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RESUMO Em trabalho conduzido no campo na safra 2020/21 foi relacionado o momento da captura dos primeiros uredosporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi disseminado pelo ar com a detecção dos sintomas/sinais da ferrugem asiática numa área de soja. Na captura dos esporos foi utilizado o coletor de esporos da Smart Agri. Os primeiros esporos de P. pachyrhizi, em número de três, foram coletados no dia 28 de janeiro. Os sintomas/sinais da ferrugem foram avaliados semanalmente pela incidência foliolar, o método mais sensível, até atingir 100%. A detecção dos uredosporos ocorreu 12 dias antes do surgimento dos sintomas/sinais da ferrugem na área monitorada. A ocorrência da ferrugem pode ser prevista em função da captura dos uredosporos na área monitorada. O momento indicador da primeira aplicação de fungicida, visando ao controle da ferrugem, pode ser feito com base na detecção dos primeiros esporos de P. pachyrhizi. ABSTRACT In a study conducted in the field during the 2020/21 season, a relationship was established between the time of capturing the first Phakopsora pahyrhizi uredospores disseminated through the air and the detection of Asian rust symptoms/signs in a soybean area. To capture spores, a Smart Agri spore collector was used. The first three P. pachyrhizi spores were collected on January 28. Rust symptoms/signs were assessed weekly based on leaflet incidence, the most sensitive method, until 100% was reached. Uredospore detection occurred 12 days before the onset of rust symptoms/signs in the monitored area. Rust occurrence can be predicted by uredospore capturing in the monitored area. The time to start fungicide spraying, aiming at rust control, can be based on the detection of the first P. pachyrhizi spores.

Optimized inoculation procedures are an important consideration in achieving repeatable plant infection when working with biotrophic rust fungi. Several plant pathology laboratories specializing in rust research employ a system where the collection and application of fungal spores are accomplished using an exchangeable gelatin capsule. Urediniospores are collected from erumpent pustules on plant surfaces into a capsule fitted to a cyclone collector controlled by a vacuum pump. By adding light mineral oil to the same capsule, the spore suspension is then sprayed onto plants by means of a dedicated atomizer (inoculator) connected to an air pressure source. Although devices are not commercially available, modern day technologies provide an opportunity to efficiently design and manufacture collectors and inoculators. Using a process called Additive Manufacturing (AM), also known as “3D printing,” the bodies of a collector and inoculator were digitally designed and then laser-sintered in nylon. Depending on availability, copper or aluminum tubes were fitted to the bodies of both devices afterward to either facilitate directed collection of spores from rust pustules on plant surfaces or act as a siphon tube to deliver the spore suspension contained in the capsule. No statistical differences were found between AM and metal inoculators for spray delivery time or spore deposition per unit area. In replicated collection and inoculation tests of wheat seedlings with urediniospore bulks or single pustule collections of Puccinia triticina and P. graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal organisms of leaf rust and stem rust, consistent and satisfactory infection levels were achieved. Immersing used devices in acetone for 60 s followed by a 2 h heat treatment at 75°C produced no contaminant infection in follow-up tests.

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o momento ideal da aplicação dos fungicidas de ação preventiva, (Opera + Assist)* e (PrioriXtra + Nimbus)*, baseado na detecção inicial de primeiros esporos associado às condições ambientais, monitoramento climático e monitoramento convencional (após a detecção dos primeiros sintomas), verificando sua eficiência no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na fazenda Escola da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, onde foram instalados coletores de esporos na área para detecção dos primeiros esporos e também se fez anotação das condições climáticas obtidas em estação metereológica. As aplicações foram feitas a 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias após detecção dos primeiros esporos, seguindo o monitoramento climático e monitoramento convencional. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem da área foliar infectada, desfolha e produtividade de grãos. Observou-se uma menor porcentagem de infecção foliar, quando os produtos foram aplicados logo no início da detecção dos primeiros esporos (1, 7 e 14 dias após detecção) e seguindo o monitoramento climático e, apesar do produto (PrioriXtra +Nimbus)* ter apresentado menores porcentagens de infecção foliar e desfolha quando aplicado nos diferentes momentos, observou-se que na produtividade de grãos não houve diferença entre os produtos testados. ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the ideal time for the application of the fungicides of preventive action (Opera + Assist)* and (PrioriXtra + Nimbus)*, based on the initial detection of early spores associated with environmental conditions, climate monitoring and conventional monitoring (after the detection of the first symptoms), verifying their effectiveness in the control of Asian soybean rust. The study was conducted at the Londrina State University Experimental Station, where spore collectors were installed in the area for early detection of spores and the climate conditions were monitored in a climate station. The applications were made at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after first detection of spores, according to the climate monitoring and conventional monitoring. Evaluations were made of the infected leaf area, defoliation and soybean yield. There was a lower percentage of leaf infection when the products were applied early in the detection of spores (1, 7 and 14 days after detection), and according to the climate monitoring. Moreover, despite that the product (Nimbus + PrioriXtra)* presented lower percentages of infected leaf and defoliation when applied at the different times, it was observed that in the final yield of the crop there was no difference between the products tested.