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Background and Aim: Horse wounds can be easily infected with bacteria depending on the nature of its cause such as laceration, abrasion, or puncture as well as the nature of its environment. Various treatments are available in managing open wounds, including the usage of topical antibiotics and antiseptics. However, antibiotic resistance has been a major concern attributed with chronic wound infection. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of ionized water at different pH against the growth of common bacteria from horse wounds. Materials and Methods: Ten swab samples from equine infected wounds were collected and bacteria isolation and identification were performed. The antibacterial effect of the ionized water of pH 2.5, 4.5, 7.0, and 11.5 was tested on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus intermedius, Escherichia coli, Pantoea agglomerans, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The time-kill profiles of the ionized waters were determined at time 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Results: Ionized water of pH 2.5 and 4.5 showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, and S. intermedius with significant (p>0.05) reduction in colony-forming unit/mL within 2-8 h. The degree of bactericidal effect of the acidic ionized water differs between the species with S. intermedius more susceptible. However, there was no antibacterial effect at pH 2.5, 4.5, 7.0, and 11.5 on the Gram-negative bacteria tested. Conclusion: Ionized water of pH 2.5 and 4.5 is effective in minimizing the growth of Gram-positive bacteria; thus it could be of clinical importance as an antiseptic for surface wound lavage in horses.

Antibiotic resistance is a global problem, searching for new antimicrobial agents is an urgent need. In this study, in vitro antibacterial and antimicrobial effects of milk-derived antimicrobial agents, lactoferrin-derived peptides, lactoferricin (Lfc) and lactoferrampin (Lfa) (alone or in combination) and their association with natural extracts have been explored. The assessment of antimicrobial activity was based on two measurements: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Fractional Inhibitory Concentration indexes. Lfc alone is more suitable for inhibiting Staphylococcus intermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis, while Lfa against Candida albicans, a synergistic effect of the two peptides against all the three pathogens has been detected. A strong synergy of all the natural extracts with Lfc and Lfa solution against selected microorganisms in vitro was pointed out. Our results suggest that natural-derived compounds, such as milk peptides and vegetal extracts could be promising tools to treat moderate fungal and bacterial infections.

Six Staphylococcus strains were isolated from healthy black bears (Ursus americanus) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, USA. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome, 16S rRNA, dnaJ, hsp60, rpoB and sodA genes, and MALDI-TOF-MS main spectral profiles revealed that the strains belonged to one species and showed the closest relatedness to members of the ‘ Staphylococcus intermedius group’ (SIG), which include Staphylococcus intermedius , Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphyloccoccus cornubiensis. The strains were positive in SIG-specific and negative in individual species-specific PCR assays for the nuc gene. The strains can be differentiated from the other SIG species by the absence of sucrose fermentation, from S. intermedius DSM 20373T, S. pseudintermedius CCUG 49543T and S. cornubiensis DSM 105366T by the absence of methyl β-d-glucopyranoside fermentation and from S. delphini DSM 20771T by fermentation of trehalose. DNA relatedness of the type strain MI 10-1553T with the type strains of S. delphini , S. pseudintermedius , S. intermedius and S. cornubiensis was ≤48.2 % by digital DNA–DNA hybridization and ≤92.3 % by average nucleotide identity calculations. Iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the most common fatty acids. Polar lipids consisted of phosphadidylglycerols, phospholipids, glycolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol and aminophospholipid. Cell-wall peptidoglycan was of type A3α l-Lys-Gly3 (Ser; similar to A11.2 and A11.3). The respiratory quinone belonged to menaquinone 7 (MK-7). The G+C content of MI 10-1553T was 39.3 mol%. The isolated strains represent a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus , for which we propose the name Staphylococcus ursi sp. nov. The type strain is MI 10-1553T (=ATCC TSD-55T=CCOS 1900T).

Staphylococcal food poisoning is considered to be one of the most common foodborne illnesses worldwide. Because milk is rich in nutrients and its neutral pH, it leads to the growth of various bacteria. To date, the correlation between enterotoxigenic potential in Staphylococcus species and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), using bioinformatics analysis in buffalo and cow raw milk and the possible health risks from these bacteria, has not been examined in Egypt. A total of 42 Staphylococcus isolates representing 12 coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius) and 30 coagulase-negative staphylococci (Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus saccharolyticus, and Staphylococcus auricularis) were isolated. An assay of the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes indicated low resistance against vancomycin (9.5%). The blaZ gene was associated with penicillin G and methicillin resistance and not with sulbactam + ampicillin. The presence of the gene ermB presented the correlation with erythromycin resistance and tetK with tetracycline resistance (correlation index: 0.57 and 0.49, respectively), despite the absence of the same behavior for ermC and tetM, respectively. Interestingly, the gene mecA was not correlated with resistance to methicillin or any other β-lactam. Correlation showed that slime-producing isolates had more resistance to antibiotics than those of nonslime producers. The multiple correlations between antibiotic resistance phenotypes and resistance genes indicate a complex nature of resistance in Staphylococcus species. The antimicrobial resistance could potentially spread to the community and thus, the resistance of Staphylococcus species to various antibiotics does not depend only on the use of a single antimicrobial, but also extends to other unrelated classes of antimicrobials.

Mastitis is the most important disease in dairy farms worldwide causing significant economic losses. Sixty milk samples were collected from mastitic cows and submitted to the laboratory for further bacteriological examinations, Staphylococcus spp. (45%), Bacillus spp. (22.5%), Enterobacter spp. (14.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (8%), Acinobacter spp (5%) and Micrococcus spp (5%) were found in bacteriological examination of all milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent among Staphylococci isolates (45%), followed by Staphylococcus intermedius (22%), Staphylococcus warneri (11%), Staphylococcus hyicus (11%), Staphylococcus chromogenes (11%) and Staphylococcus lentus (11%) Also Bacillus spp were found to be: Bacillus alvei (40%) Bacillus thermophilus (20%), Bacillus coagulans (20%) and Bacillus firmus (20%). Sensitivity tests were conducted using 12 different antibiotics including Tetracycline and Gentamicin. The sensitivity was determined for each antibiotic by using disc diffusion technique according to Kirby–Bauer method. The isolated bacteria were highly sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Ifovluxtsen, Linezolid, Gentamicin and they were found to be resistant to Cloxacillin, Cephalexin, followed by Tetracycline, Lincomycin. Roxithromycin. This study showed that the most causative agent of mastitis in south Khartoum is Staphylococcus aureus. Hygienic practices procedure in dairy farm must be sustainable to reduce this disease and to be aware about the suitable antibiotics to be used using antibiotic sensitivity test. The present study was designed to investigate the sensitivity of different antibiotics against bacteria isolated from suspected mastitic cows in dairy farms in south Khartoum, Sudan. Keywords: Staph. aureus, Bacillus, Antibiotics, Mastitis, Ceprofloxacin, Sensitivity.

Background. As a transitional state between normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by a worse cognitive decline than that of natural aging. The association between AD and gut microbiota has been reported in a number of studies; however, microbial research regarding MCI remains limited. Methods. This study examined 48 participants, of whom 22 were MCI cases and 26 were normal control cases. Fecal samples were collected for 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) quantitative arrays and bioinformatics analysis. Results. A principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) both demonstrated that the microbial composition of participants with MCI deviated from that of healthy control participants. Multiple bacterial species were significantly increased (e.g., Staphylococcus intermedius) or decreased (e.g., Bacteroides salyersiae) in samples from the MCI group. Conclusion. The composition of gut microbiota differed between normal control and MCI cases. This is the first study to identify a signature series of species in the gut microbiota of individuals with MCI. The results provide a new direction for the future development of an early diagnosis and probiotic regimen.

Resume— La flore microbienne du nez de 45 pigeons voyageurs a ete examinee selon la presence de bacteries virtuellement pathologiques. La plupart de bacteries isolees sont Staphylococcus intermedius et S. lentus, qui montrent une grande resistance envers les antibiotiques qui arretent la synthese des proteines. Ces genes de resistance sont localises chez S. lentus sur les petits plasmides et chez S. intermedius surtout sur le chromosome. Ce fait correspond a l'etat de S. intermedius des chiens, mais il y a une grande difference en comparison avec les autres especes pathologiques des staphylocoques des betes et des etres humains. La difference concerne non seulement le scheme de l'antibioresistance, mais aussi la localisation inhabituelle des genes de resistance. Ces observations indiquent qu'il y aurait peut-etre un echange de S. intermedius entre le pigeon et le chien, de sorte que le pigeon representerait une source d'infection pour le chien. [Schwarz, S., Werckenthin, C. Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci isolated from pigeons (Resistance antibiotique aux souches de Staphylococcus intermedius isolees de pigeons). Zusammenfassung— Die mikrobielle Nasenflora von 45 Brieftauben wurde hinsichtlich des Vorkommens potentiell pathogener Bakterien untersucht. Staphylococcus intermedius und S. lentus Isolate wurden am haufigsten nachgewiesen und zeigten in hohem Mase Resistenzen gegenuber Anibiotika, die die bakterielle Proteinbiosynthese hemmen. Die entsprechenden Resistenzgene wurden bei S. lentusuberwiegend auf kleinen Plasmiden nachgewiesen, wahrend sie bei S. intermedius ausschlieslich chromosomal kodiert waren. Diesbezuglich entsprachen die S. intermedius Stamme von Tauben denen von Hunden, unterschieden sich aber deutlich von anderen pathogenen Staphylokokkenspezies von Tieren und Menschen sowohl in ihrem Resistenzmuster, als auch in der fur Staphylokokken unublichen subzellularen Lage der Resistenzgene. Diese Beobachtungen deuten auf einen moglichen Austausch von S. intermedius Stammen zwischen Tauben und Hunden hin, wobei Tauben eine potentielle Infektionsquelle fur Hunde darstellen konnten. [Schwarz, S., Werckenthin, C. Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci isolated from pigeons (Antibiotikaresistenz bei Staphylococcus intermedius von Tauben). Resumen— La flora bacteriana nasal de 45 palomas mensajeras fuera investigado respecto a la presencia de bacilos potencialamente patogenos. Isolaciones de Staphylococcus intermedius y S. lentus fueran probado lo mas frecuente y monstraban resistencias muy altas contra antibioticos lo que inhiben la biosintesis bacteriana de proteinas. Los genes de resistencia adecuados de S. lentus fueran probado preponderantemente en plasmidos pequenos, mientras que en S. intermedius estaban codificado solamente cromosomal. En estas caracteristicas las cepas de S. intermedius de palomas conformen con aquellos de perros, pero se diferenciaban claramente de otras especies patogenes de Staphylococcus de animales y de humanos no solo en sus modelos de resistencia sino tambien en la localisation inusitado subcellular de los genes de resistencia en los staphylococces. Estos obeservaciones sugieran un intercambio posible de cepas de S. intermedius entre paloma y perro a los quales la paloma podria ser un fuente infeccioso para perros. [Schwarz, S., Werckenthin, C. Antibiotic resistance in staphylococci isolated from pigeons (Resistencia de antibioticos de Staphylococcus intermedius de palomas). Abstract— A total of 45 carrier pigeons were investigated for the nasal carriage of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Strains of Staphylococcus intermedius and S. lentus were frequently isolated and most were resistant to one or more antibiotics which inhibit bacterial protein biosynthesis. In S. lentus, the respective resistance genes could be detected on small plasmids, whereas they were carried on the chromosome in S. intermedius. Thus, S. intermedius from pigeons appeared similar to S. intermedius from dogs, but differed from other pathogenic staphylococci of human and animal origin not only in its resistance pattern, but also in the location of the resistance genes. This observation might indicate a possible exchange of S. intermedius strains between pigeons and dogs and consequently identify pigeons as a potential source of infection for dogs.

Aspects of carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius were studied in three groups of dogs. In 150 normal dogs presenting for annual booster inoculations, carriage rates for S. intermedius in the anterior nares (36%) and on the anal ring (36%) were recorded. In 44 dogs presented for routine elective surgery, carriage of S. intermedius was higher on the caudal nares (41%) than on the anterior nares (34%), oropharynx (25%) or anal ring (30%) allowing an assessment of the accuracy of basing nasal carriage rates on swabbing the anterior nares alone. A new finding was that animals from multidog households had significantly higher (P < 0.005) nasal and anal carriage rates than dogs from single-dog households. In 33 dogs with superficial pyoderma, carrier rates were similar to those reported by others and significantly higher than in the other two groups with regard to both nasal and anal carriage (P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively).

Cephalosporins form a large group of β-lactam antibiotics which are used extensively in human medicine and to a lesser extent in domestic animals. In veterinary dermatology, the principle use for the cephalosporins is the clinical management of canine pyoderma associated with Staphylococcus intermedius. In practice, the use of orally administered first generation cephalosporin drugs to affected dogs is well tolerated and highly efficacious. Bacterial drug resistance appears to occur rarely.

Skin disease associated with the cutaneous commensal organisms Staphylococcus intermedius, Malassezia pachydermatis and Demodex canis is frequently encountered in veterinary medicine. In treatment the aim is elimination of the commensal, but recurrence of skin disease is not unusual. In this review, these potentially pathogenic commensals and their ecology are discussed with particular reference to skin biology and the surface ecosystem. The strategies employed by the micro-organisms for survival and the defence mechanisms of the host are considered. Disease occurs when the virulence of the commensal overwhelms the resistance of the host. It is hoped that an understanding of the complex nature of the skin and its commensals will lead to a better understanding of those diseases associated with commensals and in consequence more effective treatment. Resume— Les dermatoses associees aux organismes commensaux cutanes Staphylococcus intermedius, Malassezia pachydermatis et Demodex canis sont frequentes en medecine veterinaire. Le traitement vise aeliminer le commensal, mais les recidives sont frequentes. Dans cet article, les commensaux potentiellement pathogenes et leur ecologie sont discutes avec une reference particuliere a la biologie cutanee et a l'ecosysteme de surface. Les strategies employees par les microorganismes pour survivre et les mecanismes de defense de l'hote sont presentes. La pathologie se developpe lorsque la virulence du commensal outrepasse la resistance de l'hote. Il faut esperer que la comprehension de la nature complexe de la peau et de ses commensaux, permettent une meilleure comprehension des pathologies associees a ces commensaux et par consequent un traitement plus efficace. [Mason, I. S., Mason, K. V., Lloyd, D. H. A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis (Une revue de la biologie de la peau concernant les commensaux Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis et Malassezia pachydermatis). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 119–132.] Resumen En medicina veterinaria son frecuentes las dermatopatias asociadas a los microorganismos comensales Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis y Malassezia pachydermatis. El tratamiento busca la elimination del comensal, aunque no son raras las recidivas. En esta revision se discute la ecologia de estos comensales potencialmente patogenos, con especial enfasis en la biologia cutanea y el ecosistema superficial. Se tienen en cuenta las estrategias para la supervivencia utilizadas por los microorganismos y los mecanismos de defensa del huesped. La enfernedad se desarrolla cuando la virulencia del comensal supera la resistencia del huesped. Se espera que el mejor conocimiento de la naturaleza compleja de la piel y de sus comensales llevara a un mejor conocimiento de las enfermedades asociadas a los comensales y, consecuentemente, a un tratamiento mas efectivo. [Mason, I. S., Mason, K. V., Lloyd, D. H. A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis (Revision de la biologia cutanea con respecto a los comensales Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis y Malassezia pachydermatis). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 119–132.] Zusammenfassung— Hauterkrankungen in Verbindung mit den kutanen, kommensalen Organismen Staphylococcu intermedius, Malassezia pachydermatis und Demodex canis werden in der Veterinarmedizin haufig angetroffen. Das Ziel der Behandlung ist die Elimination der Kommensalen, aber die Rezidivierung der Hauterkrankung ist nicht ungewohnlich. In dieser Ubersicht werden diese potentiell pathogenen Kommensalen und ihre Okologie mit speziellem Bezug zur Biologie der Haut und des Ober-flachenokosystems diskutiert. Die Uberlebensstrategien dieser Mikroorganismen und die Abwehrmechanismen des Wirtes werden berucksichtigt. Eine Erkrankung tritt auf, wenn die Virulenz des Kommensal die Widerstandskraft des Wirtes ubertrifft. Man hofft, das das Verstehen der komplexen Natur der Haut und ihrer Kommensalen zum besserem Verstandnis dieser mit den Kommensalen verbundenen Krankheiten und damit in der Folge zu wirksamerer Behandlung fuhrt. [Mason, I.S., Mason, K.V., Lloyd, D.H. A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis (Ubersicht uber die Biologie der Haut des Hundes mit Berucksichtigung der Kommensalen Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis und Malassezia pachydermatis). Veterinary Dermatology 1996; 7: 119–132.]

The use of the penicillins in veterinary dermatology is discussed. An outline is provided of the main penicillins used in the veterinary field. These include benzyl penicillin, penicillin V, ampicillin, amoxycillin, co-amoxiclav and oxacillin. An increase in β-lactamase production among strains of Staphylococcus intermedius, the principal canine pathogen in pyoderma, has been seen in recent years. Thus only those penicillins with resistance to β-lactamase (co-amoxiclav or isoxazolyl penicillins) are likely to be of value in treating canine pyoderma. However, feline, porcine and equine staphylococcal dermatoses, and other veterinary dermatoses such as the actinomycoses, dermatophilosis and erysipelothrix, usually respond well to most penicillins, whether or not they resist β-lactamase.

Resume— Le portage de Staphylococcus intermedius dans les narines, le pourtour anal et la ligne blanche a ete compare chez 10 chiens sains et 19 chiens atopiques cliniquement controles, recevant de faibles doses, a jours alternes, de prednisone pendant une periode six mois. Un test du x2 n'a pas permis de mettre en evidence une difference significative du taux d'isolement de S. intermedius entre les deux groupes en aucune localisation ni en regroupant l'ensemble des localisations [Harvey, R. G., Noble, W. C. A temporal study comparing the carriage of Saphylococcus intermedius on normal dogs with atopic dogs in clinical remission (Etue comparative du portage de Staphylococcus intermedius chez les chiens sains et atopiques cliniquement gueris). Abstract— A temporal study of the carriage of Staphylococcus intermedius from the nares, anal ring and ventral midline of 10 normal dogs was compared to that of 19 atopic dogs receiving low dose, alternate-day prednisolone over a period of six months and maintained in clinical remission. Chi-squared comparison of the two groups revealed no difference between the groups in the recovery rate of S. intermedius at any single site and no significant difference when all sites were pooled.

Haben Fesseha,1 Mesfin Mathewos,1 Saliman Aliye,1 Amanuel Wolde2 1School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia; 2College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Health, Jinka University, Jinka, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Haben Fesseha Email haben.senbetu@wsu.edu.etBackground: In the global dairy industry, mastitis is the main economic significant disease of cattle. Milk and other dairy outputs are scarce in developed countries, including Ethiopia.Methods: In this cross-sectional investigation in the Modjo district, milk samples were collected aseptically from 384 randomly selected lactating cattle to investigate the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis and determine the possible risk factors and isolate bacterial pathogens causing mastitis. Besides, clinical mastitis cases have been reported by veterinarians based on milk, udder, or systemic cow anomalies, whereas the presence of subclinical mastitis was determined using California Mastitis Test (CMT).Results: The research revealed that subclinical mastitis (71.02%) is more prevalent in dairy farms of the study area than in the clinical type (28.9%). The quarter-level frequency was 36.9%; from which, 34.9% and 3.4% were from subclinical form and blind teat, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the frequency of mastitis in lactating cows (p < 0.05) and factors, such as breed, age, body condition score, herd size, milking mastitic cow at the end, and previous mastitis history. The dominant mastitis-causing agents isolated in this study were Staphylococcus aureus (40.3%), Streptococcus species (24.3%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (12.5%), E. coli (8.3%), Staphylococcus hyicus (3.5%), and Staphylococcus intermedius (1.4%). The high occurrence of mastitis, particularly sub-clinical mastitis, revealed significant economic potential losses in dairy farms in the research district.Conclusion: Therefore, appropriate measures aimed at increasing the understanding and hygiene milking methods of dairy farmers, routine monitoring for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy, and culling of chronically contaminated cows to reduce bovine mastitis and its impact on milk production and food security.Keywords: California mastitis test, dairy cow, mastitis, risk factor, Modjo

Pre-weaning diarrhea in mink kits (PWD), also known as “sticky kits” is a multifactorial syndrome of considerable concern in the mink production. Evidence based treatment protocols are not available, and treatment is therefore empirical and often based on the use of antimicrobials. The purpose of the study was to test the effect of 3 alternative treatments to a standard antibiotic treatment, to characterize the study groups microbiologically, and finally to compare the intestinal microbiota of the different treatment groups at the age of 42 days. In total, 226 one to three week old mink kits with PWD from 36 litters were treated with either 1) Lactobacillus reuteri, 2) benzylpenicillin, 3) Ringer lactate or 4) amoxicillin (controls). Effects of the treatments were measured as weight gain from day 0 to day 15 and mortality. Multivariable linear mixed model regression showed no significant difference in weight gain between probiotic-, penicillin or fluid-treated mink kits and the amoxicillin treated controls. There was also no significant difference in mortality risk between the treatment groups. Bacterial culture and next generation sequencing of the viral contents showed that the study groups were uniform with a high frequency of Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) bacteria, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus hirae, Mamastrovirus and Sapovirus which were representative for mink kits with PWD. 16S sequencing results of the bacterial microbiota, when the kits were 42 days old were dominated by clostridia in all groups and showed no clear differences in the bacterial composition between the different treatment groups.

Objectives To evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) combined with the Sepsityper kit (Bruker Daltoniks GmbH, Bremen) for the direct detection of bacterial species from inoculated blood cultures from dogs and cats. Materials and methods Canine and feline blood samples were inoculated with typical sepsis-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus canis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at two distinct concentrations (each in triplicate), resulting in 72 blood culture bottles incubated at 37°C. Samples were comparatively analysed with MALDI-TOF MS after preparation with the Sepsityper kit and also by standard bacteriology (culturing and biochemical characterisation). Results Bacterial species identified from agar plates and by MALDI-TOF MS from blood culture bottles were identical for all samples. The MALDI Biotyper software (Bruker Daltoniks) correctly identified all bacterial strains from inoculated canine and feline blood with analysis indicating very good precision. Clinical significance MALDI-TOF MS analysis combined with the Sepsityper kit is a reliable tool for a quick detection of veterinary-relevant bacterial species directly from blood culture bottles. This approach could reduce the time for identification of critical species to only 24 hours.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the bactericidal activity of honey alone and honey mixed with different Nigella sativa L. seed extracts against bacterial isolates from chronic wounds of domestic carnivores. The preparation of Nigella sativa L. seed extracts was carried out by macerating the seed powder in increasingly polar solvents (ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol). The study of the minimum bactericidal concentration of honey alone and honey mixed with different Nigella sativa L. seed extracts was carried out by Broth Dilution Method. The results showed that the addition of different Nigella sativa L. seed extracts decreased the bactericidal activity of honey against Escherichia coli and potentiated this bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus intermedius.

Subclinical mastitis in Ettawa crosbreed goat (PE) is economic disease which lost milk yield that bacteria caused. The aim of these research was to isolatian and identification bacteria that caused subclinical mastitis in PE goat from Kemiri Kebo, Turi, Sleman, Yogyakarta. A total of 24 goat milk PE subclinical mastitis samples, were used in these research. Determination of subclinical mastitis in PE goat used CMT test which (++) and (+++) results. Isolation and identification conventional bacteria based on biochemical. Subclinical mastitis PE goat in Kemiri Kebo, Turi, Sleman, Yogyakarta was caused Staphylococcus intermedius (38%), Staphylococcus aureus (32%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%) , Staphylococcus hycus (12%) , Streptococcus sp (22%), Corynebacterium sp (12%) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18%), and E. coli (2%). The research showed that Gram positive bacteria is dominant that caused subclinical mastitis in PE goat compared than Gram negative bacteria.

Introduction: Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG), a known veterinary pathogen with the potential for zoonotic human infections, comprises S. intermedius, S. pseudintermedius, and S. delphini, which are not easily distinguishable. Without the proper equipment and procedures, it cannot be distinguished from Staphylococcus aureus (SAu), which causes underestimation of its true incidence. Case Presentation: A 52-year-old male with diabetes presented with complaints of fever and malaise. He developed respiratory failure and altered mental status; hence, intensive care was provided to him. Blood cultures and bronchoalveolar lavage culture developed methicillin-resistant SIG. Despite rapid adjustment of empiric antibiotic therapy, he died of multiple organ failure. Conclusions: Incorporating knowledge about this new pathogen and its aggressiveness into daily clinical practice can, through a high index of suspicion and detailed anamnesis, reduce misdiagnoses.

All infections are potentially curable as long as the etiological agents are susceptible to antimicrobials. The increased rate at which antimicrobials are becoming ineffective is a global health risk of increasing concern that threatens withdrawal of beneficial antimicrobials for disease control. The increased demand for food of animal origin, in particular eggs, meat and milk has led to intensification and commercial production systems where excessive use and misuse of antimicrobials may prevail. Antimicrobials, handled and used by farmers and animal attendants with no formal education, may be predisposed to incorrect dosages, misuse, incorrect applications and non-adherence to withdrawal periods. This study was conducted to assess the regulatory roles and governance of antimicrobials, establish the pattern and extent of their use, evaluate the antimicrobial residues and resistance in the food animals and crop agriculture value chains, and relate these findings to existing strategies in place for combating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Tanzania. A multimethod approach (desk review, field study and interviews) was used. Relevant establishments were also visited. High levels of resistance to penicillin G, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been reported, especially for Actinobacter pyogenes, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle with mastitis and in humans. Similar trends were found in poultry where eggs and meat are contaminated with Escherichia coli strains resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanate, sulphamethoxazole and neomycin. An increasing trend of emerging multidrug resistant E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella was also found in food animals. An increase in methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in the livestock sector in Tanzania have been reported. The pathogens isolated in animals were resistant to ampicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tylosin, erythromycin, cefuroxime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. An increased usage of antimicrobials for prophylaxis, and therapeutics against pathogens and for growth promotion in livestock, aquaculture and crop production were observed. A One Health strategic approach is advocated to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food and agriculture sectors in Tanzania. Practical recommendations include (a) legislation review and implementation, (b) antimicrobial use (AMU), AMR and antimicrobial residue (AR) awareness and advocacy among stakeholders along the value chain, (c) strengthening of surveillance and monitoring programs for AMU, AMR and AR, (d) enhanced development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests and the promotion of biosecurity principles, and (e) good husbandry practices. The utilization of this information to improve public health policies and reduce the burden of AMR will be beneficial.

Oroxylum indicum extracts from the seeds collected from Lampang and Pattani provinces in Thailand, and young fruits and flowers exhibited in vitro display antioxidant and antibacterial activities against clinically isolated zoonotic bacteria including Staphylococcus intermedius, Streptococcus suis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, β-hemolytic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The orange crystals and yellow precipitates were obtained from the preparation processes of the seed extracts. The orange-red crystals from the seeds collected from Lampang province exhibited strong in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effects (EC50 value = 25.99 ± 3.30 μg/mL) and antibacterial effects on S. intermedius and β-hemolytic E. coli while the yellow precipitate from the same source exhibited only antioxidant activity. Quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in O. indicum samples by spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques showed that they contained different amounts of total phenolic, total flavonoid and three major flavones, baicalin, baicalein and chrysin contents. Young fruit extract, which contained low amounts of flavone contents, still promoted antibacterial effects against the tested bacteria with IC50 values lower than 1 mg/mL and MIC values between 4 to 10 mg/mL in S. intermedius, S. aureus and S suis while higher IC50 and MIC values against P. aeruginosa and β-hemolytic E. coli were found. From scanning electron microscopy, the extract of the young fruit of O. indicum promoted morphological changes in the bacterial cells by disrupting the bacterial cell walls, inducing leakage of the cellular content, and generating the abnormal accumulation of cells. The mechanism of action of the extract for this antibacterial effect may be the disruption of the cell membrane and abnormal cell aggregations. Regression analysis of the results suggests the correlation between total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Baicalin was found to have a high correlation with an inhibitory effect against β-hemolytic E. coli while three unidentified peaks, which could be flavones, showed high correlations with an inhibitory effect against S. intermedius, S. suis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.

Due to the increase in the number of companion animal breeders in Japan, there are more opportunities for companion animals to come into contact with humans than before. Therefore, we investigated the bacterial flora adhering to the skin of dogs and the bacterial flora was analyzed for the presence of zoonotic bacteria that infect humans from companion animals. With the cooperation of students enrolled in the Department of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Fukuoka Health Care, International University of Health and Welfare. 39 samples were collected from the abdomen, back and paws of 13 healthy dogs using sterile swabs by the scraping method. The isolation culture was carried out only for facultative anaerobic bacteria to obligate aerobic bacteria and Bacterial identification was determined by MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA gene analysis. Among the identified strains were

Objective. A crosssectional study was conducted between September 2015 and August 2016 in the district of Afar Regional State, Northeastern Ethiopia, to characterize the most prevalent bacterial pathogens and identify the associated risk factors of camel subclinical mastitis. California mastitis test (CMT) was used as a screening test, and standard bacteriological methods were carried out for isolation and identification of the pathogens. Results. Among the total 96 lactating camels examined, 25 were found positive with the overall prevalence of 26%, with 25% and 1% subclinical and clinical mastitis cases, respectively. Totally, 384 quarters of udder were examined; of these, 10 of them were blind while the rest 374 were nonblind teats. The quarter level prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 8.9%. The analysis showed that statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05 ) of tick infestation and subclinical mastitis. Additionally, among the bacteriologically tested 34 CMT positive milk samples, all of them showed growth on nutrient and blood agar plate. Out of these culture isolates, the major bacterial pathogens identified were Staphylococcus aureus (8.7%), Staphylococcus hyicus (6.52%), Staphylococcus intermedius (6.52), Coagulase-negative staphylococci (19.57%), Bacillus (19.57%), Escherichia coli (6.52%), and Pasteurella multocida (6.52%) species. Therefore, appropriate control measures and awareness creation to the community should be practiced.

Methicillin resistance in the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) has emerged in small animal practice. Methicillin-resistant SIG (MRSIG) members have been implicated as causes of infections in both companion animals and humans. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements carry the mecA/C genes, which encode for the transpeptidase PBP2a (PBP2’) responsible for β-lactam antibiotic resistance in staphylococci. This study examined the SCCmec types of MRSIG isolates from different clinical specimens of dogs that exhibited methicillin MIC ≥ 0.5 μg/mL by an automated identification and susceptibility system in a Center for Veterinary Diagnostics in São Paulo, Brazil. Susceptibility to methicillin was determined by broth microdilution testing, and Oxoid® M.I.C.Evaluator® strips. PBP2a production was detected using a latex agglutination assay. SCCmec typing was performed according to the International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements (IWG-SCC) guidelines. SCCmec type II (2A), SCCmec type III (3A), composite SCC structures consisting of a class A mec gene complex in addition to multiple ccr gene complexes, and non-typable SCCmec elements were reported in these MRSIG isolates. SCCmec type variants differing from those so far acknowledged by IWG-SCC were found, indicating new rearrangements in the genetic context of mecA in these canine MRSIG isolates.

We evaluated the chemical composition, toxicity, and antibacterial activity of Schinus terebinthifolia (SCH), Eugenia uniflora (EUG), Persicaria hydropiperoides (PER), Equisetum hyemale (EQU), Solidago chilensis (SOL), and Baccharis trimera (BRA). These plants were tested (7.5–0.01 mg/mL) against Gram-positive (G+; n = 32) and Gram-negative (G–; n = 26) isolates from animals (M07-A9, CLSI). Antibiogram (disk diffusion), chromatographic analysis (UPLC), and toxicity assay (HET-CAM) were also performed. A high incidence of resistance was noted, in which 18.4% (07/38) of G+ (Staphylococcus intermedius/Enterococcus faecium) and 17.7% (06/34) of G– (Pseudomonas aeruginosa/Escherichia coli/Proteus mirabilis) were multidrug-resistant. All bacteria were sensitive (MIC50) to SCH (both 3.75 mg/mL), EUG (3.75 mg/mL and 7.5 mg/mL, respectively) and PER (both 7.5 mg/mL). SCH/EUG/PER highlighted as antibacterial, probably due to the major compounds (ethyl gallate, quinic acid, quercetin). These extracts showed normal embryonic development (SCH/EUG: 7.5–0.94 mg/mL). These findings highlighted the promising use of native plants for therapeutic purposes.

In the present research work, we propose a new antimicrobial treatment for pyoderma via cutaneous permeation of bacteriophage particles conveyed in a hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel integrating ionic liquid as a permeation enhancer. Ionic liquids are highly viscous fluids constituted exclusively by ions, that are usually hydrolytically stable and promote solubilization of amphipathic molecules such as proteins, hence serving as green solvents and promoting the transdermal permeation of biomolecules. In the research effort entertained herein, the synthesis and use of choline geranate for integrating a HEC gel aiming at the structural and functional stabilization of a cocktail of isolated lytic bacteriophage particles was sought, aiming at transdermal permeation in the antimicrobial treatment of animal pyoderma. The results obtained showed a high ability of the ionic liquid in enhancing transdermal permeation of the bacteriophage particles, with concomitant high potential of the HEC gel formulation in the antimicrobial treatment of animal skin infections.

Staphylococcus intermedius is a rare cause of human infections ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to bacteremia. It is particularly known for its association with exposure to dogs. We report an unusual case of a 73-year-old female with a brain abscess caused by S intermedius who was recently diagnosed with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation. The patient underwent debridement of the brain abscess followed by a 6-week course of vancomycin and rifampin, after which she made a near complete recovery. This is the first case of a brain abscess in an adult due to S intermedius in the published literature, and we provide a comprehensive review of the literature of all human infections caused by this pathogen and summarize its clinical manifestations, treatment recommendations, and outcomes.

The spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in human and veterinary medicine is of global concern. Notably, the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius has become a serious problem. In this context, bacteriophages and their lytic enzymes, endolysins, have received considerable attention as therapeutics for infectious diseases in place of antibiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibiotic-resistance patterns of staphylococcal species isolated from canine skin at a primary care animal hospital in Tokyo, Japan and evaluate the lytic activity of the staphylococcal bacteriophage phiSA012 and its endolysin Lys-phiSA012 against isolated antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal strains. Forty clinical staphylococcal samples were isolated from infection sites of dogs (20 from skin and 20 from the external ear canal). Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by a disk diffusion method. The host range of phiSA012 was determined by using a spot test against staphylococcal isolates. Against staphylococcal isolates that showed resistance toward five classes or more of antimicrobials, the lytic activity of phiSA012 and Lys-phiSA012 was evaluated using a turbidity reduction assay. Twenty-three S. pseudintermedius, 16 Staphylococcus schleiferi, and 1 Staphylococcus intermedius were detected from canine skin and ear infections, and results revealed 43.5% methicillin resistance in S. pseudintermedius and 31.3% in S. schleiferi. In addition, the prevalence multidrug resistance (MDR) S. pseudintermedius was 65.2%. PhiSA012 could infect all staphylococcal isolates by spot testing, but showed little lytic activity by turbidity reduction assay against MDR S. pseudintermedius isolates. On the other hand, Lys-phiSA012 showed lytic activity and reduced significantly the number of staphylococcal colony-forming units. These results demonstrated that ARB issues underlying in small animal hospital and proposed substitutes for antibiotics. Lys-phiSA012 has broader lytic activity than phiSA012 against staphylococcal isolates; therefore, Lys-phiSA012 is a more potential candidate therapeutic agent for several staphylococcal infections including that of canine skin.

Background and Aim: The increasing prevalence of drug resistance eventually leads scientist to discover new drugs that could solve the problem. Since ancient immemorial times, medicinal plants generally known as herbs were widely used in every culture throughout the world. In fact, currently up to 70,000 plant species have been screened for biological activities and about 70% ends up for commercialization. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the potential cytotoxic and antibacterial effect of Syzygium polyanthum leaves which are local Malaysia plants, against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells, respectively, and also against bacteria causing mastitis in cows. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of hydromethanolic extract of S. polyanthum against 4T1 and MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The cells were treated with the concentration of extracts ranging from 15.63 μg/mL to 1000 μg/ml for 72 h, and the percentage of cell survivability was determined based on minimum concentration that was able to allow at least 50% growth of cancer cells (IC50) after 72 h. The antibacterial activity was tested against common bacteria causing mastitis in cow. The bacteria were isolated from milk samples. The antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by disk diffusion method and susceptibility test based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hyicus, and Staphylococcus intermedius were isolated from the milk samples that positive for mastitis. The MIC values range from 7.12 mm to 13.5 mm. The extract exhibits the widest zone of inhibition (13.5±0.20 mm) at 1000 mg/ml of concentrations. The extract relatively has low cytotoxicity effect against 4T1 and MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 672.57±59.42 and 126.05±50.89 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: S. polyanthum exerts weak antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effect to mammary carcinoma cells. The extract does not toxic to cells. However, further study is recommended, especially, this plant should be tested for in vivo.

An outpatient clinical trial on unresponsive deep-bacterial canine pyoderma (UDCP), without a control group, is presented. The chosen treatment was implemented with a new crystal-solvate of enrofloxacin (enrofloxacin HCl-2H2O or enro-C), in a dual scheme, i.e., 10 mg/kg/day PO, plus its topical administration, prepared as 0.5% in an alginate gel, thrice per day. Fifty-five cases that were unsuccessfully treated previously with another antibacterial drug, were selected and then classified as severe or very severe, according to a clinical score tailored for this trial. Aerobic bacteriological cultures of skin lesions and antibacterial sensitivity tests, were performed. Hematological status, liver, and kidney functions were determined before and after treatment. A complete success was obtained in 32 severe and 23 very severe, cases. The main bacterial isolates were: Staphylococcus intermedius (19/99), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (16/99), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15/99), Staphylococcus pyogenes (14/99), Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus sp., and others including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6/99). The average duration of treatment was 8.03 days &plusmn, 2.1 SD and 12.0 &plusmn, 2.4 days, for dogs with severe or very severe UDCP, respectively. The adverse effects caused by enro-C were inconsequential and the hematological tests showed no deviations from normality. The use of enro-C administered dually to treat UDCP, is considered safe and highly effective.

Relatively few studies have been published describing the patterns of staphylococcal isolation and antimicrobial resistance over time in cats. The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the frequency, location, characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated by the Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between the years 2001 and 2014. All feline staphylococcal isolates were classified phenotypically. Isolates corresponding to known or possibly pathogenic species (Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA)) as well as Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) and non‐speciated coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) were further evaluated to determine antimicrobial resistance patterns. A total of 519 staphylococci were isolated. The largest percentage of isolates was CNS, representing 39.3% of the total, while SIG, SE, SA and non‐speciated coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) represented 18.1%, 10.2%, 8.3% and 7.3%, respectively. Methicillin resistance (MR) was identified in 57.1% of SA and 20.5% of SIG. Resistance to 3 or more antimicrobial classes (multidrug resistance; MDR) was demonstrated in 54.5% of SA and 23.9% of SIG. The prevalence of MDR increased over time in both SIG and SA, while the prevalence of MR increased over time in SIG. An increase in mean antimicrobial resistance score over time was seen in SIG. This study demonstrates a high and increasing prevalence of MDR in SIG and SA, as well as increasing prevalence of MR in SIG isolated from cats.

This study included isolation, characterization and identification of endophytic bacteria from cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] roots from Hathazari upazilla, Chittagong, Bangladesh and three specis of bacteria, Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus caprae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were finally identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics according to established protocol. Results of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of those endophytic bacteria suggested that they can be utilized as a cost-effective biological control agent in future applications, such as delivery of enzymes for controlling certain plant diseases against various pathogens. The findings of this study may help to determine the potential application of those endophytic bacteria in biotechnology, medicine and agriculture.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(2): 175-186, June 2018

We aimed to identify microorganisms isolated by blood culture (BC) from companion animals and to determine antimicrobial resistance of these isolates during 2014–2016 at veterinary laboratory, in comparison with those during 2010–2013, in Japan. Clinical data (animal species, visiting animals/hospitalized animals, and others except for disease type and clinical course including history of antimicrobial agent use) on ill animals at veterinary clinics or hospitals were obtained. We retrospectively analyzed animal-origin BC results extracted from the database in 2014–2016 and those obtained in 2010–2013. BC-positive samples were from most of dogs (n = 174 in 2014–2016 and n = 86 in 2010–2013). Escherichia coli (n = 50, 25.1%) and Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) bacteria (n = 23, 11.6%) were most prevalent in 2014–2016, while the percentages of E. coli (n = 22, 25.3%) and SIG (n = 9, 10.3%) in 2010–2013 were similar to those in 2014–2016. Percentages of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli and methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) rate of SIG bacteria isolated in 2014–2016 were 28.0% and 69.6% (vs. 22.7% and 44.4% in 2010–2013), respectively. Fourteen ESBL-producing E. coli in 2014–2016 were isolated from 7 visiting animals and 7 hospitalized ones, whereas the sixteen MRS of SIG were from 7 visiting animals and 9 hospitalized ones. Our observations support the prevalent microorganisms isolated by BC and their antimicrobial resistance patterns for two study periods.

This study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde isolated from Periploca sepium and its derivatives against six foodborne bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, S. sonnei, Staphylococcus intermedius and S. aureus). Essential oil extracted from P. sepium roots exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against foodborne bacteria. The antimicrobial compound of P. sepium isolated by chromatographic techniques was identified as 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde. To compare the antimicrobial activities of 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde and its derivatives (4-hydroxysalicylaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde, 5-methoxysalicylaldehyde, 3-methylsalicylaldehyde, and 5-methylsalicylaldehyde), the MIC test was performed. These activities were exhibited by 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde (MIC 30.1–67.3 μg/mL) followed by 4-hydroxysalicylaldehyde (MIC 41.1–61.5 μg/mL) and 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde (MIC 41.3–92.1 μg/mL) against all tested microorganisms. The results indicate that 4-methoxysalicylaldehyde and its derivatives represent natural antimicrobial alternatives.

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered the major cause of economic losses in dairy and beef cattle production. The study aimed to detect the most important bacteria related to respiratory disease in tracheobronchial fluid samples of healthy and dairy calves with clinical signs of BRD in Brazilian rural settlements. Hundred and forty-one mongrel dairy calves were randomly selected from 42 family farm dairy herds from Brazilian settlements. Physical examination was performed and calves were classified as healthy (n=100) and BRD (n=41). Tracheobronchial fluid samples were collected. Isolation and molecular detection of Mycoplasma dispar, M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC besides isolation of other aerobic bacteria were performed. Abnormal lung sounds (crackle/snoring/whistle), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge, body temperature >39.5°C and respiratory rate >40 breaths/min were higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P

The Staphylococcus intermedius group is a collection of coagulase-positive staphylococci composed of 5 members, including Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, a zoonotic pathogen often associated with exposure to dogs, and Staphylococcus delphini, which has not previously been recovered from humans. Here, we describe the first human case of S. delphini infection.