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C45, a ferromagnetic material, can be strengthened by heat treatment such as quenching and is widely used as a material for general mechanical parts such as springs in automobiles. However, the presence of defects or flaws can cause cracking during the quenching stage, and a high-speed inspection method for detecting defects is required. In this study, we proposed and examined an inspection method for detecting defects using only a DC magnetic field by moving a round steel bar material at a high speed of 1 m/s inside a ring-shaped permanent magnet and generating eddy currents due to the velocity effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the external magnetic field is employed as a "knob" to transfer the light energy from the zero-order diffraction to the high-order diffractions of electromagnetically induced grating in a degenerate two-level atomic medium. Under a standing-wave coupling field, the diffraction of the probe beam is created with the diffraction pattern including zero-, first- and second-order diffractions. When the magnetic field is not applied, the absorption grating is formed based on amplitude modulation of the transmission function; most of the probe light energy is focused on the zero-order diffraction (about 70%) and only about 6% of the first-order diffraction. However, when the external magnetic field is applied, the phase grating is formed based on the phase modulation of transmission function; the probe light energy is transferred from zero-order diffraction to first- and second-order diffractions, in which the first-order diffraction efficiency can be obtained about 32% with proper magnetic field strength. Moreover, the probe light energy can also be transferred from zero-order diffraction to first- and second-order diffractions by adjusting the frequency and/or the intensity of the coupling and probe fields in the presence of external magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exploring the influence of static magnetic field induction intensity on the freezing effect. • Static magnetic field shortens the maximum ice crystal formation region and the freezing process. • Static magnetic field has a delaying effect on the retrogradation of starch in fried rice. • Static magnetic field freezing further improved the quality of freezing-thaw fried rice. Magnetic fields are a new food-processing technology, with application in freezing, refrigeration, thawing, and preservation. In this work, the effects of static magnetic field (SMF) on freeze-thaw behavior, water distribution, retrogradation, and quality of fried rice are investigated. Results from the freezing curve show freezing time of fried rice during 2 mT treatment is the shortest, followed by 5 mT. Over a number of freeze-thaw cycles (FTC), the retrogradation enthalpy, relative crystallinity, and short-range ordered degree increased, while the application of the SMF can alleviate these processes. Changes in texture properties of samples treated by SMF are the significantly delayed in comparison with 0 mT, especially the adhesiveness index. The color and flavor of fried rice also show a delay downward trend. Therefore SMF can improve the quality of fried rice. The static magnetic field freezing method is appropriate for the actual production of frozen fried rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to electromagnetic fields, static magnetic fields (SMFs) have not been extensively studied in terms of their potential health consequences. Although upward- and downward-oriented magnetic poles may cause various biological effects, only the pole with the upward orientation has been mainly investigated. Considering that the interaction of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocytes is crucial to trigger an immune response, we assessed the effect of long-term exposure of human T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) to moderate strength SMFs of different orientations focusing on the cytokine profile of activated T cells. Cultures of allogenic T lymphocytes and DCs (immature and matured by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists) were continuously exposed to four SMFs. The intensity of the applied field was 1 militesla (mT) or 56 mT of the upward- and downward-oriented pole of the SMF. Cell culture supernatants were assayed for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 by ELISA or flow cytometry. The upward-oriented 56 mT SMF significantly increased the release of IFN-γ and TNF-β (both p < 0.05) in the cell culture supernatants of T cells and immature DCs. In contrast, the same cultures exposed to the upward-oriented 1 mT SMF showed significantly elevated levels of IL-17 (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were not affected by the upward-oriented SMF. The downward-oriented 56 mT SMF increased TNF-α release when T cells were stimulated with mature DCs. The production of other cytokines was unchanged by the downward-oriented SMF. These findings demonstrate for the first time different in vitro biological effects of upward- and downward-oriented static magnetic fields on the cytokine production of T cells activated by DCs, helping to better understand SMF effects on the immune system and suggesting that the selective SMF effect on the immune response could have potential therapeutic effects in different immune-mediated disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, to improve the CAP treatment efficiency, its biological effects in combination with other physical modalities have widely investigated. However, the physical insight into most of supposed synergistic effects remained elusive. In this regard, the synergetic effect of cold plasma and magnetic field has been used for different applications, especially due to considerable synergistic in biological media reactivity. In the present paper, using a 420 mT N42 magnet, the effect of the perpendicular external static magnetic field (SMF) on the cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) characteristics, such as electron temperature and density, is investigated based on the optical emission spectroscopy, utilizing the Boltzmann plot method, Saha-Boltzmann equation, and Specair software simulation. Results showed that the rotational and electronic excitational temperatures experienced 100 K and 550 K increases in the presence of SMF, respectively. In contrast, the vibrational and translational temperatures remained constant. Moreover, electron temperature was estimated as 1.04 eV in the absence of SMF and increased up to 1.24 eV in the presence of SMF. In addition, the Saha-Boltzmann equation illustrated that the electron density increased in the presence of the additional SMF. The results of the present study indicated that the magnetic field could be an assistant to the cold plasma effect, beneficial in medical applications due to modifications in plasma temperature and electron density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is characterized by the senescence and declining vitality of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), often driven by mitochondrial dysfunction. This study elucidates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a crucial role in attenuating NPC senescence by secreting mitochondria-containing microvesicles (mitoMVs). Moreover, it demonstrates that static magnetic fields (SMF) enhance the secretion of mitoMVs by MSCs. By distinguishing mitoMV generation from exosomes, this study shifts focus to understanding the molecular mechanisms of SMF intervention, emphasizing cargo transport and plasma membrane budding processes, with RNA sequencing indicating the potential involvement of the microtubule-based transport protein Kif5b. The study further confirms the interaction between Rab22a and Kif5b, revealing Rab22a’s role in sorting mitoMVs into microvesicles (MVs) and potentially mediating subsequent plasma membrane budding. Subsequent construction of a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel delivery system further addresses the challenges of in vivo application and verifies the substantial potential of mitoMVs in delaying IVDD. This research not only sheds light on the molecular intricacies of SMF-enhanced mitoMV secretion but also provides innovative perspectives for future IVDD therapeutic strategies.

The magnetic immiscible copper matrix alloys are extensively industrial applications due to their comprehensive properties such as high strength, high conductivity, high thermal conductivity and excellent magnetic permeability. Here, we investigated the effects of the addition of Co and Al elements on the microstructural evolution of magnetic Cu–Fe alloys (CFAs) and comprehensive properties after annealing under the static magnetic field (SMF). The results show that the microalloying was effective in enhancing the mechanical and magnetic properties but negative for the electric conductivity. The addition of Co element significantly suppressed the grains recrystallization of CFAs during the annealing process and improved the thermal stability of CFAs. Al elements homogeneously dispersed in the sample. SMF facilitated the nucleation and precipitation processes of the secondary precipitated particles in the Cu-rich matrix through the introducing the extra magnetic Gibbs free energy and also promoted the structural transformation of the secondary precipitated particles from FCC to BCC. This work indicates that SMF can be effectively used to modify the magnetic materials with exceptional comprehensive properties during the solid state phase transformation process. It also provides valuable guidance for the development of novel materials with superior comprehensive performance.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is characterized by the senescence and declining vitality of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), often driven by mitochondrial dysfunction. This study elucidates that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play a crucial role in attenuating NPC senescence by secreting mitochondria-containing microvesicles (mitoMVs). Moreover, it demonstrates that static magnetic fields (SMF) enhance the secretion of mitoMVs by MSCs. By distinguishing mitoMV generation from exosomes, this study shifts focus to understanding the molecular mechanisms of SMF intervention, emphasizing cargo transport and plasma membrane budding processes, with RNA sequencing indicating the potential involvement of the microtubule-based transport protein Kif5b. The study further confirms the interaction between Rab22a and Kif5b, revealing Rab22a's role in sorting mitoMVs into microvesicles (MVs) and potentially mediating subsequent plasma membrane budding. Subsequent construction of a gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel delivery system further addresses the challenges of in vivo application and verifies the substantial potential of mitoMVs in delaying IVDD. This research not only sheds light on the molecular intricacies of SMF-enhanced mitoMV secretion but also provides innovative perspectives for future IVDD therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static magnetic field (SMF) plays important roles in various biological processes of many organisms including plants, though the molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. Here in this study, we evaluated different magnetic setups to test their effects on growth and development on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and discovered that plant growth was significantly enhanced by inhomogeneous SMF generated by a regular triangular prism magnet perpendicular to the direction of gravity. Comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that auxin synthesis and signal transduction genes were upregulated by SMF exposure. SMF also facilitated plants to maintain the iron homeostasis. The expression of iron metabolism-related genes was downregulated by SMF, however, the iron content in plant tissues remains relatively unchanged. Furthermore, SMF exposure also helped the plants to reduce ROS level and synergistically maintain the oxidant balance by enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of nicotinamide. Taken together, our data suggested that SMF is involved in regulating the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana through maintaining iron homeostasis and balancing oxidative stress, which could be beneficial for plant survival and growth. The work presented here would extend our understanding of the mechanism and the regulatory network of how magnetic field affects the plant growth, which would provide insights into the development of novel plant synthetic biology technologies to engineer stress-resistant and high-yielding crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence, evolution, and spread of life on Earth have all occurred in the geomagnetic field, and its extensive biological effects on living organisms have been documented. The charged characteristics of metal ions in biological fluids determine that they are affected by electromagnetic field forces, thus affecting life activities. Iron metabolism, as one of the important metal metabolic pathways, keeps iron absorption and excretion in a relatively balanced state, and this process is precisely and completely controlled. It is worth paying attention to how the iron metabolism process of living organisms is changed when exposed to electromagnetic fields. In this paper, the processes of iron absorption, storage and excretion in animals (mammals, fish, arthropods), plants and microorganisms exposed to electromagnetic field were summarized in detail as far as possible, in order to discover the regulation of iron metabolism by electromagnetic field. Studies and data on the effects of electromagnetic field exposure on iron metabolism in organisms show that exposure profiles vary widely across species and cell lines. This process involves a variety of factors, and the complexity of the results is not only related to the magnetic flux density/operating frequency/exposure time and the heterogeneity of the observed object. A systematic review of the biological regulation of iron metabolism by electromagnetic field exposure will not only contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of its biological effects and mechanism, but also is necessary to improve human awareness of the health related risks of electromagnetic field exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Static magnetic field (SMF) promoting bone tissue remodeling is a potential non-invasive therapy technique to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). The periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), which are mechanosensitive cells, are essential for force-induced bone remodeling and OTM. However, whether and how the PDLSCs influence the process of inflammatory bone remodeling under mechanical force stimuli in the presence of SMFs remains unclear. In this study, we found that local SMF stimulation significantly enhanced the OTM distance and induced osteoclastogenesis on the compression side of a rat model of OTM. Further experiments with macrophages cultured with supernatants from force-loaded PDLSCs exposed to an SMF showed enhanced osteoclast formation. RNA-seq analysis showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) was elevated in force-loaded PDLSCs exposed to SMFs. IL-6 expression was also elevated on the pressure side of a rat OTM model with an SMF. The OTM distance induced by an SMF was significantly decreased after injection of the IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab. These results imply that SMF promotes osteoclastogenesis by inducing force-loaded PDLSCs to secrete the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, which accelerates OTM. This will help to reveal the mechanism of SMF accelerates tooth movement and should be evaluated for application in periodontitis patients.

The effect of Armillaria mellea fermentation alone and combined with static magnetic field on the structure and physicochemical properties of zein was explored. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis showed that static magnetic field treatment changed the secondary structure of the protein during the fermentation process. The analysis of ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra and intrinsic fluorescence spectra showed that static magnetic field treatment resulted in protein unfolding and group exposure. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that after static magnetic field treatment, the surface of the protein became rougher with obvious pores and increased specific surface area. The results of thermodynamic analysis showed that static magnetic field treatment obviously increased the denaturation temperature of the protein, decreased the particle size, increased the absolute value of the zeta potential, and resulted in increased content of free sulfhydryl groups and decreased content of disulfide bonds. In addition, the physical and chemical properties of the protein were significantly changed by static magnetic field-assisted fermentation. The water and oil retention capacities, emulsification properties, foaming capacity and foam stability were increased significantly, reaching maximum values of 3.86 g/g, 4.22 g/g, 26.83 m2/g, 37.67% and 58.12%, respectively on the 7th day of fermentation. The emulsion stability was decreased significantly, reaching a minimum level of 34.10% on the 7th day. In summary, static magnetic field-assisted fermentation of zein by A. mellea can change its structure of and effectively improve its physical and chemical properties, thereby improving the added value and utilization rate of zein.

Abstract Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug widely used in cancer treatment. Alongside its clinical benefits, however, it may inflict intolerable toxicity and other adverse effects on healthy tissues. Due to the limitation of administering a high dose of cisplatin as well as cancer drug resistance, it is necessary to utilize new methods optimizing treatment modalities through both higher therapeutic efficacy and reduced administered doses of radiation and drugs. In this study, sensitive (A2780) and resistant (A2780CP) ovarian carcinoma cells underwent treatment with cisplatin + static magnetic field (SMF). First, the levels of genotoxicity after treatment were evaluated by Comet assay. Then, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assay were conducted by a flow cytometer. Lastly, the expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis and cellular drug uptake were investigated by PCR. After treating different groups of cells for 24, 48, and 96 h, the co-treatment of SMF and cisplatin as a combination managed to increase the amount of DNA damage in both sensitive and resistant cell lines. A considerable increase in mortality of cells was also observed mostly in the form of apoptosis, which was caused by inhibition of the cell cycle. The combination also increased the expression levels of apoptotic genes, namely P53 and P21; however, it did not have much effect on the expression levels of BCL2. Besides, the levels of CTR1 gene expression increased significantly in the groups receiving the aforementioned combination. Our study suggests that the combination of cisplatin + SMF might have clinical potential which needs further investigations through future studies.

The utilization of static magnetic fields in conjunction with tissue engineering scaffolds has demonstrated significant potential in the restoration of bone defects. However, previous techniques used for fabricating magnetic tissue engineering scaffolds have shown certain shortcomings that require further investigation. In this study, a series of scaffolds made from a combination of polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and iron tetraoxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were designed and prepared using the microinjection molding technique. The composite scaffolds, which were doped with nanoparticles and fabricated through microinjection, exhibited exceptional physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Additionally, the PLA/PCL/Fe3O4 scaffolds were found to promote the proliferation and adhesion of bone marrow cells (BMSCs) under relatively low magnetic fields (25–30 mT). These findings suggest that PLA/PCL/Fe3O4 scaffolds hold great potential for use in bone tissue engineering applications.

In the present work, the static magnetic field (SMF) was applied in the L-PBF process of a typical γʹ strengthening Ni-based superalloy of GH4099 concerning the as-built and heat-treated conditions. The SMF during the L-PBF process can effectively refine the cellular str ucture, refine the grain size, promote the columnar to equiaxed transition (CET), and reduce the dislocation density. After the solution-aging procedure, the SMF samples exhibited a refined grain structure, suggesting that the tailored microstructure is inherited after the solution-aging treatment. The tensile test results show that by applying the SMF during the L-PBF process, the ductility can be notably improved on both building planes under the as-built and heat-treatment conditions, and the anisotropy along different directions can be reduced. It reveals that the SMF in L-PBF can be an effective method to modulate the microstructure and improve the comprehensive mechanical properties for γʹ strengthening Ni-based superalloys.

Static magnetic field (SMF) promoting bone tissue remodeling is a potential non-invasive therapy technique to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). The periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), which are mechanosensitive cells, are essential for force-induced bone remodeling and OTM. However, whether and how the PDLSCs influence the process of inflammatory bone remodeling under mechanical force stimuli in the presence of SMFs remains unclear. In this study, we found that local SMF stimulation significantly enhanced the OTM distance and induced osteoclastogenesis on the compression side of a rat model of OTM. Further experiments with macrophages cultured with supernatants from force-loaded PDLSCs exposed to an SMF showed enhanced osteoclast formation. RNA-seq analysis showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) was elevated in force-loaded PDLSCs exposed to SMFs. IL-6 expression was also elevated on the pressure side of a rat OTM model with an SMF. The OTM distance induced by an SMF was significantly decreased after injection of the IL-6 inhibitor tocilizumab. These results imply that SMF promotes osteoclastogenesis by inducing force-loaded PDLSCs to secrete the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, which accelerates OTM. This will help to reveal the mechanism of SMF accelerates tooth movement and should be evaluated for application in periodontitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh pork tenderloin was stored at −3 °C under different static magnetic fields (SMF) of 0, 4, and 10 mT (control, MF-4, and MF-10) to investigate their physicochemical properties changes during storage of 8 days. The initial equilibrium temperature of the samples stored with 4 mT MF was found to be −2.3 °C, which was slightly lower (0.3 °C) than that the control value. The super-chilling phenomenon on the pork was then observed, as the samples stored under the magnetic field did not freeze throughout storage period, but the control experienced a sudden change in temperature after 138 h and then froze. The preservation effect of MF-4 on meat quality was the best in all treatment groups. MF-4 achieved a higher water-retention rate, with drip and cook losses of 6.5% and 29.0% lower than the control, respectively. Meanwhile, the MF-4 effectively delayed the color change in the meat during the storage and the texture hardening after cooking, and effectively controlled the growth of the total volatile saline nitrogen content on the samples. In addition, MF-4 delayed the reduction in myofibrillar protein solubility, sulfhydryl content, and emulsification capacity, indicating that this field inhibited the denaturation of myofibrillar protein. This study can be considered as an application reference of magnetic fields during meat storage at a super-chilled temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melanoma malignant is characterized by a high mortality rate, accounting for as much as 65% of deaths caused by skin cancer. A potential strategy in cancer treatment may be the use of natural compounds, which include hinokitiol (β-Thujaplicin), a phenolic component of essential oils extracted from cypress trees. Many studies confirm that a high-induction SMF (static magnetic field) has anticancer effects and can be used as a non-invasive anticancer therapy in combination with or without drugs. Aim: The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of a static magnetic field on melanoma cell cultures (C32 and COLO 829) treated with hinokitiol. Methods and Results: Melanoma cells were exposed to a static magnetic field of moderate induction and hinokitiol. The research included determining the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, and CAT) and MDA concentration as well as the gene expression profile. Conclusion: Hinokitiol disturbs the redox homeostasis of C32 and COLO 829 melanoma malignant cells. Moreover, a static magnetic field has a protective effect on melanoma malignant cells and abolishes the anticancer effect of hinokitiol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy drug widely used in cancer treatment. Alongside its clinical benefits, however, it may inflict intolerable toxicity and other adverse effects on healthy tissues. Due to the limitation of administering a high dose of cisplatin as well as cancer drug resistance, it is necessary to utilize new methods optimizing treatment modalities through both higher therapeutic efficacy and reduced administered doses of radiation and drugs. In this study, sensitive (A2780) and resistant (A2780CP) ovarian carcinoma cells underwent treatment with cisplatin + static magnetic field (SMF). First, the levels of genotoxicity after treatment were evaluated by Comet assay. Then, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis assay were conducted by a flow cytometer. Lastly, the expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis and cellular drug uptake were investigated by PCR. After treating different groups of cells for 24, 48, and 96 h, the co-treatment of SMF and cisplatin as a combination managed to increase the amount of DNA damage in both sensitive and resistant cell lines. A considerable increase in mortality of cells was also observed mostly in the form of apoptosis, which was caused by inhibition of the cell cycle. The combination also increased the expression levels of apoptotic genes, namely P53 and P21; however, it did not have much effect on the expression levels of BCL2. Besides, the levels of CTR1 gene expression increased significantly in the groups receiving the aforementioned combination. Our study suggests that the combination of cisplatin + SMF might have clinical potential which needs further investigations through future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of a 47 mT static magnetic field (SMF) applied at different times of the exponential growth phase of a Chlorella microalgae-bacteria consortium. For this, growth parameters, cell division, the photochemical activity of photosystem II (PS II), and the biochemical composition of the microorganisms were studied. Biomass concentration and productivity of cultures exposed to SMF increased concerning control cultures, reaching maximum values when this physical agent was applied in the early exponential phase, 0.89 g L−1 and 0.075 g L−1 d−1, respectively. In addition, SMF application stimulated binary and multiple cell division of cultures exposed during early and late exponential phases. PS II quantum yield was significantly increased over control cultures immediately after applying SMF during early (0.70) and late (0.73) exponential phases. In addition, in cultures exposed to SMF, the quantum yield for electron transport (ϕEo) increased, and the absorption flux per reaction center (ABS/RC) decreased, which was associated with an increase in the active reaction centers of PS II. Extracellular protein, carbohydrate, and polysaccharide content varied when SMF was applied during the early exponential phase. No significant differences were observed regarding the lipid content of the control cultures and those exposed to SMF. It is concluded that SMF increases the formation of radical pairs in photosystem II due to the increase in the number of active reaction centers, which could constitute the mechanism of action of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germinated brown rice is a staple food with high nutritional value and market prospects. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA), abundantly present in germinated brown rice, has attracted significant attention due to its multiple active functions on the human body. This study aimed to enrich GABA in germinated brown rice by using static magnetic field pretreatment and NaCl, CaCl2 and KCl stress. After selecting Nanjing9108, which had the highest GABA content among the nine cultivars, a single-factor experiment was conducted and optimized the pretreatment condition as 10 mT static magnetic field for 40 min. Under this condition, the GABA content in brown rice germinated for 36 h was 66.35 mg/100 g, which was 13.88% higher than the control group. Simultaneously, the germination rate and early growth of germinated brown rice were also promoted. The optimal combination of culture medium for GABA enrichment obtained by response surface experimental design was NaCl 37.23 mmol/L, CaCl2 4.71 mmol/L, and KCl 5.75 mmol/L, with a GABA content of 69.783 mg/100 g. Under this condition, the changes in nutrients and the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA transaminase (GABA-T) related genes during the 0-48 h germination process of brown rice were studied. The relative expression of GAD was promoted and the relative expression of GABA-T was inhibited, resulting in the accumulation of GABA. This indicates that the combination of static magnetic field and salt treatment is an effective method to increase the GABA content in germinated brown rice.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique widely used in medicine with more than 60 million exams per year performed worldwide. MRI personnel are always exposed to static and spatially heterogeneous magnetic fields (fringe or stray fields) and motion-induced time-varying magnetic fields during the working day. This kind of exposure can evoke vertigo and other sensory perceptions such as nausea, visual sensations, and a metallic taste which are not considered hazardous per se, but can be disturbing and may impair working ability. Up to now, no standardized procedures have been available in the literature for the assessment of occupational exposure in an MRI environment. The goal of this paper is to give some indications about the analytical models underlying the development of digital tools for occupational exposure assessment in MRI environments, to have easy but interactive educational tools, for educating MRI staff to avoid higher-risk conditions, and to draw up the best practices. Analysis of the models for the estimation of the magnetic field spatial distribution and the representation of the workers’ movements is described and finally, some recommendations for an accurate methodology to use in simulation tools for exposure assessment are given.

Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of storing two distinct types of glass ionomer cement (GIC) in a static magnetic field (SMF) on their mechanical characteristics, namely compressive strength, microhardness and degree of conversion. Methods. In the current investigation, 10 samples of each GIC type were utilized for each test. The entire tube of the resin modified type was preserved in a (SMF) for a duration of 48 hours, whereas just the powder of the conventional type was retained in SMF for the same time period. The SMF was calibrated to a value of 225 Gauss. Special identical molds were prepared for each test. All the tests were performed after 24 incubation period at 37 degrees in deionized water. The final data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank test (p ≤0.05). Results. The compressive strength of the conventional type and resin modified type that used in this study were significantly increased after exposed to the SMF from 195.33 (29.6) to 209.286 (11.78) 317.29 (55.4) to 523.38 (13.07) MPa respectively. The degree of conversion was also improved significantly after exposed to SMF, as the conventional type increased from 37.03 to 45.00, while the resin modified type from 42.2 to 59.3, the conventional type improved significantly for microhardness test but the resin modified type improved non-significantly. Conclusion. Storing the GIC in a 225 gauss SMF enhances the mechanical characteristics and the degree of conversion of resin modified and conventional GIC.

ObjectiveThis study proposes a design scheme for an underwater magnetic sensor calibration device. The device is composed of an electromagnetic coil and integrated navigation equipment which can be carried on a mobile platform to sail on the water surface, and realize the high-precision calibration of the position and attitude of the underwater magnetic sensor.MethodsAccording to information on the coil's attitude, orientation and trajectory, and the measured values of the magnetic field generated by the coil at the magnetic sensor, the position and attitude of the underwater magnetic sensor can be calculated using a nonlinear optimization algorithm. The mathematical model of the whole system is established and numerical verification tests are carried out, considering the effects of the measuring accuracy of the coil's position and attitude, the magnetic sensor's noise and measuring error, and geomagnetic interference.ResultsWhen the device is used and the magnetic sensor is at a depth of 30 m underwater, the mean value of position error is not more than 0.06 m, and the mean value of attitude error is not more than 0.20°; the accuracy of the magnetic sensor itself is the main factor affecting the calibration accuracy. ConclusionsThe proposed calibration device can achieve the high-precision calibration of the position and attitude of an underwater magnetic sensor at the same time, giving it great application value. It can be widely used in underwater magnetic target detection, resource exploration, medicine and other fields, especially scenarios involving the attitude deviation of underwater magnetic sensors.

Ultra-high field MRI (UHF MRI) is rapidly becoming an essential part of our toolbox within health care and research studies; therefore, we need to get a deeper understanding of the physiological effects of ultra-high field. This study aims to investigate the cognitive performance of healthy participants in a 7 T (T) MRI environment in connection with subjectively experienced effects. We measured cognitive performance before and after a 1-h 7T MRI scanning session using a Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) in 42 subjects. Furthermore, a computer-based survey regarding the subjectively experienced effects in connection with the MRI examination was distributed. Similarly, two DSSTs were also performed by a control group of 40 participants. Even though dizziness was the strongest sensory perception in connection to the MRI scanning, we did not find any correlation between dizziness and cognitive performance. Whilst the control group improved (p =<0.001) on their second DSST the MRI group showed no significant difference (p =0.741) in the DSST before and after MRI scanning. Transient effect on cognition after undergoing MRI scanning can't be ruled out as the expected learning effect on the DSST was not observed. Increasing understanding of the possible adverse effects may guide operators in performing UHF MRI in a safe way and with person-centered care. Furthermore, it can guide researchers in setting up research protocols to minimize confounding factors in their fMRI studies due to the transient adverse effects of the UHF environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth factors have been reported play a significant role in accelerating osseointegration and to increase implant stability, especially bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) that can stimulate bone formation and remodelling. Static magnetic field (SMF) is known to able to support osseointegration in several studies by advancing bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of SMF as healing abutment in accelerating osseointegration and enhancing implant stability, illustrated in the level of BMP-2 and FGF-2. An experimental analytic study with randomized control trial design, single blind, on patients. There were 40 implants installed at mandibular D2 bone and were divided into control group (n=20) and intervention group (n=20). Control group was installed titanium healing abutment, and intervention group used SMF healing abutment. Patients were advised to come on day 3, 10, 30, and 60 for control and sample collecting purposes. Gingival sulcus fluid was taken from peri-implant sulcus using Periopaper and analyzed it with ELISA to get BMP-2 and FGF-2. Statistic used was software R, 4.1 version. The use of SMF healing abutment is able to significantly increase FGF-2 level at day 3 and 10 post implant placement, compared to control group. The level of BMP-2 also increases significantly throughout the monitoring period in intervention group. This may suggest a faster osseointegration process. SMF as a promising healing abutment can increase the level of FGF-2 and BMP-2 in early phase of osseointegration; hence it can reduce the marginal crestal alveolar bone loss after dental implant placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) can use their unique intracellular magnetosome organelles to swim along the Earth's magnetic field. They play important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of iron and sulfur. Previous studies have shown that the applied magnetic fields could affect the magnetosome formation and antioxidant defense systems in MTB. However, the molecular mechanisms by which magnetic fields affect MTB cells remain unclear. We aim to better understand the dark at 28°C–29°C for 20 h, as shownthe interactions between magnetic fields and cells, and the mechanism of MTB adaptation to magnetic field at molecular levels. Methods and results We performed microbiological, transcriptomic, and genetic experiments to analyze the effects of a weak static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on the cell growth and magnetosome formation in the MTB strain Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1. The results showed that a 1.5 mT SMF significantly promoted the cell growth but reduced magnetosome formation in AMB-1, compared to the geomagnetic field. Transcriptomic analysis revealed decreased expression of genes primarily involved in the sulfate reduction pathway. Consistently, knockout mutant lacking adenylyl-sulfate kinase CysC did no more react to the SMF and the differences in growth and C mag disappeared. Together with experimental findings of increased reactive oxidative species in the SMF-treated wild-type strain, we proposed that cysC , as a key gene, can participate in the cell growth and mineralization in AMB-1 by SMF regulation. Conclusions This study suggests that the magnetic field exposure can trigger a bacterial oxidative stress response involved in AMB-1 growth and magnetosome mineralization by regulating the sulfur metabolism pathway. CysC may serve as a pivotal enzyme in mediating sulfur metabolism to synchronize the impact of SMF on both growth and magnetization of AMB-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this work, environmentally friendly and low-cost passive electrical components (PECs) are manufactured based on composites consisting of cotton fabrics soaked with solutions of silicone oil and different amounts of iron oxides microfibers (μ Fe). The μ Fe consists of a mixture of three phases: hematite (α -Fe 2 O 3 ), maghemite (γ -Fe 2 O 3 ), and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). The equivalent electrical capacitance ( C p ) and resistance ( R p ) of PECs are measured as a function of magnetic flux density B in a static and pulsed magnetic field superimposed on an alternating electric field of frequency 1 kHz. The relative variation in the hysteresis curves for both C p and R p are obtained by measuring them in the ascending and then the descending mode of B. We show that all these three quantities are sensibly influenced by the volume fractions of μ Fe and by the values of B. The main influence on this behavior is attributed to the semiconductor properties of the α -Fe 2 O 3 and γ -Fe 2 O 3 components of the oxide microfibers. In addition, it is found that at B ≃ 175 mT, the maximum relative variance of the hysteresis curve is about 3.35% for C p and 3.18 % for R p . When a pulsed magnetic field is used, it is shown that C p and R p closely follow the variation in the magnetic field. Thus, the resulting electrical properties of PECs, together with the fast response to the application of pulsed magnetic fields, make them useful in the fabrication of various devices, such as electric, magnetic, and deformation fields, or mechanical stress sensors with applications in protection against electromagnetic smog, healthcare monitoring, or for human–machine interfacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to electromagnetic fields, static magnetic fields (SMFs) have not been extensively studied in terms of their potential health consequences. Although upward- and downward-oriented magnetic poles may cause various biological effects, only the pole with the upward orientation has been mainly investigated. Considering that the interaction of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T lymphocytes is crucial to trigger an immune response, we assessed the effect of long-term exposure of human T lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) to moderate strength SMFs of different orientations focusing on the cytokine profile of activated T cells. Cultures of allogenic T lymphocytes and DCs (immature and matured by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists) were continuously exposed to four SMFs. The intensity of the applied field was 1 militesla (mT) or 56 mT of the upward- and downward-oriented pole of the SMF. Cell culture supernatants were assayed for IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 by ELISA or flow cytometry. The upward-oriented 56 mT SMF significantly increased the release of IFN-γ and TNF-β (both p < 0.05) in the cell culture supernatants of T cells and immature DCs. In contrast, the same cultures exposed to the upward-oriented 1 mT SMF showed significantly elevated levels of IL-17 (p < 0.05). The levels of IL-4, TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were not affected by the upward-oriented SMF. The downward-oriented 56 mT SMF increased TNF-α release when T cells were stimulated with mature DCs. The production of other cytokines was unchanged by the downward-oriented SMF. These findings demonstrate for the first time different in vitro biological effects of upward- and downward-oriented static magnetic fields on the cytokine production of T cells activated by DCs, helping to better understand SMF effects on the immune system and suggesting that the selective SMF effect on the immune response could have potential therapeutic effects in different immune-mediated disorders.

The effects of static magnetic field strength on the rapid solidified structure, thermal stability, crystallization structure and soft magnetic properties of melt-spun Fe81.6Si4B13Cu1.4 alloys were investigated and the corresponding related mechanism was discussed in terms of formation of pre-existing α-Fe crystals and nanocrystallization behaviors. The rise of magnetic field strength promotes the formation of the α-Fe crystals in as-spun alloy, enhances the competitive growth between the crystals during annealing, and then refines the crystals in the annealed alloy and improves their magnetic softness. The Fe81.6Si4B13Cu1.4 alloy prepared under 200 mT contains α-Fe crystals with a high number density and average size (D) of 8.3 × 1022 m−3 and 5.9 nm, respectively, in as-spun state, and possesses fine crystals with a D of 18.2 nm and excellent soft magnetic properties with a high saturation magnetization of 1.75 T, low coercivity of 9.2 A/m and high effective permeability of 10,160 at 1 kHz after annealing at 633 K for 60 min.

Objective: This study aimed to explore a new method to improve the blueberry quality during the preservation. Methods: Blueberries were stored at 4 ℃ for 7 days in 0, 3, 6 and 10 mT static magnetic fields respectively. Meanwhile, the apparent morphology, weight loss rate, decay rate, content of anthocyanidin and total phenol cell membrane permeability, superoxide dismutase activity and content of malondialdehyde of blueberries were analyzed. Results: The physicochemical properties of blueberries improved significantly with the increase of magnetic-field strength. Compared with the control, most of the blueberries treated by 10 mT static magnetic field remained plump during the storage. The weight loss and decay rate of blueberries decreased by 55.63% and 62.14%, respectively. In addition, the loss of anthocyanin and phenolic substances was reduced. Conclusion: The quality of blueberry was significantly improved by static magnetic field-assisted preservation.

An electromagnetic levitation technique superimposed with a static magnetic field was used to investigate the effects of the convection and cooling rate of levitated molten Cu80Fe20 alloy on the size and morphology of induced phase separation structures formed during undercooling. The obtained results were compared to our previous works on the Cu80Co20 alloy, in terms of the size and morphology of the phase-separated structures of dispersed Fe-rich phases. It was revealed that the Sauter mean diameter in the two systems followed the same trend, although the Co-rich phases were larger in size than the Fe-rich ones at higher static magnetic fields. Under a larger static magnetic field, the separated Co-rich phases in Cu–Co alloys had an elongated shape along the direction of the static magnetic field, while the Fe-rich phases in Cu–Fe remained almost spherical in shape. This difference in shapes was attributed to physical properties, particularly their magnetic susceptibility.

This work studied the effects of an on-line static magnetic field on the defects, microstructures, and mechanical properties of AlSi7Mg samples fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). Process experiments were carried out on a self-developed LPBF equipment with an on-line static magnetic field generating system, where magnetic field intensity was adjustable from 0 to 0.3 T. With the action of static magnetic field, the relative density of samples increased from 96.9% to 98.6%. Furthermore, the solidification front of the columnar grain in the mushy zone was broken. With the increase of magnetic field intensity, the crystallographic orientation changed from strong to , and uniform distribution and the average grain was gradually refined from 8.35 to 7.22 μm. Based on the above optimisation, the ultimate tensile strength increased from (326.67 ± 5.31) MPa to (382.00 ± 2.45) MPa. Simultaneously, the elongation at break increased from 8.48% ± 0.20% to 11.78% ± 0.20%. In general, the reduction of pores, the refinement of grains and the increase of Mg2Si precipitates contributed to the simultaneous enhancement of strength and toughness together. This study could provide a new idea for laser additive manufacturing of excellent performance aluminum alloys.

Self-Biased Magnetic Pendulum Array (SBMPA) is an efficient and portable transmitter in ultralow frequency (ULF). The resonance frequency of SBMPA is affected by the magnetic field of the radially magnetized cylindrical permanent magnets. In order to calculate the resonance frequency, the magnetic field model of a single radially magnetized cylindrical permanent magnet is derived based on the concept of magnetic charge. Then, the influence of the demagnetizing field and external magnetic field on the magnetization of permanent magnets is analyzed, and the magnetic field model of SBMPA is established. The results of the magnetic field model are verified through simulation. The average deviation of magnetic field intensity is determined as 0.021%; thus, the magnetic field model and simulation have consistent results. Finally, the influence of the size and distance of permanent magnets on the resonance frequency is analyzed, which could provide theoretical guidance for the dynamic analysis of SBMPA.

[Display omitted] • Strong magnetization promotes the fertilizing potential of sewage sludge digestate. • Magnetization enriched the digestate of slow-release nutrient-based precipitates. • Nutrient precipitation in the digestate increases with increasing magnetic exposure. • In-line oxygenation during digestion promoted precipitation more than pre-oxygenation. • The best treatment conditions for struvite formation were identified. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a sustainable and well-established option to handle sewage sludge (SS), as it generates a methane-rich biogas and a digestate with potential fertilizing properties. In the past, different strategies have been proposed to enhance the valorization of SS. Among these, the application of a static magnetic field (SMF) has been poorly evaluated. This study aims to determine the effects of a high-intensity SMF (1.5 and 2 T) on the chemical composition of SS anaerobic digestate. Several strategies (i.e., number of magnetization cycles, addition of different sources and quantities of magnesium, and digestate aeration) have been applied to evaluate the possible formation of compounds with valuable fertilizing properties in the digestate. Experimental results showed that by combining different strategies promoting digestate exposure to the magnetic field it is possible to favour the reduction in the liquid phase of NH 4 +, NO 3 −, PO 4 3−, SO 4 2− and Mg2+ concentrations up to 28%, 38%, 34%, 39% and 31%, respectively. The XRD analyses conducted on the solid phase of the same magnetized digestate samples showed an increase in crystalline and amorphous phases of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds with fertilizing value, such as struvite. These results highlight that SMF application can increase the fertilizing potential of sewage sludge digestate and promote its valorization in a sustainable and circular perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of storing two distinct types of glass ionomer cement (GIC) in a static magnetic field (SMF) on their mechanical characteristics, namely compressive strength, microhardness and degree of conversion. Methods. In the current investigation, 10 samples of each GIC type were utilized for each test. The entire tube of the resin modified type was preserved in a (SMF) for a duration of 48 hours, whereas just the powder of the conventional type was retained in SMF for the same time period. The SMF was calibrated to a value of 225 Gauss. Special identical molds were prepared for each test. All the tests were performed after 24 incubation period at 37 degrees in deionized water. The final data were analyzed using Wilcoxon Rank test (p ≤0.05). Results. The compressive strength of the conventional type and resin modified type that used in this study were significantly increased after exposed to the SMF from 195.33 (29.6) to 209.286 (11.78) 317.29 (55.4) to 523.38 (13.07) MPa respectively. The degree of conversion was also improved significantly after exposed to SMF, as the conventional type increased from 37.03 to 45.00, while the resin modified type from 42.2 to 59.3, the conventional type improved significantly for microhardness test but the resin modified type improved non-significantly. Conclusion. Storing the GIC in a 225 gauss SMF enhances the mechanical characteristics and the degree of conversion of resin modified and conventional GIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Health & Society is the property of Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Periodicojs and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of a static magnetic field (SMF) on the microbial activity of anaerobic granular sludge was investigated using a SMF field provided by a magnetic platform with intensities between 30 and 90 mT. BioH 2 production was assessed in fed batch fermentation tests from glucose using anaerobic granular sludge with (HT) and without (WHT) heat shock pretreatment (100 ºC, 1 h). Under the conditions tested, 70 mT SMF was the best condition for bioH 2 production, with a threefold decrease of lag time, a 12–50% increase in bioH 2 production rate, and an improved consumption of iron and phosphate, compared to the controls (no SMF). Exposure to the SMF induced modifications in volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, pH and conductivity, biomass concentration, exopolysaccharide (EPS) composition as well as size and settleability of the granular anaerobic sludge. Microbial analysis showed that in the presence of the SMF, the relative abundance (RA) of Clostridium and Lactobacillus increased in both HT and WHT sludges, while it decreased the RA of Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium. The RA of Terrisporobacter increased with the heat shock, and also the stimulation along the fed batch cycles improved the RA of Terrisporobacter with and without SMF. The application of the SMF as a pre-treatment of inoculum and during bioH 2 production seems to be an interesting and easy scaling up strategy to shorten the start-up of the dark fermentation process and help reducing the microbial diversity of the sludge, favouring more specialized species for bioH 2 production. [Display omitted] • SMF exposure reduced the lag time for biohydrogen production by a factor 3. • 70 mT SMF was the optimal intensity for biohydrogen production. • High consumption of iron and phosphate in experiments under SMF were observed. • The SMF induced slight changes in biomass growth, EPS, sludge size and settleability. • SMF exposure increased the RA of Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Terrisporobacter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The influence of a magnetic field on the activation of bone cells and remodelling of alveolar bone is known to incite bone regeneration. Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) aims to develop biomimetic scaffolds to allow for the functioning of the barrier and the precise succession of wound healing steps, including haemostasis. The effect of a magnetic field on blood clot dissolution has not been studied yet. Methods: We conducted a methodological study on the clot stability in the presence of a static magnetic field (SMF). Preformed whole blood (WB) clots were treated with either a broad proteolytic enzyme (trypsin) or a specific fibrinolytic agent, i.e., tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). MG63 osteoblast-like cells were added to preformed WB clots to assess cell proliferation. Results: After having experienced a number of clotting and dissolution protocols, we obtained clot stability exerted by SMF when tissue factor (for clotting) and t-PA + plasminogen (for fibrinolysis) were used. WB clots allowed osteoblast-like cells to survive and proliferate, however no obvious effects of the magnetic field were noted. Conclusions: Paramagnetic properties of erythrocytes may have influenced the reduction in clot dissolution. Future studies are warranted to fully exploit the combination of magnetic forces, WB clot and cells in GBR applied to orthodontics and prosthodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing production of sewage sludge at global level has addressed the search for technical solutions to take advantage from it, reducing the environmental burden originating from its disposal. Anaerobic digestion is a suitable option to handle sewage sludge in accordance with circular economy principles, as it generates a methane-rich biogas and a digestate with potential fertilizing properties. Several techniques have been proposed to enhance anaerobic digestion performances and, among these, the application of static magnetic field (SMF) has recently gained attention. Nonetheless, the effects of high-intensity SMF on the sewage sludge destined to anaerobic digestion and its impact on the anaerobic digestion process have not been evaluated yet. This study aims to determine the effects of a 1.5 T SMF on the chemical composition of sewage sludge as well as on methane generation during anaerobic digestion. The main parameters influencing the SMF (i.e., flow rate, mixing ratio of magnetized to non-magnetized sludge, number of pumping cycles, and total solid content) were varied to evaluate the impact of different exposure conditions on the chemical characteristics and methane potential of sewage sludge. An extensive exposure to the high-intensity SMF applied resulted in a 24% decrease of methane production, reduced the concentration of the monitored ionic species (i.e., NH4+, NO3−, PO43−, SO42− and Mg2+) in the liquid phase of sewage sludge, and promoted the precipitation of compounds with valuable fertilizing properties, e.g., struvite. These outcomes suggest that high-intensity SMF, although negatively influencing methane generation, can promote the precipitation, and possibly the recovery/recycle of valuable compounds from sewage sludge, enhancing its proper management in a circular economy perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulations using the stochastic Landau–Lifshitz equation are performed to study magnetization dynamics of dilute assemblies of iron oxide nanoparticles exposed to an alternating (ac) magnetic field with an amplitude Hac = 200 Oe and a frequency f = 300 kHz and a static (dc) magnetic field in the range Hdc = 0–800 Oe. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the assemblies is calculated depending on the angle between the directions of the ac and dc magnetic fields. For the case of an inhomogeneous dc magnetic field created by two opposite magnetic fluxes, the spatial distribution of the SAR in the vicinity of the field-free point is obtained for assemblies with different nanoparticle size distributions. The results obtained seem to be helpful for the development of a promising joint application of magnetic nanoparticle imaging and magnetic hyperthermia.