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Background: Papaya seeds are a rich source of proteins, fat, fibers, vitamins, minerals, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, and powerful antioxidants like flavonoids. Low solubility limits the absorption and bioavailability of herbal constituents. Hence, phytosomes of Papaya seed extract were formulated to enhance its solubility and bioavailability. Methodology: Papaya seeds were extracted using ethanol as solvent, and all the phytoconstituents present in the extract were assessed during the phytochemical screening and LC-MS analysis. In-vitro antidiabetic activity pure extract was determined by alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay. The phytosomes of extract were formulated using the lipid thin film formation method and Soya lecithin and Cholesterol as lipids. The formulated phytosomes were analyzed for parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, percent drug content, and In-vitro dissolution study. The chemical nature of the formulation was studied using FTIR analysis and powder X-ray diffractometry. Thermal stability of phytosomes analyzed with the help of Differential Scanning calorimetry. Results: LC-MS identified 16 phytoconstituents. In-vitro antidiabetic activity showed 59.97% and 51.17% inhibition of enzymes alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of the optimized formulation was 88.41±0.91% with a particle size of 188.0±53.7nm. TEM images of formulation confirm the formation of phytosomes. FTIR, DSC, and Powder X-ray diffractometry showed no unwanted peaks. The in vitro dissolution study showed 89.26±1.05% CDR of phytosome, while the extract showed 47.78±0.59% CDR. Conclusion: Evaluation results of phytosomes suggest that this formulation can be used as an effective herbal antidiabetic formulation

This study aimed at investigating the effect of hydrolyzed soya lecithin; also called lysolecithin or lysophosphatidylcholine, on growth performance, caecal microbiota and fat depots in pre‐breeding primiparous rabbits does. For this, 60 V‐Line primiparous rabbits does (5–6 months) were used in a 30‐day experiment. Does were allotted into three iso‐nitrogenous iso‐caloric dietary treatments (n = 20/group) as follows: (1) CON received 0% soya lecithin, (2) LECL group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% soya lecithin and (3) LECH group was fed a basal diet supplemented with 1% soya lecithin. Growth performance indices were measured, caecum samples were collected for measurement of specific bacteria via qPCR, and several fat depots including periovarian fat were sampled for adipocyte morphometry and fatty acid profiling. Statistical analysis was performed using GLM procedures of SAS v9.4. Soya lecithin increased feed intake (p < 0.05). The abundance of caecal Bifidobacteria species, Ruminococcus species and phylum Butryvibrio‐specific genes increased (p < 0.05) in rabbits receiving soya lecithin in their diet, soya lecithin increased the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in subcutaneous and perirenal fat (p < 0.05) and increased the level of monounsaturated fatty acids in periovarian fat (p < 0.05); additionally, the adipocyte area increased in periovarian and perirenal fat (p < 0.05). In conclusion, soya lecithin at a dose of 0.5% increased feed intake and energy storage in adipocytes and improved the fatty acid profile of periovarian fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The phospholipids from plant origins play an important role in different techniques, especially in drug delivery applications. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of liposomes prepared from plant origin as a cheap source of lipids as drug carriers. Methods: Soy lecithin liposomes (SLP) were prepared and loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) to use as a drug delivery system. DOX was used as the model drug and DOX/SLP was successfully combined. The characteristics of these liposomes, zeta potential, size distribution, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE%), drug release, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were checked followed by in vitro study. The cytotoxicity study by using free DOX and DOX/SLP is done on Mcf-7, human breast cancer as a cell line. Results: The optimal DOX/SLP formulation had a mean size of 342 nm, a negative zeta potential of −22.3 mV, the loaded DOX/SLP showed EE% (83.68%), and a drug release profile of 35 h, all are recorded. Cytotoxicity assay showed that the IC50 of DOX/SLP is smaller than that of free DOX. Conclusion: These results give evidence of the efficacy of using drug carriers from plant origin combined with drugs to increase the effective therapies against cancer medically and economically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xerosis is a common skin condition as well as a key aspect of a number of diseases associated to hereditary and acquired conditions. The objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate the pluronic lecithin organogel containing natural moisturizing agents for topical application. Different formulations of pluronic lecithin organogels were prepared by using Pluronic F127, Lecithin, Vitamin E, Aloe vera, water, sorbic acid, and potassium sorbate. The gel containing different quantities of Polaxomer, soya lecithin and polyvinyl alcohol were characterized for their mechanical properties and moisturizing capabilities. The pH of the formulations was 6.89-7.19 reflecting no risk of skin irritation. Pluronic enhances the stability of organogel by increasing the viscosity. The polymeric films, which were produced, were thin, flexible, resistant, and suitable for application on limbs and feet. Studies showed that the film was intact for longer period of time. The results obtained showed that the polymeric films formed from organogel containing vitamin E and Aloe vera could be an innovative therapeutic approach for enhancing the moisturization of skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This investigation was aimed to develop and evaluate lipid nanoemulsion-based gel of finasteride for topical administration, to increase drug availability into the skin for a long duration and to improve the in vivo potential of finasteride against alopecia. Methods: Nanoemulsion was prepared by a high-speed homogenization method using Vit E oil, cholesterol, and soya lecithin, characterized, and thickened using guar gum (nanoemulgel). Nanoemulgel was evaluated for pH, viscosity, drug release, skin permeability, and in vivo efficacy against alopecia. Results and Discussion: Size of the drug-loaded nanoemulsion droplets was observed to be 195.20 ± 9.43 nm with uniform size distribution (PDI; 0.25 ± 0.08) and negative zeta potential (− 7.61 ± 1.35 mV). The pH 5.37 ± 0.74 of the developed gel was found to be near to the skin pH. Gel showed slow release (94.77% in 24 h) and restricted permeation through the skin, i.e., 30.7% in 24 h. Macroscopic examination showed improved hair growth in the case of nanoemulgel. Hair diameter and length were observed to be increased significantly in the case of gel as compared with the testosterone treated group. The histological investigation supports the result of macroscopic examination where nanoemulgel restored the conditions (short length hair, necrotic cell appearance with miniaturized follicles) created by testosterone on the skin. Moreover, the developed formulation was observed to be safe and stable for at least 90 days. Conclusion: The results prove the clinical pertinence of this stable gel as it ensured longer stay over the skin, slower permeation and higher efficacy against alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Parkia speciosa is a species which contains hydrophilic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics. These compounds are difficult to penetrate lipophilic biological membranes. Transfersome is a targeted dosage form that can overcome the limitations of phytomedicine. Aims: To improve the ability of extracts to penetrate biological membranes. Methods: Transfersome was formulated with soya lecithin and Tween-80 as independent variables using factorial design 32. The influence of factor compositions and factor interactions on transfersome characteristics was observed based on efficiency absorption percentage (%EE), polydispersity index (PDI), stability, and pH. Results: Analysis with DX® 10 produced optimum formula with 0.85 g of lecithin and 0.15 g of tween-80. The optimum formula characteristics’ results analysis was as follows: %EE (91.6884 ± 0.0261%), particle size (495.6 nm), PDI (0.484), and zeta potential (-21.4 mV) and spherical vesicle shape. Stability testing showed that transfersome was more stable compared to the pure extracts. Diffused transfersome percentage (6.6253 ± 0.5817 %) on the minute 360 was better than the pure extracts (1.8800 ± 0.0187 %). Compartmental transfersome analysis with WinSAAM™ software followed lag compartment model (p

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soya lecithin (SL) addition on the growth, antioxidant capacity, gonad development and nutritional quality of adult sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). Five palm oil (PO)-based feeds were formulated with graded addition of SL (0%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6%). Fish oil (FO)- based feed (6% fish oil + 0% SL) and fresh kelp (Saccharina japonica) were used as the control diets. Each diet was randomly assigned to ten cages of sea urchins. The feeding experiment was performed in autumn season and lasting for 30 days. The results showed that the weight gain rate and gonadosomatic index were decreased due to moderate or higher addition level (3–6%) of SL. A low dosage (1.5%) of SL resulted in the most ideal attractive color and antioxidant capacity. The promoting effects of SL on the gonad development were observed at a low dosage, and were reflected by more sperm, larger oocytes and a thicker oocyte layer. However, the promoting effects of SL on gonad development were eliminated as the addition level increased to 4.5%. Male S. intermedius fed 1.5% SL showed comparable gametogenesis (stage III) to that of males fed FO and kelp. However, female S. intermedius fed formulated feeds showed markedly slower gonad development than those fed kelp, with all individuals staying in stage I and II. The deposition of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) increased while eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) decreased as the SL addition increased. Although FO resulted in the highest growth rate and LC-PUFA deposition, it negatively affected the antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, the optimal SL requirement was recommended to be no more than 1.5% in the PO-based diets for adult S. intermedius from the perspective of growth, antioxidant capacity, gonad development and nutritional quality. PO based diets showed comparable effects to FO based diets on the growth performance and gonad development. These results can contribute to optimization of the feed formulation for producing S. intermedius gonads that are high in quantity and quality.

Background: Phytosomes are newly introduced novel dosage form for improving the bioavailability and therapeutic effect of the herbal drug. The present study aimed to prepare and evaluate the alkaloid loaded phytosome from Tinospora cordifolia. Materials and Methods: Extracts were screened for total content of phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids. The prepared extract was further used for fractionation and dichloromethane fraction (F3) was used to prepare phytosomes. Phytosome was prepared by using thin film hydration method with different ratio of soya lecithin and cholesterol. The evaluation of phytosome was done by particle size and shape, polydispersity index, differential scanning calorimetry and fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy. Further, ex-vivo intestinal permeability study was performed for crude fraction and prepared phytosome to assess the intestinal permeability enhancement. Results: The all standardization parameters showed the results within the standard limits, thus confirming the quality and purity of raw material. The particle size and polydispersity index was found within the acceptable limits. The Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy studies confirmed that there was no drug interaction with the excipients. The ex-vivo l permeable analysis of the intestines study was found that the phytosome shows enhancement in intestinal permeability than the crude alkaloid fraction. Conclusion: The above results indicated that the prepared alkaloid loaded phytosome shows promising potential in enhancement of intestinal permeability of Tinospora cordifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) for solubility enhancement of azilsartan medoxomil (AZL). Ternary phase diagrams were constructed using surfactant: co-surfactant at 1:0, 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios. Initially, the oils, surfactants and co-surfactants were screened. The drug–soya lecithin complexes were prepared and characterized for complexation percentage, complex solubility, and partition coefficient. The liquid SMEDDS were prepared and evaluated for thermodynamic stability, self-emulsification efficiency and time, viscosity, size and polydispersibility index, zeta potential, drug loading, and in vitro dissolution. Further, the solid SMEDDS were formulated and evaluated for morphological characterization, and thermal behavior. The solid SMEDDS were filled with hard gelatin capsule and accessed for in vitro drug release profile. S-SMEDDS containing Syloid® XDP 3150 had highest adsorption capacity. Self-emulsification time, drug loading and percentage transmittance were 25 ± 1.23 s, 99.20 ± 0.11% and 99.3 ± 0.1%, respectively. Particle size, polydispersibility index and zeta potential were 201.0 nm, 0.544 and -19.7 mV, respectively. S-SMEDDS had good flow property, spontaneous self-microemulsification property and improved in vitro dissolution profile of AZL when compared to pure AZL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of three different organogelators, sorbitan monostearate (SMS), soya lecithin (SL) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS) prepared at different concentrations (12%, 15% and 18%, w/w) on the structural, thermal and mechanical properties of palm olein (PO)-based organogels. Polarized light microscopy analysis revealed needle-like crystals in SMS-PO, rod-shaped tubules in SL-PO and rosette-like aggregates in GMS-PO organogels. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces were the main drivers for the self-aggregation of these organogelators in PO, as observed in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated β'-type polymorphic structure in SL-PO and GMS-PO. As the concentration of organogelators increased, there was a corresponding increase in the firmness, gel-sol transition (Tgs) and melting temperatures of the organogels. SMS-PO with amorphous structure had the lowest firmness, thus produced weaker gel with lower thermal stability. The oil binding capacity (OBC) of both SL-PO and GMS-PO were over 90%, significantly higher than that of SMS-PO organogels. These findings indicate that crystallization is the key determinant factor to the final properties of the organogel networks. This is influenced by the molecular structure and the concentration of the organogelators used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soya lecithin is present in a wide variety of foods regularly consumed by children, in the form of an emulsifier or stabiliser. Children with non‐immunoglobulin (Ig)E‐mediated allergies who commonly have to avoid milk and soya will have a significantly restrictive diet with reduced alternative foods if soya lecithin also has to be eliminated. The present study aimed to establish whether children with non‐IgE‐mediated gastrointestinal soya allergy react to soya lecithin in food products. Methods: A double‐blind, cross‐over study was performed in soya‐allergic children aged between 8 months and 5 years. Eligible children had their soya allergy status confirmed with a home challenge. Children were randomly assigned to either placebo or challenge dose of soya lecithin (1.5 g per day) in a custom‐made biscuit. This was followed by a 1‐week washout period and cross‐over to another 1 week of challenge or placebo dose. Symptoms were recorded prior to commencing the study and at the end of each week's challenge. Results: Twenty‐two children, 16 boys, with a median age of 44 months (range 21–58 months) were recruited, although only 20 completed the full study. The median number of foods avoided in addition to soya was 3. Over the challenge period, the parents reported reactions in six cases: five cases (23%) to the placebo and one case (5%) to the challenge dose. There was no statistical difference (P = 0.025) between the groups. Conclusions: One child with a non‐IgE‐mediated gastrointestinal allergy had a slight reaction to soya lecithin. Although single cases may react to soya lecithin, we suggest that soya lecithin should be included in children with this delayed allergy, unless they have a confirmed reaction to traces of soya within this emulsifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Graphical abstract Highlights • Vitamin D nanoemulsions were fabricated using ultrasonication. • Response surface methodology was used for optimization of preparation conditions. • Independent variables have significant effect on each response. • Numerical optimization was performed using desirability function. • Predicted response values were in good agreement with experimental values. Abstract Vitamin D nanoemulsions were fabricated using ultrasonic homogenization approach. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the preparation conditions for mixed surfactants (Soya lecithin and Tween 80; 2:3) based nanoemulsions. The effects of homogenization time (3.5–6.5 min), surfactant to oil ratio (0.43–0.78) and disperse phase volume (7–9%) on response variables were studied. Response Surface Methodology analysis results depicted that the polynomial model (second-order) can be used to predict response values. The coefficients of determinations were more than 0.90 for each response. The optimum emulsifying conditions for vitamin D nanoemulsions were 4.35 min homogenization time, 0.62 surfactant to oil ratio (S/O) and 7% disperse phase volume (DPV). Whereas, the experimental values for droplet size, droplet growth ratio (DGR) and vitamin D retention were 112.36 ± 3.6 nm, 0.141 ± 0.07 and 76.65 ± 1.7% respectively. This research will be useful for the food and pharmaceutical industry to develop soya lecithin and Tween 80 based vitamin D delivery system for food additives and nutraceutical components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin is widely used for the treatment of diabetes; the intention of the present study was to formulate Metformin HCl liposomes for a sustained drug delivery system. It have the advantages of dose reduction, less dosing frequency, minimize the side effect, prolong the action of drug and thus achieve better patient compliance. The liposomes were prepared by physical dispersion and ether injection method. Soya lecithin and cholesterol were used for encapsulating the drug, it facilitates to release the medicaments in sustained manner. Chloroform, ether and methanol were used as a solvent. Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 was used as a hydration medium for loading the drug. The final liposome was evaluated in various quality parameters of drug entrapment efficiency, morphological analysis, particle size analysis, in-vitro drug release studies and stability studies. In the two methods of metformin liposome formulation the ether injection method showed prolonged action when compared to physical dispersion method. In the parameters of drug entrapment and stability physical dispersion method was shows better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 28-day feeding experiment was performed to investigate the effects of soya lecithin (SL) addition on the growth, gonad development, fatty acid composition, transcription of genes related with fatty acid synthesis and inflammation between sexes of sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius (A. Agassiz, 1864). Three experimental diets were prepared with increasing levels of SL (0%, 1.6%, and 4%). Each diet was randomly assigned to eight male and eight female sea urchins individually cultured in floating cages. The results showed that SL addition significantly decreased the weight gain rate of male sea urchins but had no significant effects on that of female individuals. The gametogenesis of male S. intermedius was markedly accelerated by SL addition at a moderate level (1.6%), reflected by more spermatozoa and fewer nutritive phagocytes in the testis. By comparison, the gametogenesis of female individuals was only slightly promoted by 1.6% and 4% SL addition, with no oocytes observed in the ovary. The contents of arachidonic acid (ARA) in the digestive tract and gonads, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in the gonads of male and female S. intermedius were increased by SL addition at a moderate level, although their contents were still lower than the initial values. Similarly, the transcription of most fatty acid synthesis-related genes was significantly increased by 1.6% SL addition in both sexes of S. intermedius. The transcription of almost all inflammation-related genes increased with the increase of SL addition in both male and female S. intermedius. Notably, male S. intermedius showed higher ARA contents and transcription of most fatty acid synthesis and inflammation related genes than their female counterparts, especially in the SL1.6 and/or SL4 groups. In summary, SL addition showed no beneficial or negative effects on growth performance but markedly promoted gonad development and ARA and EPA accumulation in S. intermedius , especially at a moderate level (1.6%). Males showed faster gametogenesis than females possibly due to relatively higher ARA synthesis and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated eicosanoid production. The retarded growth and gametogenesis of male S. intermedius fed diets with the addition of 4% SL could be due to excessive inflammation. These results could be helpful for understanding the dosage-dependent and sex-related physiological effects of SL on growth and gonad development of S. intermedius. • SL showed no beneficial effects on the growth, but markedly promoted gonad yield and gametogenesis of S. intermediu s. • A moderate SL (1.6%) significantly increased the ARA and EPA contents and fatty acid synthesis related gene expression. • Excessive SL-induced inflammation could be responsible for their negative effects on growth, gonad yield and gametogenesis. • Males showed more active fatty acid synthesis and inflammation reaction than females in response to the same level of SL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to develop and characterisation of stable ethosomal formulation as a carrier for transdermal delivery of paroxetine hydrochloride. To prepare this ethosome, different concentrations of soya lecithin and ethanol were taken. Vesicular size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment effiency were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and ultracentrifugation techniques. The in vitro permeation study across human cadaver skin was done. Stability study was done on optimised F2 formulation. The vesicle size decreases as an increase in the concentration of ethanol. Entrapment efficiency increases with the increase in concentration of soya lecithin. The ethosome exhibit entrapment efficiency of 40- 64%. In vitro permeation study across human skin ethosome F2 formulation showed higher transdermal flux 29.64% µg/cm2/hr. The release mechanism of in vitro permeation shows zero order drug release from the formulation. In vivo pharmacodyanamic study F2 formulation showed significant immobility as compared to control group. Stability study results revealed no significant change found in vesicle size distribution and polydispersity index. Our result indicates that the developed ethosomal system may be potential and safe for the delivery of paroxetine hydrochloride through skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promethazine Hydrochloride (PMH) is a phenothiazine derivative that act as an anti-histaminic, it has sedative, antimotion- sickness, anti-emetic, and anti-cholinergic effects. The most preferred dosage forms of PMH are oral tablets, injections, syrups, linctuses, suspension, elixirs, and suppositories, in order to overcome the disadvantages of these dosage forms there is a need of a new formulation in the form of topical hydrogel. The drug is formulated as topical hydrogel preparation by using Carbopol 934 that could be applied for site-specific drug delivery additional to this by using soya lecithin organogel was also formulated for comparative studies. Different studies were conducted and discussed to successfully formulate the dosage form. The results including drug content and drug release pattern and stability studies showed that the drug can be formulated both as hydrogel and organogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work optimized the initial pH of the medium and the incubation temperature for ligninolytic enzymes produced by the white-rot fungus Anthracophyllum discolor. Additionally, the effect of soya lecithin on mycelial growth and the production of ligninolytic enzymes in static batch cultures were evaluated. The critical micelle concentration of soya lecithin was also studied by conductivity. The effects of the initial pH (3, 4, and 5) and incubation temperature (20, 25, and 30°C) on different enzymatic activities revealed that the optimum conditions to maximize ligninolytic activity were 26°C and pH 5.5 for laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) and 30°C and pH 5.5 for manganese-independent peroxidase (MiP). Under these culture conditions, the maximum enzyme production was 10.16, 484.46, and 112.50 U L for laccase, MnP, and manganese-independent peroxidase MiP, respectively. During the study of the effect of soya lecithin on A. discolor, we found that the increase in soya lecithin concentration from 0 to 10 g L caused an increase in mycelial growth. On the other hand, in the presence of soya lecithin, A. discolor produced mainly MnP, which reached a maximum concentration of 30.64 ± 4.61 U L after 25 days of incubation with 1 g L of the surfactant. The other enzymes were produced but to a lesser extent. The enzymatic activity of A. discolor was decreased when Tween 80 was used as a surfactant. The critical micelle concentration of soya lecithin calculated in our study was 0.61 g L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of present study was to prepare and characterized ethosomes of aceclofenac which may deliver the drug to targeted site more efficiently than marketed gel preparation and also overcome the problems related with oral administration of drug. The formulations were prepared with varying the quantity of ethanol 10-50% (v/v), lecithin 1-4% (w/v), propylene glycol 5-20% (v/v) and evaluated for their vesicle size, shape and surface morphology, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug permeation study. Ethosomes of average size of 1.112 µm with a spherical shape bearing smooth surface were observed by transmission electron microscopy and surface electron microscopy. The maximum entrapment of ethosomes was 91.06±0.79%. Cumulative amount of drug permeated through the biological membrane was found to be in the range of 0.26±0.014 to 0.49±0.032 mg/cm². Stability profile of prepared system was assessed for 45 days and the results revealed that very less degradation of drug was observed during storage condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of fish oil (FO) replacement by vegetable oils (VO) was investigated in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) in a growth trial conducted for the duration of 8 months. Four isolipidic and isoproteic diets rich in plant proteins were supplemented with l-lysine (0·55 %) and soya lecithin (1 %). Added oil was either FO (control) or a blend of VO, replacing 33 % (33VO diet), 66 % (66VO diet) and 100 % (VO diet) of FO. No detrimental effects on growth performance were found with the partial FO replacement, but feed intake and growth rates were reduced by about 10 % in fish fed the VO diet. The replacement strategy did not damage the intestinal epithelium, and massive accumulation of lipid droplets was not found within enterocytes. All fish showed fatty livers, but signs of lipoid liver disease were only found in fish fed the VO diet. Muscle fatty acid profiles of total lipids reflected the diet composition with a selective incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in polar lipids. The robustness of the phospholipid fatty acid profile when essential fatty acid requirements were theoretically covered by the diet was evidenced by multivariate principal components analysis in fish fed control, 33VO and 66VO diets. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

1-Ricinoleoyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was prepared by incorporating ricinoleic acid completely in the sn-1 position of egg and soya phosphatidylcholine (PC) using immobilized phospholipase A1 as the catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions for maximum incorporation of ricinoleic acid into PC through transesterification were 10% (w/w) immobilized enzyme (116 mg), a 1:5 mol ratio of PC (soya, 387 mg; egg, 384 mg) to methyl ricinoleate (780 mg) at 50 °C for 24 h in hexane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of our study was to incorporate and evaluate Silymarin, a chemically defined natural hepatoprotective agent, in lipid microstructured systems. Various constituents of lipid microspheres--namely, internal oily core; surfactant such as soyabean lecithin; and cosurfactants such as span 20, tween 20, tween 80, and propylene glycol--were tried in different concentrations to optimize the final formulation characteristics such as globule size range, structural integrity, sustainability, and percent drug-holding capacity. The final formulation (formulation A) was characterized with respect to size and morphology using transmission electron microscopy and laser diffraction technique. The enhanced mean percent release of 56.70 ± 2.03% was observed in 36 hr from silymarin-loaded lipid microspheres (formulation A), as compared to 18.67 ± 0.192% with silymarin solution (formulation B). Thus, a stable delivery system having synergistic hepatoprotective effect of silymarin and soyabean lecithin could successively be produced for passive targeting to the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant effect of lecithins was tested on several oils and fats varying in FA composition and tocopherol content. Standard lecithins, when added at a level of 1% w/w, exhibited a good protective effect against oxidation. This effect was observed to depend on the phospholipid content of the tested lecithins and the FA composition of the tested oils. Better results were obtained with lecithin samples containing high proportions of PC and PE. Indeed, the main antioxidant mechanism of lecithins was due to a synergistic effect between amino-alcohol phospholipids and γ- and δ-tocopherols. No synergism was observed with α-tocopherols, especially when the tested oil was rich in linoleic acid. Therefore, the antioxidant protection of lecithins was not effective for sunflower oil. Finally, the use of fractionated or enriched lecithins was not clearly advantageous compared to standard oil lecithins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cefuroxime Axetil nanoemulsion was formulated to address the problem of poor oral bioavailability. Formulation was manufactured utilizing Capmul MCM, Soya lecithin, Deoxycholic acid, Pluronic F127 and distilled water. Mean globular size of 121.3 nm was obtained. Drug content of nanoemulsion was found to be 97.12±0.27% w / v . 80.7261% of the drug was diffused from nanoemulsion, as compared with 51.0048% diffused from the plain Cefuroxime axetil suspension. In vivo studies indicated AUC 0-24 : 325.3 for nanoemulsion in comparison to AUC 0-24 : 165.3 for plain suspension. Therefore a good orally bioavailable formulation was developed successfully.