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We evaluated the thermal and chemical stratifications of Paldang Lake using Schmidt's stability index (SSI) and the chemical stratification index (IC-i) with weekly data from 2013 to 2022. The temporal trends of stratification were analyzed alongside correlations with meteorological, hydrological, and water quality variables. Thermal stratification intensified with rising air temperature and sunshine duration, while hydrological factors like discharge and retention time affected SSI during periods with less than five days of water retention. During summer, fewer occurrences of intense rainfall or early rainfall before August led to stronger stratification. In fall, nutrient influx from external sources during summer stimulated algal growth, increasing Chlorophyll-α (Chl-α) concentrations. Summer rainfall had a significant impact on the strength and duration of stratification in Paldang Lake. Annual rainfall patterns and subsequent changes in discharge were key factors affecting the physical environment of the lake, which in turn determined water quality and the extent of algal blooms. We provide insights into the seasonal stratification and water quality variations in temperate river-type reservoirs like Paldang Lake. SSI and IC-i from this research can be applied to understand stratification and mixing dynamics in other lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wettability is an important interfacial property that affects the separation of micro-fine particles. This paper carried out a new approach to evaluate the wettability of low-rank coal (LRC) powder based on multiple light scattering. Four collectors are used to modify the coal powder to obtain different wettabilities. The stability analyzer is used to investigate the wettability and wetting process of coal sample, which is observed by transmitted light. The stability of coal samples dispersed in a sample cell completely wetted by water is analyzed by Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI). The TSI value shows that stronger wettability of coal sample can make the system less stable. Moreover, the change law of the transmitted light shows that the coal sample with high wettability is quickly wetted by water, resulting in a shorter time for the transmitted light intensity (T) to decrease to 0% due to the volume concentration of the particles entering the water phase increase rapidly. Therefore, the wettability is characterized by the variation time of T. The shorter time represents the stronger wettability. While ΔT/t is used as an evaluation of the wetting rate, the larger absolute value shows a faster wettability rate. This provides a basis for rapid and accurate evaluation of the wettability of LRC samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 affects both musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. However, there is no research on its impact on balance in mild to moderate cases. This study aims to compare static and dynamic balance, as well as fall risk, between individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19 and those without the disease. Methods: in this case control study 30 subjects (25–45 years old) with mild to moderate severity of covid-19 and 30 healthy subjects were compared. Outcome measures of Timed Up & Go, Timed Unipedal Stance Test and the overall sway & stability index via Biodex balance device were used to evaluate static and dynamic balance and risk of fall. Significant differences between groups were observed in most Biodex indexes: Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (mCTSIB): modes 1, 3, and 4 (p ≤ 0.001). Fall Risk Test (FRT): with eyes open/closed, on normal/narrow surfaces (p < 0.05). Unipedal Stance Test (UPST): with eyes open (p = 0.023) and closed (p = 0.00). All indicators of balance and fall risk were different in covid-19 patients than healthy people except the mCTSIB test mode 2 (p = 0.11) and TUG test (p = 0.33). In simple activities, balance disorder due to Covid-19 is not evident, but in more detailed tests, it is effective even with moderate and mild severity. Even after 3–6 months of the recovery, there were significant differences in overall sway & stability index between people with covid-19 and healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous vehicle path tracking control based on model predictive control (MPC) still faces some challenges, such as unknown external environment disturbance and parametric modeling uncertainties. For these problems, this paper puts forward an adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) strategy which combines stability index and model error compensation to improve vehicle path tracking and stability performance. Firstly, the model error identification scheme based on radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is designed to estimate the uncertainties of vehicle parametric model. Through the identification and compensation of model error, the model error during critical maneuvers can be reduced. Secondly, to improve vehicle maneuverability and yaw stabilization performance, the AMPC controller is realized by adaptive weight adjustment based on MPC. The stability index is designed to schedule the weights of MPC optimization objectives. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the path tracking control strategy are verified by CarSim&Simulink co-simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test. The results illustrate that the AMPC strategy based on stability index considering model error not only enhances the tracking accuracy, but also improves the handling and stability performance of vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stability estimates are proposed for two variants of Markov processes defined by stochastic difference equations: uncontrolled and controlled. Processes of this type are widely used in applications where their “governing distributions” are known only approximately, for example, as statistical estimates obtained from real data. Therefore, the problem of estimating deviations of output characteristics arises. The Kantorovich metric is used to measure the variations of probability distributions that govern the processes. In the uncontrolled case, the Kantorovich distance between the stationary distributions of the initial process and its perturbation is evaluated. On the other hand, the control processes being compared are endowed with an expected total discounted cost, and the inequality for the corresponding stability index is obtained. The stability index measures the increase in costs when using the control policy optimal for the “approximating process.”

The increase in population growth and the demand for food supply and the high percentage of waste production in the food supply chain are among the reasons for increasing attention to the issue of waste management in the world. Due to its huge volume of important nutrients, food waste offers a lot of potential for animal feed production. The goal of this research was to examine the energy and exergy requirements for producing animal feed from food waste using a dryer in two states: reverse flow and non-reverse flow. Hot air is mixed with fresh air in reverse flow but in nonreverse flow fresh air is used. Food waste is collected from kitchen. Food waste was dried at three temperatures of 55°C, 70°C, and 85°C in three times of 90, 150, and 210 min after the dryer was set up in two conditions of return and nonreturn flow. The results showed that the quantity of energy spent is decreased to one-third of the non-return state due to the reuse of output energy. Exergy waste will be decreased by up to 11.5 times. Increasing device efficiency and lowering expenses entails decreasing wasted exergy. Furthermore, the modifications in the stability index mean that the amount of pollutants produced by reverse flow will be lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Urban spaces that are designed in line with the principles of sustainability play a big role in creating green behavior patterns among citizens. This research aims to investigate the position of environmental design and compliance with the principles of sustainability in cities on the environmental model of citizens. Methods: The research uses a quantitative and qualitative and practical approach. The sample size consisted of 884 people, and data was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS software. Also, the UCL Depthmap software and the space layout method were used to evaluate the structure of the spatial configuration, which has a significant correlation with the design of urban residential areas as indicated by previous studies. Results: The results showed that the highest average depth is related to the main entrance streets to Valiasr Street, Tajrish, and Chamran Highway in Tehran with a numerical value of 3.86, while the lowest numerical value recorded was 0.05. The high level of depth value shows that access to other spaces is done by passing through many intermediate spaces, and these spaces lack a clear and direct connection with each other. As a result, these spaces are characterized by limited movement patterns. Among the factors considered by citizens, the most influential factor was "no urban air pollution", with a coefficient of 0.91, followed by the index of "cleanliness of urban roads" with a weight of 0.86. The lowest weight belongs to the "Urban open spaces" index, which scored 0.59. Conclusion: In conclusion, the establishment of sustainable urban development indicators can prompt behavioral changes in citizens, leading them to align their behavioral patterns with environmental considerations. Certain indicators, such as emphasizing air quality, implementing effective waste management practices for green spaces and urban parks, and promoting the presence of tourist attractions in the city, are more important compared to other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neck pain is one of the most burdensome chronic musculoskeletal problems globally. Impaired proprioception is associated with chronic nonspecific neck pain as the structures of the cervical spine are crucial for proprioception and balance. There is a paucity of literature examining objective measures of balance and postural sway in patients with nonspecific neck pain. Methods: This study was observational consisting 126 individuals (63 cases and 63 controls) who were recruited using convenience sampling. The demographics of the samples were collected and the postural and balance impairment was assessed using Biodex Balance SD. Mean, Median, and SD were obtained and the inferential analysis was done using the Whitney U Test and the level of significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results: The subjects with neck pain showed had a lower static stability index, static sway index, static stability index—forward backward and static sway index lateral scores than the normal counterparts. There are significant differences in the overall static stability index (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference in static sway index (p = 0.003) and static stability index lateral (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference for static sway index forward and backward (p = 0.550) and lateral sway index (p = 0.711). Conclusion: Subjects with neck pain had a lower static stability index, static sway index, static stability index—forward backward, and static sway index lateral scores than the normal counterparts and there was a significant difference between the static sway and static stability index in forward and backward directions as well as in lateral direction. These findings may help to assess the specific balance parameters and address the underlying causes of balance issues in patients with neck pain and also provide a comprehensive care to the patients. Clinical Trial Registration: The trial was registered with CTRI India with registration number: CTRI/2022/07/044222. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo explore the biomechanical factors affecting the stability of athletes in the 143D balance phase of competitive Tai Chi.MethodThe Vicon 3D motion capture system, Kistler 3D force platform, and Noraxon surface electromyography (sEMG) system were used to measure the joint angle, joint moment, center of gravity, ground reaction force, and sEMG data of athletes. The stability index was then calculated according to the formula. Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation tests were used to analyze the associations between the biomechanical factors and stability index.Results(1) Medial lateral stability index (MLSI): A significant negative correlation was found between the ankle inversion angle of the supporting leg (SL) and MLSI (p < 0.05). (2) Anterior posterior stability index (APSI): Significant negative correlations were observed between the ankle intorsion angle, integrated electromyography (iEMG) of the gastrocnemius, and muscle contribution rates of the tibialis anterior, external oblique, and gastrocnemius of the non-supporting leg (NL) with the APSI (p < 0.05). The ankle dorsiflexion moment, iEMG of the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior, muscle contribution rate of the biceps femoris, and root mean-squared (RMS) amplitude of the gluteus maximus of the SL also showed significant negative correlations with the APSI (p < 0.05). Strong and significant negative correlations were also identified between the hip intorsion angle, iEMG of the tibialis anterior, and RMS amplitude of the rectus femoris of the NL with the APSI (p < 0.01). Further strong and significant negative correlation was also found between the RMS amplitude of the biceps femoris of the SL and APSI (p < 0.01). The knee extorsion angle of the NL was positively correlated with the APSI (p < 0.05). (3) Dynamic postural stability index (DPSI): The knee adduction angle, iEMG of the tibialis anterior, and RMS amplitude of the erector spinae of the NL were significantly positively correlated with the DPSI (p < 0.05). The knee abduction and hip extension moments of the SL were also significantly positively correlated with the DPSI (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe ankle inversion angle of the SL impacts left–right stability, while the NL’s hip and ankle intorsion angles, knee extorsion angle, and exertion on the core muscle and SL’s main muscles, as well as exertion of specific muscles of the NL affect anterior–posterior stability. The hip extension and knee abduction moments of the SL, knee adduction angle, exertion on the tibialis anterior, and activation of the erector spinae of the NL significantly affect the overall stability of an athlete.

Stabilization and dewatering are essential treatment mechanisms for the management of fecal sludge (FS) that accumulates in onsite containment, but reliable predictors of treatment performance are lacking. FS in Lusaka, Zambia is typically 80–98% water, which when delivered to treatment first requires dewatering, followed by stabilization of varying levels of organic matter. In addition, varying levels of stabilization are themselves observed to influence dewatering performance. Therefore, this study evaluated rapid and low-cost metrics of stabilization and their relation to dewaterability. Fourteen metrics of stabilization were evaluated based on 11 criteria in a decision matrix. Four metrics were selected to then evaluate method performance and suitability with FS samples (n = 27). The relation between stabilization and dewatering performance of collected samples were analyzed, and also following anaerobic stabilization in the laboratory. The study found that metrics based on physical–chemical characteristics such as volatile/total solids (VS/TS) and biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand (BOD/COD) were not reliable for measuring FS stabilization and its relation to dewaterability. Metrics that rely on microbial activity such as SOUR (specific oxygen uptake rate) are more promising based on the consistent results obtained throughout this study. HIGHLIGHTS Agreed-upon metrics of stabilization are needed for fecal sludge.; Metrics for wastewater and compost were evaluated for their applicability to fecal sludge.; Biological metrics (e.g. SOUR) are more representative than physical–chemical characteristics (e.g. VS/TS).; Anaerobic digestion, stabilization metrics, and dewatering performance were not consistent.;

This paper aims to assess banking stability and its determinants in Portugal during the period of 2010—2019. The empirical study starts with the construction of an index, which reflects the aggregated banking stability index (ABSI), using financial soundness indicators (FSI) over the period of 2010–2019, on a quarterly basis. The ABSI is then used as the dependent variable to assess the determinants of the Portuguese banking stability. The independent variables were classified into macroeconomic and financial variables, respectively, and the ARMA conditional least square method was considered. The findings suggest an improvement in stability since 2017, and point to significant macroeconomic early warning indicators, such as the growth rate of the consumer price index (%ΔCPI), as well as financial ones, such as the ratio of the second money multiplier (M2) to gross domestic product (GDP). This paper contributes to the banking stability literature by examining the Portuguese case for the first time. The results put in evidence that both macroeconomic and financial indicators can be useful predictors of banking instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is used to support livestock. A stability study was carried out over three years. The stability indices for yield and main quality characteristics such as plant height, number of nodes, the yield of green mass and dry matter, crude protein and fiber (%), and ash (%), were examined. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences that indicated the presence of high genotype–year interactions. Heritability was higher in the case of qualitative traits than quantitative traits. The most intriguing correlation was between green mass yield and crude protein content because positive correlations may lead to indirect and simultaneous selection. According to the statistical biplot models AMMI and GGE, the best genotypes for almost all traits to use, regardless of the environment and cultivation type, were the G8 (Population 2) followed by cultivar G3 (Yliki). Despite the high index values shown by the parameter number of nodes, the latter and yield showed low heritability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Neck pain is one of the most burdensome chronic musculoskeletal problems globally. Impaired proprioception is associated with chronic nonspecific neck pain as the structures of the cervical spine are crucial for proprioception and balance. There is a paucity of literature examining objective measures of balance and postural sway in patients with nonspecific neck pain. Methods This study was observational consisting 126 individuals (63 cases and 63 controls) who were recruited using convenience sampling. The demographics of the samples were collected and the postural and balance impairment was assessed using Biodex Balance SD. Mean, Median, and SD were obtained and the inferential analysis was done using the Whitney U Test and the level of significance was accepted at p

Sounding rockets constitute a class of rocket with a generally simple layout, being composed of a cylindrical center-body, a nosecone, a number of fins placed symmetrically around the longitudinal axis (usually three or four), and possibly a boat-tail. This type of flying craft is typically not actively controlled; instead, a passive stabilization effect is obtained through suitable positioning and sizing of the fins. Therefore, in the context of dynamic performance analysis, the margin of static stability is an index of primary interest. However, the classical approach to static stability analysis, which consists in splitting computations in two decoupled domains, namely, around the pitch and yaw axis, provides a very limited insight to the missile performance for this type of vehicle due to the violation of the classical assumptions of planar symmetry and symmetric flight conditions commonly adopted for winged aircraft. To tackle this issue, this paper introduces a method for analyzing static stability through a novel index, capable of more generally assessing the level of static stability for sounding rockets, exploiting the same information on aerodynamic coefficients typically required for more usual (i.e., decoupled) static stability analyses, and suggests a way to assess the validity and shortcoming of the method in each case at hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The class of α -stable distributions is widely used in various applications, especially for modeling heavy-tailed data. Although the α -stable distributions have been used in practice for many years, new methods for identification, testing, and estimation are still being refined and new approaches are being proposed. The constant development of new statistical methods is related to the low efficiency of existing algorithms, especially when the underlying sample is small or the distribution is close to Gaussian. In this paper, we propose a new estimation algorithm for the stability index, for samples from the symmetric α -stable distribution. The proposed approach is based on a quantile conditional variance ratio. We study the statistical properties of the proposed estimation procedure and show empirically that our methodology often outperforms other commonly used estimation algorithms. Moreover, we show that our statistic extracts unique sample characteristics that can be combined with other methods to refine existing methodologies via ensemble methods. Although our focus is set on the symmetric α -stable case, we demonstrate that the considered statistic is insensitive to the skewness parameter change, so our method could be also used in a more generic framework. For completeness, we also show how to apply our method to real data linked to financial market and plasma physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of grazing management strategies can influence canopy structure and the permanence of legumes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the determination of forage canopy heights as a grazing management strategy regarding herbage mass composition and tiller population dynamics in multispecies pastures comprising Megathyrsus maximus cv. Aruana and the legumes Macrotyloma axillare, Calopogonium mucunoides and Stylosanthes spp. Four treatments, defined by canopy heights of 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm, were evaluated in a randomised block design with four replications. The evaluations were performed under continuous stocking with sheep. Taller pastures (45 and 60 cm) contained greater (P

This article presents an approximation of discrete Markov decision processes with small noise on Borel spaces with an infinite horizon and an expected total discounted cost by the corresponding deterministic Markov process. In both cases, the dynamics evolve through a system consisting of two coupled difference equations. It is assumed that the difference equations of the system are perturbed by a small noise. Under our assumptions, a bound for the stability index is given, and the optimal cost convergence rate is estimated using a small perturbation parameter. Moreover, the convergence of the optimal policy on compact subsets is verified. Finally, two examples are presented to illustrate the developed theory.

This paper presents a preliminary examination of voltage stability in the context of enhancing the transmission system of Laos Electricity (EDL) Central 1. Real SCADA data from the EDL database are used to evaluate common stability indices, namely the Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI), Line Stability Factor (LQP), and Line Stability Index (Lmn). The weakest bus and the most sensitive line are determined by ranking the stability indices. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the bus and the load capability of the line are assessed. The stability analysis is conducted under different load conditions, and the results are compared with actual interruption data. The case study identifies substations No. 5 and No. 8, along with the corresponding lines Phontong–Donekoy and Naxaythong–Pontong, as the most vulnerable areas in the central 1 region. Improving the load capability of these lines is critical to increasing the stability of the EDL Central 1 system.

With the growing usage of renewable energy technologies like wind power and photovoltaics, and the increased integration of FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) devices into the power system, the transient characteristics of the evolving power system undergo changes that require appropriate analysis methods. As a new type of FACTS device, TCPST (Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer) is introduced to facilitate the superior operation of renewable energy sources by controlling the power flow of access branches. From the perspective of branches, the dynamic characteristics of renewable energy sources and TCPST might be uniformly studied and simply calculated in the transient stability analysis. Therefore, the paper proposes a transient stability analysis method for wind power systems with TCPST based on the branch potential energy index. First, considering the variation characteristics of branch potential energy, this paper employed the stability index to analyze the transient stability of branches and the system by finding vulnerable lines. Then, based on the stability index, the paper investigates the influence of wind turbine removal, the installation and control parameter adjustment of TCPST on the transient stability of wind power systems. The simulation results in PSAT demonstrate that the removal of a proper amount of wind turbine post-fault and the installation of TCPST can improve the transient stability of the wind power system. Furthermore, it can also be improved by reasonably adjusting the TCPST control parameters. All simulation results are verified by the time domain simulation method.

We discuss and relate finiteness conditions for certain field invariants which are studied in quadratic form theory. This includes the u-invariant, the reduced stability index and the symbol lengths for Galois cohomology groups with coefficients in μ2 = {+1,−1}, as well as a new invariant called the splitting height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advances seen in recent years have introduced the possibility of changing the way hospitalized patients are monitored by abolishing the traditional track-and-trigger systems and implementing continuous monitoring using wearable biosensors. However, this new monitoring paradigm raise demand for novel ways of analyzing the data streams in real time. The aim of this study was to design a stability index using kernel density estimation (KDE) fitted to observations of physiological stability incorporating the patients' circadian rhythm. Continuous vital sign data was obtained from two observational studies with 491 postoperative patients and 200 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We defined physiological stability as the last 24 h prior to discharge. We evaluated the model against periods of eight hours prior to events defined either as severe adverse events (SAE) or as a total score in the early warning score (EWS) protocol of ≥ 6, ≥ 8, or ≥ 10. The results found good discriminative properties between stable physiology and EWS-events (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC): 0.772–0.993), but lower for the SAEs (AUROC: 0.594–0.611). The time of early warning for the EWS events were 2.8–5.5 h and 2.5 h for the SAEs. The results showed that for severe deviations in the vital signs, the circadian KDE model can alert multiple hours prior to deviations being noticed by the staff. Furthermore, the model shows good generalizability to another cohort and could be a simple way of continuously assessing patient deterioration in the general ward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faba beans are considered one of the most important crops for animal feed. The genotype × environment interaction (GEI) has a considerable effect on faba bean seed production. The objectives of this study included assessing multiple locations and genotypes to understand how various ecosystems and faba bean genotypes relate to one another, and suggesting the ideal climatic conditions, crop management system, and genotypes so that they are carefully chosen for their stability. A 2-year experiment was conducted in order to define the stability across four environments based on stability indices for certain characteristics: moisture (%), ash content (%), crude protein content (%), crude fat (%), total starch (%), and crude fiber content (%). Statistically significant differences indicated that GEIs were present. The heritability was generally high for qualitative traits in comparison with quantitative traits. The crude protein content, plant height, and thousand-seed weight were all positively correlated with the seed yield; however, the other qualitative variables were adversely correlated. The crude protein content of the cultivar Tanagra displayed a high stability index, followed by Ste1. Under conventional management, Tanagra demonstrated high values for the seed yield in Giannitsa and Florina. Ste1 and Ste2 are particularly promising genetic materials that showed high values under low-input conditions. The best genotypes to use and the most favorable environments/types of cultivation were the Tanagra cultivar, followed by the Ste2 genotype, according to the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot models. Earliness showed significant heritability values and very high stability indices, again indicating qualitative behavior according to genetic parameters. With the exception of the number of pods per plant, which demonstrated low heritability while having excellent index values, traits like seed yield showed relatively low-stability-based heritability values. Global efforts aimed at improving the genetics of faba beans might benefit from genotypes that exhibit consistent yields in various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of process stability is a key to ensuring the high quality of any product, service, activity, etc. The main tool for doing this is a Shewhart control chart. However, it becomes difficult to analyze hundreds or thousands of control charts at a time for some up-to-date complex processes. In order to solve this problem, various indicators of process stability have been recently proposed with the Stability Index (SI) being the latest one, and, in many opinions, the best one. We have thoroughly analyzed different suggestions and found many of them ambiguous and sometimes even harmful to practitioners. Some examples of possible problems with the SI are provided below. It is argued that abnormal values of the SI can be caused not only by process instability, but by non-homogeneity, non-randomness, nonnormality, and autocorrelation as well. It is proved that the SI can be helpful for practitioners as an index to attract primary attention to the process. A proposal to rename the SI and widen significantly its application is given. Finally, some ways that practitioners could use this index more effectively are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, walnut without pellicle was utilized as the raw material for the production of fermented walnut milk. The factors affecting quality of fermented walnut milk were investigated. The formulation of stabilizer in fermented walnut milk was optimized by a single factor experiment and orthogonal test with the amount of carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na), pectin and gellan gum as investigation factors. The stability index and sensory score were used as evaluation indices. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was used to characterize the volatile profile of walnut milk before and after fermentation. The results showed that the optimal formulation was 2.5‰ CMC-Na, 1.1‰ pectin and 0.3‰ gellan gum. Under these conditions, the walnut milk exhibited good stability and sour-sweet and delicious taste with the stability index 1.1 and sensory score 94.5. There was a great variability in aldehydes, ketones and alcohols and the aroma quality of walnut milk was significantly improved.

In increasing the efficiency of breeding work on the creation of spring soft wheat varieties information about the combinational ability of the source material is of great importance. In 2021-2022 in the conditions of the Kirov region the general and specific combinational ability of 8 varieties and 28 hybrids of the second generation of spring soft wheat was studied according to the degree of leaf septoria damage, grain size and yield. The studies were carried out under natural conditions of development on the leaves of Parastagonospora nodorum as the molecular-genetic affiliation of the causative agent of septoria blotch to this species had been established. As the result of the conducted studies, for further breeding work there were selected 14 resistant F2 hybrids characterized by average values of the resistance index and a slow growth of infection. According to the complex of selective-immunological traits, the hybrid Rosinka 2 × Tertsiya was isolated, combining resistance to septoria with a high mass of 1000 seeds (41.6 g) and yield (410.0 g/m2). The tolerant hybrid of the Stepnaya 50 × Daria was particularly noted, which with a high degree of damage (34.2 %) formed a large grain (42.6 g) and the maximum yield for the experiment (411.1 g/m2). The conducted dispersion analysis of the data obtained has shown that the spring wheat variety Tertsiya (Russia) has a significantly high overall combinational ability (ОСА) by all the studied traits and can be their source in breeding programs. Moreover, the Epos variety (Germany) is the most effective as a source of resistance to septoria; Egisar 29, Niva 2, Stepnaya 50 and Rosinka 2 (Russia) are sources of grain size; Daria (Belarus) is a source of high yield. As the result of the analysis of the dominance index in most of the studied hybrids, the additive effect of genes on the manifestation of resistance to leaf septoria and seeds size was found. The effect of heterosis by disease resistance was observed in 21.4 %, by weight of 1000 seeds – in 42.9 % and by productivity – in 50.0 % of the studied hybrid combinations.

Background: The stability index estimation algorithm was derived and applied to develop and implement a balance ability diagnosis system that can be used in daily life. Methods: The system integrated an approach based on sensory function interaction, called the clinical test of sensory interaction with balance. A capacitance and resistance sensing type force mat was fabricated, and a stability index prediction algorithm was developed and applied using the center of pressure variables. The stability index prediction algorithm derived a center of pressure variable for 103 elderly people by Nintendo Wii Balance Board to predict the stability index of the balance system (Biodex SD), and the accuracy of this approach was confirmed. Results: As a result of testing with the test set, the linear regression model confirmed that the r-value ranged between 0.943 and 0.983. To confirm the similarity between the WBB and the flexible force mat, each measured center of pressure value was inputted and calculated in the developed regression model, and the result of the correlation coefficient validation confirmed an r-value of 0.96. Conclusion: The system developed in this study will be applicable to daily life in the home in the form of a floor mat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of the atmosphere plays an important role in changes in air pollutant concentrations. Stable atmospheric conditions cause pollutant concentrations to reach high values, which degrades the air quality in a particular region. This study aims to reveal the relationship between atmospheric stability indices/parameters (thermodynamic indices) and changes in air pollutant concentrations. Pollutant concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3 were statistically analyzed for a 10-year (2013-2022) period for nine air quality stations located in the megacity Istanbul. Based on national and international air quality standards, 145 episode days were determined for the days when these parameters exceeded the threshold values. Five stability indices (Showalter Index – SI, Lifted Index – LI, Severe Weather Index – SWEAT, K Index – KI, Totals Totals Index – TTI), and three stability parameters (Convective Available Potential Energy – CAPE, Convective Inhibition – CIN, Bulk Richardson Number – BRN) were used to determine the stability of the atmosphere for episode days. It has been found that in cases where air pollutant concentrations are high, the stability parameters reveal the stability of the atmosphere better than the stability indices. It was also found that there was at least one vertical inversion layer on 122 of the 145 episode days, these layers mostly (84%) occurred between the surface and 850 hPa levels, and the layer thicknesses were mostly between 0-250 m (84%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an under-frequency load-shedding (UFLS) scheme based on a binary Archimedes Optimization Algorithm (BAOA) and the Weighted Sum Method (WSM) to maintain the stability of an islanded distribution system. These methods consider stability indices and load priorities to ensure effective load shedding during frequency deviations. The BAOA determines the optimal load shedding based on the stability index and power mismatch that minimizes the impact on critical loads while maintaining system stability in an islanded distribution system. The WSM determines the rank of the load to be shed based on four criteria: the load priority, the load category, the stability index, and the load size. Each load is assigned a weight based on its priority. These weight variables determine the order in which loads are shed during frequency deviations. The effectiveness of the proposed UFLS was tested on an 11 kV Malaysian distribution network with two mini hydro distributed generation systems. A comparative study was conducted based on five result outputs, including the number of loads shed, the size of the loads shed, the frequency undershoot, the frequency overshoot, and the time taken to achieve a stable frequency in three cases: base load, peak load, and peak load with photovoltaics (PV). The proposed UFLS showed the best results for 11 of 15 outputs (73.3%) for islanding events and 9 of 15 outputs (60%) for overloading events. The voltage profile and stability index, also, were improved after the proposed UFLS was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instability in the lives of young people in care is a public health concern. Placement moves and loss of relationships can have serious implications for young people's overall functioning, as well as their future life outcomes. Despite this, research often lacks the perspective and voice of young people in care. In this qualitative research, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to provide a deeper insight into young people's perceptions and beliefs about their care experiences to explore the impact of these on their ability to achieve a sense of stability and permanency across time. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six males from UK foster, residential and semi-independent care homes. The main themes highlighted young people's perceptions of their care environment, relationships with others, sense of self and future under the overarching issue of permanence. Policy and practice implications propose strategies to target instability at the micro-level and how that may facilitate positive outcomes. The study revealed insights that may be helpful for frontline professionals and highlight to policy makers the importance of ensuring environmental and relational stability. An awareness of attachment theory to implement effective caregiving, should be a priority for training parents, caregivers, professionals and policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering log‐LFSN (log‐linear fractional stable noise) sequences {Yn=eδ·Xn+ε}n∈ℤ, driven by non‐Gaussian one‐sided LFSN {Xn}n∈ℤ with constant skewness intensity β0∈[−1,1], for any δ∈ℝ−{0} and ε∈ℝ, we show that the auto‐covariance function (ACVF) {γY(h)}h∈ℤ exists if and only if {Xn}n∈ℤ is persistent, with stability index α∈(1,2), Hurst exponent H∈(1/α,1) and extreme skewness β0=−1 (if δ>0) or β0=1 (if δ<0). Within that range of existence, 1/2<1/α

Abstract Background Selection is one of the essential skills whereby breeders reduce the population size and increase the chance of success. Various selection methods with special applications have been developed. Superior genotypes are assessed according to interesting traits, including univariate, multivariate, phenotypic, genotypic, etc. Methods Mathematical calculation of the traits' importance based on the genetic makeup of investigated population (average degree of dominance/additive involved in the action of genes) and arbitrary genetic parameters is functional. In this paper, a general model for multivariate selection has been presented whereby the selection can be made for (a) more than one interesting trait, (b) the trait(s) with complex inheritance, (c) finding superior genotypes from among a large-scale population, (d) finding superior genotypes in segregating generations and (f) finding tolerant genotypes to stresses. This model is developed based on biometric concepts in four steps. MATLAB script is provided for the model, and users can easily apply that to identify the most suitable genotypes after data collection according to the breeding purposes. Results The main features of this model are simplicity, precision, repeatability, and speed (improving several traits simultaneously). All the steps and the analysis of the results are explained step by step in a case study.

Bean breeding programs have focused on the generation of early bush cultivars with higher yields, commercial acceptance and resistance to crop-limiting diseases. This study prioritized the nutritional quality in terms of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content in bean grains grown in three high tropical environments. Two bush bean cultivars and five climbing bean cultivars were evaluated. The mineral content of the grains was determined with atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results indicated that the bush genotypes Bacatá and Bianca are biofortified with Fe and Zn and the climbing cultivar Sutagao is biofortified with Zn. Statistical differences were found between genotypes (G), environments (E) and GxE interactions. According to the AMMI stability value (ASV), the cultivars Sutagao, Bianca and Iraca were stable, whereas Bacatá, which was the one with the highest nutritional quality, was moderately stable. The Simijaca environment showed an adequate edaphic contribution to bean production with nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horse gram yellow mosaic virus (HgYMV) disease is one of the major biotic constraints in horse gram production. Development and deployment of cultivars resistant to HgYMV disease are considered as the most eco-friendly and sustainable approach to mitigate the production losses caused by the disease. However, for easy acceptance of such HgYMV disease-resistant cultivars by farmers, they should be in high yielding background. Under these premises, nine HgYMV disease-resistant genotypes including two checks were field-evaluated in triplicated randomized complete block design (RCBD) to identify those that exhibit stable grain yield plant-1 across four (two locationtwo years combination) environmrnts during 2020 and 2021 late rainy seasons. Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model was used to detect and characterize genotype × environment interaction (GEI). Genotype + Genotype × environment (GGE) bi-plot was used to visually (subjective criterion) interpret GEI patterns of genotypes and identify those that are stable across four environments. AMMI Stability Value (ASV) and Stability Index (SI) were used as objective criteria to assess relative stability of genotypes. A simple statistic, namely, yield relative to environment maximum (YREM) was also used to detect cross-over GEI and to quantify genotypes' attainable grain yield loss attributable to crossover GEI. The genotypes differed significantly and displayed significant GEI for grain yield. GEIsignal explained over 50 per cent of total SS due to GEI. AMMI 2 model family was adequate to explain detected variation attributable to GEI. One genotype namely, 'Palem 2' was found highly stable across four test environments based on three criteria, namely GGE bi-plot, ASV and SI with high mean grain yield plant-1. 'Palem 2' with unit YREM is likely to maintain its high grain yield potential across temporal environments without reduction in grain yield even in the presence of cross over GEI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is used to support livestock. A stability study was carried out over three years. The stability indices for yield and main quality characteristics such as plant height, number of nodes, the yield of green mass and dry matter, crude protein and fiber (%), and ash (%), were examined. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences that indicated the presence of high genotype–year interactions. Heritability was higher in the case of qualitative traits than quantitative traits. The most intriguing correlation was between green mass yield and crude protein content because positive correlations may lead to indirect and simultaneous selection. According to the statistical biplot models AMMI and GGE, the best genotypes for almost all traits to use, regardless of the environment and cultivation type, were the G8 (Population 2) followed by cultivar G3 (Yliki). Despite the high index values shown by the parameter number of nodes, the latter and yield showed low heritability.

Sounding rockets constitute a class of rocket with a generally simple layout, being composed of a cylindrical center-body, a nosecone, a number of fins placed symmetrically around the longitudinal axis (usually three or four), and possibly a boat-tail. This type of flying craft is typically not actively controlled; instead, a passive stabilization effect is obtained through suitable positioning and sizing of the fins. Therefore, in the context of dynamic performance analysis, the margin of static stability is an index of primary interest. However, the classical approach to static stability analysis, which consists in splitting computations in two decoupled domains, namely, around the pitch and yaw axis, provides a very limited insight to the missile performance for this type of vehicle due to the violation of the classical assumptions of planar symmetry and symmetric flight conditions commonly adopted for winged aircraft. To tackle this issue, this paper introduces a method for analyzing static stability through a novel index, capable of more generally assessing the level of static stability for sounding rockets, exploiting the same information on aerodynamic coefficients typically required for more usual (i.e., decoupled) static stability analyses, and suggests a way to assess the validity and shortcoming of the method in each case at hand.

Background: Selection is one of the essential skills whereby breeders reduce the population size and increase the chance of success. Various selection methods with special applications have been developed. Superior genotypes are assessed according to interesting traits, including univariate, multivariate, phenotypic, genotypic, etc. Methods: Mathematical calculation of the traits' importance based on the genetic makeup of investigated population (average degree of dominance/additive involved in the action of genes) and arbitrary genetic parameters is functional. In this paper, a general model for multivariate selection has been presented whereby the selection can be made for (a) more than one interesting trait, (b) the trait(s) with complex inheritance, (c) finding superior genotypes from among a large-scale population, (d) finding superior genotypes in segregating generations and (f) finding tolerant genotypes to stresses. This model is developed based on biometric concepts in four steps. MATLAB script is provided for the model, and users can easily apply that to identify the most suitable genotypes after data collection according to the breeding purposes. Results: The main features of this model are simplicity, precision, repeatability, and speed (improving several traits simultaneously). All the steps and the analysis of the results are explained step by step in a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), as well as various AMMI-derived statistics, Genotype, and Genotype × Environment Interaction (GGE) models were employed on 24 sugarcane genotypes planted during two seasons (2017–18, 2018–19) under different induced salinity stress environments using saline water irrigation (iw) viz., E1 (Normal iw during crop season 2017–18), E2 (Normal iw during crop season 2018–19), E3 (4 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2017–18), E4 (4 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2018–19), E5 (8 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2017–18), E6 (8 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2018–19), E7 (12 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2017–18) and E8 (12 dsm−1 ECiw during crop season 2018–19) to assess the genotype by the environment interaction for the cane yield, commercial cane sugar (CCS) yield, number of millable cane (NMC), single cane weight (SCW), and pol % in juice. Individual and interactive effects of the genotype and environment for all the traits were significant. In the expression of total variability, the environmental contribution was higher for the cane yield (66.98%), CCS yield (67.60%), NMC (65.78%), and SCW (43.27%), whereas genotypic contribution was higher in the expression of pol% (82.48%). As per AMMI Stability Value (ASV), G14 (Co 13033), G23 (Co 15026), G7 (Co 05009), G17 (Co 13036), and G2 (Co 15025) were the most stable genotypes for the cane yield. Whereas as per GSI (genotype selection index), genotypes G24 (Co 15027), G21 (Co 15023), G23 (Co 15026), and G17 (Co 13036) were found most stable. The Sustainability Index (SI) of the cane yield (CY) and its contributing and CY-based computed traits were low for most of the genotypes, which indicates the negative impact of increased levels of irrigation-induced salinity in the expression of these traits. In the mean vs stability biplot analysis, G21 (Co 15023), G24 (Co 15027), G16 (Co 13036), G6 (Co 0238), and G20 (Co 14036) were found to be highly productive and stable genotypes for the cane yield. The superior and stable performance of early maturing notified varieties G21 (Co 15023) and G6 (Co 0238) for CY and CCS yield indicates that they will help the farmers to obtain sustainable income in saline soil conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of grazing management strategies can influence canopy structure and the permanence of legumes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the determination of forage canopy heights as a grazing management strategy regarding herbage mass composition and tiller population dynamics in multispecies pastures comprising Megathyrsus maximus cv. Aruana and the legumes Macrotyloma axillare, Calopogonium mucunoides and Stylosanthes spp. Four treatments, defined by canopy heights of 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm, were evaluated in a randomised block design with four replications. The evaluations were performed under continuous stocking with sheep. Taller pastures (45 and 60 cm) contained greater (P < 0.05) total herbage mass of Aruana leaves and stems and also higher mass of legumes than smaller pastures (15 and 30 cm). The grass tiller population density was different between heights (P < 0.05) of 2.71, 2.02, 1.97 and 1.47 tillers/m2 for heights of 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm, respectively. The tiller appearance rate was highest in tall pastures (P < 0.05) and the lowest rate and stability index were found in 15 cm pastures. Aruana guineagrass and forage legumes can be managed in the height range of 30–60 cm under continuous stocking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The variability in the structure of aquatic communities is frequently attributed to environmental changes; however, in stable environments such as regulated rivers, trophic interactions could be another key environmental factor determining the structure of these communities. These alterations could cause a greater growth of algae, and in turn, changes in the functional groups and in the composition of the macroinvertebrate community favoring the dominance of certain groups of organisms. Objective: To identify the effects of environmental variations and changes in the structure of the phycoperiphyton on the macroinvertebrate community of regulated Andean rivers. Methods: We analyzed environmental and biological data collected in quarterly samples carried out between 2010 and 2018 in two rivers of the Central Andes (Antioquia - Colombia), for a total of 27 samples. Sample collections used standardized methods. Different statistical models were used to establish spatial and temporal patterns of the environmental variables, of the abundance and/or density and diversity of phycoperiphyton and macroinvertebrates, as well as the trophic relationships that exists between them. Results: We found that regulated rivers present relatively little environmental variability. The environmental parameters with the greatest variation were temperature, turbidity, and orthophosphates; these last two were the abiotic variables with the greatest contribution to benthic instability. Conclusion: The presence of scraping and foraging macroinvertebrates was more affected by the stability of the phycoperiphyton density than by environmental variables, showing the importance of trophic interactions in regulated rivers and the bottom up control in these ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faba beans are considered one of the most important crops for animal feed. The genotype × environment interaction (GEI) has a considerable effect on faba bean seed production. The objectives of this study included assessing multiple locations and genotypes to understand how various ecosystems and faba bean genotypes relate to one another, and suggesting the ideal climatic conditions, crop management system, and genotypes so that they are carefully chosen for their stability. A 2-year experiment was conducted in order to define the stability across four environments based on stability indices for certain characteristics: moisture (%), ash content (%), crude protein content (%), crude fat (%), total starch (%), and crude fiber content (%). Statistically significant differences indicated that GEIs were present. The heritability was generally high for qualitative traits in comparison with quantitative traits. The crude protein content, plant height, and thousand-seed weight were all positively correlated with the seed yield; however, the other qualitative variables were adversely correlated. The crude protein content of the cultivar Tanagra displayed a high stability index, followed by Ste1. Under conventional management, Tanagra demonstrated high values for the seed yield in Giannitsa and Florina. Ste1 and Ste2 are particularly promising genetic materials that showed high values under low-input conditions. The best genotypes to use and the most favorable environments/types of cultivation were the Tanagra cultivar, followed by the Ste2 genotype, according to the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot models. Earliness showed significant heritability values and very high stability indices, again indicating qualitative behavior according to genetic parameters. With the exception of the number of pods per plant, which demonstrated low heritability while having excellent index values, traits like seed yield showed relatively low-stability-based heritability values. Global efforts aimed at improving the genetics of faba beans might benefit from genotypes that exhibit consistent yields in various conditions.

In this paper, basing on the theory of matricial Hamburger moment problems, we establish the intrinsic connections between the quasi-stability of a monic or comonic matrix polynomial and the Stieltjes property of a rational matrix-valued function built from the even–odd split of the original matrix polynomial. As applications of these connections, we obtain some new criteria for quasi-stable matrix polynomials and Hurwitz stable matrix polynomials, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technologies are currently one of the main engines of growth and technological development of the global economy. The introduction of digital technologies contributes to the competitiveness of various sectors of the world economy, the creation of new business opportunities in terms of connecting to digital global value chains, the emergence of new markets and niches, and the accelerated introduction of new digital goods into the global market. The digitalization process does not happen simultaneously in different countries of the world, so there is a certain gap in the degree of digitalization of national economies, which gives rise to digital inequality and, as a consequence, increasing the dependence of countries on developed countries. Politics, legal norms, traditions and culture, the level of economic development achieved, the level of education, and the country's own technological base, as well as many other factors, play an important role in the digital transformation of a country's economy. As a result of the digital transformation of the global economic architecture, new contours of the digital economy are emerging, characterized by the exponential growth of data flows. The formation of the digital market space contributes to increasing competitiveness primarily in the industrial sector through the creation of new products and their service system, which leads to the emergence of new market segments. In other words, the digital market, in fact, is a modern mechanism providing a rapid transition from national markets limited by state borders to a single global market. This situation requires a study of the economic aspects of digitalization in the context of sustainable development of our state, which determines the relevance of the chosen research topic. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of digitalization on the economy through the example of Ukraine and its directions in peacetime and under martial law. Assessment of digitalization and its impact on the economy was carried out on the basis of open data, in particular GDP per capita, indexes of global and digital competitiveness, digital induction, and sustainability index were used. During the study, the following scientific methods were used: analysis and synthesis, the method of establishing cause-effect relationships, and graphical methods. As a result of the study, the main trends in the digitalization of the national economy and its risks were identified, focusing on the shift in emphasis from service to military goals of digital transformation. A conclusion was made about a significant breakthrough in the digital economy in Ukraine and further development regardless of russia's military invasion of Ukraine. The state of Ukraine was analyzed with the help of digitalization indices and the confirmation of the need for further monitoring of the digitalization of the Ukrainian economy and the study of its impact on the rate of economic growth was identified on their basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to reveal the temporal statistics, formation mechanisms, suitable land/sea surface (LS/SS) and upper-level atmospheric conditions, and predictability of thundersnow (TSSN) events that occurred between 2000 and 2021 in the Marmara Region with atmospheric stability indexes. Aviation reports from 11 airports were analyzed throughout the period, and no TSSN events were found at four airports. A total of 19 TSSN events were identified, and six events were found in 2015, when the sea-effect snow (SES) mechanisms were observed four times. The majority of TSSN events were of very short duration (0–1 h), and no significant trend was observed in terms of intraday distribution. SES mechanism was observed in 17 of the 19 TSSN events, and the dominance of northern flows was detected at all airports and at the sub-inversion upstream levels. In terms of air-sea interaction, suitable temperature differences between the SS and 850/700 hPa (17 °C and 27 °C on average), and the transfer of heat-moisture fluxes from the SS to the upper-atmosphere were possible in almost all TSSN events. In this way, meteorological parameters were sufficient for the formation and strengthening of the convective layer. In addition, the presence of directional wind shear and the observation of inversion layers restricting convective movements at higher levels instead of near the surface ensured that the moisture requirement, lifting mechanism, and unstable atmospheric conditions required for the formation of TS were provided. The CAPE values were very low for winter TSs. Total Total Index and TQ Index produced the most appropriate results for TSSN prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the biomechanical factors affecting the stability of athletes in the 143D balance phase of competitive Tai Chi., Method: The Vicon 3D motion capture system, Kistler 3D force platform, and Noraxon surface electromyography (sEMG) system were used to measure the joint angle, joint moment, center of gravity, ground reaction force, and sEMG data of athletes. The stability index was then calculated according to the formula. Pearson's or Spearman's correlation tests were used to analyze the associations between the biomechanical factors and stability index., Results: (1) Medial lateral stability index (MLSI): A significant negative correlation was found between the ankle inversion angle of the supporting leg (SL) and MLSI ( p < 0.05). (2) Anterior posterior stability index (APSI): Significant negative correlations were observed between the ankle intorsion angle, integrated electromyography (iEMG) of the gastrocnemius, and muscle contribution rates of the tibialis anterior, external oblique, and gastrocnemius of the non-supporting leg (NL) with the APSI ( p < 0.05). The ankle dorsiflexion moment, iEMG of the rectus femoris and tibialis anterior, muscle contribution rate of the biceps femoris, and root mean-squared (RMS) amplitude of the gluteus maximus of the SL also showed significant negative correlations with the APSI ( p < 0.05). Strong and significant negative correlations were also identified between the hip intorsion angle, iEMG of the tibialis anterior, and RMS amplitude of the rectus femoris of the NL with the APSI ( p < 0.01). Further strong and significant negative correlation was also found between the RMS amplitude of the biceps femoris of the SL and APSI ( p < 0.01). The knee extorsion angle of the NL was positively correlated with the APSI ( p < 0.05). (3) Dynamic postural stability index (DPSI): The knee adduction angle, iEMG of the tibialis anterior, and RMS amplitude of the erector spinae of the NL were significantly positively correlated with the DPSI ( p < 0.05). The knee abduction and hip extension moments of the SL were also significantly positively correlated with the DPSI ( p < 0.05)., Conclusion: The ankle inversion angle of the SL impacts left-right stability, while the NL's hip and ankle intorsion angles, knee extorsion angle, and exertion on the core muscle and SL's main muscles, as well as exertion of specific muscles of the NL affect anterior-posterior stability. The hip extension and knee abduction moments of the SL, knee adduction angle, exertion on the tibialis anterior, and activation of the erector spinae of the NL significantly affect the overall stability of an athlete., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Huang, Ma, Lin, Zheng, Liu and Jia.)

ABSTRACT This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of deferred pasture condition of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in the late winter on tillering during the growing season. The treatments were three pasture conditions at late winter: short pasture, tall pasture and tall/mown pasture. In September and October, tiller appearance rate (TApR) and tiller mortality rate (TMoR) were greater in the tall/mown pasture. In November and December, tall pasture presented greater TApR. From November to January the TMoR was greater in the tall pasture. The tiller stability index of short and tall/mown pastures were greater in October. The short pasture presented a greater tiller number than the tall and tall/mown pastures during the entire experimental period. Deferred and short pasture of marandu palisade grass at late winter presents in general lower tiller mortality and higher population density of tillers from the early spring onwards, in comparison to tall pasture. The mowing of marandu palisade grass with high forage mass at the late winter, although it only temporarily compromises the population stability of tillers, also stimulates its fast tillering from spring on.

IMO stability regulations include various stability parameters such as GM values. To assess the stability of the ships, we should check all stability parameters of the IMO requirements. However, since this process is complex, a more convenient way to evaluate stability performance is required. In this research, the index for marine ship intact stability assessment (IMSISA) model was developed to solve these problems. The IMSISA model consists of a stability index calculation module and a stability assessment module. In the stability index calculation module, ten stability parameters, including GM, were used to develop the stability index, which has the advantage of being able to quantify the ship stability. The stability assessment module uses the stability index value to determine the stability status of the ship and provides the captain with stability management guidelines. To verify the proposed model, the basic stability calculations were performed for two model ships in 32 loading situations. The proposed model was found to provide better performance in the stability assessment than the previous study. By applying the IMSISA model to the ships, the captain can assess the ship stability more quantitatively and efficiently.