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Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a fraction of the essential oil from the fruit and leaves of Illicium verum Hook.f. (star anise terpenes), when used as a feed additive for all animal species. The additive contains up to 25% estragole by specification and is obtained by a manufacturing process which results in the enrichment of this genotoxic carcinogen. This is not in line with the principles outlined in the general approach to assess the safety for the target species of botanical preparations which contain compounds that are genotoxic and/or carcinogenic when used as feed additives. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel considered it was inappropriate to perform an assessment of the safety and efficacy of star anise terpenes for its use as a feed additive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a fraction of the essential oil from the fruit and leaves of Illicium verum Hook.f. (star anise terpenes), when used as a feed additive for all animal species. The additive contains up to 25% estragole by specification and is obtained by a manufacturing process which results in the enrichment of this genotoxic carcinogen. This is not in line with the principles outlined in the general approach to assess the safety for the target species of botanical preparations which contain compounds that are genotoxic and/or carcinogenic when used as feed additives. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel considered it was inappropriate to perform an assessment of the safety and efficacy of star anise terpenes for its use as a feed additive.

The experiment was to study antibacterial effect of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil in vivo and in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), combined inhibitory effect and inhibitory curve of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella were determined by microdilution method, chessboard method and dilution coating plate method respectively. The protective effect of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil on mice diarrhea induced by Escherichia coli were further verified. The results showed that MIC of Cinnamon oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella was 0.31~0.62 mg/L and 0.19~0.39 mg/L, MIC of star anise oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella was 50~100 mg/L. The results of combined inhibitory effect showed that FIC value of combination of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil was 0.16~0.53 for Escherichia coli and 0.16~0.28 for Salmonella. The results of inhibitory curve showed that both single and combined use of Cinnamon oil and star anise oil can inhibit growth of Bacteria, and inhibitory effect was increased after combined use. The animal test results showed that compared with model group, the content of TNF-α and IL-1β in mouse serum were significantly decreased. The experiment indicates that Cinnamon oil and star anise oil alone or combination can inhibition effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and have certain protective effect on mice diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of star anise oil from the fruit (without or with the presence of plant leaves) of Illicium verum Hook.f., when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. For long‐living and reproductive animals, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considered of low concern the use of the additive in complete feed at 0.6 mg/kg for laying hens and rabbits, 1.0 mg/kg for sows and dairy cows, 1.6 mg/kg for sheep/goats, horses and cats, 1.9 mg/kg for dogs and 6.5 mg/kg for ornamental fish. For short‐living animals, the Panel had no safety concern when the additive is used at 83.3 mg/kg for veal calves, 73.3 mg/kg for sheep/goats, cattle for fattening and horses for meat production, 83.8 mg/kg for salmonids, 24.8 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 18.5 mg/kg chickens for fattening, 33.3 mg/kg for piglets, 40 mg/kg for pigs for fattening and 29.3 mg/kg for rabbits for meat production. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered of low concern at 0.6 mg/kg. The use of star anise oil in animal feed is expected to be of no concern for consumers and for the environment. The additive under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Due to the high concentration of estragole (≥ 1%), the additive is classified as suspected of causing genetic defects and of causing cancer and should be handled accordingly. Since the fruit of I. verum and its preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be the same, no further demonstration of efficacy was necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a preparation consisting of essential oils of thyme and star anise, and quillaja bark powder (BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural) as a zootechnical feed additive (functional groups: digestibility enhancer; other zootechnical additives) for all poultry species. BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural is a preparation of partially microencapsulated essential oils, quillaja bark powder, dried herbs and dried spices. The additive contains estragole (up to ■■■■■. For short‐living animals, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) had no safety concerns when the additive is used at the recommended level of 150 mg/kg complete feed for chickens for fattening and other poultry species for fattening. For long‐living animals, the use of the additive was considered of concern owing to the presence of estragole. No safety concern would be expected for the consumer and the environment from the use of the additive at the recommended use level in feed. The Panel concluded that the additive is corrosive to the eyes but not irritant to skin. It may be a respiratory irritant or dermal or respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to estragole ■■■■■ may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The additive BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural was considered efficacious for chickens for fattening at the use level 150 mg/kg complete feed. This conclusion was extrapolated to all poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding. ■■■■■ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of star anise oil from the fruit (without or with the presence of plant leaves) of Illicium verum Hook.f., when used as a sensory additive in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. For long‐living and reproductive animals, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) considered of low concern the use of the additive in complete feed at 0.6 mg/kg for laying hens and rabbits, 1.0 mg/kg for sows and dairy cows, 1.6 mg/kg for sheep/goats, horses and cats, 1.9 mg/kg for dogs and 6.5 mg/kg for ornamental fish. For short‐living animals, the Panel had no safety concern when the additive is used at 83.3 mg/kg for veal calves, 73.3 mg/kg for sheep/goats, cattle for fattening and horses for meat production, 83.8 mg/kg for salmonids, 24.8 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 18.5 mg/kg chickens for fattening, 33.3 mg/kg for piglets, 40 mg/kg for pigs for fattening and 29.3 mg/kg for rabbits for meat production. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered of low concern at 0.6 mg/kg. The use of star anise oil in animal feed is expected to be of no concern for consumers and for the environment. The additive under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Due to the high concentration of estragole (≥ 1%), the additive is classified as suspected of causing genetic defects and of causing cancer and should be handled accordingly. Since the fruit of I. verum and its preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be the same, no further demonstration of efficacy was necessary.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of a preparation consisting of essential oils of thyme and star anise, and quillaja bark powder (BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural) as a zootechnical feed additive (functional groups: digestibility enhancer; other zootechnical additives) for all poultry species. BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural is a preparation of partially microencapsulated essential oils, quillaja bark powder, dried herbs and dried spices. The additive contains estragole (up to ■■■■■. For short‐living animals, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) had no safety concerns when the additive is used at the recommended level of 150 mg/kg complete feed for chickens for fattening and other poultry species for fattening. For long‐living animals, the use of the additive was considered of concern owing to the presence of estragole. No safety concern would be expected for the consumer and the environment from the use of the additive at the recommended use level in feed. The Panel concluded that the additive is corrosive to the eyes but not irritant to skin. It may be a respiratory irritant or dermal or respiratory sensitiser. When handling the additive, exposure of unprotected users to estragole ■■■■■ may occur. Therefore, to reduce the risk, the exposure of the users should be minimised. The additive BIOSTRONG® 510 all natural was considered efficacious for chickens for fattening at the use level 150 mg/kg complete feed. This conclusion was extrapolated to all poultry species for fattening or reared for laying/breeding. ■■■■■

The growing requirements imposed on cosmetic products are associated with the need for continuous selection of natural raw materials to meet the changing trends on the cosmetics market. The appearance of newer and newer targeted actives reflects the dynamics in the skincare field. Certain trends, however, despite the passage of time, remain unchanged and will always constitute a solid basis in the canon of maintaining good skin condition. Regardless of the type of skin, its age or condition, it is extremely important for the cosmetic to provide adequate antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory protection. Few raw materials combine such a diverse biologically active activity, which is why star anise (Illicium verum) deserves special attention. It is the raw material relatively well known and used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TMC) as a therapeutic agent. It also has an important position as a food and fragrance plant. In the European Pharmacopoeia 4.0 since 2002 and in the Polish Pharmacopoeia VIII (Farmakopea Polska VIII), since 2008 there are two monographs of raw materials obtained from I. verum: fruit - Anisi stellati fructus, and essential oil - Anisi stellati aetheroelum. Moreover, I. verum also appears in various forms as a source of raw materials for the production of cosmetics in the created by European Commission, CosIng database (Cosmetic Ingredients database). I. verum is a rich source of valuable biologically active compounds, such as: monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids, which determine the biological activity of these raw materials. In medicine, their expectorant and spasmolytic effects are mainly used. The documented by the latest scientific research; anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant of fruit extracts and / or essential oil, determine the use of this species in the production of cosmetics. Trans-anethole (E-anethole) is recognized to be the most important compound in the essential oil of I. verum, determining its activity. The valuable sensory features (aromatic, sweet taste) and biological properties (antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) of this compound, are used in the food, cosmetic, perfume and pharmaceutical industries. Opinion-forming organizations such as: FEMA (Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association) and FDA (Food Drug Administration) have granted both I. verum and trans-anethole the status of safe raw materials. This multifunctional biological effect makes anise an extremely interesting raw material in cosmetic formulations, however, its potential is still underestimated.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of star anise essential oil (SAO) supplementation in diets with different energy levels on growth performance, nutrient metabolic efficiency of broilers. One hundred and ninety-two Arbor Acres male broiler chicks at 28 days of age were divided into a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement design with three dietary energy levels (13.41, 12.82, 12.23 MJ/kg) and 4 levels of SAO supplementation (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of diet). Dietary supplementation with SAO increased (p < .05) apparent metabolic efficiency of CP, EE, GE, and all of the amino acids except Trp. Significant interactions were noted between energy level and SAO administration for metabolic efficiency of CP, all of the amino acids except Cys. Inclusion of SAO enhanced apparent nutrient metabolic efficiency of broilers in a dose-dependent manner, birds supplemented with 400 mg/kg of SAO in high-energy diets appeared to contain highest nutrient metabolic efficiency, moreover, the metabolic efficiency of nutrients in low-energy diets along with 200 or 400 mg/kg of SAO was similar with that in high-energy diets without SAO, which indicated that the SAO might ameliorate the negative effects of reduced dietary metabolic energy on nutrient utilization in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium verum Hook f. (star anise) is considered an important species in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is also used in contemporary medicine in East Asian countries. It occurs in natural habitats in southeastern parts of China and Vietnam, and is cultivated in various regions in China. The raw materials—Anisi stellati fructus and Anisi stellati aetheroleum obtained from this species exhibit expectorant and spasmolytic activities. The European Pharmacopoeia (4th edition) indicates that these raw materials have been used in allopathy since 2002. The biological activities of the above-mentioned raw materials are determined by the presence of valuable secondary metabolites such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids. Recent pharmacological studies on fruit extracts and the essential oil of this species have confirmed their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities and thus their medicinal and cosmetic value. The aim of this review was to examine the progress of phytochemical and pharmacological studies that focused on possible cosmetic applications. In addition to fruit extracts and essential oil, the current consensus on the safety of trans-anethole, which is the main compound of essential oil used in cosmetology, is underlined here.

An experiment using 96 Hy‐Line brown laying hens at 29 weeks of age that were randomly allocated to four treatments with eight replicates was conducted to assess the effects of star anise (Illicium verum Hook.f.) oil (SAO) on nutrient and energy utilization. Dietary treatments were corn–soybean meal‐based diets supplemented with 0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg SAO. The birds were fed the diets for 14 days. The conventional nutrients and amino acids of feed and excreta samples were measured for calculating apparent metabolic efficiency, and gross energy (GE) was analyzed for computation of apparent metabolic energy (AME) and true metabolic energy (TME). Endogenous losses were obtained from another 16 birds for calculating true metabolic efficiency. Birds supplemented with SAO had higher (p < 0.05) metabolic efficiency of crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), Lys, Met, Arg, and Thr than those of control group. Quadratic effects on utilization of Lys, Met, and Thr were observed (p < 0.05). Inclusion of SAO to diet improved nutrient utilization, and the efficacy is best at 400 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of star anise oil (SAO) on performance and antioxidant status of laying hens, a total of 864 Hy-Line brown laying hens at 26 wk of age were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 36 birds. Dietary treatments were non-star anise oil supplementation and supplemented with SAO at the level of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg diet. The birds were fed the diets for 56 d. Average egg weight, average daily feed intake (ADFI), egg mass, laying rate, and feed conversion of each replicate were measured. Blood and liver samples from 12 birds were obtained, 72 eggs were picked out, per treatment at day 28 and day 56 of the experiment, and eggs stored for 56 d, to determine antioxidant status in serum, liver, and yolk. All laying hens had similar average egg weight, egg mass, laying rate, and feed conversion in day 29 to day 56 or the entire period of the experiment but significant difference on ADFI in day 1 to day 56. However, increasing diet concentration of SAO tended to improve (P < 0.10) egg mass, average egg weight, and ADFI in day 1 to day 28. Supplementation of SAO linearly increased (P < 0.05) activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (day 28 and day 56) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) (day 56) in serum, GSH-PX (day 28 and day 56) in liver and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (day 56) in serum and liver, but linearly reduced (P < 0.05) concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) (day 28 and day 56) in liver. Supplementation of SAO linearly increased (P < 0.05) T-SOD activity at day 14 and day 28, reduced (P < 0.05) MDA concentration at day 42 and day 56 of the experiment in yolk. Increasing content of SAO linearly (P < 0.05) increased T-SOD activity in yolk of eggs stored at day 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56, decreased MDA content of eggs stored at day 42 and 56, whether laying hens fed diets for 28 or 56 d. Dietary supplementation of SAO enhanced laying performance and overall antioxidant status of laying hens in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodegradable antibacterial composite film blended with starch and sodium alginate was developed by solution casting method, using montmorillonite as the fortifier and star anise oil as the bacteriostat. Infrared analysis showed that montmorillonite and star anise oil were successfully incorporated into starch and sodium alginate to form a stable composite film. The addition of 6 wt% montmorillonite could enhance several properties of the films, including barrier properties, optical properties, thermal stability and mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the incorporation of star anise oil made the composite films have antibacterial properties to resist E. coli. Packing cherry tomatoes with starch‑sodium alginate-montmorillonite-star anise oil composite film could reduce the weight loss rate and decay rate of fresh cherry tomatoes. Soil burial experiments showed that the composite films exhibited a continuous biodegradation process. The starch‑sodium alginate-montmorillonite-star anise oil films decomposed into little pieces and were completely mixed in the soil within 22 days, which offered an application foreground for the development of biodegradable food packaging film with bacteriostatic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, microwave-assisted extraction with ethanol ( MAEE) of star anise oil from Illicium verum Hook.f. has been optimised by response surface methodology ( RSM). A maximum yield of star anise oil was obtained at an optimum condition: the ratio of solvent to sample 17 mL g−1, extraction time 16 min and microwave power 505 W. Accordingly, the highest yield of star anise oil was about 24.98%, which was much higher than that of steam distillation ( SD), 7.17%. Oxygenated organic compounds in representative of trans-anethole are a major component in star anise oil, nearly 94.21% for SD and 86.66% for MAEE, identified and determined by GC- MS. The oils extracted by SD and MAEE both have strong antioxidant activities that were demonstrated by the DPPH and ABTS assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illicium verum Hook f. (star anise) is considered an important species in Traditional Chinese Medicine and is also used in contemporary medicine in East Asian countries. It occurs in natural habitats in southeastern parts of China and Vietnam, and is cultivated in various regions in China. The raw materials—Anisi stellati fructus and Anisi stellati aetheroleum obtained from this species exhibit expectorant and spasmolytic activities. The European Pharmacopoeia (4th edition) indicates that these raw materials have been used in allopathy since 2002. The biological activities of the above-mentioned raw materials are determined by the presence of valuable secondary metabolites such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids. Recent pharmacological studies on fruit extracts and the essential oil of this species have confirmed their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities and thus their medicinal and cosmetic value. The aim of this review was to examine the progress of phytochemical and pharmacological studies that focused on possible cosmetic applications. In addition to fruit extracts and essential oil, the current consensus on the safety of trans-anethole, which is the main compound of essential oil used in cosmetology, is underlined here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Star anise oil in 2 and 1% concentrations produced active sensitization in 5 % of test subjects, and positive patch tests in 36 and 34 %, respectively, of consecutive patients with dermatitis. A comparison of the results of tests with balsams and other essential oils showed that star anise oil does not give cross-reactions arid pseudo cross-sensitivity. Patients positive to this oil are frequently positive to anethole and to other constituents of this oil: α-pinene, limonene and safrole. In tests with star anise oil it is noteworthy that a 1 % concentration is strongly irritant. and 0.5 % reveals sensitivity in only one fifth of the actively sensitized subjects. It is possible that the cause of false negative patch tests might be similar in the case of some other allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of star anise essential oil (SAO) supplementation in diets with different energy levels on growth performance, nutrient metabolic efficiency of broilers. One hundred and ninety-two Arbor Acres male broiler chicks at 28 days of age were divided into a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement design with three dietary energy levels (13.41, 12.82, 12.23 MJ/kg) and 4 levels of SAO supplementation (0, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of diet). Dietary supplementation with SAO increased (p < .05) apparent metabolic efficiency of CP, EE, GE, and all of the amino acids except Trp. Significant interactions were noted between energy level and SAO administration for metabolic efficiency of CP, all of the amino acids except Cys. Inclusion of SAO enhanced apparent nutrient metabolic efficiency of broilers in a dose-dependent manner, birds supplemented with 400 mg/kg of SAO in high-energy diets appeared to contain highest nutrient metabolic efficiency, moreover, the metabolic efficiency of nutrients in low-energy diets along with 200 or 400 mg/kg of SAO was similar with that in high-energy diets without SAO, which indicated that the SAO might ameliorate the negative effects of reduced dietary metabolic energy on nutrient utilization in broilers., (© 2021 Japanese Society of Animal Science.)