Search

Učinkovito in demokratično jezikovno načrtovanje ter trajnostna razvojna politika slovenskega jezikovnega prostora sta ključnega pomena za utrjevanje slovenščine in krepitev mednarodne jezikovne raznolikosti. V prispevku so prikazane usmeritve, ki jih na področju jezikovnega načrtovanja predvidevajo različni dokumenti. V raziskavi so predstavljena stališča študentk in študentov različnih smeri Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani do položaja slovenščine v izobraževanju. Effective and democratic language planning and a sustainable development policy for the Slovene language area are crucial for the consolidation of Slovene, and for strengthening international linguistic diversity. This paper presents the language planning guidelines provided in several documents. The views of students on various courses of the Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, on the status of Slovene in education are also presented.

The purpose of the research was to explore the characteristics of the risky sexual behavior of young people in nightlife settings in Slovenia. We used an online questionnaire to collect data on the use of psychoactive substances (PAS), risky sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The final sample included 1,103 respondents. The respondents are of the opinion that they lack information about STIs and testing. A third responded that getting infected with an STI was a likely possibility for them. The recommendations for upgrading preventive programs in nightlife settings include efforts toward providing information on less known STIs and testing.

Za dosego vzgojno-izobraževalnih ciljev lahko pri pouku uporabimo izobraževalne oz. didaktične igre, npr. (namizne) družabne izobraževalne igre (DII). V Sloveniji ni raziskav na temo uporabe in ustreznosti takšnih iger na temo biologije v izobraževanju srednješolcev. Z našo raziskavo smo zato ugotavljali stališča dijakov do takšnih iger. Ker primanjkuje DII s področja biologije smo ustvarili takšno igro s področja citologije in genetike (»Lepo je biti biolog«) in preverili stališča dijakov tudi do te. Raziskava je bila opravljena kot anonimno spletno anketiranje dijakov ene izmed ljubljanskih gimnazij. Sodelovalo je 84 dijakov, ki so obiskovali drugi ali tretji letnik. Ti so po predstavitvi naše igre reševali anketni vprašalnik o svojih stališčih do DII nasploh in do omenjene igre. Dijaki so zainteresirani za igranje DII, pri čemer dijaki tretjih letnikov kažejo višji interes, ne glede na spol. Dijaki se vsaj do neke mere strinjajo, da bi uporaba DII pozitivno vplivala na njihovo znanje. Verjetno bi jim DII predstavljale sproščujoč način učenja, saj se ne bi počutili nelagodno, če ne bi znali odgovoriti na vprašanja v igri. Naša DII “Lepo je biti biolog” se dijakom zdi uporabna, koristna, smiselna, zanimiva in zabavna. Občasno bi jo uporabili v številnih situacijah. Pogosto bi jo uporabili v času nadomeščanj ali zaposlitev dijakov, nikoli pa je ne bi uporabili doma, za zabavo. Čeprav se danes vedno več aktivnosti izvaja digitalno, bi našo igro raje uporabili v fizični obliki (v živo) kot na telefonu oz. računalniku. V srednjih šolah v Sloveniji so izobraževalne igre bolj izjema kot pravilo. Pomemben razlog za to je verjetno pomanjkanje takšnih iger. Priporočamo izdelavo takšnih iger, ki bi jih bilo potrebno preizkusiti v nadaljnih raziskavah. Educational or didactic games, e.g. board educational games (BEG), can be used in the classroom to achieve educational goals. There is no research in Slovenia on the use and relevance of such games in the education of secondary school students on the topic of biology. Our survey therefore sought to determine students' attitudes towards such games. As there is a lack of BEG on biology, we created a game on cytology and genetics ("It's nice to be a biologist") and checked students' attitudes towards this game as well. The survey was carried out as an anonymous online survey of students in one of Ljubljana's upper secondary school. 84 students in their second or third year participated in the survey. After the presentation of our game, they were asked to answer a questionnaire about their attitudes towards the BEG in general and towards the game in particular. Students are interested in playing BEG, with third year students showing a higher interest, regardless of gender. Students agree, at least to some extent, that the use of BEG would have a positive impact on their knowledge. They would probably find BEG a relaxing way to learn, as they would not feel uncomfortable if they were not able to answer the questions in the game. Students find our BEG "It's nice to be a biologist" useful, meaningful, interesting and fun. They would occasionally use it in many situations. Often it would be used in class when teacher is absent, but never at home for fun. Although more and more activities are now being done digitally, they would prefer to use our game in a physical (in live) format rather than on a phone or computer. In upper secondary schools in Slovenia, using educational games is more exception than the rule. An important reason for this is probably the lack of such games. We recommend the creation of such games, which should be tested in further research.

V nalogi sem raziskovala stališča mladih (z izpitom B-kategorije) do vožnje pod vplivom alkohola. Vožnja pod vplivom alkohola sicer ni nov pojav, je pa še vedno prisoten. Teoretični del sem razdelila na štiri poglavja: o problematiki uporabe alkohola med mladimi, o stališčih, o vožnji pod vplivom alkohola in o preprečevanju vožnje pod vplivom alkohola. Empirični del naloge pa zajema glavne izsledke raziskave, ki sem jo izvedla s pomočjo spletnega anketnega vprašalnika. S pomočjo raziskave sem želela ugotoviti, v katero smer gredo stališča mladih do vožnje pod vplivom alkohola. Zanimalo pa me je še to, ali se pojavljajo statistično pomembne razlike med stališči vprašanih z različno izobrazbo, med mlajšimi od 25 let in tistimi, ki so stari 25 ali več, med osebami, ki so zaradi alkohola v prometni nesreči izgubile pomembno osebo, in tistimi, ki je niso, med tistimi, ki so se že vozili s starši, ki so vozili pod vplivom alkohola, in tistimi, ki te izkušnje nimajo, ter med mladimi, ki prihajajo iz manjših krajev, in tistimi, ki prihajajo iz mesta. Glede na vzorec, zajet v raziskavi, stališča do vožnje pod vplivom alkohola pri mladih v povprečju niso zaskrbljujoča, ampak so naravnana v varnejšo smer. Se pa pojavljajo razlike med določenimi skupinami mladih iz vzorca: mladi, ki niso imeli izkušnje vožnje s starši, ki bi vozili pod vplivom, so bolj naklonjeni stališčem, ki ne podpirajo vožnje pod vplivom alkohola, kot pa mladi, ki so omenjeno izkušnjo doživeli glede na doseženo stopnjo izobrazbe se tudi pojavljajo razlike v stališčih – z višanjem stopnje izobrazbe so stališča bolj nepodpirajoča do vožnje pod vplivom glede na starost mladih iz vzorca pa imajo osebe, stare 25 ali več, stališča, ki stremijo k večji varnosti, kot mlajši od 25 let. Med mladimi iz različno velikih krajev in med mladimi z različno izkušnjo glede izgube pomembne osebe v prometni nesreči zaradi vožnje pod vplivom alkohola pa se statistično pomembne razlike glede stališč do vožnje pod vplivom ne pojavljajo. In the thesis, I researched the attitudes of young people (having B category driving licence) towards driving under the influence of alcohol. Driving under the influence of alcohol is not a new phenomenon, but it is still present. I divided the theoretical part into four chapters: the first chapter deals with the issue of drinking alcohol among young people, the second chapter with attitudes, the third with driving under the influence of alcohol, and the fourth with preventing driving under the influence of alcohol. The empirical part of the thesis covers the main findings of the research, which I carried out using an on-line survey questionnaire. Doing this research, I wanted to find out in which direction young people’s attitudes towards driving under the influence of alcohol are heading. I was also interested in whether there were statistically significant differences between the attitudes of respondents with different educational backgrounds, between those aged under 25 and those aged 25 or over, between those who had lost an important person due to alcohol in a car accident and those who had not, among those who had already ridden with parents who had been driving under the influence of alcohol and those who do not have this experience, and among young people coming from smaller towns and those coming from the city. According to the survey sample, attitudes towards driving under the influence of alcohol among young people are not worrying on average, but are oriented in a safer direction. However, there are differences between certain groups of young people in the sample: young people who have not experienced driving with parents who would have been driving under the influence of alcohol are more in favour of attitudes that do not support driving under the influence of alcohol than young people who have experienced this there are also differences in attitudes depending on the level of education attained - as the level of education increases, attitudes become more unsupportive towards driving under the influence of alcohol depending on the age of the young people in the sample, those aged 25 or over have attitudes that strive for greater security than those under 25. However, there are no statistically significant differences in attitudes towards driving under the influence of alcohol among young people from different places and among young people with different experiences regarding the loss of a significant person in a car accident due to driving under the influence of alcohol.

Marca 2020 je razglasitev epidemije nalezljive bolezni covid-19 preselila izobraževalni proces iz učilnice v spletno okolje. Ker je bila to v Sloveniji povsem nova situacija, se je večina učiteljev s tovrstnim načinom poučevanja srečala prvič. To je nedvomno pripomoglo k dejstvu, da je bilo krizno uvajanje izobraževanja na daljavo izpeljano s precejšnjo mero improvizacije. Učitelji biologije so bili še posebej izpostavljeni izzivom poučevanja na daljavo, saj pouk bioloških vsebin temelji na izkustvenem učenju, pri katerem učenci pridobivajo različne praktične izkušnje in spretnosti. Namen magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti, kakšne so izkušnje in stališča učencev predmetne stopnje osnovne šole glede pouka bioloških vsebin na daljavo. Podatke smo pridobili z anketiranjem učencev s pomočjo spletnega vprašalnika. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 221 učencev 6., 7., 8. in 9. razreda petih osnovnih šol osrednjeslovenske regije. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je pouk bioloških vsebin na daljavo večinoma potekal tako, da so učitelji kombinirali videokonference s podajanjem navodil za samostojno delo. Kot najpogostejšo dejavnost, ki je potekala prek videokonferenc, so učenci izpostavili razlago učne vsebine. Manj pogosti dejavnosti sta bili delo v paru ali skupini in uporaba videoiger, kar nakazuje, da je bilo sodelovalno učenje v času izobraževanja na daljavo za učitelje biologije precejšen izziv. Med dejavnostmi in z njimi povezanimi miselnimi izzivi so prevladovale utrjevanje učne snovi, odgovarjanje na vprašanja in zapisovanje povzetka o prebrani vsebini ter izpolnjevanje učnega lista. Pri tem se pojavlja vprašanje kakovosti pouka bioloških vsebin na daljavo zaradi pomanjkanja predmetno specifičnih dejavnosti. Med težavami učencev so izstopale počasna internetna povezava, pomanjkanje sodelovanja s sošolci ter nizka motivacija in koncentracija. Učenci so videli priložnosti pri pouku bioloških vsebin na daljavo predvsem v daljšem jutranjem spanju in samostojnem razporejanju dela, kar si lahko razložimo kot željo učencev po večji soudeležbi načrtovanja učnega procesa. Ugotovili smo, da sta bila najpogostejša načina pridobivanja ocen ustno ocenjevanje znanja prek videokonference in ocenjevanje praktičnega izdelka, zato bi lahko učitelji biologije v prihodnje dali večji poudarek alternativnim načinom pridobivanja ocen. Kljub temu so rezultati pokazali, da večina učencev svoje učenje pri pouku bioloških vsebin v času izobraževanja na daljavo ocenjuje enako kot pri pouku v živo. Med stališči učencev do pouka bioloških vsebin na daljavo so najbolj izstopala prepričanja, da je pouk bioloških vsebin na daljavo od njih zahteval več truda in časa kot pouk v živo, da je bil pouk bioloških vsebin na daljavo zahtevnejši od pouka v živo in da so bile naloge zanimive. Pri vsem omenjenem so se med učenci različnih razredov in učenci z različnim učnim uspehom pojavljale statistično pomembne razlike. In March 2020, the declaration of the epidemic of the infectious disease covid-19 moved the educational process from the classroom to the online environment. As this was a completely new situation in Slovenia, most teachers encountered this type of teaching for the first time. This undoubtedly contributed to the fact that the crisis introduction of distance education was carried out with a considerable degree of improvisation. Teachers were particularly exposed to the challenges of distance education, as the teaching of biological content is based on experiential learning, in which pupils acquire a variety of practical and experiential skills. The aim of the master thesis was to find out what are the experiences and attitides of primary school pupils towards distance learning in the teaching of biological content. The data were obtained by surveying the pupils using an online questionnaire. The survey included 221 pupils in grades 6, 7, 8 and 9 from five primary schools in the Central Slovenia region. The results of the survey showed that distance learning in biology was mostly done by teachers combining videoconferencing with self-instruction. The most frequent activity that took place via videoconferencing was the explanation of the learning content. Less frequent activities were pair or group work and the use of video games, indicating that collaborative learning was a significant challenge for biology teachers in distance education. The activities and associated mental challenges were dominating by consolidating the material, answering questions and writing a summary of the content read and completing a learning sheet. This raises questions about the quality of the distance learning of biological content, particularly in terms of longer sleeping hours and independent work scheduling, which can be interpreted as a desire on the part of the pupils to participate more in the planning of the learning process. We found that the most common ways of obtaining grades were oral assessment via videoconference and assessment of a practical product, so biology teachers could place more emphasis on alternative ways of obtaining grades in the future. Nevertheless, the results showed that most pupils rate their learning in distance learning biology lessons in the same way as in face-to-face lessons. Among the pupils' attitudes towards distance education in biology, the most prominent were the beliefs that distance education in biology was more challenging than face-to-face instruction, and that assignments were interesting. For all of these, there were statistically significant differences between pupils in different classes and between pupils with different levels of achievement.

Hiter razvoj cepiv proti covidu-19 je povzročil, da smo si na podlagi tega, katere vire smo za pridobivanje informacij uporabili, ustvarili različna stališča do cepljenja proti covidu-19. Ta so pustila posledice v odnosih tudi na delovnem mestu. Namen magistrskega dela je raziskati vlogo virov informacij in pritiskov na delovnem mestu na oblikovanje stališč do cepljenja proti covidu-19. Z raziskovalnimi vprašanji bomo ugotavljali argumente za utemeljevanje stališč do cepljenja proti covidu-19, razloge za (ne)celjenje proti covidu-19 in katere pritiske so na delovnem mestu doživljali (ne)cepljeni delovno aktivni. Preverjali bomo hipoteze glede tega katere vire informacij največ uporabljajo podporniki in katere nasprotniki in katere pritiske (pozitivne ali negativne) so največ doživljali (ne)cepljeni delovno aktivni. Metoda zbiranja podatkov je bil anketni vprašalnik, podatke pa smo analizirali s kvalitativno analizo vsebine, uporabili smo tudi statistično analizo – hi-kvadrat in t-test za neodvisna vzorca. Rezultati so pokazali, da so podporniki cepljenja proti covidu-19 največ uporabljali množične medije in znanstvene vire, nasprotniki pa v večji meri kot podporniki tudi družbena omrežja. Ugotovili smo, da se po stališčih delovno aktivni delijo na podpornike, nasprotnike in nevtralne do cepljenja proti covidu-19. Največ negativnih pritiskov so na delovnem mestu doživljali necepljeni. Med odločitvijo za cepljenje proti covidu-19 in pritiski na delovnem mestu ni bilo ugotovljene povezave, ugotovitve pa kažejo na prisotnost mobinga, zato navedemo tudi predlog za preprečevanje pritiskov, in sicer delavnice na temo covida-19, saj bi z več znanja lahko zmanjšali pritiske ali jih preprečili. The rapid development of covid-19 vaccines caused us to create different attitudes towards covid-19 vaccination based on which sources we used to obtain information. These have had consequences in relationships at the workplace as well. The purpose of the master's thesis is to investigate the role of information sources and workplace pressures on the formation of attitudes toward covid-19 vaccination. With the help of research questions, we will determine the arguments for substantiating attitudes towards covid-19 vaccination, the reasons for (non)vaccination, and what pressures (un)vaccinated working people experienced at the workplace. Hypotheses will be tested regarding which sources of information advocates and opponents of covid-19 vaccination used the most. Also regarding pressures (positive or negative) that were experienced the most by (un)vaccinated working people. The method that was used for data collection was a survey questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, and also statistical analysis - chi-square and t-test for independent samples. The results showed that supporters of covid-19 vaccination used the mass media and scientific sources the most, while opponents also used social networks to a greater extent than supporters. The findings were that, according to their views, the working population is divided into advocates, opponents, and neutrals towards covid-19 vaccination. Unvaccinated people experienced the most negative pressure at work. No connection was found between the decision to vaccinate against covid-19 and mobbing at the workplace, but the findings indicate the presence of mobbing, so we also present a suggestion to prevent mobbing, namely workshops on the topic of covid-19, because, with more knowledge, mobbing could be reduced or prevented.

Velike zveri ogrožajo različni dejavniki, eden pomembnejših je sprejetost vrst v javnosti. Poznavanje stališč in znanja ljudi je postalo osrednji cilj varstvene biologije, pri čemer se pomemben vpliv pripisuje izobraževanju. V raziskavi smo se osredotočili na ovrednotenje znanja in stališč o velikih zvereh med ciljno širšo javnostjo, učenci in dijaki, ter analizirali dejavnike, ki vplivajo na oblikovanje stališč in izgradnjo znanja. V obliki samoporočil smo pridobili informacije o stališčih, preko preizkusov znanja pa smo ovrednotili vpliv znanja na stališča 2218 sodelujočih. Rezultati kažejo, da znanje in raven izobrazbe v največji meri vplivata na varstvena prepričanja obiskovalcev živalskega vrta o velikih zvereh. Količina znanja je bila povezana s pozitivnimi in negativnimi prepričanji, stopnja izobrazbe pa je omilila ohranjanju nasprotujoča prepričanja. Kot pomemben dejavnik se je izkazal tudi spol. Dijaki so v splošnem izkazali pozitivna stališča, vendar pomanjkljivo znanje o volkovih. Smer izobraževanja je vplivala tako na stališča kot tudi na znanje, spol pa je bil povezan le s stališči dijakov. Na interes za učenje o volkovih so vplivali letnik izobraževanja, spol in prisotnost lovca v družini. Opazovanje volka v naravi pa je bilo povezano z manj izraženega strahu in posledično višjim sprejemanjem vrste. Pri raziskovanju vpliva različnih učnih metod v povezavi z volkovi smo zaznali doprinos vseh načinov izobraževanja, pri čemer je imela delavnica z aktivno udeležbo dijakov v spremenjenem učnem okolju največji učinek. Znanje je pomembno vplivalo tudi na oblikovanje stališč do medvedov. Spol in neposredna izkušnja sta pomembno vplivala tako na izražanje stališč kot tudi na količino znanja. Vpliv pouka je bil povezan s količino znanja, ne pa tudi s splošno spremembo stališč do medvedov. Large carnivores are threatened by various factors, one of the crucial being public acceptance. Researching attitudes and knowledge has become a central goal of conservation biology, with a significant impact attributed to education. This research focused on the evaluation of knowledge and attitudes toward large carnivores among the targeted general public and students. Besides, factors that influence attitude formation and the amount of knowledge were analyzed. In the form of self-reports, we obtained information on attitudes, and through knowledge tests, we evaluated the impact of knowledge on the attitudes of 2218 participants. Knowledge and education level have the greatest impact on zoo visitors’ conservation beliefs. The first was associated with positive and negative beliefs, and the latter mitigated the opposing beliefs. Gender also proved to be an important factor of influence. Students showed positive attitudes in general, but their knowledge of wolves was lacking. Type of education influenced both attitudes and knowledge, while gender affected only students’ attitudes. Interest in learning was influenced by study year, gender, and the hunter in the family. Seeing wolf in nature correlated with less pronounced fear and consequently higher acceptance of the species. In the case of wolves, a positive contribution of all teaching methods was detected, with the student-centered out-of-school workshop having the greatest impact. Knowledge significantly shaped students’ attitudes towards bears, while gender and direct experience affected knowledge and attitudes. The impact of instructions was related to the amount of knowledge, but not the general change in attitudes toward bears.

Glede na trenutne okoljske in družbene razmere, postaja DOP vse bolj pomembna tema. Podjetja, ki izvajajo DO prakse razpolagajo z dodatno konkurenčno prednostjo, hkrati se trgu borijo za svoj obstoj s čim večjo prodajo izdelkov, zato je proučevanje vpliva na nakupno namero DO izdelkov pomembno. V magistrski nalogi smo raziskovali vplive stališč o DOP, preteklih nakupnih izkušnjah z DO izdelki in zaznane vrednosti (emocionalna, družbena in funkcionalna) na nakupno namero. Na podlagi obstoječe literature smo oblikovali konceptualni model in postavili hipoteze med opredeljenimi spremenljivkami. Kvantitativne podatke smo pridobili preko spletne ankete in jih analizirali s pomočjo programa SmartPLS. Ugotovili smo, da stališča o DOP bolj vplivajo na zaznane vrednosti kot pretekle nakupne izkušnje z DO izdelki. Slednje vplivajo tudi na nakupno namero. Medtem ko stališča nimajo direktnega vpliva na nakupno namero, le preko emocionalne in družbene zaznane vrednosti. Obe zaznani vrednosti tudi vplivata na nakupno namero, medtem ko funkcionalna zaznana vrednost ob prisotnosti direktnega vpliva stališč v obravnavanem modelu nima vpliva na nakupno namero. Slednja vpliva nanjo le v primeru, kadar stališča ne odigrajo vloge motilca povezave med funkcionalno zaznano vrednostjo in nakupno namero. Tako z raziskovalnega kot praktičnega vidika je pomembno, da se zavedamo kompleksnosti vplivanja na nakupno namero DO izdelkov. Pomembno je poudariti pomen ozaveščanja potrošnikov o DOP preko DO praks podjetij. Bolj kot bodo potrošniki razpolagali z znanjem o DOP, večji vpliv bodo preučevane spremenljivke imele na nakupno namero, bolj bodo podpirali in sodelovali v skrbi za okolje in družbo. Considering the current environmental and social issues, CSR is becoming an important topic. Companies that implement CSR practice have an additional competitive advantage, at the same time they are competing in the market by selling products, so it is important to know how to influence the purchase intention of green products. In the master's thesis, we investigated the influence of CSR attitudes, past purchase experiences of green products and perceived value (emotional, social and functional) on purchase intention. Based on the existing literature, we created a conceptual model and set up hypotheses with defined variables. We collected quantitative data through online surveys and analysed using the Smart PLS program. We found that CSR attitudes have a greater influence on perceived values than past purchase experiences. The latter also affects the purchase intention. While attitude does not have a direct influence on purchase intention, it only influences it indirectly through emotional and social perceived value. Both perceived values also influence purchase intention, while functional perceived value has no influence on purchase intention in the presence of the direct influence of attitude in the considered model. The latter affects it only if attitudes do not disrupt the connection between the functionally perceived value and the purchase intention. It is important for the academic and business spheres to be aware of the complexity of the influence on the purchase intention of green products. In addition, to consider the importance of raising consumer awareness of CSR through companies' CSR practices. The more consumers will have knowledge about CSR, the more influence the studied variables will have on purchase intention, the more they will support and participate in caring for the environment and society.

Svetovni in slovenski problem obotavljanja in necepljenja otrok obstaja že dolgo časa. Na odločitev staršev o cepljenju otrok vpliva zaupanje v zdravstveni sistem in zdravstvene delavce, za ustrezno precepljenost pa je potrebno tudi znanje in pozitivno stališče do cepiv in cepljenja. Slednje se začne razvijati že pri otrocih, zato smo v tej magistrski nalogi želeli preveriti stališča in znanje dijakov gimnazije in srednje strokovne šole ter primerjati podatke glede na program šolanja, spol, letnik in v odvisnosti od tega ali dijaki navajajo, da so bili cepljeni proti otroškim boleznim ali ne. Znanje in stališča dijakov smo preverjali preko spletnega anketiranja 1KA, kjer smo objavili anketni vprašalnik s preizkusom znanja. S programom IBM SPSS smo pridobljene podatke statistično analizirali in pridobili rezultate, da je biološko znanje dijakov pomanjkljivo, saj so na manj kot polovico vprašanj odgovorili pravilno, in da imajo dijaki srednje strokovne šole manj znanja kot dijaki gimnazije. Stališča dijakov so v povprečju pozitivna. Dijaki so neopredeljeni do tematike, kdo bi moral odločati o cepljenju otroka ter farmacevtskih podjetij, ki promovirajo cepljenje. Več znanja in bolj pozitivna stališča glede na spol imajo fantje ter dijaki, ki so bili cepljeni. Najmanj znanja imajo dijaki, ki ne vedo ali so bili v otroštvu cepljeni ali ne. The global and Slovenian problem of hesitation and non-vaccination of children has existed for a long time. Parents’ decision to have their children vaccinated is influenced by trust in the health care system and health care professionals, but adequate vaccination coverage also requires knowledge and a positive attitude toward vaccines and vaccination. Attitudes are influenced at a young age. For this reason, in this master’s thesis, we wanted to examine the attitudes and knowledge of secondary school students. We wanted to compare data according to school programme, gender, grade level and also according to whether students report having been vaccinated against childhood diseases or not. We checked students’ knowledge and attitudes through the 1KA online survey, in which we published a questionnaire with a test. We statistically analysed the obtained data using IBM SPSS. The results of our survey showed that students’ biological knowledge was insufficient. They answered less than half of the questions correctly. In addition, the students of the vocational upper secondary school have less knowledge than the students of the general upper secondary school (grammar school). On average, students' attitudes are positive however, their attitude toward who should decide whether to vaccinate a child is unclear, as is their attitude toward pharmaceutical companies that promote vaccination. Regarding gender, males have more knowledge and more positive attitudes, and we observed the same pattern in positive attitudes for students who have been vaccinated. Students who do not know whether or not they were vaccinated in childhood have the least knowledge.

Uvod: Brezdomce definiramo kot posameznike ali družine, ki nima stalnega, rednega in primernega nočnega bivališča. Brezdomci so zdravstveno ogrožena populacija in imajo v primerjavi s splošno populacijo pogosto slabše fizično in duševno zdravje. Brezdomci se vsak dan soočajo s stigmo in zatiranjem, zaradi česar so na videz nevidni, a ranljivi za dejanja nasilja. Prav tako imajo slabšo dostopnost do zdravstvene oskrbe. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je raziskati stališča in odnos študentov zdravstvene nege Zdravstvene fakultete v Ljubljani do brezdomcev pred, med stikom in po stiku z njimi med opravljanjem praktičnega usposabljanja v Dnevnem centru za brezdomce. Cilj diplomskega dela je ugotoviti, kako so študenti zdravstvene nege doživljali stik z brezdomci v dnevnem centru, in ugotoviti spremembe v stališčih študentov zdravstvene nege do brezdomcev. Metode dela: Uporabili smo deskriptivno metodo dela. Za zbiranje podatkov smo uporabili brezplačno odprtokodno aplikacijo za spletno anketiranje na spletnem portalu EnKlikAnketa. Odgovore na odprta vprašanja smo analizirali s kvalitativno analizo vsebine. Interpretacija podatkov je podana v tekstni obliki in sledi postavljeni shemi oz. tabelaričnim prikazom tem, (pod)kategorij in kod. Rezultati: Anketne vprašalnike z odprtimi vprašanji je pred praktičnim usposabljanjem rešilo 86 študentov, med njim 31 in po praktičnem usposabljanju 29 študentov. Rezultati analize odgovorov so povzeti v treh ključnih temah: predpostavke in pričakovanja, prvi vtisi in ovrednotenje izkušnje s pripadajočimi (pod)kategorijami. Razprava in zaključek: S kvalitativno analizo pridobljenih podatkov smo dobili edinstven vpogled v odnos študentov zdravstvene nege do brezdomcev pred, med praktičnim usposabljanjem in po njem v centru za brezdomce. Ugotovili smo, kako študenti v večini še niso imeli stika z brezdomci, tisti, ki so ga že imeli, pa ga opisujejo kot negativnega. Stik z brezdomci so doživljali različno, nekateri negativno, drugi pozitivno, tretji so imeli mešane občutke. Enako pri spremembi stališč, ker so študenti zaznali tudi potrebo po ukrepanju. Zaradi srečevanja z brezdomci na vseh ravneh zdravstvenega varstva je izjemnega pomena, da se študenti in drugi zaposleni izobražujejo o brezdomcih. Introduction: We define homeless people as individuals or a family who has no permanent, regular and appropriate night housing. Homeless people are health -threatening population and often have poor physical and mental health compared to the general population. The homeless people face stigma and suppression every day, making them seemingly invisible but vulnerable to actions of violence. They also have less access to medical care. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to explore the positions and attitude of the nursing students of the Faculty of Health in Ljubljana to the homeless before, during and after contact with them while conducting practical training at the Day Center for Homeless. The aim of the diploma thesis is to find out how nursing students were contacting homeless people in the day care center and finding changes in the attitudes of nursing students towards homeless people. Methods: We used a descriptive method of work. The answers to the open questions were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. We used a free open-source online survey application on the EnklikAnketa web portal to collect data. The data is represented by the written answers of the students. We performed a qualitative data analysis. The interpretation of the data is given in text format and follows the scheme or scheme. Table display of topics, (sub) categories and codes. Results: The survey questionnaires were solved by 86 students before the practical training, including 31 and after the practical training by 29 students. The results of the analysis of the answers are summarized in three key topics: assumptions and expectations, first impressions and evaluation of the experience with the corresponding (sub)categories. Discussion and conclusion: Through the qualitative analysis of the obtained data, we gained a unique insight into the attitude of nursing students towards homeless people before, during and after practical training in a center for the homeless. We found out how the students experienced contact with the homeless and how, according to them, their attitudes and attitude towards the homeless changed after contact with them. Encountering the homeless at all levels of health care makes it extremely important to educate students and other staff about the homeless.

Nenadzorovano širjenje infekcijskih bolezni ogroža prebivalce celotnega sveta. Decembra 2019 so iz Wuhana poročali o številnih primerih pljučnice. Ugotovljen je bil pojav novega koronavirusa. Poimenovali so ga SARS-CoV-2, bolezen, ki jo povzroča, pa covid-19. Bolezen se je hitro razširila po svetu. Hiter razvoj cepiva proti covidu-19 je med ljudmi vzbudil dvome o učinkovitosti in varnosti cepiv. Za zaustavitev širjenja te bolezni sta temeljnega pomena sprejemanje in pripravljenost ljudi za cepljenje. Zaposleni v sektorjih kritične infrastrukture so bili med pandemijo ključnega pomena za nemoteno delovanje družbe. Razumevanje stališč do cepljenja proti covidu-19 je pomembno, saj so napovednik za odločitev o cepljenju. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je raziskati stališča zaposlenih v sektorjih kritične infrastrukture do cepljenja proti covidu-19 in razloge za oblikovanje stališč. Metode dela: Izvedli smo presečno kvantitativno študijo. Podatke smo pridobili z anketnim vprašalnikom. 1789 izpolnjenih vprašalnikov smo analizirali s pomočjo programa SPSS. Sodelovanje v raziskavi je bilo prostovoljno. Sodelujočim je bila zagotovljena anonimnost in prostovoljnost. Rezultati: Z raziskavo smo ugotovili, da imajo zaposleni v sektorju zdravstva bolj pozitivna stališča do cepljenja proti covidu-19 kot zaposleni v ostalih sektorjih kritične in nekritične infrastrukture. Potrdili smo, da potek bolezni pri posamezniku vpliva na oblikovanje stališč do cepljenja proti covidu-19. Pri ljudeh z boljšo izkušnjo s cepljenjem na splošno in proti covidu-19 smo potrdili značilno bolj pozitivno stališče do cepljenja proti covidu-19 in obratno. Ugotovili smo, da imajo zaposleni, ki poznajo več ljudi z zapleti po prejemu cepiva, bolj negativna stališča do cepljenja proti covidu-19. Ljudje z negativno izkušnjo s cepljenjem iz preteklosti imajo bolj negativna stališča do cepljenja proti covidu-19. Razprava in zaključek: Zmanjševanje deleža precepljenosti prebivalstva na splošno je skrb vzbujajoč javnozdravstveni problem, ki bi ga lažje reševali s poglobljenim razumevanjem stališč do cepljenja proti covidu-19. Za to so potrebne nadaljnje raziskave o vplivu stranskih učinkov po cepljenju na splošno in proti covidu-19 ter o vplivu poznanih bližnjih in njihovih izkušenj s cepljenjem v preteklosti na posameznikovo stališče. Nemoteno delovanje države je odvisno od dela zaposlenih v kritični infrastrukturi. Razumevanje njihovih stališč do cepljenja proti covidu-19 je pomembno, saj je od njihove precepljenosti odvisno normalno delovanje družbe. Še zlasti pa je pomembno kakšna stališča imajo zaposleni v zdravstvu, ki so ključni pri informiranju posameznikov o cepivih in cepljenju. Zaposleni v zdravstveni negi imajo pomembno vlogo informiranja ljudi z verodostojnimi informacijami o cepivih in cepljenju proti covidu-19. Introduction: The uncontrolled spread of infectious diseases threatens the population of the entire world. In December 2019, many cases of pneumonia were reported from Wuhan. The emergence of a new coronavirus has been identified. It was named SARS-CoV-2, and the disease it causes covid-19. The disease spread rapidly around the world. The fast development of the vaccine against covid-19 has raised doubts among people about the effectiveness and safety of vaccines. People's acceptance and willingness to get vaccinated is fundamental to stop the spread of this disease. During the pandemic, employees in critical infrastructure sectors were crucial for the smooth functioning of society. Understanding the attitudes towards the covid-19 vaccination is important as it is a predictor of the decision to vaccinate. Purpose: The purpose of the master's thesis is to investigate the attitudes of employees in critical infrastructure sectors towards vaccination against covid-19 and the reasons for the formation of these attitudes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional quantitative study. We obtained the data using a survey questionnaire. Data from 1789 responders were analyzed using the SPSS program. Participation in the research was voluntary. The participants were guaranteed anonymity. Results: In our research, we confirmed that employees in the healthcare sector have more positive attitudes towards vaccination against covid-19, compared to employees in other sectors of critical and non-critical infrastructure. We have confirmed that the individual's course of covid-19 disease affects the formation of attitudes towards vaccination against covid-19. For people with a better experience with vaccination in general and against covid-19, we confirmed a significantly more positive attitude towards vaccination against covid-19 and vice versa. We found that employed people who know more people with complications after receiving the vaccine have more negative attitudes towards vaccination against covid-19. People with a negative experience with vaccination in the past have more negative attitudes towards vaccination against covid-19. Discussion and conclusion: The declining vaccination rate of the population in general is a worrying public health problem that would be easier to address with a deeper understanding of attitudes towards vaccination against covid-19. In order to understand the attitudes towards vaccination against covid-19, further research is needed, specifically on the influence of side effects after vaccination in general and against covid-19, and on the influence of close acquaintances and their experiences with vaccination in the past on the individual's attitude. Employees in critical infrastructure are crucial for the smooth functioning of the state. Understanding their attitudes towards vaccination against covid-19 is important, since the normal functioning of society depends on their vaccination. Especially important are the attitudes of healthcare workers, who are key in informing individuals about vaccines and vaccination. Healthcare workers play an important role in informing people with reliable information about vaccines and vaccination against covid-19.

Varstvo velikih zveri je vpeto v širše socioekonomske, čustvene in politične kontekste. Vračanje teh vrst na območja, iz katerih so v preteklosti izginile prinaša s sabo precejšnje družbene izzive, saj temeljni konflikti, ki so v preteklosti povzročili preganjanje, niso izginili. Kot alternativo pristopom upravljanja »od zgoraj navzdol« predlagamo uporabo sodelujočih pristopov, ki pomagajo graditi zaupanje in vzpostaviti trajnostno sobivanje z velikimi zvermi. Ti pristopi so tudi inherentno bolj demokratični. Rezultati javnomnenjskih raziskav lahko pri teh pristopih predstavljajo glas »tihe večine« in upravljavcem omogočijo učinkovitejše oblikovanje rešitev. Na Hrvaškem smo pri volku v letih 1999 in 2003 dokumentirali premik stališč iz ekstremnih (pozitivnih in negativnih) proti bolj nevtralnim. Negativna stališča, ki so se razvila zlasti pri starejših kohortah ob popolni zaščiti volka proti koncu devetdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja so se do druge raziskave nekoliko umirila kljub naraščanju populacije volka. Pri rjavem medvedu smo v letih 2002 in 2008 in dokumentirali stališča javnosti in nekaterih pomembnejših interesnih skupin. Orientacije vrednot in naklonjenost ohranjanju vrste se nista spremenili, se pa je zmanjšala kapaciteta za sprejemanje rjavega medveda, verjetno zaradi rasti populacije in bolj centraliziranega upravljanja. V Albaniji in Severni Makedoniji smo raziskali odnos javnosti do vseh treh velikih zveri. Podpora varstvu volka je v obeh državah znatno nižja kot podpora varstvu rjavega medveda in evrazijskega risa. To kaže, da je potrebno vrste pri varstvu in upravljanju obravnavati ločeno, saj bi lahko skupni ukrepi za vse tri vrste povzročili, da bi se negativen odnos do volka »prelil« tudi na drugi dve vrsti. Conservation of large carnivores is entwined into wider socioeconomic, emotional and political contexts. Return of these species to the areas from which they disappeared in the past also brings considerable social challenges since the fundamental conflicts that caused persecution in the past never went away. As an alternative to top-down management, we are suggesting the use of collaborative approaches that help build trust and establish sustainable coexistence with large carnivores and are also inherently more democratic. For these approaches, results of public attitudes surveys can provide the voice of the “silent majority” and help the managers in more efficient forming of solutions. In Croatia, for wolf we documented a shift in attitudes between 1999 and 2003 from extremes (positive and negative) towards more neutral. Negative attitudes, which developed particularly in older cohorts primarily because of a top-down total protection of the wolf at the end of the 1990s, started to wind down by the second survey despite the wolf population increase. Fort the brown bear we documented the attitudes of the general public and key interest groups in 2002 and 2008. While value orientations and support for species conservation remained the same, there was a decrease in brown bear acceptance capacity, probably because of a population increase and more centralized management. In Albania and Northern Macedonia, we explored public attitudes towards all three large carnivores. Support for wolf conservation is in both countries much lower than support for conservation of brown bear and Eurasian lynx. This indicates that the species need to be treated separately in conservation and management since common measures for all three species could cause the negative attitudes towards wolves to transfer also to the other two species.

Dijaki se lahko s pomočjo metode konstruktivne polemike pri pouku biologije naučijo uporabljati biološko znanje pri reševanju naravovarstvenih problemov, kar je ena izmed kompetenc, ki jo predvideva učni načrt za biologijo v gimnazijah. V okviru naše raziskave smo želeli preučiti vplive metode konstruktivne polemike na stališča in znanje dijakov o volkovih. Glede volkov se v Sloveniji pojavljajo konflikti med rejci drobnice in naravovarstveniki, zato smo za primer reševanja problema vzeli ta spor. Raziskavo smo izvedli s 153 dijaki vseh štirih letnikov srednje šole, ki večinoma obiskujejo gimnazijo. Vsi so pred učenjem, takoj po učenju in štirinajst dni po učenju izpolnili vprašalnik, s katerim smo ugotavljali stališča in znanje dijakov o volkovih. Polovica dijakov se je učila z besedili in je možno rešitev problema glede volka iskala individualno. Druga polovica dijakov je sodelovala v manjših skupinicah po 5 ali 6 in je rešitev problema iskala s pomočjo metode konstruktivne polemike. Ugotovili smo, da konstruktivna polemika vpliva na znanje dijakov o volkovih, na stališča pa ne. Znanje dijakov je bilo pri obeh metodah učenja najnižje pred poukom, najvišje takoj po učenju, po štirinajstih dneh pa je bilo višje kot na začetku, a nižje kot takoj po učenju. Ugotovili smo tudi, da imajo dekleta in fantje enaka stališča do volkov in da konstruktivna polemika enako vpliva na stališča in znanje dijakov in dijakinj, delo z besedili pa bolj vpliva na znanje dijakinj. Analiza predlogov za rešitev problema med rejci drobnice in naravovarstveniki je pokazala, da razlike v kompleksnosti in utemeljitvi rešitve med dijaki, ki so se učili po različnih metodah, ni bilo. Najpogostejši ukrep, ki so ga dijaki predlagali, je bil razvoj in postavitev boljših ograj za drobnico. High school students can learn how to use biological knowledge and solve environmental problems with the help of constructive controversy. This is one of the competences included in the biology curriculum for high schools. In our research we wanted to study the effects of constructive controversy on high school students’ attitudes towards wolves and their knowledge about wolves. In Slovenia there are common conflicts between sheep breeders and environmentalists concerning wolves. As an example of problem solving we used that conflict. 153 students from all four grades of high school participated in our research. They filled out the survey that was used to determine students’ attitude towards wolves and their knowledge about them at three different times: before the lessons, right after the lessons and two weeks after the lessons. Half of the students were working on the solution about wolves individually by working with texts. The other half of students were working in small groups of five or six they were trying to find a solution by constructive controversy. We found out that constructive controversy as a teaching method effects students’ knowledge but not their attitudes. Students’ knowledge was on the lowest level before the lessons and on the highest level after the lessons. After two weeks the level of knowledge was in between. The results showed that girls and boys have the same attitude towards wolves. The effects of constructive controversy were the same on girls and boys while working with the text had more effect on girls’ knowledge. The analysis of suggestions for the solution of the problem between the sheep breeders and the environmentalists showed there was no difference between complexity and argumentation of the suggestions between students who worked individually or in a group. The most frequent suggestion was to develop and put up better fences for sheep.

Understanding farmers' attitudes towards traits is critical for developing appropriate breeding goals for dairy production. In response to a research gap in regards to the influence of farmers' knowledge of breeding tools, this study aimed to determine the effect of farmers' knowledge on their attitudes towards the use of breeding tools and traits in typical family-owned farms in Slovenia. An online questionnaire was sent to dairy farmers affiliated with Slovenian breeding associations, and 256 dairy farmers responded. The analysis was conducted in three steps. First, the basic response patterns according to the farmers' knowledge level were determined using latent class analysis. Second, farmers' attitudes towards breeding tools were assessed by 15 statements using principal component analysis. Finally, we were interested in the relationship between farmers' attitudes and knowledge about selection. The results showed that farmers had more knowledge about the benefits of genomic selection, followed by general knowledge about breeding values and the definition of genomic selection, and they had the least knowledge about the reference population. Farmers with more knowledge were statistically significantly more likely than farmers with less knowledge to have higher education, be younger, have a larger herd size, have higher milk production per cow, have the intent to increase herd size and milk quantity, and use genomically tested bulls. No significant relationship was found between belonging to a specific knowledge class and the main breed in the herd, the farmer's gender, production system, or farming in less-favoured areas. The results also show that farmers basically agree that they need written recorded performance data about a bull/cow to know exactly how good the animal is, that the genetic merit (breeding value) of bulls/cows adds to the performance of their progeny, that it is very important to maintain the breed characteristics of bulls/cows, that cooperation in being able to compare animals with other farmers is essential for improving herd performance, and that the possibilities of selecting dairy cows with genomic selection and monogenetic traits must be fully exploited, indicating a positive attitude towards genomic selection. The level of knowledge was shown to influence attitudes towards various aspects of breeding. It was found that the higher the level of knowledge, the more positive the attitude towards genetic and genomic selection, and the more negative the attitude towards traditional selection.

Življenje z otrokom z razvojnimi primanjkljaji je za starše izziv, ki ga nevrotipičen razvoj ne predvideva. Sodobni zdravstveni sistem ponuja številne prenatalne diagnostične metode za odkrivanje nepravilnosti v razvoju ploda in napoved resnosti težav. Ti lahko staršem olajšajo ali otežijo sprejemanje nadaljnjih odločitev. Pri tem imajo veliko vlogo stališča, ki vplivajo na duševne procese in vedenje posameznika. Glavni namen magistrskega dela je bil raziskati poznavanje prenatalnih, perinatalnih in postnatalnih rizičnih dejavnikov, ki lahko privedejo do razvojnih nepravilnosti oz. posledične motnje v duševnem razvoju (v nadaljevanju MDR) med strokovnimi delavkami, ter raziskati, kakšna stališča zavzemajo do nosečnosti kljub neugodni prognozi. V teoretičnem delu smo s pomočjo strokovne literature naprej opredelili MDR in preučili njihovo etiologijo in etiologijo ostalih razvojnih nepravilnosti. Opisali smo pomen zdravega življenjskega sloga za optimalno nosečnost in preučili najpogostejša rizična vedenja matere, ki lahko vodijo v nepravilen razvoj otroka. V nadaljevanju smo orisali časovni in vsebinski potek zdravstvenih pregledov ter omenili najpogostejše prenatalne diagnostične metode. Kot ključno temo smo izpostavili starševstvo otroku s posebnimi potrebami in opisali dva možna scenarija ob soočanju z neprijetno novico – sprejemanje otroka ali predčasna prekinitev nosečnosti. Ob koncu smo predstavili tudi vlogo stališč. Empirični del je temeljil na kavzalno-neeksperimentalni metodi in kvantitativnem raziskovalnemu pristopu. Raziskavo smo izvedli na vzorcu specialnih in rehabilitacijskih pedagoginj (v nadaljevanju SRP), razrednih učiteljic in predmetnih učiteljic ter drugih strokovnih delavk (N=87). Slednje smo v raziskavo vključili naknadno, zato niso del raziskovalnih vprašanj. Pripravili smo anketni vprašalnik v fizični obliki, ki smo ga posredovali štirim vzgojno-izobraževalnim institucijam iz Obalno-kraške in Primorsko-notranjske regije. Preučevali smo morebitne razlike v poznavanju rizičnih dejavnikov in stališčih glede na delovno dobo, strokovni profil in materinstvo. Rezultati so pokazali zelo dobro poznavanje vseh treh sklopov rizičnih dejavnikov s strani vseh udeleženk. Ugotovili smo statistično pomembno povezavo med strokovnim profilom in poznavanjem prenatalnih rizičnih dejavnikov. Ti so najbolj poznani SRP, najmanj pa predmetnim učiteljicam. Pri preverjanju stališč smo zabeležili, da strokovnim delavkam misel na lastnega otroka z razvojnimi primanjkljaji v povprečju vzbuja strah, kljub temu pa se strinjajo, da bi ga ne glede na težave obdržale. Prenatalnim testom so v povprečju naklonjene. Statistično pomembne razlike v stališčih smo ugotovili v povezavi s strokovnim profilom in delovno dobo. S trditvijo, da bo otrok z razvojnimi primanjkljaji v življenju trpel, se najbolj strinjajo predmetne učiteljice, najmanj pa SRP. S trditvijo, da prenatalni diagnostični testi omogočajo boljšo pripravo na otrokove morebitne posebnosti, se najbolj strinjajo SRP, najmanj pa razredne učiteljice. Opravljanju diagnostičnih testov ne glede na stopnjo tveganja za plod so najbolj naklonjene razredne učiteljice, najmanj pa SRP. Isti trditvi so statistično pomembno najbolj naklonjene posameznice z najdaljšo delovno dobo, najmanj pa tiste z najkrajšo. Na ravni izkušnje materinstva statistično pomembnih razlik nismo zaznali. For parents, living with a child with developmental abnormalities presents a challenge, which is not present in the case of neurotypical development. The modern health care system offers several prenatal diagnostic methods for detecting abnormalities in fetal development and for the prognosis of the severity of the difficulties. These diagnostic methods can make it easier or even harder for parents to make further decisions. Attitudes play a major role in this, influencing mental processes and behavior. The aim of the master's thesis was to investigate the level of knowledge of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors among female professionals, which can lead to developmental abnormalities or result in an intellectual disability (hereafter MDR), and to explore their attitudes towards pregnancy despite adverse prognosis. In the theoretical part, we further defined MDR with the help of technical literature. Moreover, we focused on the etiology of MDR and the etiology of other developmental disabilities. We also described the importance of a healthy lifestyle for an optimal pregnancy and looked at the most common maternal risk behaviors that can lead to the abnormal development of a child. Furthermore, we presented the timing and content of prenatal checkups and listed the most common prenatal diagnostic methods. Parenting a child with special needs was pointed out as the main topic. In connection with it, we described two possible scenarios when faced with the unpleasant news – accepting the child or terminating the pregnancy early. Lastly, we presented the role of attitudes. The empirical part was based on a causal non-experimental method of pedagogical research and a quantitative research approach. The survey was carried out on a sample of female special and rehabilitation pedagogues (hereafter SRP), class teachers, specialist teachers and other female professionals (N=87). The latter were included later in the process and are not a part of the research questions. We prepared a questionnaire in physical form, which was distributed to four educational institutions from the Obalno-kraška statistical region and the Primorsko-notranjska statistical region. We looked at possible differences in knowledge of risk factors and attitudes according to the length of service, professional profile and motherhood. The results show very good knowledge of all three categories of risk factors from all participants. We discovered a statistically significant correlation between professional profile and knowledge of prenatal risk factors. SRPs are the most familiar with prenatal risk factors, while specialist teachers are the least familiar with them. Furthermore, when checking the attitudes, we observed that female professionals, on average, find the thought of having a child with disabilities scary, but that they would be willing to keep the baby regardless of the diagnosis. On average, they are in favor of prenatal testing. Statistically significant differences in attitudes were found in correlation with professional profile and length of service. Class teachers are the most likely to agree that children with developmental abnormalities will suffer in life, while SRPs are the least likely to agree with it. Class teachers are the most likely to agree with prenatal diagnostic tests regardless of the level of risk to the fetus, while SRPs are the least likely to agree with it. Similarly, female professionals with higher years of service are the most likely to agree with the latter statement, while those with lower years of service are the least likely to agree with it. No statistically significant differences were found at the level of maternity experience.

Although nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) are exposed to prolonged stress, no burnout prevention policy has yet been established. This study aims to determine the attitudes and "sense" of knowledge of burnout in nurses with burnout.The study, which has a qualitative exploratory phenomenological design, was carried out in several Croatian ICUs in 2017. ICU nurses suffering from burnout according to their score on the Maslach Burnout Inventory were chosen randomly from five hospitals. Their participation was voluntary. Of the 28 participants, 86% were women (n=24) and 14% men (n=4). They were aged mainly between 36 and 45 (n=11 (40%)) and between 26 and 35 (n=10 (36%)). Semi-structured interviews were conducted up to the saturation point. The conversations were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The text was analysed using inductive thematic analysis, with codes derived and grouped into clusters by similarities in meaning, and interpretation as the final stage.Emergent themes, compromised private life, stressful work demands, stress reduction options, protective workplace measures and sense of knowledge reflected a variety of experiences, attitudes and knowledge of burnout.Nurses with burnout provided an insight into their experience and attitudes, and the problems created by burnout. Given the poor sense of knowledge about this syndrome, there is a need to implement education on burnout in nursing school curricula, and clear strategies in the ICU environment, i.e. information, awareness-raising, and specific guidelines on coping, burnout detection and prevention. Approaching burnout prevention through attitudes/social learning may be a novel and feasible model of addressing this issue.Medicinske sestre na oddelkih za intenzivno nego (ICU) so izpostavljene dolgotrajnemu stresu, ob tem pa sistem ukrepov za preprečevanje izgorelosti ni vzpostavljen. Cilj študije je bil raziskati odnos do izgorelosti in znanja o tej okvari zdravja pri medicinskih sestrah, ki so že izgorele.Študija, ki ima kvalitativno raziskovalno fenomenološko zasnovo, je bila izvedena v več hrvaških univerzitetnih kliničnih bolnišnicah, na oddelkih za intenzivno nego, v letu 2017. Medicinske sestre z izgorelostjo glede na z oceno MBItot na vprašalniku izgorelosti Maslach so bile izbrane naključno iz vsake bolnišnice in so sodelovale prostovoljno. Od 28 udeležencev je bilo 86 % žensk (n = 24) in 14 % moških (n = 4), starih 36–45 (n = 11, 40 %) in 26–35 let (n = 10, 36 %). Raziskovalna vprašanja o stališčih do izgorelosti in znanju o izgorelosti, ki prevladujejo pri medicinskih sestrah na intenzivni negi, pri katerih se je že razvil ta sindrom, so ciljala na različna področja izkušenj intervjuvancev. Polstrukturirani intervjuji so potekali, dokler ni bila dosežena nasičenost. Pogovori so bili zvočno posneti in dobesedno prepisani. Besedilo je bilo analizirano z uporabo induktivne tematske analize, pri čemer so bile kode izpeljane in razvrščene v skupine po podobnostih v pomenu; temu je sledila interpretacija kot zadnja faza analize. Odgovori na vsako vprašanje so bili organizirani v eno ali dve glavni temi, vse teme so imele podteme, te so bile izvedene iz več kod, število kod na podtemo se je gibalo med dve in pet.Pet glavnih tem, ki odražajo izkušnje in vedenje o izgorelosti, je: (i) okrnjeno zasebno življenje s podtemami pomanjkanje prostega časa, zaostreni odnosi, projiciranje nezadovoljstva v družino, neustrezno spoprijemanje in učinki; (ii) stresne delovne zahteve (podteme: objektivni delovni pogoji, psihološke obremenitve, medosebni odnosi) in možnosti za zmanjšanje stresa z dvema podtemama (spontano uporabljene in povezane z upravljanjem); (iii) zaščitni ukrepi na delovnem mestu s štirimi podtemami (vodenje, preventiva in psihosocialna podpora, organizacijski ukrepi ter nadzor kakovosti in nagrade) in občutek znanja o izgorelosti s petimi podtemami (prepoznavanje, poznavanje in razumevanje izgorelosti, ideje o lajšanju izgorelosti in možni viri informacij (o sindromu izgorelosti)).Izpovedi izgorelih medicinskih sester so omogočile uvid v izkušnje, stališča in težave, ki jih povzroča izgorelost. Glede na slabo znanje o tem sindromu bi bilo treba v učne programe zdravstvenih šol na vseh ravneh študija vključiti izobraževanje o izgorelosti in spoprijemanju s stresom. V oddelkih intenzivne nege pa so potrebne jasne strategije in protokoli, tj. informacije, ozaveščanje in posebne smernice za prepoznavanje, blaženje in preprečevanje izgorelosti. Pristop k preprečevanju izgorelosti preko spreminjanja stališč oziroma z uporabo socialnega učenja je lahko nov in izvedljiv model reševanja tega vprašanja, ki zadeva blagostanje in učinkovitost zdravstvenih delavcev povsod po svetu.

Na področju genetike in v razvoju posameznih molekularnih metod znanost zelo napreduje, zato je vedno bolj pomembno, da se nova spoznanja prenašajo tudi v gimnazijsko izobraževanje, kot osnova in navdih bodočim biologomraziskovalcem za nadaljnjo izbiro študija v naravoslovju. V ospredje raziskave smo postavili pomembnost povezave napredne znanosti z osnovami znanosti in splošnim znanjem v programu gimnazije. Tematika, ki je predmet naše raziskave, se je v aktualnem času izkazala kot zelo pomembna za širšo javnost in razumevanje epidemije korona virusa. Z raziskavo smo želeli preveriti učinek dveh različnih metod poučevanja na stališča in znanje dijakov pri biologiji v splošnem programu gimnazije o uporabi ene izmed najbolj uporabljenih tehnik v molekularni biologijielektroforezi. Študija je bila opravljena z inštrumentom šifriranega anketnega vprašalnika s preizkusom znanja, ki so ga dijaki reševali pred in po izvedbi pouka s frontalno obliko in metodo demonstracije. Ugotovili smo, da ima večji učinek na znanje dijakov o elektroforezi pouk z demonstracijo, čeprav sta učinek izkazali obe uporabljeni metodi. Splošno predznanje dijakov o elektroforezi je pokazalo slabo informiranost o tej vsebini. Rezultati so pokazali, da se znanje, naklonjenost praktičnemu delu in stališča do uporabe elektroforeze razlikujejo glede na spol, predvsem v prid dekletom. Več znanja in strinjanja z znanstvenimi stališči so pokazali dijaki, ki imajo znanstvenika-raziskovalca v družini in tisti z željo po študiju naravoslovja. Dijaki so v raziskavi pokazali ozaveščenost o tem, da je praktično delo in usvajanje spretnosti in veščin pri učenju tehnik molekularne biologije nujno za lažje razumevanje teh vsebin. Genetics and the development of molecular methods are making tremendous progress. Therefore, it is increasingly important that the new knowledge is incorporated unhindered into school curriculum as a basis and inspiration for the further study of future study biologistresearchers. The importance of linking advanced science to basic science and general knowledge in the high school has been established as the core of our research. The knowledge which is the subject of our research has proven to be very important for the general public and understanding of the coronavirus epidemic. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of two different teaching methods on the attitude and knowledge of students in the biology subject of general high school in relation to the application of one of the most commonly used techniques in molecular biology - electrophoresis. The study was conducted using a coded questionnaire including a knowledge test which students solved before and after classes with frontal instruction and demonstration. We found that demonstration teaching had a greater effect on the students' knowledge of electrophoresis, although both methods had an effect. Students showed a low level of general prior knowledge about electrophoresis. The results showed a slight gender difference in knowledge, preference for hands-on work, and attitude toward electrophoresis, especially in favor of girls. More knowledge and greater agreement with scientific views were shown by students with a researcher-scientist in the family and those who were pursuing scientific studies. On examination, students showed an awareness of the need for practical work and the acquisition of skills and abilities in learning molecular biology techniques to facilitate the understanding of these contents.

Neposredna izkušnja ima pomembno vlogo pri učnem procesu. V raziskavi smo ugotavljali, kako neposredna izkušnja vpliva na izražanje strahu ter stališča dijakov drugih letnikov srednje šole. Prav tako smo ugotavljali, kako dijaki ocenjujejo strah in gnus do izbranih živali, ter ali se pojavljajo razlike v ocenah strahu med spoloma. Za namen raziskave smo naredili anonimni vprašalnik, s pomočjo katerega smo dobili socio-demografske podatke o anketirancu, njihova splošna stališča do živali ter izražanje strahu do izbranih vrst živali. Sodelovalo je 187 dijakov. Ugotovili smo, da je imelo neposredno izkušnjo z večino izbranih vrst živali več kot polovica dijakov. Dijaki so izrazili največ strahu do živali, ki lahko povzročijo fizične poškodbe (morski pes, medved), največ gnusa pa do živali, ki so neprijetne na videz ali imajo različne telesne izločke (ščurek, pajek, podgana). Dijakinje so v povprečju večinoma izrazile višji strah (razen do želve) in gnus (razen pri metulju, konju, zajcu in psu) kot fantje. Dijaki, ki so imeli stik z večjim številom živali, so bili večinoma bolj pripravljeni ohranjati in varovati živali ter se učiti o njih, so menili, da se ne bojijo toliko živali in so čutili manj gnusa, kot dijaki, ki so imeli manj stikov. Dekleta so bila bolj pripravljena ohranjati in varovati živali, hkrati pa bolj menijo, da se bojijo mnogih živali, vendar vseeno želijo imeti več stikov z njimi, kot dijaki. Direct experience plays an important role in the learning process. Our research showed us how direct experience affects the expression of fear and the attitudes of second-year high school students. We found out how students rate their fear and disgust towards selected animals, and whether there are differences in fear ratings between the genders. For the purpose of the research, we made an anonymous questionnaire, with the help of which we obtained socio-demographic data about the respondent, their general attitudes towards animals and the expression of fear towards selected species of animals. 187 students participated. We found that more than half of the students had direct experience with most of the selected animal species. Students expressed the most fear toward animals that cause physical injury (shark, bear), and most disgust toward animals that are unpleasant in appearance or have various bodily secretions (cockroach, spider, rat). The female students, on average, mostly expressed higher fear (except for the turtle) and disgust (except for the butterfly, horse, rabbit, and dog) than the male students. Students who had contact with more animals were generally more willing to preserve and protect animals and learn about them, felt they were not afraid of many animals, and felt less disgust than students who had less contact. The girls were more willing to preserve and protect the animals, while at the same time feeling more afraid of many animals, but still wanting to have more contact with them than the male students.

Medvrstniško nasilje se pogosto dogaja pred opazovalci, ki v večini primerov ne ukrepajo. V magistrski nalogi smo kot opazovalce vključili osnovnošolske učitelje – razrednike in šolske svetovalne delavce ter želeli preučiti njihov odnos do verbalnega in fizičnega nasilja na šoli. Teoretično smo izhajali iz intervencijskega modela opazovalcev, ki opredeljuje pet stopenj ukrepanja (zaznava dogodka, razlaga dogodka kot resnega, prevzem odgovornosti za pomoč, znanje in spretnosti za pomoč ter odločitev za pomoč in nudenje pomoči). Priredili in validirali smo pripomoček za merjenje vedenja odraslih opazovalcev na šoli. Ugotovili smo, da so zaposleni strokovni delavci v osnovnih šolah najmanj uspešni na prvi stopnji modela, pri zaznavi dogodkov nasilja. V primerjavi s fizičnim so udeleženci dogodke verbalnega nasilja v povprečju zaznali večkrat ter sebi pripisali več znanja in spretnosti za ukrepanje. Obe skupini udeležencev smo primerjali tudi med seboj in ugotovili, da šolski svetovalni delavci v pomembno večji meri usmerjajo pozornost na situacije medvrstniškega nasilja kot učitelji. Pretekle raziskave so opozorile na empatijo kot pomemben dejavnik za intervencijo, zato smo tudi v naši nalogi preučili njeno vlogo. Rezultati so pokazali, da se tako čustveni kot kognitivni vidik empatije povezujeta z večino stopenj intervencijskega modela. Preverili smo tudi vlogo drugih dejavnikov pri ukrepanju (delovno dobo, število ur na teden z učenci, leto razredništva ipd.), vendar so bile povezanosti s stopnjami intervencije nizke ali statistično nepomembne. Z raziskavo smo opozorili na pomembnost vloge učiteljev − razrednikov in šolskih svetovalnih delavcev kot opazovalcev medvrstniškega nasilja. Dobili smo vpogled v prisotnost posameznih stopenj intervencije pri medvrstniškem nasilju ter v dejavnike, ki se z njimi povezujejo. Ugotovili smo, da bi pri zaposlenih v osnovnih šolah morali spodbujati empatijo in občutljivost na medvrstniško nasilje, saj je največ možnosti za zmanjševanje tega nasilja ravno na prvi stopnji intervencije, tj. pri zaznavi nasilnih dogodkov. Bullying often takes place in front of bystanders, who in most cases do not intervene. In this master's thesis, we included elementary school class teachers and school counselors as bystanders in order to examine their attitudes toward verbal and physical bullying. Theoretically, we relied on the bystander intervention model, which outlines five steps of intervention (notice the event, interpret the event as an emergency that requires help, accept responsibility for intervening, know how to intervene or provide help and implement intervention decisions). We adapted and validated a questionnaire to measure adult bystander intervention behaviors in school settings. We found that employees in Slovenian primary schools were least successful at the first step of the model, noticing bullying events. Compared to physical bullying, participants noticed verbal bullying events more often on average and attributed more knowledge and skills to themselves to take action. We also compared both groups of participants and found that school counselors paid significantly more attention to bullying situations than teachers. Previous research has highlighted empathy as an important factor in intervention, so we examined its role in our thesis as well. Results showed that both the emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy were correlated with most steps of the intervention model. We also examined the role of other factors (years of service, number of hours per week with students, length of time as a class teacher, etc.). The correlation of these factors with the intervention steps of the model was low or not statistically significant. This research highlights the importance of the role of class teachers and school counselors as bystanders of bullying. We gained insight into the presence of each intervention step for traditional bullying and the factors associated with it. The results indicate that we should promote empathy and sensitivity to bullying among employees in elementary schools, as most room for development lies in the first stage of intervention - noticing bullying events.

Pojav novega koronavirusa SARS-CoV-2 po vsem svetu je vplival na številna področja človekovega delovanja, še posebej velik vpliv pa je imel na področje vzgoje in izobraževanja. Od šolarjev, njihovih staršev in učiteljev je zahteval hitre prilagoditve, saj se je izobraževanje zelo hitro prestavilo na splet. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kakšna stališča imajo šolarji in njihovi starši do učenja na daljavo v izrednih razmerah. Pri šolarjih nas je zanimalo, katere učne strategije so uporabljali pred epidemijo in katere med njo, pri starših pa nas je zanimalo, kako in na kakšen način se vključujejo v izobraževanje svojih otrok pred in med epidemijo. V raziskavo, ki je bila opravljena v zadnjih petih tednih šolanja na daljavo med prvim valom epidemije covida-19 v maju 2020, je bilo vključenih 358 učencev zadnje triade osnovne šole in dijakov ter 495 staršev šolarjev istega starostnega razpona. V raziskavo je bilo prav tako vključenih 133 povezanih parov šolar–starš. Rezultati so pokazali, da so se šolarji in njihovi starši med šolanjem na daljavo soočali z najrazličnejšimi težavami – šolarji poročajo predvsem o pomanjkanju stika s svojimi sošolci, starši pa o težavah z usklajevanjem med delom in pomočjo pri šolskem delu, o težavah v primeru več šoloobveznih otrok ter o težavah z motiviranjem za šolsko delo. Starši v splošnem pouk na daljavo v primerjavi s poukom v razredu ocenjujejo kot bolj zapletenega in težavnega, strinjajo se, da so šolarji pridobili manj znanja, ki je bilo tudi manj utrjeno. S tem se strinjajo tudi šolarji, ki prav tako poročajo, da je pouk na daljavo manj motivirajoč. Kljub temu šolarji poročajo o pozitivnih vidikih tovrstnega šolanja, in sicer da so postali med šolanjem na daljavo bolj samostojni, tako starši kot šolarji pa se strinjajo, da bo postal takšen način pouka v prihodnosti pomemben. Šolarji poročajo, da so med šolanjem na daljavo v primerjavi s klasičnim poukom v razredu pomembno pogosteje uporabljali strategije elaboracije, prav tako poročajo o zmanjšanju truda za šolsko delo. Starši na drugi strani poročajo o pomembno višjem aktivnem vključevanju in spodbujanju samostojnosti med epidemijo v primerjavi z obdobjem pred epidemijo. Ugotovili smo tudi, da so ocene pouka na daljavo med starši in šolarji znotraj iste družine večinoma skladne. The emergence of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 throughout the world has affected many areas of human activity and has had a particularly large impact on education. It required students, their parents, and teachers to make rapid adjustments as education moved online very quickly. The aim of the research was to find out what the attitudes of students and their parents were towards emergency distance education. For students, we were interested in what learning strategies they used before and after the epidemic, and for parents, how and in what ways they were involved in their children's education before and during the epidemic. The study, conducted during the last five weeks of distance education during the first wave of the Covid-19 epidemic in May 2020, included 358 students from the last triad of primary and high school students and 495 parents of school-aged children in the same age group. 133 related student-parent pairs were also included in the study. Results showed that students and their parents faced a number of problems during distance education - students reported a lack of contact with classmates, whilst parents reported having the most difficulty coordinating between work and remote schooling of their child, more school-age children, and more difficulty motivating their child to complete school work at home. Parents generally consider distance education to be more complicated and difficult than traditional classroom instruction and believe that students have acquired less knowledge, which is also less consolidated. Students also agree with that statement and add that distance education is less motivating. Nevertheless, students reported positive aspects of this type of schooling, namely that they have become more independent during distance education, and both parents and students agree that this type of schooling will become important in the future. Students report using elaboration strategies significantly more often during distance education than during traditional classroom instruction, and they also report exerting less effort on schoolwork. Parents, on the other hand, report significantly higher active engagement and promotion of independence during the epidemic compared to previously. We also found that evaluations of distance education were largely consistent between parents and school children within the same family.

Le nekaj časa je preteklo, odkar se širša družba natančneje ozira na posledice, ki jih predstavljajo desetletja nepremišljene potrošnje na okolju in lastnem zdravju. Potrošniki se vse bolj zavedajo dejstva, da kozmetični izdelki, ki jih dajejo na površino kože, povzročajo negativne posledice za zdravje ter si hkrati prizadevajo, da izbira življenjskega sloga sledi potrošnji, ki okolja ne uničuje. Vse večje povpraševanje po organskih kozmetičnih izdelkih tako predstavlja logičen korak. Zeleno nakupno vedenje, okoljska in zdravstvena ozaveščenost, zelen življenjski slog, stališča, zelena nakupna intenca in pretekle izkušnje z nakupovanjem zelenih izdelkov predstavljajo nekaj ključnih konceptov, katerim je skupno, da so rezultat sodobnih miselnih premikov. Poleg očitne relevantnosti te pojme povezuje še primanjkljaj obravnave v študijah, posebej v slovenskem prostoru. Zato me je v diplomskem delu zanimalo, v kakšni medsebojni povezavi in soodvisnosti so ti pojmi. Iz tega sledi tudi izpeljava raziskovalnega vprašanja, ki preizprašuje, kakšen vpliv ima življenjski slog na oblikovanje stališč in posledično zeleno nakupno intenco. Empirični del je bil konceptualiziran po zaslugi kvalitativne raziskave na vzorcu slovenskih potrošnikov. Ključne ugotovitve študije kažejo na to, da lahko zdravstveno in okoljsko ozaveščenost obravnavamo kot dva izmed faktorjev, ki neposredno vplivata na privzemanje zelenega življenjskega sloga. Prav tako ima slednji direkten pozitiven vpliv na stališča do nakupovanja organskih kozmetičnih izdelkov za osebno nego. Če povzamem, so stališča in pretekle izkušnje z nakupovanjem zelenih izdelkov dve področji, ki vplivata neposredno na zeleno nakupno intenco. Ta je tudi ena izmed ključnih determinant v fazah zelenega vedenja. Only a short time has passed since the wider society took a closer look at the consequences of decades of reckless consumption on the environment and our health. As a result, consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the fact that cosmetics that are applied to the surface of the skin can have negative health consequences and, at the same time, strive to ensure that lifestyle choices follow consumption that doesn’t destroy the environment. The growing demand for organic cosmetics is thus a logical step. Green purchasing behavior, environmental and health consciousness, green lifestyle, attitudes, green shopping intention, and past experience with green products are some of the key concepts that have in common that they are the result of modern mental shifts. In addition to the obvious relevance, these concepts are also connected by the lack of treatment in studies, especially in Slovenia. Therefore, in my graduate thesis, I was interested in the interconnectedness and interdependence of these concepts. This also leads to the derivation of a research question that examines the impact of lifestyle on the formation of attitudes and the consequent green purchasing ntention. The empirical part was conceptualized thanks to qualitative research on a sample of Slovenian consumers. The key findings of the study suggest that health and environmental consciousness can be considered as two of the factors that directly influence the adoption of a green lifestyle. The latter also has a direct positive impact on attitudes towards the purchase of organic personal care cosmetics. To sum up, attitudes and experience with green products are two areas that directly affect green shopping intentions. This is also one of the key determinants in the phases of green behavior.

Šola predstavlja pomembno okolje za promocijo duševnega zdravja in preventivo duševnih motenj ter samomorilnosti, saj predstavlja prostor, kjer lahko dosežemo večino mladih. Zato je bil namen raziskave ugotoviti, kakšna stališča imajo profesorice_ji do vključevanja tematik duševnega zdravja v svoje delo in kako kompetentne_i se počutijo za to nalogo. Zanimalo me je tudi, pri katerih vsebinah svojih predmetov vidijo možnost za vključevanje tematik duševnega zdravja ter kateri dejavniki jih pri tem spodbujajo in zavirajo. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 146 profesoric_jev različnih predmetov, ki so izpolnile_i spletni vprašalnik, ki sem ga oblikovala. Profesorice_ji so menile_i, da bi morale biti tematike duševnega zdravja vključene v šolski prostor, in so jih bile_i pripravljene_i vključevati v svoje delo. Počutile_i so se zmerno kompetentne_i za naslavljanje tematik duševnega zdravja. Učni načrt jim je pri tem predstavljal tako spodbudo kot zavoro. Kot glavno oviro, ki preprečuje pogostejše vključevanje tematik duševnega zdravja v njihovo delo, so navajale_i pomanjkanje znanja. Smiselno bi bilo tematike duševnega zdravja vključiti v študijske programe bodočih profesoric_jev in organizirati dodatna izobraževanja za poglabljanje znanja. Profesorice_ji so izrazile_i tudi željo po sodelovanju s strokovnjaki_njami s področja duševnega zdravja in potrebo po oblikovanih gradivih, ki bi jih lahko vključile_i v svoje delo. School is an important environment for the promotion of mental health and prevention of mental health disorders and suicidality, as it represents a place where we can reach the majority of young people. The aim of this study was to investigate the high school teachers' attitudes towards integrating mental health topics into their work and how competent they feel for this task. I examined which contents of different subjects offer the possibility for the inclusion of mental health topics and which are perceived facilitators and barriers to including those topics into their work. The study involved 146 professors of various subjects who filled out the online questionnaire I had designed. Professors felt that mental health topics should be included in the curriculum and were willing to include them in their work. They felt moderately competent to address the topics of mental health. The curriculum was perceived as both a facilitator and a barrier. The main barrier preventing more frequent integration of mental health topics into the work of professors was the lack of knowledge. It would make sense to include mental health topics in the study programmes of future professors and to organise additional training for improving their knowledge. Teachers also expressed a desire to work with mental health professionals and the need for materials that could be incorporated into their work.