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Background: functional foods contain bioactive compounds (BACS) and can be sourced from both animals and plants like cocoyam (CY), soya bean (SB) and bambara groundnut (BGN). previous studies have reported various bacs in each of these plants but literature is scanty on the types and amount, of bacs in such flour blends and formulations. when in combinations as blend, anti-oxidant, interactions occur, resulting in either potentiation, additive, synergistic or antagonistic effect, depending on several various variables. their in-vivo bioactivities which are due to various structural features of the BACS, can be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholestrolaemic, antimicrobial and anti-diabetic activities. in this review the various bacs identified by gas chromotagraphy (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) technique in the various formulations of CY-SB-BGN flour blends were researched for their biological activities and reported mechanisms of actions. Methodology: a google search of a study on bacs identified using gc-ms in cy-sb-bgn flour blend was conducted and one paper was identified. the bacs reported in the study was noted and literature search of the various biological activities of such compounds and their mechanisms of actions were conducted. the results were documented and discussed. Results and Discussion: the study revealed that thiadiazole, stilbene, aziridine, thiourea, amphetamine/phenylethylene, artemisinin, monoterpenoids, naphthalenes, i,4-diazpanes, phenols and flavanoids were the identified bacs in cy-sb-bgn flour blend formulations with both the pure and ternary blends showing different family classifications of compounds and different types of compounds in one family class. the biological activities and mechanisms of actions included antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic activities with reported mechanisms of actions for each of these invivo activities. Conclusion: there are bacs in cy-sb-bgn formulations which are reported from studies to possess anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic properties invivo, with very established mechanisms of actions, making the use of such plant foods in disease management scientific, hence the recommendation of such plant foods use as adjunct in chronic disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged inoculation of soya bean (Glycine max L.) farms with exotic strains of Bradyrhizobium species starting in the 1960s resulted in the establishment of populations of Bradyrhizobium strains in the soils of several soya bean farms in South Africa. With the increasing number of new soya bean genotypes in the country, it is challenging to determine which genotypes are highly compatible with a given rhizobium strain. In this study, we investigated the symbiotic compatibility of native rhizobial isolates and the strains from the South African Rhizobium Culture Collection (SARCC) on ten selected locally available soya bean genotypes. A glasshouse soil trap experiment using soil samples collected from Lothair, Bothaville, and Standerton was performed on five cultivars. The trapped rhizobial strains were further screened in the glasshouse to authenticate their nodulation compatibility with the different soya bean cultivars. The rhizobial strains showed significant nodulation compatibility with the selected cultivars. These strains were also tested for beneficial traits in vitro and characterized using DNA sequencing methods to elucidate their taxonomic identity. Some of the most nodulation-compatible strains characterized as Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium species exhibited significant symbiotic performance in terms of plant biomass, nodule number, and nodule dry weight. The study generated valuable data that provide information on the extent of symbiotic compatibility of some of the existing cultivars used in South Africa with native rhizobia and whether inoculation of soya bean with commercial products is vital on some soya bean farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged inoculation of soya bean (Glycine max L.) farms with exotic strains of Bradyrhizobium species starting in the 1960s resulted in the establishment of populations of Bradyrhizobium strains in the soils of several soya bean farms in South Africa. With the increasing number of new soya bean genotypes in the country, it is challenging to determine which genotypes are highly compatible with a given rhizobium strain. In this study, we investigated the symbiotic compatibility of native rhizobial isolates and the strains from the South African Rhizobium Culture Collection (SARCC) on ten selected locally available soya bean genotypes. A glasshouse soil trap experiment using soil samples collected from Lothair, Bothaville, and Standerton was performed on five cultivars. The trapped rhizobial strains were further screened in the glasshouse to authenticate their nodulation compatibility with the different soya bean cultivars. The rhizobial strains showed significant nodulation compatibility with the selected cultivars. These strains were also tested for beneficial traits in vitro and characterized using DNA sequencing methods to elucidate their taxonomic identity. Some of the most nodulation-compatible strains characterized as Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium species exhibited significant symbiotic performance in terms of plant biomass, nodule number, and nodule dry weight. The study generated valuable data that provide information on the extent of symbiotic compatibility of some of the existing cultivars used in South Africa with native rhizobia and whether inoculation of soya bean with commercial products is vital on some soya bean farms.

Drought and heavier spring storms from climate change will increase crop water stress and affect productivity. A study was conducted to determine whether supplemental irrigation on fine-textured soils with recycled drainage and surface runoff water, combined with nitrogen (N) management, could mitigate these effects. This study was set as a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The main plots, which were individually drained, corresponded to three water management strategies (full irrigation, limited irrigation, and rainfed), and the subplots corresponded to six N rates (0, 90, 134, 179, 224, and 269 kg/ha) in the corn phase of the rotation. In the soybean phase, the same water management strategies were uniformly applied across the subplots. Irrigation and drainage water, volumetric soil water content (SWC), and grain yield data were collected. The full irrigation significantly increased the SWC in the top 60 cm of the soil across crops during the driest year, where it increased by an average of 30% compared with the rainfed conditions. The limited irrigation increased the SWC in the top 20 cm only for the soybean during the driest year, where it increased by as much as 25%. As a result, the supplemental irrigation prevented yield reduction in one year. While the irrigation alone did not significantly affect the grain yield of either crop, the irrigation × N interaction for the corn was consistently significant, which suggests that the N effectively enhanced the corn productivity. The results suggest that reusing drainage water could be a valuable practice for reducing the effects of limited soil water on crops in fine-textured soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean yogurt is a plant-based alternative to traditional dairy yogurt. The purpose of this research was to assess the soy-based yogurt's sensory properties and nutritional composition. The nutritional composition of each sample was determined using standard methods. Panelists of 20 healthy individuals were enrolled for the sensory evaluation, comprised of 10 females and 10 males. The sample was evaluated for acceptability, taste, color, appearance and mouth feel. The findings showed that Store Bought Yogurt (SBY) had a larger energy (68.54%) and carbohydrate value (14.22%) than Produced Soy Yogurt (PSY). The PSY had the highest contents of moisture (92.47%), protein (2.73%), fat (0.80%), and ash content (0.99%). Both PSY and SBY had no difference in phosphorus content (0.03 %). PSY had higher content of sodium (0.56 %). Outcome of the sensory evaluation showed that the produced soy yogurt was acceptable. It was found that Produced Soy Yogurt was better than Store-Bought Yogurt in terms of acceptability, color, mouthfeel, and taste. But SBY's appearance was better compared to PSY. Our findings suggest that Produced Soy Yogurt (PSY) has the potential to be a healthy source of protein and non-dairy products for those looking for an alternative to dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) emerges as a highly effective and well-established technique within bio-cementation approaches, offering notable advantages over traditional methods. Conversely, lime, known for its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and efficacy, serves as a valuable material in enhancing the engineering properties of problematic soils. This study explores the application of EICP and lime treatments separately on two distinct soils (low-plastic and high-plastic soil) exhibiting different mineralogical and plasticity characteristics to assess their impact on strength and swell characteristics. Various combinations of treatments, including jack bean (JICP), soya bean (SICP), and bio-enhancer (BICP), were employed for EICP treatment. Bio-enhancer, rich in natural urea and urease enzyme, was particularly remarkable due to its compatibility with urea supplementation. Similarly, jack bean and soya bean exhibited high efficacy in natural urease enzyme content. The study has revealed that the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of red soil increased significantly by six times at the end of 21 days of the curing period with JICP treatment, while lime treatment was more effective for the black soil. Specifically, the UCS of black cotton soil increased by 11 and 17 times when treated with Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) and lime, respectively. Moreover, EICP with J2 solution (jack bean solution with 1M urea and 4 g/L non-fat milk powder) reduced swell pressure by 60% and 67.5% in low-plastic and high-plastic soil, respectively. Lime treatment, on the other hand, led to a swell pressure reduction of 47% and 70% in low-plastic and high-plastic soil, respectively. As a result, EICP proved efficient in mitigating swell pressure for red soil, whereas lime treatment performed exceptionally well for black soil, highlighting the soil-specific effectiveness of each method. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment revealed substantial carbon footprint emission savings with EICP treatment strategy. In brief, this paper contributes to understanding the phenomena and significance of these two treatment techniques on distinct mineralogical soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regardless of the plant species, organic cultivation is carried out according to legally prescribed principles, i.e. according to IFOAM standards. The products produced in this way are of high quality, without residues of pesticides and other chemicals. Soya is a plant of great economic importance, one of the most important field crops. It is used to produce important products for human and domestic animal nutrition as well as for industrial processing. The paper uses data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia for an analysis of the state of organic soya production in the Republic of Serbia. Soybean production based on organic principles has been successfully practised for many years, and the area under cultivation has increased fivefold in the last ten years. The largest production of organic soybeans takes place in Vojvodina (477.04 ha), where the agro-ecological conditions are the most favorable. However, on the entire territory of the Republic of Serbia, organic soybean production is still small, considering the exceptional ecological conditions and market needs.

Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., is one of the world's most serious diseases because it reduces yield and seed quality. Nowadays, biological control is an environment-friendly option for controlling plant diseases. The goals of this study were to (i) test eight endophytic Trichoderma spp. strains as biocontrol agents against M. phaseolina and (ii) further investigate two selected strains showing good behaviour against the pathogen. Pathogen-antagonist interactions were studied in dual culture, and the morphological alterations of M. phaseolina mycelia in the interaction zone were examined by light microscopy. Trichoderma strains were applied to soya bean seeds by a seed coating technique. Their bioprotective effects were assessed by in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate radicle length, the germination percentage and the presence of typical charcoal rot symptoms in seedlings. Two Trichoderma strains were selected and they were molecularly identified as T. harzianum species complex. Their antagonistic ability against M. phaseolina was evaluated under different water availability conditions. The mechanisms used by these two endophytic strains against the pathogen were evaluated by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that all eight Trichoderma strains successfully performed biocontrol activity against M. phaseolina by reducing colony growth and causing morphological alterations in the mycelia of M. phaseolina. All endophytes improved seed germination and radicle length, and reduced typical symptoms and disease progression on seedlings. Water availability in the medium impacted on fungal growth. At 0.995 ɑw, all the fungi grew more and faster. At 0.95 ɑw M. phaseolina grew more than the Trichoderma strains, while the pathogen grew slightly more at 0.98 ɑw than the Trichoderma strains. However, both selected Trichoderma strains grew larger and faster than the pathogen at 0.995 ɑw. The mechanisms involved in pathogen control revealed by the light and cryo-scanning microscopy studies included competition for nutrients or space and direct mycoparasitism. All the endophytic Trichoderma strains were antagonistic against M. phaseolina, however our study allowed us to select two Trichoderma strains with good potential to be included for charcoal rot management.

Soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a legume valued for, among other things, the high nutritional value of its seeds, which contain around 40% protein with an excellent amino acid composition and a significant fat content. The study aimed to evaluate the protein, fat, fibre and amino acids content of the seeds of two soya bean varieties sown at different row spacings under organic and conventional growing conditions. The study showed that the conventional method of production has a more favourable effect on the soya bean’s protein content and the most amino acids, primarily essential amino acids. In organic cultivation, soya bean seeds were characterised by a higher content of fat and sulphur amino acids (methionine and cysteine). The research carried out indicates that the seeds of the Aldana variety, compared to the Merlin variety, have greater nutritional importance to humans due to a higher content of protein and almost all amino acids, including essential amino acids. Only a higher content of seed fat and tryptophan was evidenced in the Merlin variety. Row spacing did not significantly differentiate the assessed soya bean seed quality parameters. Only the amount of methionine was significantly higher when soya beans were grown at a narrower row spacing (22.5 cm).

Soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a legume valued for, among other things, the high nutritional value of its seeds, which contain around 40% protein with an excellent amino acid composition and a significant fat content. The study aimed to evaluate the protein, fat, fibre and amino acids content of the seeds of two soya bean varieties sown at different row spacings under organic and conventional growing conditions. The study showed that the conventional method of production has a more favourable effect on the soya bean's protein content and the most amino acids, primarily essential amino acids. In organic cultivation, soya bean seeds were characterised by a higher content of fat and sulphur amino acids (methionine and cysteine). The research carried out indicates that the seeds of the Aldana variety, compared to the Merlin variety, have greater nutritional importance to humans due to a higher content of protein and almost all amino acids, including essential amino acids. Only a higher content of seed fat and tryptophan was evidenced in the Merlin variety. Row spacing did not significantly differentiate the assessed soya bean seed quality parameters. Only the amount of methionine was significantly higher when soya beans were grown at a narrower row spacing (22.5 cm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcoal rot, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid., is one of the world's most serious diseases because it reduces yield and seed quality. Nowadays, biological control is an environment-friendly option for controlling plant diseases. The goals of this study were to (i) test eight endophytic Trichoderma spp. strains as biocontrol agents against M. phaseolina and (ii) further investigate two selected strains showing good behaviour against the pathogen. Pathogen-antagonist interactions were studied in dual culture, and the morphological alterations of M. phaseolina mycelia in the interaction zone were examined by light microscopy. Trichoderma strains were applied to soya bean seeds by a seed coating technique. Their bioprotective effects were assessed by in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate radicle length, the germination percentage and the presence of typical charcoal rot symptoms in seedlings. Two Trichoderma strains were selected and they were molecularly identified as T. harzianum species complex. Their antagonistic ability against M. phaseolina was evaluated under different water availability conditions. The mechanisms used by these two endophytic strains against the pathogen were evaluated by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that all eight Trichoderma strains successfully performed biocontrol activity against M. phaseolina by reducing colony growth and causing morphological alterations in the mycelia of M. phaseolina. All endophytes improved seed germination and radicle length, and reduced typical symptoms and disease progression on seedlings. Water availability in the medium impacted on fungal growth. At 0.995 ɑ w , all the fungi grew more and faster. At 0.95 ɑ w M. phaseolina grew more than the Trichoderma strains , while the pathogen grew slightly more at 0.98 ɑ w than the Trichoderma strains. However, both selected Trichoderma strains grew larger and faster than the pathogen at 0.995 ɑ w. The mechanisms involved in pathogen control revealed by the light and cryo-scanning microscopy studies included competition for nutrients or space and direct mycoparasitism. All the endophytic Trichoderma strains were antagonistic against M. phaseolina, however our study allowed us to select two Trichoderma strains with good potential to be included for charcoal rot management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global population rises, agriculture and industry are under increasing pressure to become more sustainable in meeting this growing demand, while minimizing impacts on global emissions, land use change, and biodiversity. The development of efficient and symbiotic local bioeconomies can help to respond to this challenge by using land, resources, and side streams in efficient ways tailored to the needs of different regions. Green biorefineries offer a unique opportunity for regions with abundant grasslands to use this primary resource more sustainably, providing feed for cows, while also generating feed for monogastric animals, along with the co-production of biomaterials and energy. The current study investigates the impact of a green biorefinery co-product, leaf protein concentrate (LPC), for input to a pig farm, assessing its impact on pig diets, and the extended impact on the bioenergy performance of the pig farm. The study found that LPC replaced soya bean meal at a 50% displacement rate, with pigs showing positive performance in intake and weight gain. Based on laboratory analysis, the resulting pig slurry demonstrated a higher biogas content and 26% higher biomethane potential compared with the control slurry. The findings demonstrate some of the local synergies between agricultural sectors that can be achieved through extended green biorefinery development, and the benefits for local bioeconomy actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme-induced calcite precipitation (EICP) emerges as a highly effective and well-established technique within bio-cementation approaches, offering notable advantages over traditional methods. Conversely, lime, known for its accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and efficacy, serves as a valuable material in enhancing the engineering properties of problematic soils. This study explores the application of EICP and lime treatments separately on two distinct soils (low-plastic and high-plastic soil) exhibiting different mineralogical and plasticity characteristics to assess their impact on strength and swell characteristics. Various combinations of treatments, including jack bean (JICP), soya bean (SICP), and bio-enhancer (BICP), were employed for EICP treatment. Bio-enhancer, rich in natural urea and urease enzyme, was particularly remarkable due to its compatibility with urea supplementation. Similarly, jack bean and soya bean exhibited high efficacy in natural urease enzyme content. The study has revealed that the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of red soil increased significantly by six times at the end of 21 days of the curing period with JICP treatment, while lime treatment was more effective for the black soil. Specifically, the UCS of black cotton soil increased by 11 and 17 times when treated with Enzyme-Induced Calcite Precipitation (EICP) and lime, respectively. Moreover, EICP with J2 solution (jack bean solution with 1M urea and 4 g/L non-fat milk powder) reduced swell pressure by 60% and 67.5% in low-plastic and high-plastic soil, respectively. Lime treatment, on the other hand, led to a swell pressure reduction of 47% and 70% in low-plastic and high-plastic soil, respectively. As a result, EICP proved efficient in mitigating swell pressure for red soil, whereas lime treatment performed exceptionally well for black soil, highlighting the soil-specific effectiveness of each method. Furthermore, a life cycle assessment revealed substantial carbon footprint emission savings with EICP treatment strategy. In brief, this paper contributes to understanding the phenomena and significance of these two treatment techniques on distinct mineralogical soils.

The aim of this research to determine of color properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya bean, wheat, corn, cotton faba bean and sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta University, Egypt. Through 2022. The design of feed mechanism system required easy movement for seeds this is a critically moving during the filling of the feed disk, so must detriments of the small differences in the surface area and topography of the grains and determine some image analyses. There are clear differences between faba bean and soybean in Hue value was 0. 626. the intensity, and the browning index was 91.75 and 16.25 in faba bean while in soybean were 0. 565,85.33, and 21.79 respectively. While the differences between corn and wheat in Hue value was 0. 699.Also the intensity, and the browning index was 100.08, 17.30 in corn while in wheat were 0. 708. 97.94, and 13.38 respectively. Also, clear differences between cotton and sunflowers in Hue value was 0. 634. Also the intensity, and the Black & White band was 87.40, and 87.40 in cotton while in sunflowers were 0. 480, 96.75 and 96.75 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back Ground: The study was conducted in the field of animal production - College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit for the period from 15/2/2017 to 15/5/2017. Objective: to study the effect of replacing the seeds of white Lupinus albus as a protein source instead of soybean meal and its effect on some characteristics of wool: (softness , elongation, tensile strength, raw weight and clean weight) at the age of (4 and 6) months, respectively, for the mentioned characteristics, and the quality of wool fibers is the basis of characteristics and defects, as the fiber diameter is the main determinant of quality. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted by raising twelve Awassi lambs, 4 months old, with an average starting weight of 24.65 ± 2.49 kg. The lambs were distributed among 3 treatments (4 lambs/treatment). At levels (0, 6 and 12%) for the first treatment (control), the second and the third, respectively. Results: After completing the experiment using white lupine seeds, the results indicated that there were no significant differences between the studied traits (softness, tensile strength, raw weight and clean weight) at the age of (4 and 6) months, respectively, except for the second treatment (6% lupine), which was significantly superior (0.05). > P) In terms of elongation at the age of 6 months (65.25 ± 1.92) compared to the first and second treatments (0 and 12) % lupine, respectively. Conclusion: I used a balanced diet in its content of energy and protein and added a protein source (white lupine seeds) instead of soy beans and did not occur any negative changes that affected the qualities of wool, and this means the positive use of it in feeding ruminan

Why are legume crops rare in Europe even though they grow well there? This opinion paper brings together concepts from crop physiology, classical economics and sociotechnical theory to address this question. It argues for increased focus on research and innovation on crop performance. The starting point is that trade policy no longer explains the marginalisation of legumes. A more recent premise that mutually supporting social, technical and agricultural factors have combined over time to establish and maintain the current cropping systems is also incomplete. However, these propositions have led to significant investment in research on niche value chains in the hope that these will combine within transition pathways to break through system incumbency that "locks out" legumes. It is argued here that this approach is incomplete for crops because the scaling up and agglomeration of niche processing and marketing activities does not improve the fundamental crop resource capture and conversion processes in the field upon which farm productivity depends. Reconsideration of some economic and crop physiological basics is required. Farmers aim to make rational decisions and to focus on what they do best. The principles behind international trade described in the 19th century and the fundamental biophysical crop‐level processes that were elucidated in the 1960s together explain the cropping choices many European farmers make. We need more focus on raising the on‐farm performance and competitiveness of the legume crops themselves and the farming systems in which they are grown. Efficient, productive legume crops are important also if we are to avoid a trade‐off between environmental gains in Europe and disbenefits elsewhere because of effects on global trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to evaluate the presence and nature of governance structure in soybean value chain in Niger state of Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used for this study. Firstly, purposive sampling was used in the selection of six Local Government Areas (LGAs) out of the 25 LGAs in Niger State. The LGAs are Lapai, Paiko, Mariga, Mashegu, Mokwa and Shiroro. The second stage involved selection of three communities randomly from each Local Government selected for the study. This brings about a total of 18 communities for the study. The communities are; Samunaka, Takalafia, Zolegi, Beri, Kampani Bobi, Mariga, Kaboji, Baban Rami, Karmi Rami, Muregi, Tatabo, Nwogi, Paiko, Pago, Dagonagbe, Gunu, Kope and Nakomi. The third stage involved the determination of sample size from the sample frame using the formula cited by Robert V., Krejcie and Daryle W. Morgan (1963) stated as S= X2NP(1-P) ÷ d2(N-1) + X2P(1-P). Primary data was obtained through the use of structured questionnaires. The study used descriptive statistics and Tobit regression model for relevant analyses. The results show the presence of market governance. The production and processing segments of the nods analysed are found to be porous with minimal entry and exit conditions.

The main objective of this research to determine of physical properties of seed related to help in safe passage for seed through cleaning and separation processes. Also investigate some seed properties can be used in design and development of multi-seed planting machine. Soya Bean, Wheat, Corn, Cotton Faba Bean and Sunflowers were tested at department of agriculture engineering, faculty of agriculture, Tanta university, Egypt. through 2022. From the results, it is clear that the little differences in the maximum of Length dimensions between Soya Bean and Wheat were 7.62 and 8.72 mm., it increased between Corn and Cotton to 15 and 10.12 mm. and Faba Bean and Sunflowers were 11 and 19 mm. the maximum of Geometric mean diameter recorded little differences between Soya Bean and Wheat were 2.76 and 2.81 mm., it increased between Corn and Cotton to 4.83 and 5.13 mm. and Faba Bean and Sunflowers were 8.47 and 6.86 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathic sorghum aqueous extracts can be used as sprays against weeds of arable lands. Water-soluble allelochemicals in the aqueous extracts may also negatively affect crops. Root aqueous extracts from the South African landrace sorghum IS9456 and the Botswanan commercial variety Mahube, with high (584.69 µg mg-1 root fresh weight) and low (17.38 µg mg-1 root fresh weight) sorgoleone contents respectively, were tested on germination, radicle length, plumule length and dry weight of goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn], blackjack [Bidens pilosa (L.)], maize [Zea mays (L.)], soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)]. Factors in five glasshouse experiments were the two sorghum varieties and four root extract solutions (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%) (w/v) arranged in a randomised complete block design with six replications. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) of variety and root aqueous extract on germination, radicle length, plumule length and dry weight of maize and on germination of wheat and goosegrass. The sorghum accession IS9456 significantly (P<0.05) reduced plumule length and dry weight of wheat and goosegrass and germination, plumule length and dry weight of soya bean and blackjack compared to Mahube. Increasing strength of root aqueous extract solution significantly (P<0.001) reduced plumule length and dry weight of wheat and goosegrass as well as germination and dry weight of soya bean and blackjack. Extracts from IS9456 had greater inhibitory effects on crop and weed germination and growth compared to those from Mahube. Due to its low sorgoleone content and weak weed suppression from its root aqueous extracts, Mahube may have low potential for use in allelopathic weed control. The sorghum accession IS9456, which also produces very high sorgoleone content, may be used in integrated weed management exploiting allelopathy from both sorgoleone and water-soluble allelochemicals, although farmers will have to be careful in terms of crop rotations since the aqueous extracts also inhibit germination and growth of some crops. Field studies may be required to further confirm allelopathic effects of root aqueous extracts from IS9456. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meeting the growing energy demand for sustainability and environmental friendly fuels is a continuous process. Several oxygenated fuels were tried and tested according to the availability depending upon the geographical locations to find a solution against rapidly depleting fossil fuels (gasoline and diesel). In the present investigation, the viability of waste fry cooking oil converted into biodiesel fuel and its various physiocochemical properties was evaluated. In this regard, the performance and emission of a CI engine was compared using biodiesel fuel and mineral diesel fuel. Experimental research was performed on a single-cylinder agricultural CI engine with indirect injection, and biodiesel fuel was used with three different types of fry oils. The fry oil was classified as one-time fry, two-time fry, and three-time fry. Engine efficiency and tail pipe emission attributes were evaluated for the three different fuels. The different fuel blends used for the experiment were B60 and B80 and were tested at full load, at different engine speed (rpm). It was found that brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased with increasing speed, whereas brake thermal efficiency reduced with increasing engine speed. Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) reduces with increase in the engine speed because of a poor air–fuel ratio at high speed. CO2 emission is higher because of the higher density and heating value of the biodiesel fuel, which depends on the blending ratio and the frying time of the fuel. It was also encountered that NOx emission was higher for maximum test fuels except one-time fry waste cooking oil biodiesel at 60% blend, which showed lower NOx than diesel fuel. Smoke opacity in both the blends have a decreasing trend with increasing speed and are lower than pure diesel. The 1FWCOB (fry waste cooking oil biodiesel), 2FWCOB, and 3FWCOB fuel exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is reduced because of higher cetane number and lower heating value. Based on the result obtained, it was concluded that by increasing the frying time of the soya bean waste cooking biodiesel, the emission characteristics and engine performance were affected. The need for sustainable fuel is important, thus the use of waste fry cooking oil is a potential replacement for diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycotoxins naturally contaminate plant - based food. Since organic production does not allow the use of synthetic pesticides in plant protection, many researchers state that organically produced foods are more contaminated with mycotoxins than conven­tional ones. In this regard, the aim of this study was to observe the content of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 and deoxynivalenol, as the most common mycotoxins, in organically and conventionally produced seeds of maize, spelt wheat and soya been during the 2015-2017 period. The HPLC/FLD and HPLC/DAD were used to determine the presence of aflatoxins and deoxynivalenol, respectively. The highest number of samples was not positive to the presence of these mycotoxins. Aflatoxin B1 (1.16 μg/kg) and deoxynivalenol (101.53 μg/kg) were detected only in the sample of organic maize harvested in 2015. Based on obtained results, no conclusion can be drawn on the effects of organic and conventional production on contents of mycotoxins in seeds of maize, spelt wheat and soya bean, and further long-term studies are required.

Deterioration of seeds during storage may reduce the supply of high-quality seeds which become the limiting ‎factor of soybean production in tropical countries. Controlled Deterioration Test (CDT) is one of the ‎fastest vigor testing methods. The objective of this study was to achieve the suitable moisture content and ‎duration of CDT treatment in soybean seed, then establish a model that associated with the seed vigor in ‎the field after a certain time of storage. Split-plot with 2 factors, namely seed varieties and the combination of ‎moisture content and heat exposure duration were used to determine the influence of CDT treatment. ‎Another split-plot for 2 factors, namely storage period and seed varieties were used to determine the effect ‎of shelf life. Viability parameters were observed by germination strength (GS) and seedling vigor index (VI), ‎using a rolled paper towel method. The results showed that there was an interaction between soybean seed ‎varieties and the combination of seed moisture content treatment with duration of CDT exposure. Sindoro ‎and Tanggamus varieties had higher viability and storability than other varieties. Combinations of 28% seed ‎moisture content for 24 hours CDT duration were sensitive enough to evaluate the physiological potential of ‎soybean seeds, providing information that was closely related to seed germination after stored for 1 month. ‎

This article examines the expansion of soya bean farming in the Latin American Southern Cone, analysing the main historical drives that led to the rise of this Asian-born grain at tropical latitudes. Drawing on the methodological tools of global environmental history, it provides a historical reconstruction of the biotechnological innovations that allowed this expansion and the ecological consequences of this agricultural revolution. After a brief chronology of the grain's introduction at the subtropical latitudes of southern Brazil and Argentina, the article looks at the genetic improvements that have allowed soya bean cultivation to progressively shift towards warmer latitudes since the 1970s, a process further accelerated by the breeding of transgenic varieties during the 1990s. Finally, it describes the social and ecological issues brought by the tropical bonanza of soya beans. This ongoing process will undoubtedly continue to permeate nutrition regimes and sustainability debates in Latin America and possibly in other parts of the world for years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable protein as a replacement for raw materials for the dairy industries is essential to meet the gap between food supply and demand in Ethiopia with particular accentuation of soy protein-based milk and cheese. The experimental dataset presents the extraction of cheese from the soya bean (Belessa-95 or Glycine max). The effects of soaking time and types of coagulants on the overall properties of extracted soy cheese were analyzed. Sensory evaluation was accompanied to highlight the acceptability of the soy cheese product and to further strengthen the significance difference between samples. The experimental method involved pre-treatment as well as extraction process in which four levels of soaking time was taken (12, 24, 36 and 48 h) and three different types of coagulants were used including lemon juice, vinegar, and CaSO4•2H2O. Important properties were tasted to evaluate the best possible amount of soaking time and type of coagulant. These properties were mass yield (%), protein content (%), pH and proximate analysis comprising of moisture content (%), ash content (%) and total solid content (%). The different effects eminent within the values of physical tests are a reflection of the diverse coagulants utilized and different soaking time. Sensory analysis was conducted to further investigate the effect of soaking time and coagulant type. Five semi-trained respondents on a five-point hedonic scale were involved in the process. Data gathered from the sensory evaluation were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 5%. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the sensory data to provide additional multivariate graphical presentation.

A research on developing a technology of iodine-enriched soya flour has been conducted. The technology developed will allow the body to receive organic forms of this micronutrient, the deficiency in which causes thyroid disorders in 40% of Ukrainians and 35% of people throughout Europe. The research has shown that promising soya bean varieties to be enriched with iodine are the early-ripening varieties Almaz, Anzhelika, Kyivska 98, Faeton, Medeya, PSV 808, Podyaka, Khortytsya, Yug 30, Rusa. They are the highest in protein (42.75% on average), the maximum content of which is necessary for iodine accumulation. Besides, their cropping period is short (up to 95–105 days), which is cost-effective for a manufacturing enterprise, because there is no overlapping with the winter crops sowing time and thus, there are no periods when cultivation areas remain idle. The following parameters of steeping soya beans have been found rational: the iodine concentration in the solution 98-100 μg/g, the duration of steeping 48 hours. The mass fraction of iodine in the steeped soya beans is 126 μg/g. Longer steeping leads to microbiological spoilage of sprouted soya beans. It has been determined how iodine is distributed in cotyledons, sprouts, seed coats, and whole sprouted soya beans. This has allowed establishing that in a whole sprouted soya bean of the early-ripening soya variety Almaz, the iodine content is 126 μg/g, of which 123 μg/g is accumulated in the cotyledons of a seed, and 3 μg/g in the sprouts and the seed coats. This indicates a high level of iodine conversion into the organic form when soya seeds are steeped in potassium iodide solution. A technology of manufacturing iodine-enriched flour from sprouted soya beans has been developed. It differs from the control one in that soya seeds, washed and disinfected, are soaked in potassium iodide solution (with the iodine concentration 98–100 μg/g and the hydromodulus 1:2) for 48 hours at the solution temperature 14-16°С. Flour from sprouted soya beans contains 126 μg/g of iodine. The technology suggested can be used at hotel and catering enterprises, in sanatoria and health centres, to treat iodine-deficiency disorders, and to make food for people who need special dietetic nutrition.

Chilling stress is a major factor limiting the yield of soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] on a global scale. However, the regulatory network that controls the chilling response of soya bean remains unclear. In the present study, phenotyping and quantitative analyses of miRNAs in soya bean under chilling stress were carried out to determine the impact of environmental constraints on soya bean productivity. Measurements done during soya bean growth in chilling along with the results of field trials indicated that the cultivars Augusta and Fiskeby V responded differently to low temperatures. Although chilling affected the reproductive development of both cultivars, the final seed output remained unchanged. The differential expression of miR169, miR319, miR397 and miR398 under cold stress was detected using ddPCR. Upon chilling in the reproductive stage, we found that these miRNAs had contrasting expression profiles in Augusta and Fiskeby V. A set of candidate target genes was predicted based on degradome sequencing data. A negative correlation was found between the expression of miR169, miR319 and miR398 and their targets in the roots of both cultivars. Our work elucidates the impact of chilling stress on the productivity of two soya bean cultivars and reveals the importance of miRNA involvement in the low temperature response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: Isoflavonoids, which include a variety of secondary metabolites, are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway and are distributed predominantly in leguminous plants. These compounds play a critical role in plant–environment interactions and are beneficial to human health. Isoflavone synthase (IFS) is a key enzyme in isoflavonoid synthesis and shares a common substrate with flavanone‐3‐hydroxylase (F3H) and flavone synthase II (FNS II). In this study, CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated multiplex gene‐editing technology was employed to simultaneously target GmF3H1, GmF3H2 and GmFNSII‐1 in soya bean hairy roots and plants. Various mutation types and frequencies were observed in hairy roots. Higher mutation efficiencies were found in the T0 transgenic plants, with a triple gene mutation efficiency of 44.44%, and these results of targeted mutagenesis were stably inherited in the progeny. Metabolomic analysis of T0 triple‐mutants leaves revealed significant improvement in isoflavone content. Compared with the wild type, the T3 generation homozygous triple mutants had approximately twice the leaf isoflavone content, and the soya bean mosaic virus (SMV) coat protein content was significantly reduced by one‐third after infection with strain SC7, suggesting that increased isoflavone content enhanced the leaf resistance to SMV. The isoflavone content in the seeds of T2 triple mutants was also significantly increased. This study provides not only materials for the improvement of soya bean isoflavone content and resistance to SMV but also a simple system to generate multiplex mutations in soya bean, which may be beneficial for further breeding and metabolic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A research on developing a technology of iodine-enriched soya flour has been conducted. The technology developed will allow the body to receive organic forms of this micronutrient, the deficiency in which causes thyroid disorders in 40% of Ukrainians and 35% of people throughout Europe. The research has shown that promising soya bean varieties to be enriched with iodine are the early-ripening varieties Almaz, Anzhelika, Kyivska 98, Faeton, Medeya, PSV 808, Podyaka, Khortytsya, Yug 30, Rusa. They are the highest in protein (42.75% on average), the maximum content of which is necessary for iodine accumulation. Besides, their cropping period is short (up to 95–105 days), which is cost-effective for a manufacturing enterprise, because there is no overlapping with the winter crops sowing time and thus, there are no periods when cultivation areas remain idle. The following parameters of steeping soya beans have been found rational: the iodine concentration in the solution 98–100 μg/g, the duration of steeping 48 hours. The mass fraction of iodine in the steeped soya beans is 126 μg/g. Longer steeping leads to microbiological spoilage of sprouted soya beans. It has been determined how iodine is distributed in cotyledons, sprouts, seed coats, and whole sprouted soya beans. This has allowed establishing that in a whole sprouted soya bean of the early-ripening soya variety Almaz, the iodine content is 126 μg/g, of which 123 μg/g is accumulated in the cotyledons of a seed, and 3 μg/g in the sprouts and the seed coats. This indicates a high level of iodine conversion into the organic form when soya seeds are steeped in potassium iodide solution. A technology of manufacturing iodine-enriched flour from sprouted soya beans has been developed. It differs from the control one in that soya seeds, washed and disinfected, are soaked in potassium iodide solution (with the iodine concentration 98–100 μg/g and the hydromodulus 1:2) for 48 hours at the solution temperature 14–16°C. Flour from sprouted soya beans contains 126 μg/g of iodine. The technology suggested can be used at hotel and catering enterprises, in sanatoria and health centres, to treat iodine-deficiency disorders, and to make food for people who need special dietetic nutrition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The output of genetic mutant screenings in soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has been limited by its paleopolypoid genome. CRISPR‐Cas9 can generate multiplex mutants in crops with complex genomes. Nevertheless, the transformation efficiency of soya bean remains low and, hence, remains the major obstacle in the application of CRISPR‐Cas9 as a mutant screening tool. Here, we report a pooled CRISPR‐Cas9 platform to generate soya bean multiplex mutagenesis populations. We optimized the key steps in the screening protocol, including vector construction, sgRNA assessment, pooled transformation, sgRNA identification and gene editing verification. We constructed 70 CRISPR‐Cas9 vectors to target 102 candidate genes and their paralogs which were subjected to pooled transformation in 16 batches. A population consisting of 407 T0 lines was obtained containing all sgRNAs at an average mutagenesis frequency of 59.2%, including 35.6% lines carrying multiplex mutations. The mutation frequency in the T1 progeny could be increased further despite obtaining a transgenic chimera. In this population, we characterized gmric1/gmric2 double mutants with increased nodule numbers and gmrdn1‐1/1‐2/1‐3 triple mutant lines with decreased nodulation. Our study provides an advanced strategy for the generation of a targeted multiplex mutant population to overcome the gene redundancy problem in soya bean as well as in other major crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to produce cereal bars (CB) added with tempeh flour (TF) and evaluate the nutritional composition, fatty acids profile, isoflavone content and sensory acceptance. Tempeh was produced from organic soya beans cotyledons fermented by Rhizophus oligosporus followed by freeze‐drying and milling in order to obtain the TF. The addition of 10%, 15% and 20% TF to CB resulted in both protein and lipid content increase and a higher polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio. The content of isoflavone aglycones, the forms considered to have higher biological activity, was higher in TF than in soya bean, which was also reflected in the CB chemical composition. An acceptance test showed that CB added with TF (up to 15%) were sensory accepted. Overall results suggest that the addition of TF as an ingredient in cereal bars allows improving the chemical and functional characteristics of this type of ready‐to‐eat foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycine max seeds use in many types of food in Egypt and all over the world. Also, it has many pharmacological properties. This study aimed to evaluate cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of the plant extract on murine spleen cells and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cell line) as well as GC-MS analysis. The seeds were extracted with 85% methanol and tested on murine spleen cells and HepG2 cell line with different concentrations. Also, antimicrobial activity of the extract was studied by mean inhibition zone. The outcomes proved that the cytotoxic activity of the plant on murine spleen cells is very weak (380.94µg/ml) as well as on HepG2, it inhibits the cell viability% to 8.5% after 24 hrs. (IC50 = 42.5µg/ml). Also, the plant showed good antimicrobial activity in a concentration-dependent manner on fungi and bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative). GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in the plant extract revealed the presence of 11 bioactive compounds. The major bioactive compounds are 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, methyl ester (41.24%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl Ester (27.39%), 9 octadecenoic acid (Z)-,methyl ester (16.58%), methyl stearate (4.71%), ethyl linoleate (3.92%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (2.34%). According to these finding, Glycine max methanol extract is potential as anticancer and antimicrobial agents that is may be due to the identified bioactive compoundsby GC-MS analysis. Therefore, the phytochemicals of the plant may be responsible for the various pharmacological actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In relay intercropping systems, late-planted crops often grow under the shade of the canopy of early-planted tall crops and then transfer to full sunlight after the harvest of the early-planted crops. In order to know the effects of recovery growth of the late-planted soya bean in maize–soya bean relay intercropping, a field experiment was carried out to observe architectural, morphological, physiological and anatomical traits of soya bean plants related to shade and subsequent removal in intercropping before and after maize harvest, respectively. During shade period, soya bean biomass was severely reduced, and stem elongation was stimulated. Typical features of shade grown leaves were found, such as lower LMA (leaf mass per unit area), thinner thickness, higher chlorophyll content, lower chlorophyll a:b ratio. Whole-plant leaf area analysis found that soya bean increased leaf area ratio by adjusting leaf morphology rather than by dry mass allocation. After maize harvest, leaf area and leaf mass increased rapidly, contributing to compensation growth in intercropped soya bean. Meanwhile, physiological and anatomical traits of leaf went back to similar levels as grown in sole cropping. However, stem morphological traits were irreversible after removal of shade. Finally, no difference on seed weight per plant of soya bean was observed between relay intercropping and sole cropping. Based on these findings, we speculated the recovery growth might be the direct determining factor on pod formation in soya bean, and improvement on the capacity of recovery growth could increase yield of relay intercropped soya bean.

Background: Genetically modified soya bean (GMSB) is a commercialized food. It has been shown to have adverse effects on fertility in animal trials. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has many beneficial effects including anti-oxidant properties. The aim of this study is to elucidate if addition of EVOO ameliorates the adverse effects on reproductive organs of rats fed on GMSB containing diet. Methods: Forty adult male albino rats (150–180 g) of Sprague Dawley strain were separated into four groups of 10 rats each: Group 1 – control group fed on basal ration, Group 2 – fed on basal ration mixed with EVOO (30%), Group 3 – fed on basal ration mixed with GMSB (15%), and Group 4 – fed on basal ration mixed with GMSB (15%) and EVOO (30%). This feeding regimen was administered for 65 days. Blood samples were collected to analyze serum zinc, vitamin E, and testosterone levels. Histopathological and weight changes in sex organs were evaluated. Results: GMSB diet reduced weight of testis (0.66±0.06 vs. 1.7±0.06, p