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The article provides a comparative analysis of the structure of funding sources for the national project “Ecology”. A comprehensive assessment of the interim results of implementing regional projects in the Vologda region was conducted as part of the national project in question using the method of earned value. As a result, a discrepancy was revealed in the structure of financial support for the implementation of the national project on a federal and regional scale both in sources and in items of expenditure, which is explained by the specifics of the goals and powers of different levels of management. In the Vologda region, low involvement of local governments and the private sector in the development of the national project “Ecology” was found. Underestimation of the target values of the results of project activities is indicated as a significant reason for the proven high efficiency of applying financial resources in the implementation of regional projects. To improve strategic environmental management, it was proposed to use stimulating measures for increasing the number of stakeholders and the amount of funding, to use a scenario approach. In general, the identified problems are typical for many constituent entities of the Russian Federation, therefore, the authors’ recommendations for their solution can be widely applied and will increase the efficiency of environmental activities and the quality of performance of the national project “Ecology”.

Startup businesses are becoming an increasingly common term in the business world. Millions of investments, large corporations, as well as the world's best experts are connected to the concept of startup businesses. The basis of this paper is to present the situation with lending startup businesses in the Republic of North Macedonia, through analysis of the situation and challenges of the startup ecosystem in the country, and through comparative analysis of the situation with lending startup businesses in certain Western Balkan countries. The aim was to determine whether the Republic of North Macedonia has made significant progress in support, and whether it has made the transition from traditional to new methods of financing. The scientific-research contribution of this paper is in a better understanding of the strategy of the state regarding the financing of entrepreneurial ventures. The presented and interpreted results could be a useful basis and incentive for further research on this and similar topics related to the initial stage at the state and regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this study is determined by the fact that financing is a key element of the effective economic activity of agricultural enterprises and the industry as a whole, its food security and the restoration of the work of agricultural enterprises, especially amidst a full-scale war and in the post-war period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the obtained net profit (loss) and the sources of financing of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine for 2014-the first half of 2023. The study used general scientific methods (analysis of the dynamics of the volume of financing sources (equity, loans, capital investments, state aid, and deposits), analysis of the net profit of agricultural enterprises, formation of the structure of financing sources, determination of growth rates of indicators), and specific research methods (correlation analysis and multivariate regression method). The authors of the study suggested using the method of correlation-regression analysis with further forecasting of indicators using Chaddock’s tables, Fisher’s and Student’s tests. The correlationregression analysis established that a decisive share in financial support is own capital, while the smallest share is state aid. But in connection with the full-scale war in the country and limited own resources, the authors of the study proposed to involve bank loans and state aid more widely in their own economic activities. A correlationregression analysis was developed to identify the dependence of the financial results of agricultural enterprises (net profit (loss)) and their sources of financing for 2014-2021, a regression equation was developed, and a forecast of the possible net profit (loss) of agricultural enterprises for the future period of 2023-2027 was made. The practical value of the findings is that these results can be used by the host activities of the agricultural enterprise of Ukraine and during the development by state bodies of the Strategy for the Development of the Agricultural Sector and their support programs

One of the most global problems of the modern world is terrorism. In recent years, terrorism has turned into a phenomenon that exerts a significant influence on political and economic national, regional, and world processes. Formation of a system of neutralization of financing sources is of great importance for the fight against terrorism. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of terrorism as an international phenomenon, to study the sources and channels of financing terrorism. In the research process, such methods as generalization, systematization, comparative analysis, and grouping were used. The theoretical basis of the study was the works of domestic and foreign scientists, reports of international organizations devoted to the indicated problems. The article reveals the problem of interpretation of the concept of terrorism, describes the reasons (psychological, ideological, strategic) and examines the dynamics of terrorist acts. It was established that there is no unified approach to the definition and classification of sources and channels of terrorist financing. Scientists' approaches to classification are systematized. It is suggested that the main channels of financing terrorist activities include: involving financial institutions (banks, exchanges, investment funds, etc.); involving financial assistance from third countries or terrorist groups of these countries; through legalization of illegal income (sale of weapons, prohibited substances) or money laundering through legal institutions (charity funds); by smuggling cash and other valuable goods; by transferring virtual assets. During the analysis of a specific jurisdiction, the list of channels should be specified and detailed by the relevant funding sources.

In this paper, it is shown that, despite a tremendous number of sanctions that significantly modify the conditions of financial and economic equilibrium in Russia, the basic mechanisms, priorities and construction of the goals of the financial and economic policy have not changed. This is especially true for monetary and fiscal policy. The analysis of the parameters and results of budget planning for 2022–2023 has been carried out. Although there are no catastrophic failures of macroeconomic indicators according to the Ministry of Finance in 2022 and the official projections of the 2023 budget do not promise an increase in problems, the discrepancy between the actual possibilities to increase revenues and the imperative requirements to increase budget expenditures signal a serious deterioration of the budget situation, which requires urgent and adequate solutions. The author discusses the prospect of the state budget deficit turning into a permanent phenomenon accompanying the country’s economic development for a long period, due to the indefinite period of revenue suppression and acceleration of state budget expenditures, the reasons of which are long military expenditures and the duration of restructuring the structure and mechanisms of global and subglobal financial and economic interactions. In this paper, estimates of the budget deficit, which are alternative to the official data, have been made; estimates of real sizes and dynamics of budget deficits are proposed; and the concept of hierarchy and target concentration of budget expenditures is argued. The main tools for financing budget deficits (the National Welfare Fund, ruble devaluation, money emission, government borrowings) are analyzed, the possibilities and potential limits of their use are shown. It is shown that all of them, except domestic government borrowings, give a short-term effect and at the same time have a negative impact on macroeconomic equilibrium. The possibilities, direct and indirect consequences of the policy of reduction of budget expenditures are considered

Purpose: This paper investigates how entrepreneurial finance in Qatar affects the performance of small and entrepreneurship businesses (SEB). It is the first study examining the financial decisions of SEB in Qatar, illustrating the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and innovative sources of finance. In addition, we investigate the impact of different funding sources on three dimensions of SEB performance: financial, marketing and internal business and development performance. Methodology: Our sample included 300 SEB owners and managers, selected randomly and contacted in January to March 2020. Following the delivery and collection process, the study obtained 161 questionnaires, which were analysed using ordinary least squares regression. Findings: The results suggest that diversity and accessing new and innovative sources of finance affect the performance of SEBs. Meanwhile, this effect varies among different aspects of performance. The study concluded that SEBs prefer equity to debts. The performance of SBEs is mainly derived through accessibility to funds, governmental support, using innovative finance and the availability of collateral. Implications: This study contributes to the literature and industry by being the first to examine the accessibility of innovative sources of funds for SEBs in Qatar and their impact on different dimensions of performance. Our findings can help decision-makers to consider the impact of diverse sources of funds on different performance dimensions, which affect financing decisions made based on the performance priorities. Moreover, we find a negative impact of governmental support and using crowdfunding on internal business and development performance; this implies that less efficient SEBs, in terms of their internal business and marketing performance, are more active in obtaining both governmental support and crowdfunding, as they may be not eligible for other sources of finance. Our work highlights the key role of adapting to the new accessibility of funds in improving the performance of SBEs in Qatar, which is ultimately reflected in the diversification of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contains the data of the national health accounts in the Republic of Moldova in the period 2010-2021. The system of the national health accounts is a tool for evaluating and monitoring the health system, as well as, in the analysis phase, of the importance of the health expenditures from the perspective of the economy consumption. The national health accounts provide a systematic description of the financial flows related to the health goods and services consumption. The purpose of this paper is to improve the performance of the health system from the perspective of the author’s analysis of the recent data of the national health accounts in the Republic of Moldova, namely, the indicators of their level, dynamics and structure, in order to highlight the health expenditure evolution trends.

Innovation is a key factor in economic growth and competitiveness. It enables businesses to create new products and services, which increases their efficiency and profitability. However, innovation is costly. It requires significant financial resources, which are not always available to enterprises. This is one of the main problems hindering the innovative development of the economy. The purpose of this article is to study modern approaches to financing innovations, identify the factors that influence the choice of financing sources, identify existing problems, and develop proposals for their solution. The article examines the main sources of financing innovations, which include budget financing, company’s own funds, and attracted and borrowed funds. It argues that effective financing of innovative activity requires a comprehensive approach that takes into account both internal and external factors. Solving the problems of financing innovations and increasing the efficiency of innovative projects is an important task for increasing the competitiveness of the economy. For the successful development of innovations, it is necessary to create a favorable environment for financing and develop effective mechanisms for evaluating the effectiveness of innovative projects. Solving the problems identified during the research will help increase the level of innovative activity in the country and contribute to the growth of its competitiveness.

The goal is to analyze the current options of infrastructure projects financing in Lviv by establishing alternative sources of strengthening their financial support. The study analyses the volume of additional funds for community improvement at the expense of the State Fund of Regional Development and subventions from the State budget to local budgets in order to implement the measures for the socioeconomic development of individual territories. It was found that it is not realistic to finance completely the necessary infrastructure projects at the expense of budget funds. Especially for the needs of territorial communities with the possibility of being used by several communities simultaneously, a new attracting funds tool for the implementation of local investment projects – bonds of local development funds – is proposed. The alternative way to attract additional sources of funds, in particular, is the emission of bonds of local development funds. According to the international classification, bonds of local development funds belong to infrastructure bonds. It is noted that they exist already in the Ukrainian projects of loan capital legislative regulation. The determined bonds, if implemented, should advantageously differ from corporate bonds or local loan bonds due to: determining the direction of the intended use of borrowed funds; specific issuer – the Local Development Fund; relatively low risks for investors due to control of the budget cash flow for bonds repayment and receiving income on bonds. Their advantage is that, unlike local loan bonds, where issuers can only be city councils, the regional, district, settlement and village councils can also make decisions to issue the local development fund bonds. At the same time, attention is focused on the initiation of new businesses in the field of housing and communal services, in particular, through the creation of small enterprises that will provide important services to meet the needs of the territorial community on the basis of subcontract agreements. Local self-governed bodies have the opportunity to stimulate such business initiatives among the unemployed population that are available to work, providing space (premises) to newly created self-employed persons – entrepreneurs, compensating the rent as one-time payment from the Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine for the organization of entrepreneurial activities by unemployed citizens.

AbstractPurpose: This paper investigates how entrepreneurial finance in Qatar affects the performance of small and entrepreneurship businesses (SEB). It is the first study examining the financial decisions of SEB in Qatar, illustrating the advantages and disadvantages of traditional and innovative sources of finance. In addition, we investigate the impact of different funding sources on three dimensions of SEB performance: financial, marketing and internal business and development performance. Methodology: Our sample included 300 SEB owners and managers, selected randomly and contacted in January to March 2020. Following the delivery and collection process, the study obtained 161 questionnaires, which were analysed using ordinary least squares regression. Findings: The results suggest that diversity and accessing new and innovative sources of finance affect the performance of SEBs. Meanwhile, this effect varies among different aspects of performance. The study concluded that SEBs prefer equity to debts. The performance of SBEs is mainly derived through accessibility to funds, governmental support, using innovative finance and the availability of collateral. Implications: This study contributes to the literature and industry by being the first to examine the accessibility of innovative sources of funds for SEBs in Qatar and their impact on different dimensions of performance. Our findings can help decision-makers to consider the impact of diverse sources of funds on different performance dimensions, which affect financing decisions made based on the performance priorities. Moreover, we find a negative impact of governmental support and using crowdfunding on internal business and development performance; this implies that less efficient SEBs, in terms of their internal business and marketing performance, are more active in obtaining both governmental support and crowdfunding, as they may be not eligible for other sources of finance. Our work highlights the key role of adapting to the new accessibility of funds in improving the performance of SBEs in Qatar, which is ultimately reflected in the diversification of the economy.

The development of market transformations in Ukraine has led to the noticeable changes in the sphere of formation and using enterprise capital. Formation of the optimal capital structure, which allows to combine an increase in financial results with the existing risk level, is the main factor of maintaining effective functioning. In this connection, processes of financial activity administration require rethinking and improving the approaches to diagnosis of financing sources both in the theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the study is to improve the methodological approaches to the diagnosis of enterprise capital structure as an instrument of justifying and making managerial decisions in financial management system on the basis of theoretical approaches and specifying the definition of the term “enterprise financial activity administration”. Methods of scientific cognition were used in the work, in particular: of system approach, analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, generalizing. Methods of financial coefficient analysis and Shuhart’s control charts creation were used to carry out capital structure diagnosis on the example of JSC “Zhytlobud-1” (Kharkiv). The author’s vision of the essence of enterprise financial activity administration as a process of developing and implementing managerial decisions was formed, including formation and use of its capital with the aim of financial strength, profitability and creating conditions for fulfillment of obligations, based on information, diagnostic and analytical support for the realization of managerial procedures. It was concluded that diagnosis of capital structure served as the key element in the system of instruments for the administration of enterprise financial activity. The use of Shuhart‘s control charts for diagnosing the capital structure was proposed, and relevant calculations were carried out on the example of JSC “Zhytlobud-1”, the level of manageability of its capital components was assessed, and key management objects in the structure of the company’s financing sources were identified. The results of the research can be useful for scientists, students of economic specialties of higher educational establishments, managers and employees of financial divisions of enterprises and financial institutions

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Economic Research & Business Administration is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The financing of the expenditure and spending of the Ministry of Defence and the Serbian Armed Forces is defined by the Budget System Law. The amount of allocated funds for defence in all countries is mainly related to gross domestic product. The financing of the defence system directly depends on the economic position and development of state, and also on the available budget. Therefore, the greatest responsibility of those who are authorized is to dispose of budget funds in a certain period of use for the most important state priorities, as well as the need for the highest control over the disposal and use of these funds. The financing of the defence system of the Republic of Serbia, as a direct beneficiary of budget funds, is conducted in compliance with the procedures defined by laws and other normative regulations of the country. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global security risk and threat, and 2020 has been taken for consideration and analysis of defence expenditure in state budgets. Thus, the readiness of states and defence forces to resist security challenges and threats has been presented. Moreover, fifteen countries that allocated the greatest funds for defence in 2020 have been presented. China is the only country that has positive growth of gross domestic product in the considered year and at the same time the highest percentage of allocations from GDP for defence. The five European countries that allocated the most for defence have also been presented, as well as the ratio of total allocations for defence in Europe and the United States. The average allocation rate for all countries (Table 2) in 2020 is 1.59% of GDP, which is shown in Graph 1. In the considered period, the Republic of Serbia allocated 1.89% of GDP for defence, which is above average. The percentage share of defence expenditure in GDP in recent years is approximately 1.9%. Graph 2 shows the percentage share of defence expenditure in the period from 2013 to 2021. The specificity of financing defence expenditure and spending has been emphasised because the defence system, like other complex systems, is characterized by complexity, openness, dynamism, strict hierarchical structure and two-way relations. Bearing in mind that the Ministry of Defence and Serbian Armed Forces are a non-profit organization, defence expenditure and spending are almost entirely financed from budget funds. The exception is certain categories of revenues, in a very small percentage in relation to the total available financial resources. In addition to its revenues, other sources of financing, such as various donations, unspent revenues and donations from previous years, income from the sale of non-financial assets and voluntary transfers are represented in financing the expenditure and spending of the Ministry of Defence and Serbian Armed Forces. It is very important to point out that since 2020, as a source of financing defence expenditure and spending, funds from the source - income from internal debt - has been used.

The article analyzes theoretical approaches to the interpretation of the economic categories’ "capital" and "capitalization". The existing works of scientists of various economic schools regarding the definition of the meaning of the concept of "capital", their change and evolution throughout the history of the development of economic thought were summarized and systematized. The analysis was carried out and the distribution of supporters among foreign and domestic scientists was given according to the three main basic directions of interpretation of the "capital" definition - capital as production equipment, capital as money and capital as a function. An analysis and systematization of approaches to the definition of the concept of "capitalization" derived from the term "capital" was also carried out, the main directions by which the existing approaches are summarized - capitalization as a quantity and capitalization as a process.

This article describes the assessment of the most important economic factors, the influence of which should be considered while developing a strategy for metallurgical production under conditions of sanctions pressure from unfriendly countries. The implementation directions of import substitution are shown, thus allowing the most complete use of the competitive potential of the metallurgical industry on the world stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Sciences / Nauki Ekonomiczne is the property of Nauki Ekonomiczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic Sciences / Nauki Ekonomiczne is the property of Nauki Ekonomiczne and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The aim of the article is to define the capital structure in Polish enterprises – in the group of enterprises exporting their products and in the group of enterprises that do not conduct export activities. Design/methodology/approach: 30 companies representing various sectors of the economy were taken into account for the preliminary research. In the first group of 15 companies that exported their products (the first stage of internationalization), the capital structure was examined, determining the level of financing with equity and foreign capital. The research scheme from the first group was also used in the second examined group – enterprises that do not export their products. Each surveyed group included a company that represented one selected sector. A case study for three Polish listed companies was also used. Findings: Thus, the view of foreign authors based on the results of their study that, in emerging markets countries, companies that have internationalised their activities have higher levels of indebtedness than companies operating only domestically, should not be considered as confirmed (for the time being on the example of pilot studies). Originality/value: The results of the preliminary research made it possible to identify the most important differences in the capital structure for companies that exported their products and companies that did not export. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a questionnaire survey on the sources of financing for small and medium-sized enterprises. They are part of more extensive research on the availability of funding sources and barriers to entrepreneurship development. The research results confirm the long-standing tendency to finance activities based on equity, various forms of lending and leasing.

Ensuring a decent standard of living for citizens, especially vulnerable groups, requires qualitative changes in society. Social projects are a modern tool for making change. In this regard, it becomes relevant to study the applied aspect of their implementation – technology for the development and implementation of social projects. This study aims at exploring the nature and classification of social projects, as well as improving and further developing the technology for the development and implementation with justification of the project proposal and documentation using the Let’s Start Together project as an example. The object of research is the process of using technologies for the development and implementation of social projects in solving social problems of society. The subject is theoretical and practical recommendations on the technology for the development and implementation of social projects, based on the justification of the project proposal and documentation. The following methods were used: logical analysis – to clarify the essence of the concept of a social project; analysis and synthesis – to improve the classification of social projects; network planning – to formulate a technology implementation plan for the development and implementation of social projects. The paper explores the essence of a social project, proposes the classification of social projects and defines criteria for their evaluation. The sources of financing a social project are characterized; co-financing by various donors. A technology for the development and implementation of social projects is proposed. Considerable attention is paid to the first stage, namely the development of the project proposal and the documentation of a social project. The proposed technology was tested in the context of the social project Let’s Start Together

In the conditions of rapid changes in the modern market environment, it is extremely important for agricultural enterprises to respond in a timely manner to threats to their financial security. Therefore, economic diagnostics is of significant methodological importance, and makes it possible to learn about economic problems and interpret the results of enterprises activity that have certain deviations from the norm or the state required for the enterprise. The subject of the study is a set of theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of diagnosing the state of financial security of enterprises. The purpose of the article is to diagnose the state of financial security of agricultural enterprises on the basis of the proposed methodological approach and to substantiate proposals for its improvement. The methodological basis of the diagnostics used in the study was: methods of theoretical generalizations, financial analysis, scoring method, analysis of dynamics and structure, linear programming. The article reveals the tasks and areas of management of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises with an emphasis on the protection of their specific financial interests – ensuring liquidity, solvency, financial stability, autonomy and others. For research purposes all Ukrainian agricultural enterprises were classified on the size of the net income. The system of indicators for diagnostics of financial security of the agricultural enterprises was offered. The basic structural elements of the mechanism of financial security management were substantiated. According to the diagnosis results, it was found that the state of financial security of large enterprises in 2018-2019 has deteriorated and it has had a negative impact on their solvency. Instead, the financial security of small and medium-sized enterprises has improved. Based on the experience of developed countries, proposals for public policy instruments to promote financial security of agricultural enterprises were proposed.

The aim of this article is to identify the most important factors influencing the use of trade credit and to assess their significance for Polish listed companies taking into consideration the role of trade credit as a source of financing. Theoretical and empirical literature does not provide clear guidance regarding factors influencing the use of trade credit. In this study the linear regression model with fixed effects for years is used to describe trade credit use in listed Polish companies in the period 2002–2018. The findings show that the following factors have the most pronounced influence on the use of trade credit: trade payables in the previous period, trade receivables, long-term debt, liquidity and short-term debt. Both long-term and short-term debt financing and trade payables are substitutes for Polish listed companies. Lower liquidity and higher trade receivables are related to a higher use of trade credit.

In recent years, the main vector of scientific research in the field of regional economics has been the development of large localized economic systems. It was proposed to use the term “urbanized territory” as one of the generalizing terms for describing socio-economic systems. The analysis of various interpretations of the concept of “urbanized territory” allowed us to identify and form a limited list of their inherent characteristics and propose an author’s approach to their definition. A general formalized cost model for the development of urbanized territories is proposed, which includes basic infrastructure elements, as well as improvement coefficients for each block. Taking into account the projected investments, the structure of financing measures for the formation of the cost part within the framework of cost modeling, as well as cost distribution options among the main subjects of the formation of an urbanized territory are proposed. Due to the fact that urbanized territories have different levels of urban planning value, the authors in the article propose a marginality coefficient of the territory, which characterizes the change in the market value of real estate in a specific location of the urbanized territory, depending on the formed parameters of the living environment.

Motivation: A broad approach to the SME sector causes that small and medium-sized enterprises are active in all segments of the economy. Each segment is characterized by a certain way of doing a business and thus financing it. Therefore, an important issue for the small and medium-sized entities is to provide both liquidity and continuity of financing and access to such sources of financing that will allow the implementation of innovative projects since innovation affects the pace and direction of development of the specific economic entity as well as significantly indicates the forms and structure of business cooperation. Aim: The aim of the article is to analyze the extent to which the various sources of financing are used by small and medium-sized enterprises in the implementation of innovative projects, and to show the relationship between external sources of financing and the level of expenditure on innovation of SMEs in Poland. Results: The analysis was based on examining the dependence of the scale of innovative activity of enterprises in the SME sector in Poland on the possibility of using not only own funds, but also funds from external sources, the use of which by small and medium-sized enterprises is still too low and is often limited to EU funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adopting a budget with a deficit in the modern world is not considered a negative phenomenon. However, it is imperative to identify sources of funding for such a deficit. In this regard, the use of market sources of financing the state budget deficit is the most optimal. The purpose of the article is to reveal the theoretical provisions and practice of financing the state budget deficit of Ukraine with the help of market sources. The article solves the following tasks: determining the place of financing the budget deficit in the process of equalization using different sources; characterization of existing sources of financing the budget deficit, and establishing criteria for classifying them as "market"; analysis of statistics on the preconditions for the state budget deficit in Ukraine; assessment of the use of market sources of financing the state budget deficit of Ukraine and the consequences of such financing. The existing sources of financing the state budget deficit are considered, among which: deficit financing emission, tax sources, budget sequestration, sale of budget assets, internal state loans, external state loans, free assistance. Market features identify the sources related to the use of debt financing instruments of the budget deficit, namely internal and external government loans. The advantages of using market sources of financing the state budget deficit are determined, namely: non-inflationary nature, efficiency of coverage, possibility to choose the most optimal offers on the market, wide opportunities for diversification, large base of risk reduction mechanisms, high liquidity. An assessment of the market sources use in terms of the state budget deficit financing in Ukraine allowed us to establish that external financing, which carries the greatest burden on the budget, accounts for the majority. In the structure of external financing, the largest share belongs to loans received by Ukraine from international financial institutions. Sold foreign government bonds also account for a large share of external debt. The domestic market for deficit financing is realized through the sale of domestic bonds. The increase in domestic and external debts poses a threat to Ukraine's debt security, which was analyzed using a number of indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the financial performance of small and medium enterprises operating in the area of the Brcko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis is based on the results on the results obtained in 2021 from a scientific research project titled: "Analysis of the situation and problems in the business of small and medium enterprises in the Brcko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina", conducted by the Faculty of Economics Brcko. The obtained results were compared with the results of a similar scientific survey conducted in 2016 by the Faculty of Economics Brcko, in order to identify possible changes. The results of the analysis show that micro and small enterprises mostly rely on their own sources of financing working capital and investments, while medium-sized enterprises mostly use a combination of their own and external sources. Credit indebtedness does not represent a significant financial burden for most respondents. The level of information on existing support programs of the Government of the Brcko District is satisfactory, while satisfaction with the results has not changed significantly compared to previous research, which indicates the need for a more intensive approach in the field of support for entrepreneurs, in order to increase benefits, primarily for the business sector and the local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil and gas companies are facing a critical challenge as the world increasingly shifts towards clean energy transitions. Fossil fuels drive the companies' near-term returns, but failure to address growing calls to reduce greenhouse gas emissions could threaten their long-term social acceptability and profitability. In the current realities of financial technology development, it is necessary to move from traditional ways of financing companies' activities to more transparent, fast and efficient ones with positive environmental considerations. The article reveals the distinctive features of the climate policy of the oil and gas business of the Russian Federation, in particular, the realities of the development of this industry in the face of foreign economic shocks in the form of sanctions as well as how to keep the damage to the environment to a minimum. The oil and gas business and companies in this industry are significant not only within the country but also on the international market as participants in export-import, finance, investment, political and other types of relations. The availability of such fuel and energy resources within the country allows it to be in a certain degree in high positions on the world market, since companies in the industry accumulate a significant amount of capital in their foreign trade and foreign economic activities and, to a certain extent, ensure the movement of foreign currency within the framework of their trade and economic relations. The authors of the article calculated an economic and mathematical model based on the structural-dynamic and coefficient analysis, that allows determining the feasibility of forming a new digital tool for the devising constructive Climate Policy for oil and gas projects financing. In the course of the analysis, based on Russian quarterly data for 2015-2018, the connection between the level of overdue debt on oil companies loans and the development indicators of the Russian oil and gas business was determined. The main conclusions presented in the article can be used in scientific and practical activities to develop financial and credit technologies as well as Climate Policy used in the oil and gas business.

Copyright of Social Dissertations / Rozpraw Społecznych is the property of Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education in Biala Podlaska and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the most important concerns of the managers, as a strategic user of the accounting information, is that in the elaboration of the set of financial statements, the accounting principles and procedures are respected, the accounting information is efficient, useful and represents exactly the situation of the economic entity. Through this article, as a main purpose I proposed an analysis of 10 entities in the hotel sector, listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange, for the period 2013-2018, based on the information in the balance sheet. Thus, by studying the specialized literature, we highlighted the current state of knowledge in the field, then we calculated the indicators global solvency, general liquidity and indebtedness, for the 10 economic entities, to analyze their ability to pay long-term liabilities, short-term liabilities and the risk associated with non-payment of financial commitments on time. The conclusion is that tourism entities are very careful when contracting long-term obligations, as their main source of activity financing. Regarding the degree of indebtedness, the risk associated with the non-payment of the financial commitments on time is low, this avoids the request of external sources of financing, except doing only when major investments occur, implementation of new projects, or other high financial efforts for the entity.

The article is aimed at studying the problems of financing for cross-border cooperation projects and finding recommended solutions to eliminate them. In particular, the article analyzes various sources of financing and support for implementing the cross-border cooperation programs and projects; priority directions for cross-border cooperation are allocated; importance of the functioning of programs and projects of cross-border cooperation in Ukraine is emphasized. The study used statistics on project financing by the European Investment Bank in Ukraine, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, as well as development support programs by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. In order to solve the problems of attracting financial support from the EU in terms of implementation of cross-border cooperation projects, it is recommended to finance cross-border projects with involvement of local authorities and the State authorities along with using their budgets, providing funds for a certain period of implementation of projects, which, in turn, will improve the efficiency of implementation of such projects in the border territories. According to the obtained results, the priority directions for the European Union to finance the cross-border cooperation and development projects are sectors of the agriculture and transport economy, namely, modernization and innovative development of industry branches, improvement of regional transport routes and the infrastructure in regions and districts.

The article proves that the topical issues are the definition of the operational features of construction enterprises, the characterization of their condition, and the problematic aspects of development. The research is aimed at identifying the operational features of construction enterprises taking into account modern and ambiguous conditions of economic management. The objectives of the research are: defining the condition of construction enterprises; formation of the directions for increase of efficiency of operation of construction enterprises. The condition of construction enterprises is analyzed. It is proposed to define stakeholders of construction enterprises through the characterization as individuals and/or groups of persons who interact in the construction sphere on the basis of strategic contours and social directions and are determined by functional, resulting, structural, process, strategic, complex attributes, the relationship of which have a certain level of risk and threats, which allows to form contractual relationships in terms of capital construction, to carry out architectural control and provide related calculations. And all this should be provided with project documentation, material and labor resources. The corporate social responsibility of construction enterprises is characterized. The directions and features of operation of the researched construction enterprises are defined. It is identified that there is turbulence as to strengthening production capacity at the presented enterprises. The emphasis is set on the growth of the value of equity to ensure the activities of construction enterprises. At the same time, the authors determine the level of the financial autonomy of these enterprises as reduced. To increase the operational efficiency of construction enterprises, the authors necessitate the following: strengthening of production capacity by increasing non-negotiable assets, ensuring growth and optimization of the structure of working assets, increasing the level of financial autonomy, ensuring the efficiency of interaction with different groups of stakeholders, formation of corporate social responsibility. In all of the researched construction enterprises (except the JSC «Trest Zhytlobud-1») there was either decrease in the majority of indicators of financial condition, or decreased performance, overall liquidity, financial autonomy, respectively. This indicates an increase in negative phenomena in construction enterprises and the need for applying a modern instrumentarium, including interaction with stakeholders and formation, together with use of corporate social responsibility.

Own dwelling in ancient times was the most desired and created the largest social conflicts. National customs, social trends of recent decades and the psychology of young families feel the need to have their own home. Satisfying the existing demand on the market, entrepreneurs offer various possibilities to purchase or build their own home. The desire to earn a lot and relatively quickly together with the fact that the object of construction is accessible enough to be accepted as a mortgage guarantee, led to the emergence of various financial schemes, which in many cases proved to be fraudulent. In this article the causes of fraudulent financial schemes are examined in the Republic of Moldova. The article describes some existing schemes as well as current and proposed ways to develop housing construction sector. The authors, based on the comparative analysis of financing opportunities for home purchase transactions in the Republic of Moldova (mortgage, real estate leasing, state project "first home"), demonstrate the lack of considerable difference for the consumer between existing offers and the impossibility to use them for the vast majority of the population.

The article deals with the fundamental aspects of the formation of the financial mechanism and tools of provision the sustainable development of agricultural enterprises of Ukraine. A comprehensive methodological approach was used to effectively finance the economic activities of the entities in the business environment on the basis of adequate methods of continuous generation of own and borrowed financial resources. The versatility of the components of the financial mechanism from the standpoint of the functioning of the financial provision and financial regulation subsystems has been singled out, taking into account financial tools and indicators of efficient use of financial resources in the model construction of processes and phenomena of modern development of agricultural enterprises. The structure of the financial mechanism for the sustainable development of agricultural enterprises has been built in order to achieve the expected results, effective and timely response to current changes in the economic activity of the entities. The elements of the financial mechanism and the objective function of optimal financing of sustainable development of agricultural enterprises have been determined. It is proved that budget constraints in the amount of financing without state support of the special VAT regime are less important than the choice of alternative options on the criterion of the highest level of profitability, given the special VAT regime. Under ideal conditions, the financial mechanism of sustainable development of agricultural enterprises should be realized through the action of financial potential, namely the parameters of the «exit» of financial resources from the internal environment to ensure the technological process of production, organization of labor and management; parameters of «input» for the need for financial and information resources for the purpose of realization of internal processes.