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Melissa officinalis L. is a plant with different medicinal and culinary uses, which is considered one of the essential oils with the highest market value, mainly because of its low yield. The use of technologies that improve the extraction of this essential oil is justified. The study evaluated the use of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) obtained from Pleorotus djamor to extract essential oil of Melissa officinalis L.. For the optimization of the enzymatic pre-treatment, the independent variables time and CWDE/H 2 O ratio were evaluated through central composite rotational design (CCRD). The essential oil extraction was carried out by hydrodistillation after pre-treatment. The results showed that the pre-treatment was able to increase the essential oil yield by 71 % and reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions by 42 %, when applied for 60 minutes and CWDE/H 2 O ratio (25/450 mL.mL−1). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to evaluate the essential oil composition. The majority of compounds were citral (Neral +Geranial). In addition, the increase of this compound was observed at about 24 %. The lemon balm plant cell wall was degraded. Considering the production and energy costs and increase yield as well as the quality of lemon balm essential oil, the application of CWDE was efficient. [Display omitted] • Multienzyme extract was extracted from the solid-state fermentation of P. djmour. • Association of enzymes with hydrostillation was considered an eco-friendly process. • Lignocellulosic enzymes acted on the cell wall of the trichomes. • Pretreatment on M. officinalis leaves increase of the essential oil yield by 71 %. • The concentration of Citral in the essential oil of Melissa officinalis increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic dyes such as azo dyes are significant pollutants in the wastewater released from various textile industries. The low biodegradability and production from synthetic sources with high shelf life make azo dyes a challenging material for degradation. This study used chemically mutated Aspergillus terrus in the laccase production under solid-state fermentation using sugarcane bagasse. Initially, the wild-type strain produced a laccase activity of 4.12 U/mL. Later, the alkaline pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse showed a significant increase in laccase activity by 38.9%. Further, random mutagenesis treatment with 100 mM EMS generated a hyper laccase-producing strain with a 2.3-fold increment in laccase activity compared to the wild-type strain. The enzyme displayed optimal activity at pH 6.5 and 35 °C. The metal ions such as Fe3+ (29.4 U/mL), Fe2+ (20.8 U/mL) and Cu2+ (18.05 U/mL) showed positive effects on laccase activity. The crude laccase was used to bioremediate Congo red, a prominent azo dye used in textile and pharmaceutical industries. The preliminary studies with a crude enzyme displayed 68.86% dye decolourization after 24 h of incubation. Additionally, with Taguchi orthogonal array optimization experiments, the maximal dye decolorization of 78.24% was achieved by maintaining crude enzyme concentration (20 U), dye concentration (25 mg/L) and pH 4.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide, found in many microorganisms and plants. The polymer is composed of fructose molecules. Food processing industries generate a lot of sugar rich waste consisting of different fruit peels that could be used for levan biosynthesis of levan. The present research presents levan production by Bacillus subtillis via solid state fermentation (SSF) using various sucrose-rich fruit peels. Peels of mango, banana, apple, and sugarcane bagasse were screened and maximum levan yield (1.87 mg/g) was found with mango peels after 24 h at pH 7 and 30 °C. Levan production from mango peel was further optimized for physical parameters using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum levan yield (7.586 mg/g) from mango peels was achieved at 120 h incubation, 60% moisture content, 7 pH, and 32 °C. The functional groups of levan were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Sugar content was done by HPLC analysis, which confirmed levan has only fructose sugar. Mango peel could be a potential source for levan production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with the production of cellulase-free endoxylanase by Aspergillus niger ISL-9 using wheat bran as a solid substrate. Endoxylanase was produced under a solid-state fermentation. Various growth parameters were optimized for the improved production of the enzyme. The Substrate level of 15 g was optimized as it provided the fungus with balanced aeration and nutrition. Among the six moisture contents investigated, Moisture Content 5 (MC5) was optimized (g/l: malt extract, 10; (NH4)2HPO4, 2.5; urea, 1.0) and 10 mL of MC5 was found to give the highest production of endoxylanase. The pH and time of incubation were optimized to 6.2 and 48 h respectively. The Inoculum size of 2 mL (1.4 × 106 spores/mL) gave the maximum enzyme production. After optimization of these growth parameters, a significantly high endoxylanase activity of 21.87 U/g was achieved. Very negligible Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity was observed indicating the production of cellulase-free endoxylanase. The notable finding is that the endoxylanase activity was increased by 1.4-fold under optimized conditions (p ≤ 0.05). The overall comparison of kinetic parameters for enhanced production of endoxylanase by A. niger ISL-9 under Solid State Fermentation (SSF) was also studied. Different kinetic variables which included specific growth rate, product yield coefficients, volumetric rates and specific rates were observed at 48, 72 and 96 h incubation time and were compared for MC1 and MC5. Among the kinetic parameters, the most significant result was obtained with volumetric rate constant for product formation (Qp) that was found to be optimum (1.89 U/h) at 72 h incubation period and a high value of Qp i.e.1.68 U/h was also observed at 48 h incubation period. Thus, the study demonstrates a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable process for xylanase production and exhibits scope towards successful industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread adoption of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) encounters challenges due to its higher production costs compared to conventional plastics. To overcome this obstacle, this study investigates the use of low-cost raw materials and optimized production methods. Specifically, food processing byproducts such as corn germ and corn bran were utilized as solid substrates through solid-state fermentation, enriched with molasses and cheese whey. Employing the One Factor at a Time technique, we examined the effects of substrate composition, temperature, initial substrate moisture, molasses, and cheese whey on PHB production at the flask scale. Subsequently, experiments were conducted at the bioreactor scale to evaluate the influence of aeration. In flask-scale experiments, the highest PHB yield, reaching 4.1 (g/kg Initial Dry Weight Substrate) (IDWS) after 72 hours, was achieved using a substrate comprising a 1:1 mass ratio of corn germ to corn bran supplemented with 20 % (v/w) cheese whey. Furthermore, PHB production in a 0.5-L packed-bed bioreactor yielded a maximum of 8.4 (g/kg IDWS), indicating a more than 100 % increase in yield after 72 hours, with optimal results achieved at an aeration rate of 0.5 l/(kg IDWS. h). • PHB was synthesized using a mixture of agricultural and food waste substrates. • The impact of operational variables on PHA production in SSF was determined. • Temperature, moisture, substrate composition and cheese whey affected on process. • SSF was scaled up to a packed-bed bioreactor to investigate aeration rate effect. • Maximum PHB production reached 8.4 (g/kg IDWS) using Cupriavidus necator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazelnut oil cake (HOC) has the potential to be bioactive component source. Therefore, HOC was processed with a solid-state fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus oryzae with two steps optimization: Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken design. The variables were the initial moisture content (X1: 30–50%), incubation temperature (X2: 26–37 °C), and time (X3: 3–5 days), and the response was total peptide content (TPC). The fermented HOC (FHOC) was darker with higher protein, oil, and ash but lower carbohydrate content than HOC. The FHOC had 6.1% more essential amino acid and benzaldehyde comprised 48.8% of determined volatile compounds. Fermentation provided 14 times higher TPC (462.37 mg tryptone/g) and higher phenolic content as 3.5, 48, and 7 times in aqueous, methanolic, and 80% aqueous methanolic extract in FHOC, respectively. FHOC showed higher antioxidant as ABTS+ (75.61 µmol Trolox/g), DPPH (14.09 µmol Trolox/g), and OH (265 mg ascorbic acid/g) radical scavenging, and α-glucosidase inhibition, whereas HOC had more angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. HOC showed better water absorption while FHOC had better oil absorption activity. Both cakes had similar foaming and emulsifying activity; however, FHOC produced more stable foams and emulsions. SSF at lab-scale yielded more bioactive component with better functionality in FHOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the production of amylase, a crucial enzyme with wide-ranging industrial applications, using locally sourced substrates from Kachchh, Gujarat. The research employed the Bacillus licheniformis strain and substrates such as coconut, rice husk, wheat bran, paddy straw, and maize straw. The study found paddy straw to be the most promising substrate for amylase production. The research also systematically optimized various process parameters for amylase production in Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) using the One Variable at a Time (OVAT) method. These parameters included incubation period, temperature, inoculum level, additional carbon sources, starch concentrations, additional nitrogen sources, initial pH, different mineral salt ions, initial moisture level, and surfactants. The results showed that the optimal conditions for maximum amylase yield were an incubation period of 48 hours, an incubation temperature of 35°C, an inoculum level of 10%, starch as the additional carbon source, a starch concentration of 2.5%, yeast extract as the additional nitrogen source, an initial pH of 7, NaCl as the mineral salt, an initial moisture level of 75%, and Tween 80 as the surfactant. This research provides a reliable and sustainable approach to enzyme production, offering valuable insights for the optimization of the solid-state fermentation process for maximum amylase production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study is undertaken to evaluate the potential biological activities of bacteriocin produced by the Lactic acid bacteria Bifidobacterium sp. adopting solid state fermentation. Bifidobacterium was isolated from cooked fermented rice water. Isolated bacterial strain was identified by morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. Sterilized cooked rice was inoculated with bacterial inoculum followed by extraction of bacteriocin under aseptic condition. Extracted bacteriocin was screened for antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory activities under invitro condition. Cooked fermentation rice medium used for solid state fermentation (SSF) supported growth and bacteriocin production by Bifidobacterium longum. Potential antibacterial activity of the extracted bacteriocin was confirmed by growth inhibition of Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli strain. Notable free radical scavenging activity at 120 μg/mL concentration of bacteriocin clearly indicated antioxidant activity. Anti‐inflammatory activity of the bacteriocin was determined which showed maximum inhibition at 120 μg/mL concentration. All these finding suggest the possible utilization of bacteriocin extraction from Bifidobacterium as an effective, safe bioactive agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study deals with the production of cellulase-free endoxylanase by Aspergillus niger ISL-9 using wheat bran as a solid substrate. Endoxylanase was produced under a solid-state fermentation. Various growth parameters were optimized for the improved production of the enzyme. The Substrate level of 15 g was optimized as it provided the fungus with balanced aeration and nutrition. Among the six moisture contents investigated, Moisture Content 5 (MC5) was optimized (g/l: malt extract, 10; (NH4)2HPO4, 2.5; urea, 1.0) and 10 mL of MC5 was found to give the highest production of endoxylanase. The pH and time of incubation were optimized to 6.2 and 48 h respectively. The Inoculum size of 2 mL (1.4 × 106 spores/mL) gave the maximum enzyme production. After optimization of these growth parameters, a significantly high endoxylanase activity of 21.87 U/g was achieved. Very negligible Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity was observed indicating the production of cellulase-free endoxylanase. The notable finding is that the endoxylanase activity was increased by 1.4-fold under optimized conditions (p ≤ 0.05). The overall comparison of kinetic parameters for enhanced production of endoxylanase by A. niger ISL-9 under Solid State Fermentation (SSF) was also studied. Different kinetic variables which included specific growth rate, product yield coefficients, volumetric rates and specific rates were observed at 48, 72 and 96 h incubation time and were compared for MC1 and MC5. Among the kinetic parameters, the most significant result was obtained with volumetric rate constant for product formation (Qp) that was found to be optimum (1.89 U/h) at 72 h incubation period and a high value of Qp i.e.1.68 U/h was also observed at 48 h incubation period. Thus, the study demonstrates a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable process for xylanase production and exhibits scope towards successful industrial applications.

The study aimed to identify an effective probiotic combination for the removal of deoxynivalenol (DON) from wheat and corn, and to verify the detoxification effect of solid-state fermentation. The content of DON removed, adsorbed, and degraded by the selected strains was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that in the liquid matrix, the detoxification rate increased with the reaction time and was higher for Streptococcus pentosus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Lactobacillus plantarum among all the bacteria. After 24 hours, the maximum detoxification rates of the individual strains reached 79.62%, 62.22%, and 82.75%, respectively. Measurement of DON content in different treatment solutions revealed that the removal of DON by the three strains was primarily due to adsorption, with a DON desorption rate of less than 15%. In the solid-state fermentation system, the highest detoxification rate of DON-contaminated wheat could reach 79.49%, when the inoculation amount of three strains were 1×106, 1×107 and 1×108 CFU/mL. The highest detoxification rates for DON- and zearalenone-contaminated corn achieved 61.54% and 78.15%, respectively, when the inoculation amount of three strains were 1×106, 1×108 and 1×107 CFU/mL. In addition, the combined solid-state fermentation of the three strains increased the crude protein and reduced the crude fibre content of toxin-contaminated wheat and corn. This study identified compound probiotics that can efficiently remove DON in liquid substrates and solid-state fermentation systems, and preliminarily explored their detoxification mechanisms, which could provide a theoretical and practical basis for the detoxification of grains contaminated with mycotoxins through solid-state fermentation.

Enzymatic catalysts, such as lipases, have been extensively studied due to their promise as an alternative to chemical catalysts. They offer advantages like biodegradability (green biotechnology) and the potential for enzyme recycling (turnover), leading to reduced operational costs. The primary objective of this study was to produce lipase from the fungus Penicillium polonicum through solid-state fermentation, utilizing agro-industrial waste as substrate. The aim was to apply the obtained lipase as a biological catalyst in the synthesis of ethyl oleate ester. In the lipase production process, the filamentous fungus P. polonicum, along with sunflower seed cake (SSC) and rice husk (RH), served as substrate and support, respectively, for solid-state fermentation (SSF). Experiments involved varying proportions of both substrate and support (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (RH) and 100% (SSC)). Subsequently, the impact of glycerol as an inducer (1%, 3%, and 5%, with a 25/75% SSC/RH ratio) at SSF was investigated. The obtained results revealed a catalytic activity of 29.3 U g−1 under optimal conditions: 55% moisture, 25/75% SSC/RH, and at 27 °C during 96 h of fermentation. The lipase produced was employed as an enzymatic catalyst in studies involving the synthesis of ethyl oleate ester in n-heptane, utilizing experimental design 23. Variables such as temperature, enzymatic activity, and molar ratio (alcohol/acid) were modified. The best experimental conditions for the enzymatic synthesis of ethyl oleate ester were determined to be an alcohol/acid molar ratio of 6:1, a temperature of 37 °C, and an enzymatic activity of 60 U. This resulted in 100% conversion into ester within 5 h of reaction time. The outcomes demonstrated that lipase effectively catalyzed the synthesis of ethyl oleate, a biodiesel ester, with a high yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid is used in various industrial processes, including the production of emulsifiers, polymers, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Fermentation of renewable biomass from natural sources has several advantages over costly chemical methods. Thermal and acidic pretreatments were used to improve the availability of sugars in the medium. Bacillus coagulans was isolated from the banana pseudostem; it was cultured with cattle manure-banana pseudostem for the improved production of lactic acid. Lactic acid production was high in the culture medium containing a 1:1 ratio of cow manure and banana pseudostem after 72 h of fermentation. After 24 h, lactic acid production was 19.4 ± 1.2 g/kg substrate, and it increased after 48 h (20.5 ± 0.1 g/kg substrate), and 72 h (26.3 ± 0.1 g/kg substrate). Lactic acid synthesized by B. coagulans was purified and used for the synthesis of polylactic acid. Polylactic acid was used for the fabrication of composite materials with cellulose and silver nanoparticles. The scanning electron microscopy image showed a smooth surface with uniform particle sizes. The fabricated nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against food spoilage bacteria. The film was used to pack goat meat and chicken meat. The fabricated film reduced the bacterial load in the stored meat and improved food quality.

Abstract Present study concerns the transformation of the agro-industrial by-products olive mill stone waste (OMSW) and walnut shell (WS) to a protein-enriched animal feedstuff utilizing the solid state fermentation (SSF) technique. For this purpose, various mixtures of these by-products were exploited as substrates of the SSF process which was initiated by the P. ostreatus fungus. The respective results indicated that the substrate consisted of 80% WS and 20% OMSW afforded the product with the highest increase in protein content, which accounted the 7.57% of its mass (69.35% increase). In addition, a 26.13% reduction of lignin content was observed, while the most profound effect was observed for their 1,3–1,6 β-glucans profile, which was increased by 3-folds reaching the 6.94% of substrate’s mass. These results are indicative of the OMSW and WS mixtures potential to act as efficient substrate for the development of novel proteinaceous animal feed supplements using the SSF procedure. Study herein contributes to the reintegration of the agro-industrial by-products aiming to confront the problem of proteinaceous animal feed scarcity and reduce in parallel the environmental footprint of the agro-industrial processes within the context of circular economy.

AbstractProteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds present in proteins and peptides. They are widely used for various industrial applications, such as in the detergent, food, and dairy industries. Cheese is one of the most important products of the dairy industry, and the coagulation stage is crucial during the cheese-making process. Enzymatic coagulation is the most common technique utilized for this purpose. Microbial enzymes are frequently used for coagulation due to their advantages in terms of availability, sustainability, quality control, product variety, and compliance with dietary and cultural/religious requirements. In the present study, we identified and subsequently characterized milk coagulant activity from the fungus Pleurotus djamor PLO13, obtained during a solid-state fermentation process, using the agro-industrial residue, wheat bran, as the fermentation medium. Maximum enzyme production and caseinolytic activity occurred 120 h after cultivation. When the enzyme activity against various protease-specific synthetic substrates and inhibitors was analyzed, the enzyme was found to be a serine protease, similar to elastase 2. This elastase-2-like serine protease was able to coagulate pasteurized whole and reconstituted skim milk highly efficiently in the presence and absence of calcium, even at room temperature. The coagulation process was influenced by factors such as temperature, time, and calcium concentration. We demonstrate here, for the first time, an elastase-2-like enzyme in a microorganism and its potential application in the food industry for cheese production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amylases represent a versatile group of catalysts that are used for the saccharification of starch because they can hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of starch molecules to release glucose, maltose, and short-chain oligosaccharides. The amylolytic complex of the thermophilic filamentous fungus Humicola brevis var. thermoidea (AmyHb) was produced, biochemically characterized, and compared with the commercial amylase Termamyl. In addition, the biotechnological application of AmyHb in starch saccharification was investigated. The highest production was achieved using a wheat bran medium at 50 °C for 5–6 days in solid-state fermentation (849.6 ± 18.2 U·g−1) without the addition of inducers. Optimum amylolytic activity occurred at pH 5.0 at 60 °C, and stability was maintained between pH 5.0 and 6.0, with thermal stability at 50–60 °C, especially in the presence of Ca2+. These results were superior to those found with Termamyl. Both enzymes were strongly inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+, and Ag+; however, AmyHb displayed increased activity in the presence of Mn2+ and Na+. In addition, AmyHb showed greater tolerance to a wide range of ethanol concentrations. AmyHb appears to be a complex consisting of glucoamylase and α-amylase, based on its substrate specificity and TLC. The hydrolysis tests on cornstarch flour showed that the cocktail of AmyHb50% + Termamyl50% significantly increased the release of glucose and total reducing sugars (36.6%) when compared to the enzymes alone. AmyHb exhibited promising physicochemical properties and good performance with commercial amylase; therefore, this complex is a biotechnological alternative candidate for the bioprocessing of starch sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Filamentous fungi are used to produce many industrial enzymes because these fungi have a great ability to produce such enzymes, especially when using solid substrates that are usually low in cost. The widespread use of this enzyme has made it very important to work on improving its production to achieve the maximum possible benefit. Methods: Five fungal isolates were obtained from soil and decaying fruits and vegetables. All isolates were identified as Rhizopus spp. and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates escorted by starch 1%. The appearance of clearance zones around the fungal colonies represents the ability of fungi to produce Glucoamylase. Different solid substrates, nitrogen sources, and temperatures were used to improve enzyme production. Results: Wheat bran gave the highest enzyme production with specific activity 6.25 U/mg, and yeast extract was the potent inducer for enzyme production with specific activity 9.28 U/mg. The optimal temperature for enzyme production was 30°C with specific activity10.27U/mg. Maximum specific activity 18.40U/mg was recorded at 55% saturation with ammonium sulfate precipitation. The result showed increased specific activity 24.84U/mg with dialysis. Partial purification of the enzyme revealed that pH5 was optimum for enzyme-specific activity 9.2U/ml; higher enzyme-specific activity was found with MnSO4 (11.83U/ml) as the best enzyme inducer. Conclusion: This investigation attempted to examine R. oryzae as an effective maker of GA. Innovative work into the nearby creation of GA for industrial use utilizing local resources has demonstrated financial effectiveness. It requires improvement into consistency as needed by worldwide associations dealing with industrial enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As a medicinal and food homologous plant, Rosa damascena is not only highly ornamental, but also rich in a variety of active ingredients such as polyphenols and flavonoids. It is widely used in cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. Objective: To study the in vitro efficacy of Rosa damascena solid state fermentation liquid (RDF) and water extract (RDE). Methods: Firstly, the effect of RDF and RDE on the proliferation rate of B16F10 cells was detected by CCK‐8 method, and the melanin content was measured by sodium hydroxide lysis method to evaluate the whitening effect of them. Finally, the antioxidant, anti‐wrinkling and soothing effects of RDF and RDE were evaluated by biochemical methods in vitro. Results: RDF and RDE within a certain concentration range (0.05%–0.5%) had no effect on the proliferation of B16F10 cells. Compared with Rosa damascena extract (RDE), RDF showed significant effects on bleaching, antioxidant, anti‐wrinkling and soothing, among which 0.5% RDF showed the best effect. Conclusion: Both RDF and RDE at a certain concentration have effect on skin care in vitro, but the effect of RDF is more significant than that of RDE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach to producing activated carbon from agro-industrial residues, specifically cocoa fruit peel, using solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus niger. The process effectively degrades lignin, a major impediment in traditional activated carbon production, resulting in a high-quality carbon material. This carbon was successfully utilized for enzyme immobilization and aroma synthesis, showcasing its potential as a versatile biocatalyst. The study meticulously evaluated the physical and chemical attributes of activated carbon derived from fermented cocoa peel, alongside the immobilized enzymes. Employing a suite of analytical techniques—electrophoresis, FTIR, XRD, and TG/DTG the research revealed that fermentation yields a porous material with an expansive surface area of 1107.87 m2/g. This material proves to be an excellent medium for lipase immobilization. The biocatalyst fashioned from the fermented biomass exhibited a notable increase in protein content (13% w/w), hydrolytic activity (15% w/w), and specific activity (29% w/w), underscoring the efficacy of the fermentation process. The significant outcome of this research is the development of a sustainable method for activated carbon production that not only overcomes the limitations posed by lignin but also enhances enzyme immobilization for industrial applications. The study's findings have important implications for the agro-industrial sector, promoting a circular economy and advancing sustainable biotechnological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment aims to screen for strains with efficient cellulose-degrading capabilities to degrade the crude fiber content of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), providing high-quality strains for the efficient resource utilization of corn DDGS. The experiment used the plate separation method to isolate a strain Q1 with cellulose-degrading ability from rural honey, and identified Q1 as Bacillus velezensis through morphological observation and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Using corn DDGS as the raw material and the cellulose degradation rate as the index, the experiment investigated the effects of inoculum amount, liquid-to-solid ratio, and fermentation time on the crude fiber degradation rate through single-factor experiments. On the basis of single-factor experiments, the response surface method was used to optimize each factor. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were an inoculum amount of 4.8%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.5 mL/g, and a fermentation time of 75 hours, with a crude fiber degradation rate of 28.31% after fermentation. Moreover, the crude protein and ash content in the fermented corn DDGS were significantly higher than before fermentation (P<0.05), and the crude fiber content was significantly lower than before fermentation (P<0.05). The study indicates that strain Q1 has good cellulose-degrading capabilities and can improve the degradation rate of crude fiber in corn DDGS, providing a reference for increasing the use of corn DDGS in feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe increasing public demand to avoid the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural production systems, causing serious environmental damages, has challenged industry to develop new and effective solutions to manage and control phytopathogens. Biopesticides, particularly microbial-based biopesticides, are a promising new alternative with high biodegradability, specificity, suitability for incorporation into integrated pest management practices, low likelihood of resistance development, and practically no known human health risks. However: expensive production methods, narrow action spectra, susceptibility to environmental conditions, short shelf life, poor storage stability, legislation registry constraints, and general lack of knowledge are slowing down their adoption. In addition to regulatory framework revisions and improved training initiatives, improved preservation methods, thoughtfully designed formulations, and field test validations are needed to offer new microbial- and nematode-based biopesticides with improved efficacy and increased shelf-life. During the last several years, substantial advancements in biopesticide production have been developed. The novelty part of this review written in 2023 is to summarize (i) mechanisms of action of beneficial microorganisms used to increase crop performance and (ii) successful formulation including commercial products for the biological control of phytopathogens based on microorganisms, nematode and/or metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid is used in various industrial processes, including the production of emulsifiers, polymers, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Fermentation of renewable biomass from natural sources has several advantages over costly chemical methods. Thermal and acidic pretreatments were used to improve the availability of sugars in the medium. Bacillus coagulans was isolated from the banana pseudostem; it was cultured with cattle manurebanana pseudostem for the improved production of lactic acid. Lactic acid production was high in the culture medium containing a 1:1 ratio of cow manure and banana pseudostem after 72 h of fermentation. After 24 h, lactic acid production was 19.4 ± 1.2 g/kg substrate, and it increased after 48 h (20.5 ± 0.1 g/kg substrate), and 72 h (26.3 ± 0.1 g/kg substrate). Lactic acid synthesized by B. coagulans was purified and used for the synthesis of polylactic acid. Polylactic acid was used for the fabrication of composite materials with cellulose and silver nanoparticles. The scanning electron microscopy image showed a smooth surface with uniform particle sizes. The fabricated nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against food spoilage bacteria. The film was used to pack goat meat and chicken meat. The fabricated film reduced the bacterial load in the stored meat and improved food quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was carried out with the objectives of isolating fungal strains capable of exhibiting inulinase activity from a novel source, then optimizing solid state fermentation for the inulinase production and characterizing crude enzyme. Production of inulinase is first reported in this study with a novel substrate, banana plant shoot powder, using newly isolated fungal strain Nothophoma anigozanthi JAM through solid state fermentation. The fungal strain was isolated from the root soil of a white Jamun (Syzygium cumini) tree. Optimization of the solid state fermentation was carried out by central composite design for determining the interaction and impact of the influential process on inulinase production. A mathematical model was developed based on the statistical analysis and recommended optimal process conditions of 2 g of substrate, 5 mL of moistening media, 5 mL of inoculum volume, and 96 h of fermentation time for enhanced production (2.578 U/gds). Crude inulinase enzyme exhibited an 8.0-fold increase in activity after optimization, in comparison with the activity under unoptimized conditions. The optimum pH (5.0), temperature (60 °C) for the enzyme activity, and Km (0.205 mM) and Vmax (0.333 µM/min) were determined based on the biochemical and inulin hydrolytic properties of the crude inulinase enzyme. The production of inulinase was further validated by using TLC, osazone, and Seliwanoff tests. Hence, the inulinase enzyme produced by Nothophoma anigozanthi JAM can be successfully utilized for the production of edible sugar fructose from non-edible polysaccharide inulin, present in agricultural residues such as banana shoot by solid state fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study concerns the transformation of the agro-industrial by-products olive mill stone waste (OMSW) and walnut shell (WS) to a protein-enriched animal feedstuff utilizing the solid state fermentation (SSF) technique. For this purpose, various mixtures of these by-products were exploited as substrates of the SSF process which was initiated by the P. ostreatus fungus. The respective results indicated that the substrate consisted of 80% WS and 20% OMSW afforded the product with the highest increase in protein content, which accounted the 7.57% of its mass (69.35% increase). In addition, a 26.13% reduction of lignin content was observed, while the most profound effect was observed for their 1,3–1,6 β-glucans profile, which was increased by 3-folds reaching the 6.94% of substrate's mass. These results are indicative of the OMSW and WS mixtures potential to act as efficient substrate for the development of novel proteinaceous animal feed supplements using the SSF procedure. Study herein contributes to the reintegration of the agro-industrial by-products aiming to confront the problem of proteinaceous animal feed scarcity and reduce in parallel the environmental footprint of the agro-industrial processes within the context of circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteases are the most commercialized enzymes and are widely used in industrial processes, especially in the dairy industry. Cheese production is increasing disproportionately to the availability of calf rennet, the main coagulant used in this process. In addition to the cost of rennet, there is also a religious and dietary objection to the use of calf proteases. An alternative is the production of microbial enzymes via solid state fermentation (SSF), which uses agroindustrial residues as a source of nutrients and substrate. To obtain proteases with milk-clotting activity, Pycnoporus sanguineus was produced via SSF using agroindustrial residue wheat bran as the culture medium. Caseinolytic activity and maximum enzyme production were obtained after 96 h of cultivation. The protease was identified as a chymotrypsin-like serine protease after testing it against specific substrates and inhibitors. The protease from P. sanguineus had a specific activity of 741.3 U mg−1 and was able to coagulate reconstituted skim milk and whole milk, with and without the addition of calcium. Coagulation was affected by time, temperature, and calcium and enzyme concentrations. Therefore, we describe herein for the first time a protease obtained from P. sanguineus, a chymotrypsin-like serine protease with milk-clotting activity that has potential applications in the dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulating organic waste stands as a significant challenge in developing nations. Researchers have extensively studied and utilized sugarcane bagasse fiber residues to produce various compounds. Cladosporium sp. NCIM 901 employs peracetic acid (PAA) treated bagasse in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) to generate cellulase enzyme. We utilized a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to investigate how the fermentation medium components - watermelon juice, lemon peel powder, KH2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, and MgSO4 - affect the synthesis of Filter Paperase (FPase), Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), and β-glucosidase enzymes. Under the enhanced conditions, the trial exhibited β-glucosidase, CMCase, and FPase activities of 18.6, 19.4, and 17.6 U/gds, respectively. The model calculated R2 values ranging between 91.2-91.4%, suggesting their suitability and potentially usable for estimating the level of culture medium variables needed to achieve optimal enzyme generation by the fungal strain Cladosporium sp. Observations confirm that supplementing lemon peel powder and watermelon juice with MgSO4 enhances enzyme production. The findings of model validation revealed high consistency between the observed experimental and anticipated outcomes. In the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SsF) process, the processed bagasse yielded more ethanol (26 g/L) compared to the untreated substrate. Based on the result, it can be conclude that, fruit processing wastes are useful for increasing cellulase enzyme production by fungi under solid state fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state fermentation represents a sustainable approach for the conversion of agro-industrial wastes into high-added-value feed ingredients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the dietary addition of a solid-state-fermented mixture of olive mill stone waste (OMSW) and Lathyrus clymenum husks (LP) on the antioxidant blood parameters of weaned piglets. Two hundred 35-day-old weaned piglets were allotted into two groups and fed either a control (C) diet or a diet containing 50 g of OMSW-LP per kg (OMSW-LP) for 40 days. Blood samples were collected at 35 and 75 days of age to assess the free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase activity (CAT), protein carbonyls (CARBs), and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). The OMSW-LP diet reduced the TBARS (p = 0.049) and CARB contents (p = 0.012) and increased the levels of FRSA (p = 0.005), GSH (p = 0.040), and CAT activity (p = 0.012) in the piglets' blood, likely due to the synergistic action of the antioxidants and bioactive compounds present in the OMSW-LP mixture. Overall, the dietary inclusion of solid-state-fermented OMSW-LP at 50 g/kg could potentially serve a bio-functional purpose since it enhanced the antioxidant blood parameters in this study, a crucial factor for the health and growth of piglets post-weaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

旨在改善棉籽壳的饲用品质，研究了米曲霉TM-1发酵对棉籽壳中棉酚和纤维类物质降解、蛋白质品质提升和有益代谢产物积累的影响。结果显示：米曲霉发酵后棉籽壳中棉酚含量由645.3 mg/kg降低为137.2 mg/kg，降解率达到78.7%；发酵后棉籽壳结构松散，空隙较大，且木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量均明显下降，表明影响棉籽壳消化利用的结构屏障被有效降解；发酵后棉籽壳中总酸和8种有机酸含量均显著增加，其中苹果酸含量提高了49.2倍，达到734.0 mg/100 g；发酵后棉籽壳中粗蛋白质含量由12.5%增加至15.5%，酸溶蛋白占比由4.8%上升到13.5%，分子质量在1 000 Da以下的寡肽含量占比达83.0%，游离氨基酸总量增加了115.7%，其中限制性氨基酸赖氨酸和组氨酸分别增加了117.4%和64.2%；发酵后棉籽壳具有丰富的水解酶系，包括中性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、β-葡聚糖酶和β-1，4内切木聚糖酶等，其酶活分别为245.2、13.4、39.7、19.7 U/g。综上，经过米曲霉TM-1发酵处理，棉籽壳的饲用品质得到了明显改善。In order to improve the feeding quality of cottonseed shells, the effects of Aspergillus oryzae TM-1 fermentation on the degradation of gossypol and fiber-like substance, the improvement of protein quality and the accumulation of beneficial metabolites in cottonseed shells were studied. The results showed that after fermentation, the gossypol content in cottonseed shells decreased from 645.3 mg/kg to 137.2 mg/kg, and the degradation rate reached 78.7%. The structure of cottonseed shells fermented was loose and the gap was large, and the contents of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased significantly, indicating that the structural barrier affecting the digestion and utilization of cottonseed shells was effectively degraded. The contents of total acid and eight organic acids in cottonseed shells increased significantly, and the content of malic acid increased by 492 times, reaching 734.0 mg/100 g. The content of crude protein in cottonseed shells increased from 12.5% to 15.5%, the proportion of acid-soluble protein increased from 4.8% to 13.5%, the content of oligopeptides with molecular weight below 1 000 Da accounted for 83.0%, and the total free amino acids increased by 115.7%. The limiting amino acids lysine and histidine increased by 117.4% and 64.2%, respectively. The fermented cottonseed shells were rich in hydrolytic enzymes, including neutral protease, cellulase, β-glucanase and β-1,4 endoxylanase, and their enzyme activities were 245.2, 13.4, 39.7 U/g and 19.7 U/g, respectively. In summary, the feeding quality of cottonseed shells is significantly improved by Aspergillus oryzae TM-1 fermentation.

Abstract Wheat is one of the essential crops for the human and animal nutrition, however, contamination with aflatoxigenic fungi, due to the improper storage conditions and high humidity, was the main global threats. So, preventing the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi in stored wheat grains, by using different essential oils was the main objective of this work. Aspergillus flavus EFBL-MU12 PP087400, EFBL-MU23 PP087401 and EFBL-MU36 PP087403 isolates were the most potent aflatoxins producers inhabiting wheat grains. The effect of storage conditions of wheat grains “humidity, temperature, incubation period, and pH” on growth of A. flavus, was assessed by the response surface methodology using Plackett-Burman design and FCCD. The highest yield of aflatoxins EFBL-MU12 B1 and B2 by A. flavus grown on wheat grains were 145.3 and 7.6 μg/kg, respectively, at incubation temperature 35°C, 16% moisture contents, initial pH 5.0, and incubated for 14 days. The tested oils had a powerful antifungal activity for the growth and aflatoxins production by A. flavus in a concentration-dependent manner. Among these oils, cinnamon oil had the highest fungicidal activity for A. flavus at 0.125%, with about 85-90 % reduction to the aflatoxins B1 and B2, conidial pigmentation and chitin contents on wheat grains. From the SEM analysis, cinnamon oils had the most deleterious effect on A. flavus with morphological aberrations to the conidial heads, vegetative mycelia, alteration in conidiophores identity, hyphae shrank, and winding. To emphasize the effect of the essential oils on the aflatoxins producing potency of A. flavus, the molecular expression of the aflatoxins biosynthetic genes was estimated by RT-qPCR. The molecular expression of nor-1, afLR, pKsA and afLJ genes was suppressed by 94-96%, due to cinnamon oil at 0.062% compared to the control. Conclusively, from the results, cinnamon oils followed by the peppermint oils displayed the most fungicidal activity for the growth and aflatoxins production by A. flavus grown on wheat grains.

In order to improve the economic value of Panax quinquefolius L., this study used Panax quinquefolius L. as raw material to solid state ferment Panax quinquefolius L. by Schizophyllum commune, increased the content of active components in Panax quinquefolius L., and optimized the fermentation technology. In this study, the total ginsenoside content of Panax quinquefolius L. was used as the indicator. First, strain 2 was selected from three strains of Streptomyces as the solid state fermentation strain for Panax quinquefolius L.. Then single factor experiment was conducted on four factors affecting total ginsenoside content. The four factors included: fermentation temperature, inoculation amount of Schizophyllum commune, pH value and fermentation time. On the basis of these results, the technology of solid state fermentation of Panax quinquefolius L. by Schizophyllum commune was further optimized by response surface Box Behnken experimental design. The optimized process conditions were determined as follows: inoculation amount of Schizophyllum commune 10.90%, fermentation temperature 31 ℃, fermentation time 10 d, pH value 5.9. Under the above conditions, the total ginsenoside content of Panax quinquefolius L. fermented by Schizophyllum commune was 10.28%, the content of crude polysaccharide was 12.85%, and the content of total flavonoids was 0.67%, which were higher than that of unfermented Panax quinquefolius L., and the contents of macromolecules ginsenoside Rb1, Rg2 and Re decreased, while the contents of micromolecules ginsenoside Rg1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, Rg3, s-Rh2, r-Rh2 and pseudo-ginsenoside CK increased. Among them, rare ginsenoside Rg3, s-Rh2, r-Rh2, and pseudo-ginsenoside CK were new saponins. In vitro antioxidant tests showed that the IC50 values of DPPH and ABTS+ free radicals scavenging ability of the fermented products of Panax quinquefolius L. by Schizophyllum commune were 3165 and 10910 μg/mL, respectively, which were stronger than those of unfermented Panax quinquefolius L.. This study proved that the solid state fermentation of Panax quinquefolius L. by Schizophyllum commune increased the contents of total ginsenoside, crude polysaccharide, total flavone and rare ginsenoside, and enhanced the antioxidant capacity, which provided data support for the development and utilization of Panax quinquefolius L..

In this study, cellulase enzyme was produced through solid state fermentation (SSF), employing oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) as the primary substrate. Two key aspects were explored to enhance crude enzyme yield, which are medium supplementation effects during SSF and cellulase recovery. During medium supplementation, glucose and/or Tween 80 were added alongside EFB substrate and other nutrients. Enzyme yield was determined using a filter paper assay and expressed as enzyme activity. The initial addition of glucose during fermentation led to increased crude enzyme activity, as measured by the filter paper assay. The peak crude enzyme activity was observed with the addition of 3 mg of glucose, with higher amounts showing no further increase in activity. Conversely, the addition of Tween 80 did not yield any significant increase in crude enzyme activity across all concentrations tested. The extraction conditions were varied to study cellulase recovery, specifically by adjusting the solid‐to‐solvent ratio and the number of extraction stages. Higher enzyme activity was achieved with lower solid‐to‐liquid ratios, as the increased solvent volume facilitated greater enzyme extraction. However, increasing the number of extraction steps did not significantly affect the resulting cellulase activity. Overall, this research underscores the need for further process optimization for cellulase production via SSF, utilizing the widely available EFB in Indonesia.

L-glutaminase is a unique enzyme with catalytic activity and the ability to modulate glutamine levels, making it a valuable enzyme with numerous potential applications. L-glutaminase triggers a distinctive reaction by converting L-glutamine into glutamic acid while releasing ammonia concurrently. This enzymatic process holds potential applications across diverse industries, notably in food and pharmaceuticals. The primary objective of the present research was to identify and isolate a fungal strain proficient in L-glutaminase production from soil found in maritime environments. The physical and nutritional conditions were optimized for maximum synthesis of L-glutaminase under solid state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation conditions (SmF). The isolated organism was identified as Fusarium solani-melongenae strain CRI 24 by morphological and 18S rRNA analysis. The optimum carbon source under SmF and SSF was found to be starch (0.2% w/v). Wheat bran as solid substrate among others showed optimum enzyme activity. On the seventh day of incubation, at pH 8.0 and 0.7% L-glutamine concentration under SSF and SmF, the highest enzyme activity was detected. The greatest enzyme activity in SSF was seen at a moisture content of 10%. Fusarium solani-melongenae species produced the enzyme under optimal conditions and 4.20 and 4.73-fold increase (from 0.8 U/mL to 3.61 U/mL and from 0.781 U/mL to 3.69 U/mL) was achieved after optimization in submerged and in solid state fermentation, respectively. The selective isolation and optimization processes described in this work are a promising technique for the industrial production of L-glutaminase and can be applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Wheat is one of the essential crops for the human and animal nutrition, however, contamination with aflatoxigenic fungi, due to the improper storage conditions and high humidity, was the main global threats. So, preventing the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi in stored wheat grains, by using different essential oils was the main objective of this work. Aspergillus flavus EFBL-MU12 PP087400, EFBL-MU23 PP087401 and EFBL-MU36 PP087403 isolates were the most potent aflatoxins producers inhabiting wheat grains. The effect of storage conditions of wheat grains "humidity, temperature, incubation period, and pH" on growth of A. flavus, was assessed by the response surface methodology using Plackett-Burman design and FCCD. The highest yield of aflatoxins EFBL-MU12 B1 and B2 by A. flavus grown on wheat grains were 145.3 and 7.6 μg/kg, respectively, at incubation temperature 35°C, 16% moisture contents, initial pH 5.0, and incubated for 14 days. The tested oils had a powerful antifungal activity for the growth and aflatoxins production by A. flavus in a concentration-dependent manner. Among these oils, cinnamon oil had the highest fungicidal activity for A. flavus at 0.125%, with about 85-90 % reduction to the aflatoxins B1 and B2, conidial pigmentation and chitin contents on wheat grains. From the SEM analysis, cinnamon oils had the most deleterious effect on A. flavus with morphological aberrations to the conidial heads, vegetative mycelia, alteration in conidiophores identity, hyphae shrank, and winding. To emphasize the effect of the essential oils on the aflatoxins producing potency of A. flavus, the molecular expression of the aflatoxins biosynthetic genes was estimated by RT-qPCR. The molecular expression of nor-1, afLR, pKsA and afLJ genes was suppressed by 94-96%, due to cinnamon oil at 0.062% compared to the control. Conclusively, from the results, cinnamon oils followed by the peppermint oils displayed the most fungicidal activity for the growth and aflatoxins production by A. flavus grown on wheat grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the tannase purification produced by a tannery effluent-originated fungal isolate i.e., Aspergillus fumigatus MA under solid state fermentation (SSF) condition. Purification of tannase from culture filtrate was attained using ammonium sulfate precipitation with subsequent diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose mediated ion exchange chromatographic technique. Fractional precipitation of the culture filtrate with 60–80% ammonium sulfate yielded 80.9% recovery of tannase with 6.16-fold purification. The enzyme fractions were collected and eluted as a single peak using 0.5 M NaCl-gradient concentration. DEAE-cellulose column chromatography results in overall 23-fold purification with 27.6% recovery of the enzyme. SDS-PAGE analysis of purified tannase confirmed the presence of a single band of protein with a molecular mass equivalent to 66.2 kDa. The highest activity of tannase was observed at optimum pH ranged between 5.0–6.0 whereas, the tannase stability (>80%) was observed at 4.0 to 7.0 pH ranges. The purified tannase activity was found to be optimally active at 30 °C whereas stability (>90%) was accomplished between 30–50 °C temperature. The Km and Vmax were found to be 1.61 × 10−3 M and 1.04 mM respectively. These properties suggest the potential of the enzyme to be utilized in various food, feed, and pharmaceutical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of whole-cell biocatalysts in microbial cell factories is of great interest to produce added-value compounds. Through large-scale fermentative processes, which use secondary raw materials as substrates, it is possible to recycle and upgrade agro-industrial by-products. This review addresses the main fermentative processes and bioreactors currently used for the valorization of orange peel, a by-product of the Citrus processing industry. Among the main added-value products, bioethanol, organic acids, enzymes, single cell proteins (SCPs), dyes and aromatic compounds have been industrially produced using orange peel via solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation. This approach fits within the circular economy goals in terms of clean technology and renewable energy, valorization and recycling, upgrade of industrial by-products and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Oranges contain many natural active chemicals, organic acids, and polysaccharides. Aging processing is commonly used to modify the color, quality, functional components, and stability of fruits. This study assesses the preparation of aging black oranges using various pre-treatments and solid fermentation. Oranges were aged for six weeks in fresh, non-blanching, blanching, and hot air-assisted aging cycle (AA) groups. The oranges' shrinkage ratio, color difference values, and soluble solids content changed significantly (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis indicated that aging fermentation treatment accelerated glycolysis and increased the ratio of reducing sugars. The enhanced browning can be associated with the oxidation of ascorbic acid (0.66–0.47 mg/g) and the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) (0.09 mg/g). Furthermore, the presence of free polyphenols led to an increase in the total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. It also had a synergistic effect with 5-HMF in increasing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging capacity and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (p < 0.05). AA had superior α-glucosidase inhibitory ability increasing from 67.31 to 80.48%. It also reduced the development time by 33%. Therefore, aging technology can enhance the bioactive compounds in oranges and provide a reference for future whole-fruit aging fermentation and health product creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since aeration has a crucial role in mass and heat transfer during solid-state fermentation (SSF), the aim of the present work was to find out how it related to biomass and red pigment production of Monascus purpureus TISTR3615 during SSF. The fungal consumption of oxygen, one of the air's constituents important for fungal metabolism, was used to explain the relationship between the aeration rate, the fungal growth, and the red pigment production during the SSF of rice. Findings showed that at increased aeration rates, the fungus absorbed more oxygen, which boosted fungal growth but decreased red pigment production. Conversely, red pigment production increased when the fungus' oxygen consumption decreased. Regression equations with an acceptable R2 were used to explain the relationship between M. purpureus' red pigment production and its oxygen consumption and aeration rate. The ideal oxygen concentration for increasing M. purpureus' capacity to produce red pigment was 0.0685 mmol/day/g of dry biomass, which produced red pigment at around 2,897 AU500nm/g of dry biomass. However, the optimal oxygen consumption of the fungus for overall red pigment production (including growth impact) was 1.390 mmol/day/g of dry biomass, which produced red pigment at around 2,787 AU500nm/g of dry fermented rice. The results of the present work could potentially be utilised in developing M. purpureus' red pigment production approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purification and biochemical characterization of the extracellular alpha amylase from A.tamarii MTCC5152 were studied. The combined use of ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographic methods were used for purification studies. The specific activity was significantly increased (33 fold) and 19.41 fold purification of the enzyme α-amylase with 24% yield was achieved. The enzyme had an optimal pH of 6.5 and exhibited its highest activity at 55 °C. It is active over a wide range of pH 5–7 at room temperature. The enzyme is relatively stable in the temperature range of 25–35 °C for a period of 4 h hence, more suitable for industrial applications. Km and Vmax value of the enzyme was to be 5.882 mg/mL and 0.803 mg/mL/min respectively using starch as the substrate. The purified protein showed a single band on native and SDS PAGE and the molecular weight was found to be 31 kDa. Starch zymogram also revealed one clear zone of amylolytic activity which corresponded to the band obtained with native PAGE and SDS/PAGE. The characterization studies showed that the enzyme activity is inhibited by Ca2+, Mn2+, Hg2+, Fe2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste generation and its impactful management are among the most raised environmental concerns seeking sustainable alternatives in the form of value addition. In this study, a novel strategy has been presented towards enhanced bacterial endoglucanase (EG) production under solid state fermentation (SSF). The EG was produced using the waste probiotic juice of the bacteria Lactobacillus case i strain Shirota on a substrate of waste date pulp and seeds in co-fermentation mode. Additionally, peapod extract has been applied as a nutrient medium to maintain moisture in place of commercial media in SSF. Further, for enhancement in enzyme production, the impact of incubation temperature and pH of the SSF medium have been studied to obtain optimum enzyme activity. Under optimum conditions, bacteria produced 17.2 U/mL EG at a temperature of 37 °C and a pH of 8.0. The raw EG showed pH and thermal stability up to 5 h at 60 °C and pH 8.0. Furthermore, the enzymatic hydrolysis of date pulp released 67.71 g/L fermentable glucose obtained in 24 h of the reaction at 60 °C and pH 8.0. This work may have great significance in the areas of solid waste management and microbe-mediated value addition of waste biomass in the context of hydrolytic enzyme production for biorefinery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising protein demand in the aquaculture sector has significantly impacted fishmeal supply and pricing. Excessive use of fishmeal can lead to environmental issues and negatively impact marine biodiversity and human food security. Consequently, finding alternative fishmeal in aquaculture is crucial for economic and environmental sustainability. The present study aimed to determine how Bacillus cereus (MT355408) could enhance nutritional value of Sardine fish waste, which could replace fish meal in the market. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) represents a biotechnological method that utilizes microbes to convert discarded fish byproducts into valuable products. The bacterial ability to produce enzymes was studied and optimised for its maximum production to be used as an inoculum for the SSF technique. Different prebiotic sources were also studied for better upliftment of bacteria in the solid-state surface. A single-factor analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of varying prebiotic concentrations, inoculum quantity, and fermentation duration on protein breakdown. After studying the single-factor tests, a further response surface model was employed for better yield. The results indicated that the highest protein yield could be achieved with a fermentation time of 132.893 hours, a prebiotic quantity of 25%, and an inoculum quantity of 5.3%. The study's findings also affirmed that the model was vital in enhancing the crude protein content during fermentation. In conclusion, the model's results contribute valuable insights into fermentation processes, offering practical implications for enhancing protein content and digestibility in similar contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-glutaminase is a unique enzyme with catalytic activity and the ability to modulate glutamine levels, making it a valuable enzyme with numerous potential applications. L-glutaminase triggers a distinctive reaction by converting L-glutamine into glutamic acid while releasing ammonia concurrently. This enzymatic process holds potential applications across diverse industries, notably in food and pharmaceuticals. The primary objective of the present research was to identify and isolate a fungal strain proficient in L-glutaminase production from soil found in maritime environments. The physical and nutritional conditions were optimized for maximum synthesis of L-glutaminase under solid state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation conditions (SmF). The isolated organism was identified as Fusarium solani-melongenae strain CRI 24 by morphological and 18S rRNA analysis. The optimum carbon source under SmF and SSF was found to be starch (0.2% w/v). Wheat bran as solid substrate among others showed optimum enzyme activity. On the seventh day of incubation, at pH 8.0 and 0.7% L-glutamine concentration under SSF and SmF, the highest enzyme activity was detected. The greatest enzyme activity in SSF was seen at a moisture content of 10%. Fusarium solani-melongenae species produced the enzyme under optimal conditions and 4.20 and 4.73-fold increase (from 0.8 U/mL to 3.61 U/mL and from 0.781 U/mL to 3.69 U/mL) was achieved after optimization in submerged and in solid state fermentation, respectively. The selective isolation and optimization processes described in this work are a promising technique for the industrial production of L-glutaminase and can be applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane bagasse (SB) is an abundantly available agrowaste that is used extensively as a substrate for the production of different industrial enzymes. It is a renewable resource, rich in fermentable sugars. However, the presence of lignin makes it difficult for microbes to degrade it and so it is difficult to utilize it. Keeping in mind the role of white rot fungi in lignin degradation, Trametes pubescens MB89 was used in this study for the delignification of SB with the simultaneous production of laccase. The fungus was also used for the degradation of malachite green dye. A Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize variables affecting solid state fermentation of SB for laccase production. The leftover SB after fermentation was used for cellulase production by the thermophilic bacterium Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25. The BBD depicted optimized conditions as 60% moisture, particle size 100 μ, 10 days' incubation period, 450 μM CuSO4, and a temperature of 30 °C. The laccase titers of 1271 IU mL−1 were obtained under optimized conditions. Neobacillus sedimentimangrovi UE25 produced 4.574 IU mL−1 of endoglucanase and 1.812 IU mL−1 of β‐glucosidase by utilizing fungal pretreated SB. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the impact of fungal cultivation on SB. Pores were observed after microbial pretreatment and there were changes in the morphological characteristics such as the pith and fiber of SB. To test the ability of laccase to break down aromatic dyes, we grew the fungus T. pubescens MB89 in a nutrient‐rich medium supplemented with malachite green dye. The fungus was able to remove 73.68% of the malachite green dye from the medium in 24 h. This shows that T. pubescens MB89 has a range of potential applications for environmental and industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Food matrices contain bioactive compounds that have health benefits beyond nutritional value. The bulk of bioactive chemicals are still present in agro-industrial by-products as food matrices. Throughout the food production chain, there is a lot of agro-industrial waste that, if not managed effectively, could harm the environment, company, and how nutritiously and adequately people eat. It's important to establish processes that maximise the use of agro-industrial by-products, such as biological technologies that improve the extraction and acquisition of bioactive compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries. As opposed to nonbiological processes, biological procedures provide high-quality, bioactive extracts with minimum toxicity and environmental impact. Fermentation and enzymatic treatment are biological processes for obtaining bioactive compounds from agro-industrial waste. In this context, this article summarises the principal bioactive components in agro-industrial byproducts and the biological methods employed to extract them. In this review efficient utilization of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial waste more effectively in food and pharmaceutical industries has been described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]