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The subject of the study is the criminal procedural legislation of the Soviet period. The purpose of the article is to highlight and characterize the stages of codification of all-Union criminal procedure legislation. The stages are highlighted taking into account changes within the two-level structure of sectoral legislation, which reflect the evolution of the Soviet state and law. All-Union codified acts were designated by the term Fundamentals. The article proves that in the conditions of a federal state, the optimal structure for criminal procedural legislation included the all-Union Fundamentals and the Republican Code. Attempts to compile a Criminal Procedure Code of the USSR were unsuccessful. The main research methods are the comparative legal method and the formal legal method. They were used to analyze and compare regulations and proposed projects. The chronological method was used to highlight the stages of codification of the all-Union criminal procedural legislation. The institutional method made it possible to consider criminal proceedings as an independent branch related to public law. Based on published and archival sources, the reasons, conditions, stages and results of codification are explored. For the first time, projects of the USSR Code of Criminal Procedure were identified and analyzed.Two stages of codification activity are identified, the border between them being the Constitution of the USSR of 1936. At the first stage, the Fundamentals of Criminal Proceedings of the USSR and Union Republics of 1924 were approved. The foundations were based on the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR of 1922. At the second stage, significant efforts were spent on drawing up the Code of Criminal Procedure of the USSR. The activities of special commissions involved in the preparation of the USSR Code of Criminal Procedure in the 1930-50s are considered. The termination of the development of the USSR Code of Criminal Procedure had political reasons not related to the quality of the projects. Positive results of codification activities are shown. The drafting of the USSR Code of Criminal Procedure contributed to the development of the theory of codification and the doctrine of criminal procedure legislation. Project materials were used in the preparation of the Fundamentals of Criminal Procedure of the USSR and Union Republics of 1958 and the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR of 1960.A conclusion is made about the high continuity of basic norms and institutions in the codified acts on criminal proceedings of the Soviet period. The study provides an example of the construction and development of the vertical structure of legislation in a federal state.

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Carbajo Vasco, D. (2024). La incidencia de la reforma del Código Civil en materia de discapacidad en la normativa fiscal. Revista Española de Discapacidad, 12(2), 229-240.

In the early XIX century, the legal practice of the Russian Empire used several forms of normative legal acts. The legalized forms were provided for by Article 53 of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The list included manifestos, decrees, instructions, etc. The author matched normative legal acts with the legal prescriptions that implemented them, as well as identified the forms of normative acts that were not provided for by the Code of Laws. The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire also contained some other forms of normative acts, not mentioned in the Code. These other forms included timesheets, posters, plans, journals, etc., approved by the Emperor. States, resolutions, and notes were the most popular variants. States determined the composition of a specific business entity or element of a state mechanism, e.g., a ministry, an office, a police or military unit, etc. Sometimes, they indicated positions and corresponding salaries. Resolutions were Emperor’s written responses to an action (message or act) of a government representative. Notes were proposals of specific measures and actions sent to the Emperor by a government representative. The Emperor gave them legal force with certain formulas, e.g., To Execute or So Be It. These forms of acts were quite wide-spread during the reform period. The article describes the place of states, resolutions, and notes in the system of normative acts, as well as provides their quantitative analysis.

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Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The attention of legal science to the issue of sources of law does not weak. Among such sources, judicial precedent, including all judicial practice, is consistently considered. The debate on the need to «legalize» the precedent in Russia, to transfer it from atypical sources of law to typical ones does not stop. Opposing views are expressed: the precedent is categorically rejected or, on the contrary, it is extolled. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative legal study of the understanding of judicial precedent in different states in the context of sources of law, rejecting in this regard stereotypes and illusions in the interpretation of judicial precedent as a source of criminal procedure law. Research methods: historical, comparative-legal, logical. Results: the conclusions are made that the ambiguity of the concept and use of judicial precedent requires a clear definition of its place in the system of sources of criminal procedure law. Judicial precedent should not be confused with judicial rules of common law countries as well as with judicial practice. The author maintains the position of preserving the meaning of the «classical» (English) precedent as a sour ce of law.

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In the interpretation of EU law as well as international law, the autonomous interpretation is well established. It is, however, still necessary to reflect the specific nature of EU law and of international law and the resulting interaction between these two groups of sources of law. For international treaties in particular, the question arises of how the treaties affect autonomous interpretation. This article thus aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the possible influence of international law, in particular international treaties, on the interpretation of EU law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annuals of the Administration & Law / Roczniki Administracji i Prawa is the property of Oficyna Wydawnicza Humanitas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the determination, systematization, and study of the system of Ecclesiastical Law sources. This is a necessary and primary task for understanding the content of ecclesiastical law and its establishment in the legal system of Ukraine. The conducted analysis has given grounds to make up conclusions concerning the formal inequality and the subordination of some sources to others. The Constitution provisions contains norms and principles relating to human rights and freedoms, defining Ukraine as a secular state and determine the positive duties of the state in the field of religion. The laws if Ukraine contains the large number of ecclesiastical legal norms regulating various aspects of state-confessional relations. Bylaws specify and detail the provisions of laws. Judicial law-making in the field of ecclesiastical law is manifested through the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which in Ukraine are considered the sources of law, through the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, which revises laws for compliance with the constitution and fundamental values, as well as the decisions of the Supreme Court, the conclusions of which are binding not only for judicial bodies but also for all subjects of authority, which implement in their activities a legal act containing the relevant legal norm.

The article establishes that the sources of Roman Private Law are the ways of consolidation and external expression of legal norms which, in their entirety, were aimed at regulating private legal relations. It is argued that the key sources of Roman Private Law should be divided into the following groups: laws (leges) – these were normative acts issued by the legislative bodies of the Roman Republic or Empire (the most important laws were the XII Tables (Lex Duodecim Tabularum), which became the first codified law in Roman history); customs (mores) – these were the norms of behaviour which were generally recognised by the Roman public (customs arose from complex relationships between people and resolved certain issues which laws did not regulate); judicial decisions (iudicia) were court decisions that served as an example for subsequent decisions in similar cases (they were considered one of the most important sources of Roman Private Law, as they ensured legal stability and progressive development of law); legal writings (responsa, iura, commentarii) were works of famous Roman lawyers containing legal opinions and views on various issues of law (they became an important source of law as they provided interpretation of laws and established legal practice); agreements (pacta) were agreements between parties on certain issues (they played an important role in Roman Private Law as they provided legal protection to the parties and regulated their relations). The author emphasises the need for further understanding of the sources of Roman law, formulation of the latest recommendations based on the positions of ancient researchers and finding in these positions the latest solutions to the problems existing in society in the context of modern legal thought. This should be achieved through research in various branches of law, as well as relevant scientific events, conferences, competitions involving students, etc.

INTRODUCTION. When it comes to regulating cross-border relations, the rules of law of a given state, foreign national laws and international legal norms are/may all be applicable. In their entirety, these norms form a sort of buffer zone between existing legal systems, i.e. create a legal phenomenon that can be called a legal frontier. It is within the framework of this frontier that numerous legal phenomena occur, with the very concept of their existence in recent years being either challenged or blatantly denied.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The provisions of international treaties, the national legislation of Russia and other states, as well as numerous works of Russian and foreign researchers were used as materials for this study. The study relies on the general scientific and special methods as its methodological foundation.RESEARCH RESULTS. The study found that foreign laws do not coincide, applying them to regulate crossborder relations leads to cases where relations of the same category are managed differently even within a single state. All known sources of law serve as the generators of norms that govern cross-border relations, which is not the case for either domestic or international interstate relations. Additionally, new sources of international legal norms have emerged and their objective is to regulate cross-border public relations not specified in Art. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. The article states that significant changes in the theory of general international law (as well as in the general theory of law) are caused by the emergence of self-executing international legal norms designed to regulate cross-border social relations specifically.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The author comes to the conclusion that the emergence of self-executing international legal norms required a change in the very definition of international law, admitting the impossibility of the existence of any universal theory of the relationship between international and national law, as well as specifying the nature of the object and subject of an international treaty. The use of self-executing international legal norms as regulators of crossborder public relations does not transform these relations into international interstate relations and does not turn their subjects into subjects of international law. These relations remain as cross-border relations, and their subjects have an exclusively cross-border legal standing, regardless of which legal system norm was responsible for regulating them.

The state of law idea formulated in the provisions of Article 1 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia is a formulation containing normative statement that is still dubious and seems convincing. Embedding the nature of legality in the context of the idea of the rule of law through the statement that Pancasila is the source of legal norms need to be questioned. The idea of Pancasila is impossible to realize if it does not materialize into a living reality, not a dead one. The possibility if Pancasila is used as sources of law it will expand coercive actions and choices of legal imperatives. Pancasila must be able transforming and making itself relevant in midst of the challenges of social changes. The construction of the idea of a rule of law should not depend on absolute and certainty. It must be able to be created as a discursive space that is truly interpretive and not limitative. Pancasila is existed and recognized in the constitutional adjudication with presuppositions to explain the rationalization of legal reality. It must be carried out at the level of the goal for obtaining and achieving justice. The problem of the paradox of the rule of law idea can be raised through legal interpretations that are able to find a relationship between what should be normative and what is factual. Judges must be able to voice more than what is stated in the law and what is said by the law.

The Andean Court of Justice (ACJ) considered Article 34 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) as a supplementary source of law to interpret the principle of free movement of goods in the Andean Community (CAN). The Cartagena Agreement does not provide for the concept of measure of equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions. The objective of this article is to analyze the implications of employing the TFEU as a supplementary source of law and the regulatory capacity of the Member States of the CAN. It is argued that considering the TFEU as a supplementary source of law to interpret the principle of free movement of goods in the CAN facilitated the extensive interpretation of the Cartagena Agreement with the risk of reducing state regulatory capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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International instruments on human rights play a decisive role in defining the content of state law. Although the constitutional block constitutes an articulation tool between national and international law, it produces the concurrence of authorized interpreters of documents with equivalent normative ranks. The purpose of this text is to analyze the legal value of interpretations made by multiple authorized bodies in contexts prone to the appearance of interpretative disagreements. The point of reference is the American Convention on Human Rights and the institution of the constitutional block developed in Colombia. In general terms, reasons are given in favor of the progressive implementation of human rights protection standards and a regime of state deference in cases of institutional soundness and genuine interpretative disagreements. The intensity of the conventionality control would have a dynamic and variable character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Juridica Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Prawnych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The RSFSR Land Code of 1922 (LC), adopted as part of the comprehensive codification of Soviet law in the 1920s, is in the focus of this article. The Land Code is looked at as the first codified act that forms the branch of Soviet land law, defining its subject, method, and parameters of further development. The article is based on extensive historiographical material, which is systematized by periods. In the 1920s the Code of Law was in full force, therefore, a doctrinal interpretation of its norms, and authors’ comments on the Code were published. Subsequently, the Land Code of 1922 was studied with the aim of understanding and gaining historical experience in the development of new land laws. The article uses normative legal acts of the Soviet period, published documents, and archival sources. Particular attention is paid to the LC draft preparation and its further development until legislative approval. The methodology includes the dialectical method, as well as comparative legal and formal legal methods. The LC is studied as a historical source of legal content; its external criticism is given. The impact on the content of the LC of social and political conditions of previously issued acts is revealed. It is determined that the Land Code reflects consistency and novelty of the Soviet land legislation. The level of consolidation and incorporation of previously tested norms is very high. The LC most noticeable gaps and the ways to overcome them are outlined.

This article determines a position of resolutions adopted by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority. Within the system of sources of law these resolutions are referred to as “recommendations”, and sometimes as “guidelines”. The author aims to answer a question whether the Authority can base its executive decisions on legal norms which the Authority had articulated itself. Through an application of a formal-dogmatic and an empirical-legal approach the researcher attempts to determine whether resolutions adopted by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority can be included in a catalogue of normative forms of administrative activity, whether they can be placed within the dichotomic classification of sources of law. Are such “recommendations” legally binding for the entities in the financial market? Finally, the analysis will focus on whether the Authority has expressis verbis competence to issue “guidelines” that are subsequently directed to the insurance sector in an imperative form, with expectation of implementation thereof. Or does this supervisory Authority appropriate competence of other authorities by application of legal interpretation of the law? At the end of this dogmatic research the Author attempts to answer the question: “What is the purpose of «recommendations»”?

Bu makalede Amerikan ve İskandinav hukuki realizminde görülen temel iddia ve yaklaşımlar sunularak İslam hukuku ile mukayese edilmiştir. Belirsizliğin esas alınması, hukukî realizmin özünü oluşturmakta olup; İslam hukuku bakımından hukuki realizmde görülen biçimde belirsizlik yaklaşımına imkan yoktur. İcma edilen hususlar, belirginleşmiş, sabiteye dönüşmüştür. İçtihadi meselelerde ise belirsizlik değil, farklı belirginleşme görünümleri söz konusudur. Realistlerin kök ve kaynak anlayışını reddetmelerine karşılık İslam hukuku Kitâb ve sünnet kaynaklığında belli kökten oluşan ve gelişen bir hukuk sistemidir. Realistlerin reddetmelerine karşılık, İslam hukukunda ahlak ve değerlerin merkezi bir yeri ve önemi vardır. Realistler adaleti hukuka bağlı ve hukukun yönlendirmesine tâbî olarak tanımlarken; İslam hukukçuları karşılıklı bağlılık yaklaşımını esas almışlardır. Realistler süreç içerisinde oluşan bütün hukuk kurallarını reddederlerken; İslam hukukçuları, hukuk kurallarını sistematize etmiş, bu kapsamda eserler telif etmişlerdir. Realistlerin hukukun hakimin kararıyla belirginleşip varlık bulacağı yönündeki yaklaşımlarına karşılık İslam hukukçuları, naslarla belirginleşenin yanında içtihatla varlık kazanan hukukun sistemini beyan etmişlerdir. Kök ve kaynak anlayışının reddine bağlı olarak realizmde görülen sınırsız plüralizmin aksine İslam hukukunda kaynak anlayışı çerçevesinde örfle anlamını bulan sınırlı çoğulculuk söz konusu olmuştur. Makalede bu hususlar tahlil edildikten sonra, elde edilen sonuçların sunumuyla çalışma tamamlanmıştır.

The legal system in Colombia and its issue to be enforceable for any person, it may be known from a context of crisis or complexity, all about the various typologies of sources that mainly work according to case law, where they are constantly in tension, in addition to their concretion of that interaction, among others, the right to equal protection and the principles of legal certainty and predictability of law, all of them are the basis for any well-organized society that can be declared constitutionally as a rule of law. Based on this crisis and complexity and with the purpose of systematizing the legal order, a general clause of sources of law for Colombia is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In Ukraine, the idea of systematization and unification of regulations, due to which positive law arises and is formed, has been discussed and defended for a long time. At the same time, to date, attempts in Ukraine to pass a law on rule-making have not been finalized. With the introduction of the draft Law on Legislative Activity in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and subsequent voting on it by parliamentarians in the first reading, the issue of further prospects for innovation of the legislative basis of rule-making was raised again. An analysis of the constitutional provisions on rule-making in Ukraine has been presented. The European experience of constitutionalization of rule-making has been analyzed and the need to list the list of sources of law in the basic legal act of the state and to define the basic provisions on rule-making has been emphasized. It has been emphasized that the European experience of constitutionalization of rule-making / law-making indicates that the constitution as the basic law should answer the question of whether the state should have a law on normative acts and rule-making or need a broader approach reflected in law-making. In Ukraine, the fundamental position of legal science needs to be constitutionalized, that by-laws cannot contain primary norms of law, especially since the European experience indicates the need for such a step. By-laws must be adopted on the basis of and in compliance with the provisions of the law. Attention is drawn to the fact that the basic concepts and constructions of the draft Law of Ukraine “On Law-making”, such as law-making and principles of law-making, need significant refinement, as they are based on controversial conceptual approaches.

The article presents the figure and the most important scientific achievements of Romuald Hube in the field of the science of criminal law, as well as the legislative work conducted on the criminal law of Russia and the Kingdom of Poland. Romuald Hube is undoubtedly an extremely significant figure in the Polish science of criminal law, although this branch of law was only a part of his scientific interests. It should be emphasized, however, that Romuald Hube significantly developed the science of criminal law, also in its global dimension. Moreover, through his work in the state administration, he actively participated in the creation of this branch of law. He lived and worked in an extremely complicated period due to social changes and an unfavourable geopolitical situation for Poland. Due to the fact that his life and work were associated with a foreign country, Romuald Hube was a scientist often criticized in Poland and ostracized in the community. Hube’s unquestionable contribution to the body of criminal law, with relatively little exploration of it in the doctrine, implies a need to remind the reader of the scholar’s profile.

The idea of exemplariness, present in the public discours, especially in recent years, presents a series of necessary connections to the Law. Achieving exemplariness in a citizen level requires firstly be clear about the role that Law has to have to it. Furthermore, it requires knowing how to make it interact with costum and Codes of conduct and other soft law instruments. This implies a certain revision of the doctrine of the sources of Law. Exemplariness idea’s introduction, with a revaluation of custom, will also affect various areas of Private Law, appreciating the performance of the exemplariness requirement differently in the area of obligations or rights in rem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi / Cumhuriyet Theology Journal is the property of Cumhuriyet Universitesi, Ilahiyat Fakultesi / Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prawo Budżetowe Państwa i Samorządu is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presented paper covers the analysis of a study of the concept and the matter of "legal pluralism", an examination of approaches (both domestic and foreign authors) to the role of legal pluralism and its signiicance for various states and modern legal systems. It is noted that despite numerous studies in the ield of legal pluralism, currently there is not a uniied approach to the deinition of this institution as well as a consensus on the name of the phenomenon under consideration. In this study, legal pluralism is considered not only from the point of legal theory but also from the position of legal history, which, undoubtedly, can enrich any scholar paper. In the legal doctrine, the examined conception appeared relatively recently, only about 50 years ago. It was the logical result of the collapse of the colonial system and the emergence of the need for newly independent states to ensure the coexistence of historically established customary laws with colonial law distributed by metropoles. Arguments are given regarding the change in the concept of legal pluralism over time. The article highlights the most topical issues concerning the legal pluralism, such as features of sources of law in states with the presence of legal pluralism, historical background to the evolution of legal pluralism and several other issues. Arguments are given regarding the positive and negative experience of legal pluralism in various countries of the world. The role of legal pluralism in resolving legal conlicts and restorative justice is also considered. The conclusion is drawn on the need to subsequent study the concept of legal pluralism and study the impact of this institution on the legal systems of states. The scientiic originality of the research lies in the analysis of foreign scientific literature on legal pluralism, as well as in the identiication of positive and negative factors of legal pluralism in modern conditions of development of various states' legal systems.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the legitimization forms in the Russian Empire. It also presents the idea of inextricable connection between the understanding of a historical event or phenomenon and the socio-political processes reflected in law. Therefore, the understanding of the Imperial law system, the insight into the peculiarities and processes of its legitimization formation is the basis of historical studies of the Russian Empire period. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and to give the comparative analysis of the legitimization forms existing on the territory of the Russian Empire and its outskirts in the period of the 18th ‒ early 20th centuries. The methodological basis of the study is a set of historical and legal methods used in the state-legal phenomena study. The study uses the comparative-historical, terminological analysis and comparative law methods. The paper is interdisciplinary, it is written at the intersection of jurisprudence and historical science. The study found a variety of legitimization forms enshrined in Russian Law, which are difficult to classify. It was noted that the classification and hierarchy of Russian Legislation depended on the extent of the monarch’s involvement in the legislative process. The author draws attention to the fact that the legitimization within the spatial and personal scope has some features that are most pronounced toward Siberia. When analyzing the content of a number of Charters and Provisions, specific standards or exemptions regarding this act enactment on the Empire outskirts are often found. The organization of power on the national Empire outskirts was regulated by special acts. The author concludes that despite the variety of legislative forms the Emperor’s will remained above the law and the law-making mechanism provided for its legal confirmation forms. Indeed, from a legal standpoint, such acts weakened the strong arm and the rule of the law, on the other hand, they speed up some decision-making processes.

One of the goals of this work is to point out the efforts of modern studies on the sources of law to reduce the traditional sources of law - material, ethical, formal and cognitive - to formal sources of law. It is argued that the concept of the source of law, which includes the mentioned types and the phenomena they contain, is too broad, and that these phenomena have only the fact that legal norms spring from them. Here, in our opinion, the problem arises as to how to consider the phenomena from which law undoubtedly arises, especially those that fall under the material and ethical types. The problem can be solved by calling material sources legal relations, and ethical sources legal values. In addition, there is another problem that many (formal) sources also have some material and/or ethical characteristics. Likewise, we pointed out the connection between legal sources and arguments, meaning by arguments regulations and what are usually considered arguments (a. a contrario, a. a simile ad simili, a. a fortiori). We proposed a possible list of legal sources, where the main problem is that, in compiling it, it is not possible to apply one (same) criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses some of the topical theoretical and legal and philosophical and legal problems of lawmaking. According to the author, the efficiency of the application of legislation in the mechanism of legal regulation directly depends on the quality of lawmaking, including its ideological content and scientific elaboration. Based on the works of reputable lawyers of the past and present, the author convincingly proves that the technique of legislative activity determines the effectiveness of the adopted normative legal acts, the totality of which forms a positive law. Guided by the considerations expressed in the article, the author formulates a number of recommendations aimed at improving the legal, technical and substantive aspects of positive law in order to increase the efficiency of legal regulation.

The most important of Roman law, the Law of the Twelve Tables, LEX DVODECIM TABVLARVM, was adopted in 449 BC and was never formally abolished. The consequence of conflicts between the social classes of the Roman state, patricians and plebeians, the Decemiviral Law constitutes a true code, given the nature of the regulations of the famous law which concerned both the institutions of Roman private law and the Roman public law. Although it was adopted about 2,500 years ago, the analysis of the Law of the Twelve Tables does not cease to attract the scholars and practitioners of contemporary private law, the study of the current legal institutions requires a retrospective look at their primary source. The paper aims to present the historical and social context that allowed the adoption of the Law of XII Tables, the procedure for the adoption of the law, the persons and bodies involved in this procedure. I will also analyse the content of the law and even present the text of the Law of the XII Tables, as reconstructed over time by the scholars of Roman law. In carrying out this scientific approach, I will use the specific methods of interpretation of the legal norms, namely, the historical, grammatical, systematic and teleological method.

A critical study on works that have scientific content will lead to the growth and development in a field of knowledge. Having a right understanding of legal articles depends on referring to the original texts from those laws that have been enacted. One major shortcoming of this book is that only some minor religious sources were pointed out to interpret a legal article, while to review a legal article, it is essential to see all the documents and resources, or all legal reasons should be investigated. At least, well-known fatwas available at the time of the law must be examined because it can be considerably helpful. Foundations and presuppositions of any legal article are appropriate with a legal system, and for the interpretation of every legal article, the special legal system should be considered and examined.