conditions. Its unique drifting behavior, influenced by dimorphism (left or right-handedness), complicates stranding predictions. Specifically, the quantification of the influence of the wind on Physalia spp. movements remains an open question, although essential for accurate Lagrangian tracking models. We investigated the wind effect on Physalia spp. by testing 3D-printed replicas in a controlled wind flume. Our findings reveal that under weak winds, left- and right-handed specimens drift symmetrically apart, aligning with strandings observed near Sydney, Australia. As wind speed rises, the drift angle decreases exponentially from approximately 40°, eventually stabilizing near a downwind direction in high winds. On average, the drift speed is 1.7 % of the wind speed. Variations in body shape impact drift angles and stability, adding stochasticity to paths. The proposed empirical relationship might advance knowledge of Physalia spp. sources, distribution and pathways. • Left- and right-handed Physalia spp. drift symmetrically apart in response to wind, especially at low wind speeds • The wind-induced drift angle of Physalia spp. exponentially decreases from 40° to a downwind direction as wind speed rises. • The wind-induced drift speed of Physalia spp. increases linearly with wind speed, at around1.7 % of the wind speed. • Morphology can influence the drift angle and response of Physalia spp. to wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scorpion sting is one of the serious and major medical problems in the world. Shiraz is a tourist city and one of the high-risk areas where a number of scorpion sting occurs annually. Objectives: The present research aimed to conduct an epidemiological study of scorpion sting in Shiraz County. Methods: The is a cross-sectional study performed using a checklists to collect data about scorpionism in Shiraz health center during 2014-2018. Results: The results of the study showed that the total number of scorpion stings was 844 cases. generally, 336 cases (39.8%) were female and 508 s (59.3%) male. The results from the residential area revealed that 817 cases (96.8%) were urban and 27 (3.1%) were rural. The highest frequency of scorpionism happened in the 25-34 years old group (286,33.8%) and after that 15-24 year old (165,19.4%), 35-44 year old (157, 18.6%), 45-54 year old (108, 12.7%) groups, and the least frequency awas seen in the 0-4 year old group. The time periods between the sting and injection of anti-venom were less than 6 hours for 822, (85.5%) of cases, 6–12 hours for 101, (11.9%) of cases and, more than 12 hours for 21 (2.4%) cases. A total of 844 cases were recovered; 690 (81.7%) of them recovered with anti-venom and 154 (18.2%) injured individuals recovered without any anti-venom, the sting site was 27.6% in the foot, 57% in the hand, and 20% in the head and trunk. Conclusion: Shiraz is a major tourist city, and most cases of scorpion-sting occur in summer and spring, when the tourist population is high, so health care providers must carry out an integrated program in those months.

While undercover operations by the police are familiar, the harm they can impose on third parties is not. When government agents impersonate criminals, they can impose personal, physical, financial, and reputational harms on victims wholly unrelated to their criminal investigation. A sham drug deal can lead to gunfire and an injured bystander. The mere existence of a government-run fencing operation can lead to increased property theft. In a number of recent financial fraud investigations, FBI agents have conducted stings that they knew could harm unwitting investors. These stings targeted fraudulent price manipulation of "penny stocks": lowpriced stocks marketed and sold directly to the public rather than through stock exchanges. Typically, an undercover FBI agent offers to help a suspect inflate the price of a penny stock by purchasing a large number of shares for manipulative purposes in exchange for a kickback. Not only does the tactic result in an arrest, it can also harm innocent investors who purchase stock at a price that was misleadingly inflated-by the government itself. How should the law address third-party harms attributable to such undercover operations? Surprisingly, this question receives little attention in scholarship or in legal doctrine. These third parties-sting victimsexperience government-created harm that is little discussed, undertheorized, and lacks a meaningful regulatory framework. Both doctrinal and academic attention to undercover operations focus only on the bilateral relationship between the government and the target of the investigation. Relying on a variety of examples, but with a special emphasis on penny-stock fraud, we argue that the analysis of stings should recognize potential harms to third parties. Law-enforcement agencies should require explicit consideration of these harms before conducting covert operations. We also identify ways in which stings may be structured and regulated to minimize these harms.

Bites and stings can transmit diseases, cause wounds that can become infected, and in some cases, can cause an allergic reaction. Their prevalence across all parts of the world means that they are an important topic to cover in first aid education for most populations and contexts.Context: The updated First Aid, Resuscitation and Education Guidelines of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC, 2020) reflect the evidence regarding specific first aid clinical actions and pair the evidence with first aid education. This approach was designed so that users of the Guidelines may easily apply them through adaptation to relevant learner contexts, varying levels of resources and medical care, and with localized implementation strategies. Educational approach and adaptation: The role of the educator in adapting content to the learner context is crucial for this topic since the variety and level of risk in different countries, and in different localities within countries, is so great. In general, and across all levels of risk and exposure, education needs to focus initially on prevention measures such as covering the body exposed to possible bites and stings; and then on recognition and fast action to manage pain and to reduce the possibility of infection and/or allergic reaction. Visual aids can support learning on this topic to identify reactions which need urgent treatment. Discussion and conclusions: The immense variety of stinging and biting agents, coupled with the equally great variety of symptoms (in terms of manifestations and severity), makes “Bites and Stings” perhaps one of the most difficult subjects to teach in first aid. Inevitably, there are significant gaps in the evidence base and therefore educators need to retain a principled approach, being clear that they cannot cover all eventualities, but that prevention, fast recognition and treatment can be critical, particularly where there is limited or no access to Emergency Medical Services (EMS.)Οδηγίες пρώτων Βοηθειών για δήγματα και τσιμпήματα: Εκпαιδευτική пροσέγγιση & пροσαρμογήΤα δήγματα και τα τσιμпήματα μпορούν να μεταδώσουν ασθένειες, пροκαλούν пληγές пου μпορεί να μολυνθούν και, σε ορισμένες пεριпτώσεις, να пροκαλέσουν αλλεργικές αντιδράσεις. Συναντώνται σε όλα τα μέρη του κόσμου, пράγμα пου σημαίνει ότι αпοτελούν ένα σημαντικό αντικείμενο пου пρέпει να καλύпτεται στην εκпαίδευση пρώτων Βοηθειών για τους пερισσότερους пληθυσμούς και пεριβάλλοντα.Γενικό пλαίσιοΟι εпικαιροпοιημένες κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες για τις пρώτες Βοήθειες, την Καρδιοпνευμονική Αναζωογόνηση και την Εκпαίδευση της Διεθνούς Ομοσпονδίας του Ερυθρού Σταυρού και της Ερυθράς Ημισελήνου (IFRC, 2020) пαραθέτουν στοιχεία σχετικά με συγκεκριμένες κλινικές δράσεις пρώτων βοηθειών και συνδυάζουν τα στοιχεία αυτά με την εκпαίδευση των пρώτων Βοηθειών. Η пροσέγγιση αυτή σχεδιάστηκε έτσι ώστε οι χρήστες των κατευθυντήριων οδηγιών να μпορούν εύκολα να τις εφαρμόσουν μέσω της пροσαρμογής τους στα ανάλογα μαθησιακά пλαίσια, στα διαφορετικά εпίпεδα διαθέσιμων пόρων και ιατρικής пερίθαλψης, και με τοпικά пροσαρμοσμένες στρατηγικές εφαρμογής.Εκпαιδευτική пροσέγγιση και пροσαρμογήΟ ρόλος του εκпαιδευτικού στην пροσαρμογή του пεριεχομένου στις ειδικές ανάγκες του εκпαιδευόμενου είναι ζωτικής σημασίας για το θέμα αυτό, δεδομένου ότι η пοικιλία και το εпίпεδο κινδύνου σε διάφορες χώρες και σε διαφορετικές τοпοθεσίες εντός των χωρών είναι εξαιρετικά μεγάλο. Σε γενικές γραμμές, σε όλα τα εпίпεδα κινδύνου και έκθεσης, η εκпαίδευση пρέпει να εστιάζει κατ' αρχάς στα μέτρα пρόληψης, όпως η κάλυψη του σώματος пου εκτίθεται σε пιθανά δήγματα και τσιμпήματα, και στη συνέχεια στην αναγνώριση και την ταχεία δράση για την αντιμετώпιση του пόνου και τη μείωση της пιθανότητας μόλυνσης ή/και αλλεργικής αντίδρασης. Τα οпτικά βοηθήματα μпορούν να υпοστηρίξουν τη μάθηση σε αυτό το θέμα για τον εντοпισμό των αντιδράσεων пου χρειάζονται εпείγουσα θεραпεία.Συζήτηση και συμпεράσματαΗ τεράστια пοικιλία των пαραγόντων δηγμάτων και τσιμпημάτων, σε συνδυασμό με την εξίσου μεγάλη пοικιλία συμпτωμάτων (όσον αφορά τις εκδηλώσεις και τη σοβαρότητα), καθιστά τα "Δήγματα και Τσιμпήματα" ίσως ένα αпό τα пιο δύσκολα θέματα διδασκαλίας στις пρώτες Βοήθειες. Αναпόφευκτα, υпάρχουν σημαντικά κενά στη βάση τεκμηρίωσης και εпομένως οι εκпαιδευτές пρέпει να διατηρήσουν μια пροσέγγιση εпί της αρχής, κατανοόντας με σαφήνεια ότι δεν μпορούν να καλύψουν όλα τα пιθανά ενδεχόμενα, αλλά ότι η пρόληψη, η γρήγορη αναγνώριση και η θεραпεία μпορεί να είναι κρίσιμες, ιδίως όταν υпάρχει пεριορισμένη ή καθόλου пρόσβαση σε υпηρεσίες έκτακτης ιατρικής βοήθειας. الإرشادات الدولية للإسعافات الأولية في حال اللدغات واللسعات: نهج تعليمي وتكيف يمكن للّدغات واللسعات أن تنقل الأمراض، تُسبِّب جروحا قد تلتهب، وتؤدي في بعض الحالات إلى ردة فعل تحسسية. ومرد الأهمية التي يكتسبها هذا الموضوع بالتحديد إلى انتشار اللدغات واللسعات في كافة أرجاء العالم، الأمر الذي يوجب تغطية هذا الموضوع في سياق تعليم الإسعافات الأولية المقدّم لغالبية الفئات السكانية وفي معظم السياقات. السياق وتعكس النسخة المحدَّثة من الإرشادات الدولية للإسعافات الأولية، والإنعاش والتعليم الصادرة عن الاتحاد الدولي لجمعيات الصليب الأحمر والهلال الأحمر (2020)، الأدلة الخاصة بالإجراءات السريرية المحددة الواجب اعتمادها في مجال الإسعافات الأولية، مقرنةً إياها بتعليم الإسعافات الأولية. وصمّم هذا النهج بحيث يتسنى لمستخدمي المبادئ التوجيهية تطبيق هذه الإجراءات بسهولة من خلال تكييفها مع سياقات المتعلمين ذات الصلة، منوّعين بالتالي مستويات الموارد والرعاية الطبية، ومعتمدين لهذه الغاية استراتيجيات تنفيذ محلية. النهج التعليمي والتكيف الدور الذي يؤديه المعلمون في تكييف المحتوى مع سياق المتعلّم حيوي فيما خص هذا الموضوع بالتحديد لتنوع المخاطر وارتفاع مستوياتها في مختلف البلدان، والمناطق داخل البلد الواحد. وبشكل عام، وأيا تكن مستويات المخاطر وإمكانية التعرض لها، يجب أن تركز العملية التعليمية بصورة أولية على تدابير الوقاية مثل تغطية الجسم المعرض لاحتمال الإصابة باللدغات واللسعات؛ على أن تتناول لاحقا التعرف السريع، والإجراءات السريعة الواجب اتخاذها بهدف التخفيف من الألم والحد من إمكانية حصول التهاب و/أو ردة فعل تحسسية. ويمكن للمعينات البصرية أن تدعم عملية التعليم في هذا المجال من أجل تحديد ردات الفعل التي تحتاج إلى علاج فوري. المناقشة والاستنتاجات التنوع الهائل في العوامل المسببة للّدغات واللسعات، المقترن أيضا بتنوع العوارض (لجهة مظاهرها وحدتها)، يجعل ربما موضوع "اللدغات واللسعات" واحد من أكثر المواضيع التي يصعب التعليم عنها في مجال الإسعافات الأولية. ثمة حتما ثغرات ملحوظة فيما خص الادلة. لذا، فإنه يتعين على المعلمين الاحتفاظ بنهج قائم على المبادئ، وأن يكونوا واضحين بأنه يتعذّر عليهم تغطية الاحتمالات جميعها، وبأنه يمكن مع ذلك لكل من الوقاية، والتعرف السريع، والعلاج، الاضطلاع بدور حاسم، وخاصة عندما يكون الوصول إلىى الخدمات الطبية الطارئة محدودا أو غير متوافر. Lignes directrices sur les Premiers Secours en cas de piqûres et morsures : Approche éducative &adaptation Les piqûres et morsures peuvent transmettre des maladies, causer des blessures susceptibles de s’infecter et dans certains cas, provoquer des réactions allergiques. Leur prévalence à travers le monde entier en fait une thématique importante à couvrir dans le cadre de l’éducation aux premiers secours dispensée pour la majorité des populations et dans la plupart des contextes. Contexte La version mise à jour des "Lignes directrices internationales sur les premiers secours, la réanimation et l’éducation de la Fédération internationale des sociétés de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge (FICR,2020) reflète les preuves concernant les interventions cliniques à adopter en matière de premiers secours et allie ces mêmes évidences à l’éducation aux premiers secours. Cette approche a été conçue de manière à ce que les utilisateurs des lignes directrices puissent facilement les appliquer aux contextes pertinents des apprenants par le biais de leur adaptation, adoptant à cette fin des niveaux variés de ressources et de soins médicaux et des stratégies de mise en œuvre localisées. Approche éducative et adaptation Le rôle que joue l’éducateur dans l’adaptation du contenu au contexte de l’apprenant est essentiel pour ce sujet en question étant donné la grande diversité et le niveau élevé de risque existant dans les différents pays et dans les diverses localités au sein du même pays. En général, et quels que soient les niveaux de risque et d’exposition au risque, l’éducation devrait porter en premier lieu sur les mesures de prévention, telles que recouvrir le corps exposé à de potentielles piqûres et morsures. Elle devrait se centrer ensuite sur la reconnaissance et les actions rapides en vue de gérer la douleur et réduire les possibilités d’infection et/ou de réactions allergiques. Les supports visuels peuvent aussi favoriser l’apprentissage portant sur ce sujet et ce, dans le but d’identifier les réactions nécessitant un traitement urgent. Discussion et conclusions La grande variété d’agent de piqûres et morsures, associée à une aussi grande diversité de symptômes (en termes de manifestations et gravité) font peut-être du contenu relatif aux "piqûres et morsures" l’un des plus difficiles à enseigner dans le cadre des premiers secours. Inévitablement, des écarts significatifs persistent au niveau des preuves et c’est pourquoi, les éducateurs devraient adopter une approche fondée sur des principes, tout en étant clairs qu’ils ne peuvent pas parer à toutes les éventualités mais que par contre, la prévention, la reconnaissance rapide et le traitement peuvent s’avérer être d’une importance critique, notamment lorsque l’accès aux Services médicaux d’urgences est limité ou inexistant.

Morocco is one of the main countries affected in North African with the scorpion envenomations. Faced with the threat, significant morbidity and a major risk of death especially in children, a detailed identification of scorpionic profile of stings remains important for health authorities at national or even regional level. The current study aims to establish the epidemiological, clinical, biological and evolutionary data of the scorpionism by analyzing 383 cases of scorpion stings in children from three age groups (<1 year, 1–5 years and >5 years), admitted at the Regional Hospital Hassan II-Agadir in the Souss Massa region during the period of 9 years and 10 months from January 2013 to October 2022. Our results showed that patients under 1 year of age presented the most severe cases and had the highest mortality rate. However, the clinical signs and symptoms observed illustrated severe damages to vital systems, particularly the cardiovascular, neurological and pulmonary systems, although the signs associated with the latter were present only in cases admitted in grades 2 and 3 for the three age categories studied. Fluctuations in vital constants (temperature and peripheral oxygen saturation, blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate), biochemical parameters (ASAT, ALAT, urea and blood creatine, as well as blood sugar) and CBC results revealed major functional disturbances in vital organs, especially in envenomated cases admitted in grade 3. A positive correlation was mentioned between the state of evolution and the various epidemiological parameters, digestive symptoms, as well as signs and symptoms linked to hemodynamic state, general and neurological state. The main interest is to illustrate the seriousness of scorpion envenomations, especially in the high-risk population, for whom an improved therapeutic approach in health centers will undoubtedly be reinforced, and the admission of immunotherapy, as a fundamental part of the treatment, remains important. [Display omitted] • The first research in scorpion envenomed children with three age categories in Souss Massa region, central Morocco. • The pulmonary symptoms appear only in patients admitted in grades 2 and 3. • The scorpion envenomations disrupt vital constants and biological parameters. • The patients less than 1 year old who are admitted in grade 3 represent the high rate of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The order Coronatae is a unique group, with the following characters distinguishing them from other scyphozoans: a coronal furrow, a coronate pedalium, and oocytes that develop without accessory pigments. Coronatae polyps are enclosed in chitinous tubes and produce multiple ephyrae via polydisk strobilation. So far, eleven described species of Coronatae have been reported in Japanese waters: Atolla wyvillei, Atolla vanhoeffeni, Atolla russelli, Atorella vanhoeffeni, Atorella japonica, Nausithoe punctata, Palephyra pelagica, Periphylla periphylla, Periphyllopsis braueri, Stephanoscyphistoma corniformis and Nausithoe racemosa. The present study reports detailed observations of the morphology of one species newly recorded in Japan: Linuche draco. Development from ephyra to mature medusa was observed and recorded. Additional investigations are needed to understand the diversity of the order Coronatae in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeybees that sting vertebrate predators embed and leave their stingers in the flesh of the stung animal and die shortly thereafter. To determine whether bees make life-or-death decisions based upon risk–benefit evaluations, the vigor of defenses of colonies that had a small loss potential versus those that have large loss potential was compared. Colonies 3–4 days old have small reserves, and thus, risk fewer reserves to lose to a potential predator. In contrast, colonies 19–22 days old risk large quantities of vulnerable immature brood, constructed wax comb, nectar/honey, and pollen and have limited future reproductive potential if their nest is abandoned. As predicted by a risk–benefit hypothesis, older colonies with much at risk sent proportionately larger percentages of stinging defenders to confront threats than younger colonies with less to lose. The percentage of defenders that issue from the 19–22-day-old colonies correlated with the population of workers within the colonies. The percentage of workers that attack strongly increased as the weight of colony-fixed resources within the combs increased. In queenless colonies having no potential to reproduce by swarming and little, or no, reserves of nectar or pollen, only a small percentage of workers defended the colony. These results provide support for the ability of defending honeybee workers to make life-or-death decisions based on evaluating risks of colony loss versus the benefit derived from their personal loss of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poisoning is a frequent cause of referral to medical emergencies and a major health problem around the world, especially in developing countries. We aimed to review the epidemiology and pattern of adult poisoning in Iran in order to facilitate the early diagnosis and management of poisoning. The pattern of poisoning is different in various parts of Iran. Pharmaceutical compounds were the most common cause of poisoning in most parts of Iran. Pesticide-related toxicities were more common in northern agricultural regions, whereas bites and stings were seen more commonly in southern Iran. Carbon monoxide poisoning was common in cities with many motor vehicles such as Tehran and in colder climates such as in northern and western regions due to inadequately vented gas appliances such as stoves and heaters. Majoon Birjandi (containing cannabis) is a unique substance used in eastern Iran. Poisoning by opioids, tramadol, and pesticides (organophosphate and aluminum phosphide) has remained a common hazard in Iran. Poisoning-associated morbidity and mortality rates vary by region and have changed over time due to the introduction of new drugs and chemicals. Early diagnosis and proper treatment may be lifesaving; thus, understanding the general pattern of poisoning in different regions is important.

Background: Insect bites can cause local or systemic reactions. Myocardial infarction is a rare complication that can occur by bee stings. Case Report: We report a 21-years-old man with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction after bee sting. Conclusion: In reported case, positive troponin indicated myocardial infarction caused by coronary vascular spasm followed by releasing histamine.

Epidemiology of fatalities in Spain due to hornet, wasp, and bee stings (Cause Code of Death: X23) is described. Over a 20-year period (1999–2018), a total of 78 fatalities were recorded, mostly occurring in males (85.9%), of 65 years and older (52.6%), at “unspecified places” (67.9%), and in the months of July and August (50%). The X23 mortality rates (X23MR) expressed in terms of annual rates and per million inhabitants, varied from 0.02 to 0.19 (mean value ± standard deviation = 0.09 ± 0.05), placing Spain at low levels in comparison with other countries. A more detailed and specific breakdown of the distribution of the yearly deaths at the sub-state level and across communities reveals some striking features. They were more concentrated in the communities of Galicia (35.8%), Andalucía (21.7%), and Castilla y León (12.8%). X23MR were estimated in Galicia at 1.82, 1.10, and 2.22 in 2014, 2016, and 2018, respectively; and in Asturias at 1.88 and 0.97, in 2014 and 2017, respectively. The role of the invasive species Vespa velutina (VV) is examined. Due to its habits, abundance, and broader distribution, the risk that VV represents to human health is unmatched by other Hymenoptera native species.

Incidents of bathers being stung by jellyfish on the coast of southern Brazil have been monitored from 2012 to 2022 to identify the species involved and to search for patterns of behavior in different summer seasons. For 10 years of monitoring, data on occurrence, density and the crossing with the abiotic variables of temperature and salinity of the water and wind direction were obtained. During the investigated period, seven species of macro jellyfish were recorded out, four of them were urticating species, in wich Olindias sambaquiensis was the most frequent and abundant. Based on physical-chemical data on the seawater in this area, the cohorts, and consequently the success in the recruitment and the density of the O. sambaquiensis , may be related with years of low salinity of these Coastal Water. This hydrozoan was also the only species that showed a correlation between average annual density values and incidents of bathers being stung in subsequent summers. Likewise, on a monthly time scale, incidents of stings were correlated with winds from the south quadrant that could promote the transport of organisms to the beach region. A predictive model of the occurrence of jellyfish stinging events is presented and applied for the summer of 2023. [Display omitted] • Three out of the four species of urticating jellyfish show spring reproductive peaks. • O. sambaquiensis Is the most abundant species of macro jellyfish in southern Brazil. • Success of jellyfish recruitment seems to be related to the salinity of the water. • Transport of jellyfish to the beach is associated with southerly winds. • A predictive model for the occurrence of stings outbreaks in bathers is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global challenge is dealing with the risk of envenomation by the stinging jellyfish. Those who are affected include: the people stung, tourist providers; diving and adventure operations, beach and park authorities, life guards, commercial marine operators as well as local and centralized government; we focus on tourism. There is a diversity of jellyfish that pose a risk and they vary greatly in their ecology. Here, we propose five eco-groups of jellyfish to assist in prioritizing estimates of the risks to a broad clientele. Eco-groups are: (1) “Pulse species” that impact on beaches for short well-defined periods; (2) “Shelf-wide species;” (3) “Nearshore species;” (4) “Drifter species” and (5) “Deep sea species.” Great spatial variation and strong seasonality in the occurrence and abundance of jellyfish is the rule, rather than the exception, and this indicates that local knowledge and preventative action is the key to reducing the risk of envenomation. Managers can take control by getting involved in: predicting risk, detecting the presence of jellyfish and advising on/or providing barriers and protection, first responses and treatment of sting victims. Good communication and record keeping is critical within the stakeholder chain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Infestations can be found on the skin or cause skin reactions. There are many types of skin infestations, which can often cause embarrassment and anxiety for patients, their family and their carers. This article will provide an overview of skin infestations focusing on head lice and scabies in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alien species are frequently considered a serious environmental threat but negative impacts on human health through injury, allergy, or as vectors of disease sometimes have the most dire consequences for human livelihoods. Climate change and the increasing magnitude and frequency of introductions of species across geographic barriers as a result of international trade are likely to change their establishment, spread, abundance, physiology or phenology, potentially also altering their human health impacts. Yet despite receiving increasing attention in the scientific literature, there have been few attempts to quantify recent changes in human health impacts. Here we report the findings from a systematic map of the literature identifying evidence of any change in the occurrence, frequency or severity of impacts of alien species on human health in Europe over the last 25 years. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the ecological and medical literature using English language search terms to identify potentially relevant studies. Search results were assessed against inclusion criteria published in an a priori protocol at title, abstract and full-text to determine their suitability for inclusion in the review. Repeatability was checked at each stage by comparing a subset between reviewers and testing for inter-rater agreement using Cohen's kappa test. Studies deemed relevant at full text were coded against bibliographic, inclusion and study design criteria to create a searchable database of evidence. Results: Searches retrieved over 15,700 results yet only sixteen cases met criteria for inclusion in the systematic map. Most of this evidence represents first records of impacts from different areas, and in particular first reports of transmission of exotic diseases by introduced mosquito species. Conclusions: There is currently limited published evidence demonstrating a change in the occurrence, frequency or severity of human health impacts caused by alien species in Europe over the last 25 years. Relevant studies relate to only a few species, often report specific cases and rarely link health impacts with ecology, distribution or spread of the species. Difficulties in attributing human health impacts, such as stings or allergies, to a specific alien species likely complicate attempts to measure changes, as may differences in professional interests between the environmental and health professions. Future studies could helpfully compare spread or abundance with reported, rather than potential, health impacts. Better cooperation between invasion ecologists and health professionals working in affected areas are likely to be necessary to improve the evidence base on this topic for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poisoning is a frequent cause of referral to medical emergencies and a major health problem around the world, especially in developing countries. We aimed to review the epidemiology and pattern of adult poisoning in Iran in order to facilitate the early diagnosis and management of poisoning. The pattern of poisoning is different in various parts of Iran. Pharmaceutical compounds were the most common cause of poisoning in most parts of Iran. Pesticide-related toxicities were more common in northern agricultural regions, whereas bites and stings were seen more commonly in southern Iran. Carbon monoxide poisoning was common in cities with many motor vehicles such as Tehran and in colder climates such as in northern and western regions due to inadequately vented gas appliances such as stoves and heaters. Majoon Biijandi (containing cannabis) is a unique substance used in eastern Iran. Poisoning by opioids, tramadol, and pesticides (organophosphate and aluminum phosphide) has remained a common hazard in Iran. Poisoning-associated morbidity and mortality rates vary by region and have changed over time due to the introduction of new drugs and chemicals. Early diagnosis and proper treatment may be lifesaving; thus, understanding the general pattern of poisoning in different regions is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jellyfish (cnidarians) have a worldwide distribution. Despite most being harmless, some species may cause local and also systemic reactions. Treatment of jellyfish envenomation is directed at: alleviating the local effects of venom, preventing further nematocyst discharges and controlling systemic reactions, including shock. In severe cases, the most important step is stabilizing and maintaining vital functions. With some differences between species, there seems to be evidence and consensus on oral/topical analgesics, hot water and ice packs as effective painkillers and on 30 s application of domestic vinegar (4%–6% acetic acid) to prevent further discharge of unfired nematocysts remaining on the skin. Conversely, alcohol, methylated spirits and fresh water should be carefully avoided, since they could massively discharge nematocysts; pressure immobilization bandaging should also be avoided, as laboratory studies show that it stimulates additional venom discharge from nematocysts. Most treatment approaches are presently founded on relatively weak evidence; therefore, further research (especially randomized clinical trials) is strongly recommended. Dissemination of appropriate treatment modalities should be deployed to better inform and educate those at risk. Adequate signage should be placed at beaches to notify tourists of the jellyfish risk. Swimmers in risky areas should wear protective equipment.

Envenoming syndrome from Africanized bee stings is a toxic syndrome caused by the inoculation of large amounts of venom from multiple bee stings, generally more than five hundred. The incidence of severe toxicity from Africanized bee stings is rare but deadly. This report reveals that because of the small volume of distribution, having fewer stings does not exempt a patient from experiencing an unfavorable outcome, particularly in children, elderly people or underweight people.A síndrome de envenenamento por ferroadas de abelhas africanizadas é causada pela inoculação de uma grande quantidade de peçonha por múltiplas ferroadas de abelhas, geralmente acima de quinhentas. A incidência de uma intoxicação severa por ferroadas de abelhas africanizadas é rara, porém letal. Este relato de caso aponta que, devido a um menor volume de distribuição do veneno, um número menor de ferroadas por abelhas africanizadas não exime o paciente de apresentar envenenamentos com desfecho desfavorável, principalmente em crianças, idosos e pessoas com baixo peso.

The aim of this retrospective descriptive study was to highlight clinical manifestations 24-48 hours following referral of adult patients stung by scorpions. This study contains clinical records of 290 patients admitted to Razi Hospital due to scorpion stings in Ahvaz, Khuzestan province from 2004 to 2005. The most prevalent patient age range was 15-20 years (30.3%). The most common sting location (41.3%) was the upper extremity; nearly half (49.6%) had been admitted within 6-24 hours following sting, while a large majority (85.5%) were hospitalized for 24-48 hours. A total of 116 (40%) patients presented hemoglobinuria. Contrary to available prior reports, the symptoms in none of the patients were accompanied by neurological manifestations. Kidney manifestations (BUN, creatinine), coagulopathy and transfusion were observed in patients with blood cell lysis and hemoglobinuria. The kidney problems were seen more in patients who had been admitted more than 24 hours after the accident. Overall, the findings demonstrate that coagulation and hemoglobinuria signs produced by scorpion sting in Ahvaz differ significantly from those reported elsewhere.

Scorpion stings are a public health problem in the Maghreb region. In Algeria, epidemiological data were collected over the past twenty years by the Algerian health authorities. This study is an analysis of morbidity and mortality data collected from 2001 to 2010. Annual incidence and mortality due to scorpion envenoming were 152 ± 3.6 stings and 0.236 ± 0.041 deaths per 100,000 people (95% CI), respectively. The risk of being stung by a scorpion was dramatically higher in southern areas and central highlands due to environmental conditions. Incidence of envenoming was especially higher in the adult population, and among young males. In contrast, mortality was significantly higher among children under 15 years, particularly ages 1-4. Upper limbs were more often affected than lower limbs. Most stings occurred at night, indoors and during the summer. Data collected since 2001 showed a reduction of mortality by nearly 50%, suggesting that the medical care defined by the national anti-scorpion project is bearing fruit.

Venomous catfish stings are a common environment hazard worldwide. Although these stings are often innocuous, significant morbidity may result from stings, including severe pain, retained foreign bodies, infection, respiratory compromise, arterial hypotension, and cardiac dysrhythmias. Treatment included hot water immersion, analgesia, wound exploration, and prophylactic antibiotics. In this article, two cases of stings by catfish referred to the poison center of Noor Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and their treatments have been reported.

Among the various methods for evaluating animal venom toxicity, the calculation of the median lethal dose (LD50) is the most widely used. Although different protocols can be used to calculate the LD50, the source of the venom and the method of extraction, as well as the strain, age, and sex of the animal model employed, should be taken into consideration. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of sex and age on the toxicity of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom in Swiss mice. Although the symptoms of envenomation were similar in male and female animals, female mice proved to be more resistant to the venom. In females, age had no impact on the susceptibility to scorpion envenomation. Male mice were more sensitive to T. serrulatus venom. Moreover, in males, age was an important parameter since sensitivity to the venom increased with age.

• Central and southern moroccan areas are most affected by scorpionisme. • We have only known the LD50 of 14 scorpion species from three genera: Androctonus, Buthus and Hottentota. • Only 6 species, out of 61 moroccan scorpions, have been assessed for their venom toxicity on mice organs. • The venom of harmful moroccan scorpions induces several histopathological alterations and many biochemical changes. • The management of scorpion envenomation is based only on symptomatic therapy. All around the world, scorpion envenomation represents a public health issue. In Morocco, it represents the first cause of poisoning. The aim of this review is to highlight the epidemiological, toxicological and physiopathological characteristics of scorpion stings and envenomation in Morocco as well as their management. According to the bibliography, the most areas affected by scorpion stings and envenomation are those in the center and south of Morocco. Lethality rate is more important in children than adult. Age, admission class, season, serum venom concentration, and the time elapsed between the scorpion sting and medical intervention are risk factors for a poor prognosis. Until now, we have only known the LD50 of 14 scorpion species from three genera: Androctonus, Buthus and Hottentota, and only 6 species, out of 61 moroccan scorpions, have been assessed for their venom toxicity on mice organs. The venom of harmful moroccan scorpions induces several histopathological changes in the myocardium, brain, liver, pulmonary alveoli, and kidneys in rats, as well as severe consequences in the lungs with intra-alveolar hemorrhage. There was also a significant increase in serum enzyme levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as high levels of plasma albumin, creatine and glucose. In the absence of a specific treatment, the management of scorpion envenomation is based only on symptomatic therapy. We noted a widely use of traditional remedies. Despite the magnitude of the scorpion problem in Morocco, it remains understudied and continues to claim lives, particularly given the lack of an efficient etiological cure. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing cause for concern on envenoming European species because of jellyfish blooms, climate change and globalization displacing species. Treatment of envenomation involves the prevention of further nematocyst release and relieving local and systemic symptoms. Many anecdotal treatments are available but species-specific first aid response is essential for effective treatment. However, species identification is difficult in most cases. There is evidence that oral analgesics, seawater, baking soda slurry and 42-45°C hot water are effective against nematocyst inhibition and giving pain relief. The application of topical vinegar for 30 s is effective on stings of specific species. Treatments, which produce osmotic or pressure changes can exacerbate the initial sting and aggravate symptoms, common among many anecdotal treatments. Most available therapies are based on weak evidence and thus it is strongly recommended that randomized clinical trials are undertaken. We recommend a vital increase in directed research on the effect of environmental factors on envenoming mechanisms and to establish a species-specific treatment. Adequate signage on jellyfish stings and standardized first aid protocols with emphasis on protective equipment and avoidance of jellyfish to minimize cases should be implemented in areas at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years, stings of Sclerodermus species in humans have been sporadically reported in Italy. In order to draw attention to these bethylid wasps of medical importance, we report the case of documentedSclerodermus sp. stings on the dorsum, abdomen, arms, and thighs of a 40-year-old man and his wife. The sting sites developed raised red itchy rash. The source of environmental contamination was identified in a worm-eaten sofa purchased from a used furniture dealer and placed in the living room about a month and half earlier. The lesions on the man and his wife rapidly healed within 3 to 4 days once they left the house and treatment for the lesions was instituted. Physicians, dermatologists, medical and public health entomologists, as well as specific categories of workers should be aware of the risk of exposure to Sclerodermus stings.

There are numerous emergency department visits in the United States for all types of marine animal injuries each year. These injuries may result in significant morbidity or mortality if not managed appropriately. Accurate identification of the offending species, thorough wound hygiene, and judicious use of antibiotics are important for preventing infections. This review aims to describe management strategies and antimicrobial considerations for nonmammalian marine vertebrate penetrating trauma in North America, the Caribbean, and Hawaii. A literature search was performed to identify studies on this subject. This literature consisted of clinical case reports and case series. Reports extracted included those on sharks, barracuda, eels, catfish, stingrays, lionfish, stonefish, and scorpionfish. The majority of reported trauma occurred to beachgoers, fishermen, or commercial aquarium employees who routinely handle these animals. Injury patterns depended on the species but most commonly affected the lower extremities. Infections were seen from saltwater bacteria, human skin flora, or marine animal oral flora. After thorough wound irrigation and exploration, most authors recommended prophylactic antimicrobials to cover Vibrio species, in addition to other gram-negative and gram-positive species. The literature is notable for the lack of controlled studies. Some authors recommended radiographic and/or ultrasonographic imaging to identify retained foreign bodies, such as spines, sand, or teeth., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Medical conditions arising from hymenopteran sting allergy or mass envenomation are a serious health concern, particularly in austere environments. Both practicing allergists and entomological pest control personnel should consider the relevance of stinging insects when responding to problems with Hymenoptera. Recent occupational reviews of civilian deaths from insect bites and stings prompted our review of the US Air Force Mortality Registry to determine the relevance of insect stings and bites as a cause of death in the US Air Force. After reviewing over 40 years of death records we identified 23 death records, among US Air Force Active duty, guard, or retirees that arose directly from hymenopteran stings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a patient with missed traumatic pneumothorax due to penetrating neck injury that was presumably caused by a stingray while diving. The barb can result in significant injuries to deep structures and organs despite a deceptively small entrance wound. This case underscores the importance of performing a thorough examination and having a high suspicion of distant injury in patients with penetrating neck injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing cause for concern on envenoming European species because of jellyfish blooms, climate change and globalization displacing species. Treatment of envenomation involves the prevention of further nematocyst release and relieving local and systemic symptoms. Many anecdotal treatments are available but species-specific first aid response is essential for effective treatment. However, species identification is difficult in most cases. There is evidence that oral analgesics, seawater, baking soda slurry and 42–45 °C hot water are effective against nematocyst inhibition and giving pain relief. The application of topical vinegar for 30 s is effective on stings of specific species. Treatments, which produce osmotic or pressure changes can exacerbate the initial sting and aggravate symptoms, common among many anecdotal treatments. Most available therapies are based on weak evidence and thus it is strongly recommended that randomized clinical trials are undertaken. We recommend a vital increase in directed research on the effect of environmental factors on envenoming mechanisms and to establish a species-specific treatment. Adequate signage on jellyfish stings and standardized first aid protocols with emphasis on protective equipment and avoidance of jellyfish to minimize cases should be implemented in areas at risk.

The frequency of jellyfish blooms is generating a world-wide discussion about medusae population explosions, mainly those associated with stings. We report over 20,000 envenomations caused by Chrysaora lactea (Scyphozoa) in the State of Paraná (southern Brazil) during the austral summer of 2011-2012. Envenomations were considered mild, but almost 600 cases were treated in emergency services, with either toxic and allergic reactions, some with systemic manifestations. We proposed non-exclusive hypotheses to explain this large number of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Toadfish are fish from the family Batrachoididae that are found in marine and brackish environment around the world. Among the toadfish, Porichthys genus is very common, where Porichthys porosissimus, also called Atlantic Midshipman is found in Southwest Atlantic, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to eastern Argentina. There was no consensus about the classification of the genus Porichthys as venomous fish because so far there are no published studies regarding human envenomations and/or toxic activities induced in animal models. Herein, we report two conclusive envenoming in human beings caused by P porosissimus spines, with clear signs and symptoms that were very important for the development of our experimental studies. We demonstrated that the P. porosissimus spine extract, now venom, can induce nociceptive and edematogenic responses in mice as well an induction of an inflammatory response elicited by intravital microscopy and leukocyte migration. Finally, we identified in the P. porosissimus spine extract, through analysis by mass spectrometry, the presence of proteins previously detected in the venoms of other fish species and other venomous animals. We believe that based on our studies we will dismiss the non-venomous nature of this fish and clarify this issue. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: Injuries resulting from contact with animals and insects are a significant public health concern. This study quantifies nonfatal bite and sting injuries by noncanine sources using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP). Methods: The NEISS-AIP is an ongoing nationally representative surveillance system used to monitor all types and causes of injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments (EDs). Cases were coded by trained hospital coders using information from medical records on animal and insect sources of bite and sting injuries being treated. Data were weighted to produce national annualized estimates, percentages, and rates based on the US population. Results: From 2001 to 2010 an estimated 10.1 million people visited EDs for noncanine bite and sting injuries, based on an unweighted case count of 169,010. This translates to a rate of 340.1 per 100,000 people (95% CI, 232.9–447.3). Insects accounted for 67.5% (95% CI, 45.8–89.2) of bite and sting injuries, followed by arachnids 20.8% (95% CI, 13.8–27.9). The estimated number of ED visits for bedbug bite injuries increased more than 7-fold—from 2156 visits in 2007 to 15,945 visits in 2010. Conclusions: This study provides an update of national estimates of noncanine bite and sting injuries and describes the diversity of animal exposures based on a national sample of EDs. Treatment of nonfatal bite and sting injuries are costly to society. Direct medical and work time lost translates to an estimated $7.5 billion annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]