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This essay is an analysis of the horse during the scandinavian bronze age, more specifically southern scandinavia with a breaking point at circa Gothenburg. The questions regard whether or not the horse was a high status animal during older to younger bronze age in the region and whether or not we can argue this based on rock carvings, horse gear and other pictorial renderings where the horse is present. The question is if we really can separate high status from religious status, and where we should go with our analysis when there has only been one person doing the framework for the entire bronze age cosmology.

The purpose of the work is to investigate what the conditions were like for women born out of wedlock during the 19th century in Stranda judicial district in Småland. Since the Middle Ages, illegitimate children have had a special position in Swedish society, they have been regulated by both laws and by the religious power and this makes them an interesting group to investigate. Furthermore, my work intends to investigate women born out of wedlock, this as women throughout history have also experienced social and legal restrictions. Combining these two subordinate groups in society and examining how their lives turned out is not only a fairly unexplored area of ​​research but also an interesting one. In the work, a comparison between the 1830s and the 1860s will be carried out in order to examine whether the position of women born out of wedlock in society came to change. The conclusion is that there wasn’t a significant difference between the women born in the 1830s and the 1860s, most women got married and their husbands were neither socially untouchable nor from a similarly unfortunate upbringing as the women was. It’s also possible to see that the economic situation for the women wasn’t as bad as one might think but it’s important to clarify that only a handful of estate inventories were found in the archives. To summarize it’s possible to say that these women were not as badly affected by their title as illegitimate as previous dissertations have concluded and it’s even possible to think that illegitimate children in this part of Småland wasn’t as badly thought of as we like to think.

The article addresses the problem of socialization of the elderly. Changes in the status of persons of the gerontological group of the population during different historical periods, the attitude of the society towards them, the key roles and functions are considered. The purpose of the article is to investigate the dynamics of the process of socialization of the elderly through their roles, place, attitude towards them during different historical periods, using an interdisciplinary approach. The use of the method of comparison, analysis, synthesis and generalization is required to build a methodological basis for the study and theoretical substantiation of the technology of social and pedagogical support of the elderly in the age of the information society. The results of the study of the historical course of the dynamics of socialization of the elderly make it possible to identify the problems of this process at different times, taking into account the conditions of life in the society. The historical understanding helps to predict the further development of the problem and reveal the ways of solving it by applying social pedagogy. Having studied the process of socialization of the elderly in phylogenesis, one can say with decision that the sociocultural, natural conditions, the mentality played a key role in the life of elderly people, and, accordingly, the attitude of the society towards them, their respect or discrimination. In a traditional society, the status of the older population was unstable, due to the fact that it experienced ups and downs, which directly affected the intensity of the society development. According to the studies, the wisdom and social experience of the older population, which was transferred to younger generations, contributed to human evolution. In an industrial society, the life expectancy has increased and this age group has lost its high positions, which required the search for new mechanisms of influence on younger generations and, У статті актуалізується проблема соціалізації людей похилого віку. Розглядаються зміни у статусі осіб геронтологічної групи населення у різні історичні періоди, ставлення громади до них, ключові ролі та функції. Метою статті є дослідити динаміку процесу соціалізації людей похилого віку через їхні ролі, місце, ставлення до них в різні історичні періоди, використовуючи міждисциплінарний підхід. Застосування методів порівняння, аналізу, синтезу та узагальнення здійснено для виокремлення методологічної бази дослідження та теоретичного обґрунтування технології соціально-педагогічної підтримки людей похилого віку в умовах інформаційного суспільства. Результати вивчення історичного перебігу динаміки соціалізації людей похилого віку дають можливість визначити проблеми цього процесу в різні часи з огляду на умови життя в громаді. Історичне осмислення сприяє прогнозуванню подальшого розвитку проблеми та знаходження шляхів її розв’язання засобами соціальної педагогіки.

Den psykosociala arbetsmiljön har fått en större uppmärksamhet i arbetslivet då allt fler människor sjukskrivs på grund av stress och psykisk ohälsa. Intresset för psykosociala frågor har ökat i takt med att många människor idag arbetar inom serviceyrken. Det är också den yrkesgrupp som flest kvinnor söker sig till och som löper störst risk att drabbas av stressrelaterade sjukdomar. Syftet med vår uppsats var att undersöka den psykosociala arbetsmiljön inom Kundservice på ett bostadsföretag. I uppsatsen undersöktes vilka psykosociala arbetsmiljöfaktorer som kan orsaka stress och psykisk ohälsa bland medarbetarna samt vilka strategier som används för att hantera stress. Vidare studerades chefens insats i arbetet med att förebygga stress på arbetsplatsen. Urvalet baserades på fem medarbetare samt ansvarig chef inom Kundservice. Datainsamlingen utgick från semistrukturerade intervjuer som senare analyserades med hjälp av tematisering och kodning.Resultatet visar att det finns en viss koppling mellan medarbetarnas upplevelse av krav och kontroll samt arbetsrelaterad stress. Medarbetarna upplever periodvis en hög arbetsbelastning som blir ett direkt stressmoment i arbetet. De få karriärmöjligheterna som erbjuds inom företaget är även något som indirekt kan påverka medarbetarnas stress. En annan aspekt som går att koppla till stress är medarbetarnas upplevelse av lägre status. Statusskillnader inom företaget beskrivs vara en del av företagskulturen som sitter i väggarna. För att främja den psykosociala arbetsmiljön är chefen närvarande och stödjande i sitt ledarskap där hon arbetar mycket i dialog med gruppen. Den psykosociala arbetsmiljön finns även med som en stående punkt i dagordningen under arbetsplatsträffar. Medarbetarna får då möjlighet att diskutera faktorer i arbetet som kan leda till stress.

To fight as a gladiator held such appeal to some Romans during the early empire that they actually were ready to incur the legal stigma of infamia (infamy) just in order to participate as gladiators. But there were not only men who were drawn to the lure of the arena, even women fought as venatores (beast-hunters) and gladiators in the Roman games. The roman historian Cassius Dio informs us that in the early empire during the reign of Nero even men and women from the equestrian and senatorial rank participated in the arena in increasing numbers. This often overseen fact that women would appear as participants in the gladiatorial games in the Greco-Roman world is just another signifier that we have to re-evaluate our knowledge of the women of antiquity and their social outlooks. The fact that women participated is in a sense nothing new for the modern scholars, who have tended to view the evidence in the light of the lacking material and appearance in the ancient sources and have been content to explain the phenomena as something of a novelty, which does not tell us much about the romans or their society at all. But what does the appearance of women in the gladiatorial games tell us about the Romans view on gender roles in the arena? How did a female gladiator differ from a male gladiator in the Roman empire? With an intersectional perspective and a close-reading of the texts referring to female and male contestants and gladiators this study has showed that the roman elite observed the female gladiators with overwhelmingly negative attitudes if they where of higher social status. In this case they differ little from male gladiators. But attitudes concerning female gladiators were not all bad, especially if they were of no prominent class, some were even praised for their bravery and likened with Amazons or even Heraclese

En este estudio se analizan las actitudes lingüísticas hacia el español andino en universitarios con diferentes contextos sociolingüísticos y socioeconómicos de tres universidades en La Paz, Bolivia, en relación con el español andino. Se utiliza una encuesta que incluye dos técnicas: pares falsos donde los informantes opinan sobre cuatro voces, dos del español andino y dos del español estándar y se mide el índice de solidaridad y de estatus; y un cuestionario de diferenciación semántica que mide las actitudes hacia las diferentes clases de transferencia del aymara al español andino. El análisis de los resultados indica que la actitud hacia los hablantes del español estándar es más positiva que la actitud hacia los hablantes del español andino, hay más solidaridad y más que todo se le asigna más estatus. Son los mismos hablantes del español andino que muestran las actitudes menos positivas., In this study the linguistic attitudes towards the Andean Spanish of students at three universities with different socio-linguistic and socio-economic contexts in La Paz, Bolivia, are analyzed. In the survey two techniques are used: matched guised where informants evaluate four voices, two Andean Spanish-speaking people and two "standard" Spanish-speaking people in which the rate of solidarity and status is measured; and a questionnaire with a semantic differentiation scale which measures attitudes towards different kinds of transfers from Aymara to Andean Spanish. The results of the analisis indicate that the attitude towards speakers of "standard" Spanish is more positive than the attitude towards Andean Spanish speakers, it provoces more solidarity and especially more status. The very same speakers of Spanish Andean show the least positive attitudes.

Maciej Zarembas artikelserie ”Hem till skolan” rörde upp en stor skoldebatt när den publicerades under våren 2011. I denna studie undersöks vilka mediala bilder av lärare som återfinns i Zarembas uppmärksammade debattserie, samt vilka lärarbilder som återfinns i några av de blogginlägg, som kom som reaktioner på serien. Detta görs eftersom studien grundar sig på uppfattningen om att läraryrkets status konstrueras genom talet om lärare och läraryrket bland annat i media. Metoden för denna undersökning är en kritisk diskursanalys och de analysinstrument som används är att undersöka vilka lärarkategorier som konstrueras i texterna samt vilken professionalism och makt över att påverka sin egen arbetssituation de olika kategorierna tillskrivs. Studiens resultat visar att de mest framträdande kategorierna är den goda och den inkompetenta läraren, samt läraren som inte kan påverka sin arbetssituation.Den mest framträdande kategorin av dem alla var dock ”läraren utan möjlighet att påverka sin arbetssituation”. Studien kommer fram till att framställningen av läraren som oförmögen att påverka sin egen arbetssituation medför en bild som kan komma att påverka synen på läraryrkets professionalisering negativt.

SAMMANFATTNING Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det finns något samband mellan dialekter och åhörarnas förväntningar på identitet hos den dialekttalande. Är våra förväntningar så hårt inpräntade av tidigare erfarenheter att vi analyserar en person, och dömer den enbart med hjälp av personens dialekt? Frågeställningarna blev följande: hur ser intervjupersonerna på sin egen dialekt? På vilket sätt påverkas intervjupersonen av de olika dialekterna samt vilka förutfattade meningar, sedan tidigare erfarenheter, om dialektbrukarens identitet går att finna hos dessa intervjupersoner? Metodologiskt användes en semistrukturerad intervjuform som åtföljdes av en ram som fångade in olika huvudteman. Urvalet bestod av tolv intervjupersoner i åldrarna 20-30 år. Intervjuerna varade mellan 30-40 minuter. De flesta intervjupersoner tycktes ha påverkats av teman som förväntningar och solidaritet då det kom till deras syn på den egna och andras dialekter., The purpose of this study, was to see if there were any connections between dialects and the listeners expectations on the identity of the person who speek the dialect. Are our expectations effected by earlier experience, that we tend to analyze a person, and judge him or her, on their dialect? What does the interview person think about his own dialect? The questions were as follows: What does the interviewee think about his/her own dialect? In what way did the interviewed person get influenced by the dialects and which expectations can be found that are influenced by earlier experiences? Methodologically a semi-structured interview-structure was used, following a frame which would represent different head-themes. The selected crowd consisted of twelve interview persons between the age of 20-30. The interviews lasted for approximately 30 to 40 minutes. The obtained result indicated that most of our interview persons where effected of themes as expectations and solidarity when it came to their vision of their own and other peoples' dialects.

Planned change and change-related communication are perceived very differently by the members of an organization. Strongly varying perceptions of new tasks, work processes and goals make joint action difficult and cause the failure of many change initiatives. The purpose of this study is to investigate how internal communication and sensemaking processes contribute to the perception of strategic change among the members of a public service organization. The following questions are answered: How does the management plan and perform internal communication during a strategic change of the Swedish public service television company Sveriges Television (SVT)? How do the members of the organization make sense of a strategic change and the internal communication related to the changes that are planned and carried out? A social constructivist perspective combined with theories of sensemaking, communication, social identities, roles, groups, power and status constitutes the analytical framework. The investigation is designed as two case studies of the SVT production facilities in Malmö and Örebro. The empirical material consists mainly of personal interviews. Written documents and observations have also been used. The case studies took place between 2002 and 2004. Some main conclusions are as follows: 1) Internal communication is central for how members of an organization make sense of, and participate in, major change. Yet, not even in ideal communication situations do the employees experience that the information has been sufficient and that they have been included in the change process. There are thus reasons for more balanced expectations of what is possible to achieve with internal communication during strategic change. 2) The most influential factor determining how people make sense of change-related communication is the practical everyday reality that constitutes their frames of reference. The reluctance to consider, and act upon, how other individuals conceive of a si

Report on A Program for the Study of Role Theory.