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This paper investigates the feasibility of the Biofuel and diesel used in a proportionate mixture as a Biodiesel as a replacement for Diesel fuel. Biodiesel has gained significant attention in the power world as an alternative to biodiesel blends prepared in this study is 50% Neem and 50% Pongamia pinnate. During the study, the blends used for testing were B5%, B10%, B15% and B20% with a varying load condition of 3kg to 20kg in a single-cylinder diesel engine at rpm of 1600 with a load of 19.01kg. A pyrolysis method is used for making Biodiesel. The viscosity values of the Biodiesel blend lie in the range of 3.89 to 8.756 Nm/s2 1. The performance of biodiesel has been analysed in terms of break power, indicated power, break and indicated thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, torque, specific fuel consumption, and volumetric efficiency. The parametric value of the all curve shows the increasing behaviour from lower to higher value. Volumetric efficiency shows only decreasing behaviour concerning load. The result shows the B5% blend is better in break power by 13.43% than a diesel at a load of 19.01kg. And specific fuel consumption. The torque generated is more efficient in B20% blends. Break thermal efficiency is proportional to the load of the engine. Indicated Thermal efficiency is much higher than diesel of B5% Biodiesel. The maintenance of a fuel pump is required regularly due to more viscosity problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional fuels are depleting rapidly, releasing greenhouse gases, and increasing prices. Vegetable oils, being renewable, biodegradable, and green, can be used as an alternative fuel. Research has been conducted on bio-diesel and straight vegetable oil as fuel for internal combustion engines. This review study compares the physio-chemical parameters, chemical composition, performance, and emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on different straight vegetable oils. The study found that bio-diesel mixes produced higher brake thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency, and lower emissions compared to pure diesel. The project also investigated the viability of using clean Beef Tallow Oil (BTO) in a compression ignition engine directly. Various vegetable oils were used for experimental investigation, with no modifications required. In this study preheating of Thumba vegetable oil is carried out to enhance the Reynold's number by reducing the viscosity of the oil. Instead of transesterification process preheating was carried out by utilization of heat of exhaust gases and temperature of exhaust gases coming out from the exhaust manifold was also lowered. In this study no engine modifications were required. By reviewing all mentioned papers it was found that the research work which has been carried out was not done in researches which were previously carried out. Whatever researches we have mentioned in this review paper were not mentioned in previously published review papers. Most of the papers bio-diesel were prepared and utilized along with diesel for for performance and emission analysis. In this review paper a new thing which we mentioned is utilization of heat of exhaust gases for preheating of vegetable oil by fitment of heat exchanger in between outlet of exhaust manifold and fuel supply system. So this is the novelty work which has been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for energy is a significant topic in both developing and developed nations. The need for energy is growing rapidly every day. Biodiesel is a viable alternative answer to this issue, hence it is vital to discover an environmentally friendly alternative solution. To compare the emissions and combustion behaviors while diesel engines employing with Pithecellobium dulce seed oil. As a catalyst, seed oil biodiesel that has been blended separately and mixed with nanoparticles of titanium oxide and aluminum oxide is employed. Transesterification was used to esterify Pithecellobium dulce Seed Oil. Then, for each nano substance, samples S1, S2, and S3 were generated using a sonication technique. The project's focus is on creating a substitute fuel for everyday use. Hydrocarbon‐based gasoline is currently a dependable fuel. Alternatives that are environmentally friendly, like biodiesel, should be taken into account. The main objective of this experiment is to determine the engine performance and emission parameters of diesel engines using mixes of diesel and biodiesel with nano additives. The experiment's fuel is diesel, and an equal volume of biodiesel is mixed with different‐sized nano additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to assess the fuel pellets produced from wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse. The wheat straw and bagasse were blended into four ratios including; 10:90, 30:70, 70:30 and 90:10 (wheat straw: bagasse) and developed into fuel pellets. The fuel pellets were characterized to determine the moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, ash content, calorific value, bulk density and mechanical durability. The ignition time, burning rate and specific fuel consumption of the wheat straw – bagasse blended fuel pellets were studied at varying blend ratios (10:90, 30:70, 70:30 and 90:10), moisture contents (9.1%, 10.6%, 12.6% and 14.7%) and raw material particle sizes (2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm and 10 mm). Results indicated that the wheat straw: bagasse blend ratios containing more proportion of bagasse (30:70 and 10:90) recorded a shorter ignition time, higher burning rate and lower specific fuel consumption. Larger raw material particle sizes exhibited shorter ignition time, higher burning rate and specific fuel consumption. Moreso, the fuel pellets with low moisture contents also recorded shorter ignition time, higher burning rate and lower specific fuel consumption. It was concluded that fuel pellets with high quantity of bagasse, large particle sizes and low moisture content demonstrated favorable combustion characteristics. Response surface methodology was used in the optimization so as to determine the optimum combination of blending ratio, moisture content and raw material particle size that would result in the lowest ignition time, highest burning rate and lowest specific fuel consumption. Results indicated that an optimum combination of a wheat straw: bagasse blend ratio of 10:90, moisture content of 14.70% and a particle size of 10.00 mm resulted in the lowest ignition time, highest burning rate and lowest specific fuel consumption.

Dünyada enerji eldesi ve tüketimi günümüzün en önemli sorunlarından biridir. Taşıtlarda enerji tüketimi de otomotiv endüstrisinin başlıca odaklandığı konulardandır. Taşıt sayısının artışının ister istemez sebep olduğu konvoy sürüşle enerji tüketimi azaltılabilir. Bu çalışmada, tek hafif ticari taşıt ve farklı taşıtlar arası mesafelerde konvoy iki taşıt için sürükleme ve kaldırma katsayıları sayısal olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sayısal çalışma bire bir taşıt boyutlarında ve %2,6 blokaj oranında tasarlanan rüzgar tünelinde 90 km/sa hava giriş hızında Realizable k-ε türbülans modeli kullanılarak hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği metodolojisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak taşıtlar arası mesafe arttıkça iki taşıtın ortalama sürükleme ve kaldırma katsayıları arttı. Konvoy sürüşte taşıtlar arasında mesafe olmaması durumunda tek taşıta göre öndeki taşıtın yakıt tüketimi %26 düşerken arkadaki taşıtın %4 artmıştır.

The present paper deals with the evaluation of the impact of newly developed biofuels together with a comparison with conventionally produced fuel, diesel, in terms of their impact on the technical and emission condition of a studied vehicle. The main energy and emission parameters of the internal combustion diesel engine were evaluated. For laboratory experiments, a discrete test method was used for comprehensive assessment, the procedure of which is described in the methodology of the paper together with a description of the measurement chain designed to achieve the determined results. The paper deals with the evaluation of the measured results of power, torque, consumption, and emissions such as CO2 and absorption coefficient. Among the technical parameters, the power and torque drop were observed for each biofuel. The decrease is attributed to lower values of calorific value, viscosity, and density. A positive effect was observed for the CO2 and absorption coefficient emission parameters, i.e., a decrease for each of the newly developed biofuels studied.

Dünyada enerji eldesi ve tüketimi günümüzün en önemli sorunlarından biridir. Taşıtlarda enerji tüketimi de otomotiv endüstrisinin başlıca odaklandığı konulardandır. Taşıt sayısının artışının ister istemez sebep olduğu konvoy sürüşle enerji tüketimi azaltılabilir. Bu çalışmada, tek hafif ticari taşıt ve farklı taşıtlar arası mesafelerde konvoy iki taşıt için sürükleme ve kaldırma katsayıları sayısal olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu sayısal çalışma bire bir taşıt boyutlarında ve %2,6 blokaj oranında tasarlanan rüzgar tünelinde 90 km/sa hava giriş hızında Realizable k-e türbülans modeli kullanılarak hesaplamalı akışkanlar dinamiği metodolojisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak taşıtlar arası mesafe arttıkça iki taşıtın ortalama sürükleme ve kaldırma katsayıları arttı. Konvoy sürüşte taşıtlar arasında mesafe olmaması durumunda tek taşıta göre öndeki taşıtın yakıt tüketimi %26 düşerken arkadaki taşıtın %4 artmıştır. Energy production and consumption in the world are one of the most important problems of today. Energy consumption in vehicles is also one of the main focuses of the automotive industry. Energy consumption can be reduced by convoy driving, which is inevitably caused by the increase in the number of vehicles. In this study, the drag and lift coefficients of the light commercial vehicle model are numerically determined for two vehicles at different inter-vehicle distances and isolated vehicle. The numerical simulations are conducted in a wind tunnel designed with the exact dimensions of a isolated light commercial vehicle, with a 2.6% blockage ratio, and a wind speed of 90 km/h, using the realizable k-e turbulence model. As a result, as the inter-vehicle distance increased, the average drag and lift coefficients of the two vehicles increased. In the absence of inter-vehicle distance in convoy driving, the fuel consumption of the lead vehicle decreased by 26%, while the rear vehicle increased by 4% compared to isolated vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the real hourly thermal energy balance of a steam generator was designed to establish energy performance indicators. They have been compared with the prospectus data. Following the observed differences, technical and organizational measures have been proposed to improve the energy efficiency of the steam generator. Diagrams showing the variation of efficiency and specific heat consumption depending on the thermal load, as well as the dependence of the heat consumption on the fuel depending on the steam flow rate, were also conceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the problems that arise when dealing with issues of increasing the efficiency of using an afterburner as part of a current aircraft engine is presented, where the complex problem of reducing its influence in non-afterburning operation and improving the work process when using it is solved. In a number of cases, solving the problem comes down to a compromise which does not allow full realization of all the advantages of the design element in question. The results of a study of the influence of the method of gas-dynamic flame stabilization on the main target indicator – specific fuel consumption in a real engine are presented, which makes it possible to justify conducting this kind of research on a real object. Graphs of changes in specific fuel consumption and thrust of a gas turbine engine when changing the engine rotor speed for non-afterburning operating modes are presented, as well as graphs of changes in specific fuel consumption and thrust of a gas turbine engine when changing the speed of the aircraft for afterburning operating modes. A conclusion is drawn about the expedience of using gas-dynamic flame stabilization in the afterburner from the point of view of its effect on specific fuel consumption.

The results of an experimental study of the effect of the pressure drop of the air filter pf on the operat-ing parameters and exhaust emissions of a modern CI internal combustion engine of a truck equipped with an electronically controlled power system are presented. The tests were carried out for an air filter with a clean filter cartridge Δpf0 = 0,58 kPa and with a cartridge contaminated after a service mileage (about 50 thousand km) ΔpfD = 2,024 kPa. In each test, engine performance, exhaust emissions and relative change in emissions were determined: CO, NOx, HC, CO2, H2O. It was found that an increase in the filter resistance pf causes a decrease in the filling degree by 12%, engine useful power by almost 10%, exhaust gas temperature by a maximum of 30oC and an increase in specific fuel consumption by almost 5%. Air filter resistance has no significant effect on NOx emissions and HC concentration. There is a reduction in H2O emissions by up to 7%, CO by up to 13% and CO2 by up to 4%, and an increase in oxygen emissions by 15%, depending on operating conditions.

The variable cycle engine model is established and the variable geometry low pressure turbine characteristics are modified. The results show that the reduced flow rate at the inlet of the low pressure turbine increases with the increase of the angle of the low pressure turbine deflector. With the increase of guide vane opening, the expansion ratio of high pressure (HP) turbine, the power of HP shaft, and the pressure ratio of high pressure compressor (HPC) to core driven fan stage (CDFS) increase. The specific thrust reaches its maximum when the turbine guide vane angle is 0° in double bypass mode and the turbine angle is -1° in single bypass mode, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a multi-objective optimization method for a tractor driveline based on the diversity maintenance strategy of gradient crowding. The objective was to address the trade-off between high power and low fuel consumption rates in a tractor driveline by optimizing the distribution of driveline ratios, aiming to enhance overall driving performance and reduce fuel consumption. This method introduces a strategy for evaluating gradient crowding to reduce non-inferior solution sets during selection to ensure the uniform and wide distribution of solutions while maintaining population diversity. The transmission ratio of a tractor is optimized by varying the input of the transmission ratios in each gear, constraining the theoretical tractor driving rate, common transmission ratio, and drive adhesion limit, and introducing the diversity maintenance strategy of gradient crowding. The goal is to reduce the loss rate of driving power and specific fuel consumption as much as possible. The analysis results demonstrate that the GC_NSGA-II algorithm, incorporating the evaluation strategy of gradient crowding, achieves greater diversity and a more uniform distribution in the front end. After verifying the algorithm, the optimized tractor showed a reduction of 41.62 (±S.D. 0.44)% in the theoretical loss rate of driving power and 62.8 (±S.D. 0.56)% in the loss rate of specific fuel consumption, indicating that the tractor's drive performance significantly improved, accompanied by a substantial reduction in the fuel consumption rate. These findings affirm the feasibility of the proposed optimization method and provide valuable research insights for enhancing the overall performance of tractors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the information on the technical capabilities of new tractors being launched into the Russian market is confirmed. (Research purpose) To compare the operational properties of China's Zoomlion and YTO agricultural tractors, and prepare recommendations for domestic agricultural producers. (Materials and methods) The previous research was summarized and analysed, with a special attention on the definition and comparative analysis of the operational properties of Belarus family tractors and foreign tractors, including those made in China. The following methods were used: calculation, comparison, forecasting, economic and mathematical modeling, expert assessments and others. Mathematical dependencies were used to determine the tractor pulling and traction properties, the productivity of machine-tractor units, and specific fuel consumption. (Results and discussion) The operational properties of Zoomlion and YTO tractors were grouped into the categories of approximately equal power, and studied. The performance indicators of the machine-tractor unit were compared during the technological operation "cultivation", as well as its specific fuel consumption. The effect of ballast weights was determined. It was found that in the Zoomlion RN904 and YTO-X904 group, the productivity of the former is 2.4 percent higher, and the specific fuel consumption is 5.1 percent lower; in the Zoomlion RN1104 and YTO-X1104 group, the productivity is 4.9 percent higher, and the specific fuel consumption is 3.9 percent higher; in the Zoomlion RS1304 and YTO-X1304 group, the former outperforms by both indicators - by 8.4 and 10.4 percent, respectively; in the Zoomlion RS1604 and YTO-ELG1604 group, this difference is even more pronounced - 21.3 and 15.4 percent, respectively. (Conclusions). It has been proved that in the group of tractors with the engine power of 66.2-95.6 kilowatts, Zoomlion tractor’s productivity is 5.6 percent higher than that of YTO, and the specific fuel consumption is 4.2 percent lower. It was determined that in the group with the engine power of 117.7 kilowatts, the operational properties are better for YTO.

Gas turbine fuel burn for an aircraft engine can be obtained analytically using thermodynamic cycle analysis. For large-diameter ultra-high bypass ratio turbofans, the impact of nacelle drag and propulsion system integration must be accounted for in order to obtain realistic estimates of the installed specific fuel consumption. However, simplified models cannot fully represent the complexity of installation effects. In this paper, we present a method that combines thermodynamic cycle analysis with detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modelling of the installation aerodynamics to obtain the fuel consumption at a given mission point. The flow field and propulsive forces arising in a transport aircraft powered by an ultra-high bypass ratio turbofan at cruise are first examined to characterise the operating conditions and measure the sensitivity to variations of the incidence at transonic flight. The proposed methodology, in which dynamic balance of the vehicle is achieved at each integration point, is then applied along a cruise segment to calculate the cumulative fuel burn and the change in the specific fuel consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of an experimental study of the effect of the pressure drop of the air filter pf on the operating parameters and exhaust emissions of a modern CI internal combustion engine of a truck equipped with an electronically controlled power system are presented. The tests were carried out for an air filter with a clean filter cartridge Δpf0 = 0.58 kPa and with a cartridge contaminated after a service mileage (about 50 thousand km) ΔpfD = 2.024 kPa. In each test, engine performance, exhaust emissions and relative change in emissions were determined: CO, NOx, HC, CO2, H2O. It was found that an increase in the filter resistance pf causes a decrease in the filling degree by 12%, engine useful power by almost 10%, exhaust gas temperature by a maximum of 30oC and an increase in specific fuel consumption by almost 5%. Air filter resistance has no significant effect on NOx emissions and HC concentration. There is a reduction in H2O emissions by up to 7%, CO by up to 13% and CO2 by up to 4%, and an increase in oxygen emissions by 15%, depending on operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis and depleting fossil fuel resources have always been the focus of researchers. Fuel consumption of agricultural tractors is not an exception. Researchers have used different methods to predict fuel consumption. With the development of artificial intelligence in the last decade, all re-searchers' attention has been directed towards it. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning, which was inspired by the data processing patterns in the human brain. The deep learning method has been used in research due to the advantages of high accuracy and generalization. So far, no research has used this method to predict fuel consumption. In this research, field experiments were carried out in sandy clay loam and clay soils to model the temporal fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption of an agricultural tractor using a convolutional neural network (CNN), while having some parameters such as the soil type, soil conditions, tool parameters, and operation pa-rameters. The experiments were conducted within each soil texture in a factorial manner based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. For each soil texture, various moisture levels (8–17% for dry and 18–40% for moist soils), tractor forward speeds (1.2, 1.6, 1.8, and 2.2 km h−1), working depths (30 and 50 cm), the number of passes (2 and 6), and tire inflation pressure (20 and 25 psi) were selected, and cone index, dynamic load, and moisture content were measured in each experimental section. The designed networks used to predict the instant fuel consumption were of a CNN type. The results indicated that the network developed based on the Sgdm algorithm outperformed the others, and thus it was selected for modeling purposes. The network was evaluated based on R2 and MSE criteria. For the temporal fuel consumption, the best results were obtained while using 8-510-510-1 architecture with R2 = 0.9729 and MSE = 0.0049. The 8-100-95-1 architecture also led to the best prediction of the specific fuel consumption with R2 of 0.9737 and MSE of 0.0054. The high prediction accuracy and low error in this research compared to previous studies indicate the superiority of this method in order to predict fuel consumption. It was also observed from the results that the input parameters, which include soil, tool, and operational parameters, are all effective on fuel consumption. Proper management of some parameters, such as working depth, tire inflation pressure, and forward speed, can help to optimize fuel consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wide survey, it is explored that the potential of artificial neural network is used to foretell the recital (performance) characteristics of a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine using the biofuel obtained from cottonseed, linseed and Mahua seed. The test engine was powered with diesel and biofuel with its blends from cotton seed, linseed and Mahua seed separately. Experimental results of the cotton seed oil, linseed oil and mahua oil as a substitute for diesel revealed that linseed oil provides the better engine performance nearly equal to diesel. The ANN is used to compute the performance characteristics such as Indicated power, Brake power, Friction power, Thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure, brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption, Indicated thermal efficiency, indicated mean effective pressure, Mechanical efficiency, Indicated specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency and combustion characteristics as compression ratio at different conditions of torque, speed, water flow, air rate and fuel rate. An ANN sculpt was developed with 80% of training data and 20% of testing data from experimental values. In this model, back propagation feed forward neural network with five inputs and eleven outputs has been used. The ANN model result accuracy was found to agree nearly with the experimental results with the regression coefficient value approximately equal to one and low mean square error value. Thus, the proposed ANN model was legitimate tool for predicting the combustion and performance of diesel engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization and the increasing prosperity of the world's population have led to a rise in energy demand. Humans mainly rely on energy for their standard of living and it plays an important role in the development of the country's socio-economy. Due to the increasing concerns about the environment, the scope of the investigation of alternative energy sources has increased. One of these is biodiesel, which is a type of fuel used to replace diesel. The goal of this study is to analyze the effects of Margosa biodiesel on the performance of diesel engines. It also aims to identify the optimal fuel composition for these engines. To achieve the best possible performance, various tests are conducted on a VCR-diesel engine. The data collected during the study revealed that the performance parameters of BD-10 fuel are higher than those of margosa oil. These include mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the fuels used in internal combustion engines are liquid fuels. The magnetic behavior of fuel leads to a change in the interaction of hydrocarbon and oxygen molecules. This study aimed to evaluate the fuel consumption and engine vibration (time domain) of the Perkins A63544 diesel engine using magnetized fuel. The vibration of an internal combustion engine can cause failure in engine components and discomfort and injury to users. Engine vibration behavior changes due to changes in fuel types and engine combustion. Therefore, in this study, the vibration behavior of the tractor engine (Perkins model, four-stroke, direct injection diesel) was evaluated in stationary mode at different engine speeds due to changes in fuel types. Three accelerometers (CTC AC102 model) were used to measure the vibration acceleration. The fuels used included diesel as a normal control and fuels that had been subjected to magnetic field intensities of 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 gauss. The longitudinal, vertical, and lateral vibration signals with 5 levels of engine speed were measured. The results illustrated that the vibration root mean square (RMS) values were essentially (p < 0.01) affected by the engine speed, fuel type, and their interactions. It was found that for the 4000-gauss magnetized fuel, the average vibration acceleration using the five velocity settings reduced by 15%, 15.30%, 12.40%, 12.35%, and 15.38% compared to the respective control fuels. The results showed that engine fuel consumption and specific fuel consumption decreased by 2.3% using the 4000-gauss magnetized fuel compared with the normal control fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is evident from the past investigations that the biodiesel improves the quality of combustion and elevates the thermal efficiency. But the inevitable fact that enhanced combustion quality enhances NOx emissions. This works aims at decreasing NOx emissions by changing the injector hole number (IHN) so that the wall impingement may be reduced which would reduce the NOx emissions. The experiments are conducted for three different nozzle configurations (four holes, five holes, and six holes) for three different kapok methyl ester blends (20%, 30%, and 40%) for three loads. The Performance and emission parameters are optimized using a 3*3*3 matrix (load, biofuel blend, and IHN). As expected results indicate reduction of NOx with increase in IHN. CO, HC, and smoke also see a mild decrement with increase in IHN. Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreases with increase in IHN whereas slight increase of BSFC is observed with increase of fuel blend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction in environment pollutant emissions is one of the main challenges regarding ground transportation. Internal combustion engines, used especially in hybrid propulsion systems, may be a solution in the transition to fully electric cars. Therefore, more efficient engines in terms of fuel consumption, emission generation and power density must be developed. This paper presents research regarding the architecture of the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine with opposed pistons. The aim of this research was to find a combustion chamber architecture that would enable the engine to perform close to the program target of: NOx < 3.5 g/kWh, smoke (FSN) < 1, specific fuel consumption (bsfc) < 198 g/kWh. Three variants of the combustion chamber's architecture have been studied. After the experimental research, the conclusion was that none of them fully reached the target; however, significant improvements have been achieved compared with the starting point. As a result, further research needs to be carried out in order to reach and even exceed the target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency of the public transport use is a complex indicator formed from a set of partial assessments of its economic, technical and environmental efficiency. Special attention must be paid to the evaluation of efficiency based on energy consumption, taking into account transport work on the city route. The article is devoted to study of the operation performance of a diesel city bus on the selected city route and determines its energy efficiency by specific fuel consumption per unit of transport work. Based on statistical data, the distribution patterns of the speed and acceleration of the bus on the studied route were determined. The analytical dependence of the specific fuel consumption on the average daily passenger flow capacity on the route is obtained and its adequacy is confirmed. Using the dependence obtained, the fuel consumption of the bus was estimated in individual hauls and a certain section of the route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the real hourly thermal energy balance was conceived in order to establish the energy performance indicators for a steam generator. The diagrams showing the variation of the efficiency and the specific heat consumption depending on the thermal load, as well as the dependence of the heat consumption from the fuel depending on the steam flow rate, were drawn up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a coupling model designed to evaluate the impact of using fuel as a heat sink to improve turbine thermal management on overall engine performance. Additionally, a single-objective optimization model is developed, with specific fuel consumption as the objective function, to determine the optimal geometrical parameters of a cooled cooling air heat exchanger (CCAHX). A comparative study was conducted to evaluate the benefits of using a mini-tube heat exchanger for cooling the bleed air, specifically targeting the high-pressure turbine rotor blades. The findings demonstrate that integrating a CCAHX positively impacts engine performance. Compared to the original model without a CCAHX, specific fuel consumption decreases by 0.064 %, while thermal efficiency and overall pressure ratio improve by 0.366 % and 0.568 %, respectively. The effects of CCAHX design parameters on engine performance were examined using a second-order response surface method. The optimization results reveal simultaneous improvements in specific fuel consumption, overall pressure ratio, and thermal efficiency, while maintaining the same fan corrected speed and thrust. Additionally, the decrease in turbine inlet temperature reduces the thermal load on the turbines. [Display omitted] • Proposing a state-of-the-art mini-tube heat exchanger applied to AGTF30 engine. • Developing a coupling strategy of CCA system and engine performance models. • Examining influence of CCA system design parameters on engine performance. • Optimizing CCA system design parameters by minimizing specific fuel consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 9.69 kW power tiller's drawbar performance was tested by using a drawbar loading vehicle consisting of a power tiller with a mould board (MB) plough. A spring-loaded dynamometer was attached between the tested power tiller and the loading vehicle to measure the drawbar pull. The drawbar pull was changed from 0.905 kN to 2.232 kN by varying the operating depth of the MB plough. Empirical equations were developed to correlate the drawbar pull to the wheel slip, drawbar power, fuel consumption, and drawbar specific fuel consumption (DBSFC), and one was developed to correlate the drawbar power to the wheel slip. The wheel slip increased exponentially with an increase in the drawbar pull and drawbar power. A maximum wheel slippage of 48.94% was observed at a 2.232 kN drawbar pull and 0.763 kW drawbar power. A second-degree polynomial equation was found to correlate the drawbar pull to the drawbar power, fuel consumption, and DBSFC. The maximum drawbar power was found as 0.763 kW at a 2.02 kN drawbar pull, which was 7.87% of the rated engine power. The fuel consumption increased by 66.93%, and the DBSFC reduced by 10.56% due to the increase of the drawbar pull from 0.905 kN to 2.232 kN. The lowest DBSFC of 2.01 kg.kWh-1 was found at a 2.232 kN drawbar pull.

The efficiency of the public transport use is a complex indicator formed from a set of partial assessments of its economic, technical and environmental efficiency. Special attention must be paid to the evaluation of efficiency based on energy consumption, taking into account transport work on the city route. The article is devoted to study of the operation performance of a diesel city bus on the selected city route and determines its energy efficiency by specific fuel consumption per unit of transport work. Based on statistical data, the distribution patterns of the speed and acceleration of the bus on the studied route were determined. The analytical dependence of the specific fuel consumption on the average daily passenger flow capacity on the route is obtained and its adequacy is confirmed. Using the dependence obtained, the fuel consumption of the bus was estimated in individual hauls and a certain section of the route.

Energy is regarded as one of the most crucial resources in the industrial process. Numerous measurements were made in the year 2021 in the workshops of the Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt, using a gasoline engine (single cylinder with air-cooling) that was used to power an irrigation pump with a discharge diameter of 2 inches, which was manufactured in Egypt. To combine natural gas and air before entering the engine, a variety of mixers were created. Four different types of mixers were employed with iron pipes of various sizes: 90° angle T-mixer (T90), 45° angle T-mixer (T45), 30° angle T-mixer (T30), and venture mixer (VM). The engine shift speeds were set at 1,750, 2,300, 2,900, and 3,500 rpm. The water pump was powered by natural gas and gasoline. The findings in this study focused on the evaluation of technical indicators for several types of mixers that combine natural gas and air to power an irrigation pump, where the actual power (braking power) is superior to all types while operating with gasoline (3.07 kW). A commensurability on every side the report of on the up steam, in the mixer type (T45) (2.83 kW) was 7.8% about than gasoline. The lowest specific fuel consumption (S.fc) for gasoline was 219.025 gm/Kw.h at an engine speed of 2,900 rpm. The T45 mixer had the lowest S.fc of 234.612 gm/KW.h, compared with other types of mixers at an engine speed of 2,900 rpm, an increase of 6.6% compared with gasoline. The T45 mixer had the highest pump discharge of 528.133 L/min, an increase of 2.1% compared with gasoline. Compared with other types of T-mixers, the T45 mixer had the highest actual hydraulic power of 0.6 kW, which was 10.5% lower than that of gasoline. As for the economic indicators, the T90 mixer had the lowest net present value (NPV) of 77219.5, and the T45 mixer had the highest NPV of 106900.7. The mixer-type VM had the lowest benefit–cost ratio (B/C) of 1.38, and the T45mixer had the highest B/C of 1.54.

The turbocharging system determines the intake capacity of the engine and seriously affects the combustion performance of the whole engine. In order to optimize the thermal efficiency of gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine, a one-dimensional simulation model was built by using GT power software, and the model calibration was completed based on the test data. Through thermodynamic simulation, the influence of different supercharging systems on engine power and economy is analyzed. The research results show that the use of a constant pressure turbocharging structure can reduce pumping losses and improve the thermal efficiency of the engine under high-speed operating conditions. However, its low-speed torque characteristics are poor, which does not meet the requirements of vehicle engines for low-speed performance. The impulse supercharging structure can effectively improve engine scavenging, and the compressor surge margin is large at low speed. For solve the problem of low efficiency of the vortex end in high-speed working conditions of the pulse turbocharging structure, the flow path before the vortex is widened and the large-flow turbine solution is used. The pumping loss is significantly reduced, and the specific fuel consumption at the maximum power point is reduced by 11.7 g / ( kW·h). This measure effectively improves the performance of gasoline engine and meets the development needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, design and development of an energy-efficient oil-fired tilting furnace with an innovative recuperator are reported. During the melting of metals, it is reported that around 50% of the total energy is lost in flue gases. Therefore, there is always a need to improve upon the efficiency of the furnaces. The design of the recuperator is based upon the application of all the three basic modes of heat transfer to preheat the incoming air. Financial and environmental aspects were also evaluated after upgradation with the recuperator. The internal hollow pipe of the proposed recuperator is so designed that at its exterior cylindrical surface, multiple turns of a guide way are welded in a spiral fashion. This increases the heat transfer between the flue gas and ambient air to the burner. The study shows that the efficiency of the oil-fired tilting furnace got enhanced by 50% after implementing the proposed recuperator. Specific fuel consumption without the recuperator was 0.166 kg/kWh, which was reduced to 0.138 kg /kWh with the recuperator. The principle of increasing thermal efficiency and limiting fuel consumption was based on heat recovery from the combustion products to preheat the cold incoming fuel mixture. Therefore, this study focuses on the relations between combustion and heat exchanges on a large scale. The exergy evaluation technique was used constructively to estimate the furnace's efficiency since the exergy efficiency is an additional sustainable appraisal in real situations. A channel for flue gases is provided in the developed furnace, which helps to divert hazardous gases away from the working environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features of the operation of the drillship-type vessels in special ecological regions of Northern Europe are considered. The main gap in the study of these systems is to determine the optimal degree of recirculation. The requirements of the International Maritime Organization for the emission of nitrogen oxides from the exhaust gases of marine diesel engines are given. The aim of the study is to determine the optimal degree of recirculation of exhaust gases of a 16V32 STX-MAN marine diesel. During the research, the optimal degree of exhaust gas recirculation varied in the range of 0–21%, the load on the diesel—in the range of 35–95% of the rated power. It was established that in this case, the emission of nitrogen oxides decreases up to 7.7–33.6%, the specific fuel consumption increases up to 0.2–3.5%. It was also found that the use of gas recirculation in the range of 18–21% at loads of 35–55% leads to a critical increase in exhaust gas temperature. It is advisable to use exhaust gas recirculation in the range of 6–15% to ensure the environmental friendliness of the operation of the drillships. In these modes, the maximum reduction in nitrogen oxide emissions is ensured with a minimum increase in specific fuel consumption. Future studies should be directed at the development of the criteria for the environmental stability of sea vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternate fuel research is aimed at improving the eminence of combustion behavior. This result focusses on the effects of injector hole number and antioxidant additives on combustion properties of diesel engine fueled with kapok methyl ester blends. Forty percent blend of kapok methyl ester was examined with a single cylinder diesel engine. The parameters of combustion such as peak pressure, net heat release, mean gas temperature were recorded and the influence of nozzle hole number and additives on the above said properties were thoroughly analyzed. From the experimental results it is evident that 6 hole nozzle along with B40 blended with 1000 ppm of tertiary butyl hydro quinone produced highest heat release rate of 102 J/°CA. Propyl gallate exhibited its lowest BSFC of 0.269 kg/kW h with B40 blend at minimum load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A problem facing world commercial aviation is a provision of the flight range and an increase in the fuel efficiency of transport category airplanes using fuel trim transfer application, which allows for decreasing airplane trim drag at cruise flight. In the existing mathematical models, center-of-gravity position is usually assumed fixed, but with fuel usage, center-of-gravity shifts within the definite range of center-of-gravity positions. Until the fuel trim transfer was not used in airplanes, the center-of-gravity shift range was rather short, that allowed to use the specified assumption without any considerable mistakes. In case of fuel trim transfer use, center-of-gravity shifts can reach 15…20 % of mean aerodynamic chord, that requires considering the center-of-gravity actual position during the flight range calculation. Early made estimated calculations showed the necessity of following mathematical model improvement using accounting the real engine throttling characteristics. The goal of this publication is to develop a method of flight range calculation taking transport category airplane into account actual center-of-gravity position with fuel using and variation in engine-specific fuel consumption according to their throttling characteristics. On the basis of real data from engine maintenance manuals, formulas are obtained for approximation throttling characteristics of turbofan engines in the form of dimensionless specific fuel consumption (related to the specific fuel consumption at full thrust) dependence on the engine throttling coefficient. A mathematical model (algorithm and its program implementation using С language in Power Unit 11.7 R03 system) has been developed to calculate the airplane flight range accounting its actual center-of-gravity position shift with fuel usage and variation in specific fuel consumption according to engine throttling characteristics. Using comparison with known payload-range diagram, adequacy of developed mathematical model is shown. Recommendations to improve the mathematical model are also given.

This study is motivated by the depletion of fossil fuels in nature, which is inversely proportional to the higher level of fuel oil consumption, so the need for alternative fuels, namely biodiesel. Biodiesel can be made using waste cooking oil because of its abundant quantity, low price, and not being reused. One of the efforts to achieve energy conservation and improve fuel quality is using bioadditives. A lemon essential oil can be used as a bio-additive because it is easily soluble in fuel and its oxygen-rich content can reduce the rate of fuel consumption. The process in this study is to produce biodiesel with waste cooking oil (WCO) using a transesterification process. Biodiesel samples containing the bioadditive lemon essential oil on B20 biodiesel with varying volume fraction (0%; 0.1%; 0.15%; 0.2%). In general, this research can be done in three steps. The first step is the characterization of the compound composition (GCMS) and functional group (FTIR) of diesel fuel, biodiesel, and lemon essential oil bioadditive. The second step is the characterization of the physicochemical properties (density, viscosity, flash point, calorific value) of B20 biodiesel with various concentrations of lemon essential oil bioadditive, then compared with SNI 7182:2015. The third step is determining the rate of fuel consumption in diesel engines. The results show that Biodiesel B20 with a volume fraction of 2% lemon essential oil bioadditive has a high ability to reduce the rate of fuel consumption. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).