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Limited flat and cylindrical layers of a material streamlined by a coolant flow are considered. Dependences of the heat transfer describing the entire period of the solidification process have been presented for the limited flat layer streamlined by a coolant flow. Analytical dependences of heat exchange for the whole period of the solidification process have been obtained for the cylindrical layer washed from the inside and outside by the coolant flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By utilizing Buton asphalt as the solid component in the creation of emulsified asphalt, a substantial amount of petroleum bitumen, which is a finite energy resource, can be reduced. Additionally, the utilization of natural mining materials can be decreased, hence lowering the carbon footprint and impact of the emulsified asphalt-producing sector. This research assesses different approaches to mitigate the environmental consequences of manufacturing emulsified asphalt using Buton asphalt as a substitute for petroleum bitumen in the solid phase. Asbuton Indonesia is an asphalt emulsion that employs solid raw materials, particularly the Extracted Bitumen from Buton Rock Asphalt (EBBRA). The solvents in the mixture consist of kerosene, an emulsifier, hydrochloric acid (HC1), calcium chloride (CaCl), and water. The research process involved the EBBRA using a Socklet tool, followed by the production of emulsion asphalt. Subsequently, quality tests were conducted on the emulsion asphalt in the laboratory, and the results of these tests were analyzed to determine the value of the emulsion asphalt quality. The study's findings confirm the suitability of natural asphalt from Buton Island, Indonesia, as a primary ingredient for emulsified asphalt. This involves extracting bitumen from the minerals found in the asphalt. The test results indicate that the E3 sample has a solid phase content of 57.4% EBBRA and 5% kerosene, which aligns with the criteria set by ASTM and SNI-Indonesia. The liquid phase contains an emulsifier at a concentration of 1%, HC1 at a concentration of 0.5%, CaCl at a concentration of 0.1%, and water at a concentration of 36%. This study encompassed five different scenarios for making asphalt emulsion, with each of them utilizing Buton asphalt as the solid phase in variable proportions. Laboratory testing results demonstrate that including Buton asphalt in the production of asphalt emulsion mixtures can yield advantages for the construction industry, waste management sector, and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Biocrude production using the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process is a promising alternative energy source to conventional fossil fuels. Using algal feedstock types in this process has many advantages, such as not needing to dry a high moisture content, which consumes much energy. In this study, the feedstock types of Sargassum angustifolium macroalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, and Spirulina sp. microalgae affected the yield and property of the biocrude products were obtained at 350 °C, 18 MPa, 35 min residence time, and 8.7 wt% feedstock concentration. The biocrude yields from Sargassum angustifolium, Chlorella vulgaris, and Spirulina sp. were 26.15 wt%, 55.8 wt%, and 56.32 wt%, respectively. These values revealed that feedstock's carbon and nitrogen contents have the most effect on the biocrude yield, and increasing these elements increases the biocrude yields. Moreover, the properties of the produced biocrudes revealed that the main components were esters, organic acids, ketones, aldehydes, aromatic rings, amides, amines, alcohol, and phenol. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results of biocrudes showed the decomposition of more organic components at the 175-600 °C temperature range. Also, the simulated distillation of biocrudes showed that most biocrude components from Sargassum angustifolium and Chlorella vulgaris are the same as heavy naphtha, and the biocrude from Spirulina sp. is similar to kerosene. These results showed that the produced biocrude from Chlorella vulgaris has a higher yield and quality than other resources. The quality of the biocrude produced from Sargassum angustifolium is comparable to other biocrudes. Besides, the higher solid-phase yield produced from Sargassum angustifolium was used as a heavy metal biosorbent. The effect of adsorbent concentration and adsorption time on adsorption efficiency was investigated. Results showed that the maximum adsorption efficiency of Fe2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ was 47.07 wt%, 48.93 wt%, and 42.47 wt%, respectively, at 2 g/L adsorbent concentration and 60 min adsorption time, and the structure destruction of the solid phase was carried out under the biosorption process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to produce polyclonal antibodies of human follicle-stimulating hormone (anti-hFSH) in order to establish an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). The anti-hFSH was tested using the prepared 125I-hFSH tracer. The 125I-hFSH tracer was carried out using the lactoperoxidase method, resulting in a radiochemical yield of 87.6% and a specific activity of 136 μCi/μg. The anti-hFSH produced gave highest displacement percentages (80.3, 79.8 and 71.2%) and a successful immunoresponse. hFSH-IRMA system was developed using 125I-MoAb-hFSH tracer (DIA Source). The results show a precise, stable and accurate measurements of hFSH-IRMA with a sensitivity of 0.15 mIU/ml. The coefficient variation for intra-assay is less than ± 10% and for inter-assay, it is less than ± 15%. Additionally, the liner correlation coefficient r is equal to 0.999. This technique can be utilized as a helpful diagnostic tool to study fertility and diseases of the hypothalamus-pituitary–gonadal axis in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of investigating the emissivity of metals of group II of the Periodic Table in the interval of temperatures "solid body–liquid" have been presented. Selection of the objects of investigation, i.e., metallic beryllium, magnesium, and calcium, has been argued by the absence, in practice, of data on the emissivity of these elements in a broad temperature range from periodic and reference literature. The measurement method was radiative, and the technique of heating of a metal specimen, resistive. A structure of a cylindrical model of an ideal black body with an emissivity factor no lower than 0.99 has been presented. The material of the equilibrium-radiation source was metallic tantalum. The estimate of experimental uncertainty amounted to 5–8%. Graphic illustrations of experimental results on each investigated element have been presented. The obtained complex experimental data on normal integral emissivity within the limits of each phase of state of the metals grew monotonically. In the region of phase transition of the first kind, the characteristic abrupt change in the emissivity of the metals was observed. Investigation results have been discussed and compared with the literature data of other authors. A theoretical calculation of the emissivity of these metals from the classical electromagnetic theory has been carried out with the Foot approximation. The conclusion has been drawn on the disagreement between the theoretical calculations on emissivity and the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives This study focused on the serology, clinical characteristics, and hemolytic potential of warm reactive autoantibodies detected by solid phase red cell adherence. Methods Ninety-seven patients with warm autoantibodies were evaluated. Serologic characteristics included the strength of solid phase reactivity, the results of tube-based ancillary testing, direct antiglobulin test and eluate results, and an assessment for contemporaneous alloantibodies. Clinical characteristics of the patients included age, sex, and primary diagnosis. Each patient was also assessed for evidence of hemolysis. Results Most of the 97 study patients were female (63.9%), and the average age was 66 years. Hematologic disorders were the most common diagnosis. A majority (70.1%) of the warm autoantibodies had 3 to 4+ reaction strengths, and approximately 90% had negative testing with at least 1 test tube method. There was an even distribution of direct antiglobulin test reaction strengths, with 74% reactive with anti–immunoglobulin G only. Alloantibodies were identified in 20% of patients. Evidence of hemolysis was identified in only 13 patients (13.4%). Conclusions Warm reactive autoantibodies are more likely to be hemolytic, have strongly reactive indirect and direct antiglobulin tests, remain reactive in tube-based ancillary testing methods, and are seen primarily in patients with hematologic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) belong to aspartic protease family and are synthesized by trophoblast cells of ruminant placenta and secreted into maternal blood and milk. These biomarkers very closely associated to pregnancy have demonstrated their efficiency and reliability in detection of vital embryos or pregnancy loss. In order to measure the concentration of PAGs in bovine serum, a direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was developed and validated. The radioiodinated bPAG tracer was prepared by chloramine-T direct method and the solid phase was used in RIA/PAGs as a separation system. The optimization tests allowed to set the assays procedure as working buffers, time and temperature of the assays incubation. Assay sensitivity was 0.63 ng/mL, the intra and inter-assay CVs were 7.7% and 5.3% respectively and the accuracy of the assays was expressed by a good parallelism and recovery tests. The serums bPAG values determinated by this developed system were consistent with the reproduction status and pregnancy stages of cows. The developed RIA/PAG system can provide the laboratory with an efficient method for the accurate detection of pregnancy, which could offer veterinarians and farmers an important tool for the reproductive management in dairy herds. Moreover, this diagnostic tool can also be developed for other livestock species.

Proteoglycans (PGs), consisting of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) linked with the core protein through a tetrasaccharide linkage region, play roles in many important biological events. The chemical synthesis of PG glycopeptides is extremely challenging. In this work, the enzymes required for synthesis of chondroitin sulfate (CS) PG (CSPG) have been expressed and the suitable sequence of enzymatic reactions has been established. To expedite CSPG synthesis, the peptide acceptor was immobilized on solid phase and the glycan units were directly installed enzymatically onto the peptide. Subsequent enzymatic chain elongation and sulfation led to the successful synthesis of CSPG glycopeptides. The CS dodecasaccharide glycopeptide was the longest homogeneous CS glycopeptide synthesized to date. The enzymatic synthesis was much more efficient than the chemical synthesis of the corresponding CS glycopeptides, which could reduce the total number of synthetic steps by 80 %. The structures of the CS glycopeptides were confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis and NMR studies. In addition, the interactions between the CS glycopeptides and cathepsin G were studied. The sulfation of glycan chain was found to be important for binding with cathepsin G. This efficient chemoenzymatic strategy opens new avenues to investigate the structures and functions of PGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) belong to aspartic protease family and are synthesized by trophoblast cells of ruminant placenta and secreted into maternal blood and milk. These biomarkers very closely associated to pregnancy have demonstrated their efficiency and reliability in detection of vital embryos or pregnancy loss. In order to measure the concentration of PAGs in bovine serum, a direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was developed and validated. The radioiodinated bPAG tracer was prepared by chloramine-T direct method and the solid phase was used in RIA/PAGs as a separation system. The optimization tests allowed to set the assays procedure as working buffers, time and temperature of the assays incubation. Assay sensitivity was 0.63 ng/mL, the intra and inter-assay CVs were 7.7% and 5.3% respectively and the accuracy of the assays was expressed by a good parallelism and recovery tests. The serums bPAG values determinated by this developed system were consistent with the reproduction status and pregnancy stages of cows. The developed RIA/PAG system can provide the laboratory with an efficient method for the accurate detection of pregnancy, which could offer veterinarians and farmers an important tool for the reproductive management in dairy herds. Moreover, this diagnostic tool can also be developed for other livestock species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of polymer mixtures obtained by various methods in solid phase, solution and emulsion have been investigated. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain composite materials with different properties based on mixtures of polymers obtained in the solid phase as a result of thermal-mechanical effects. It has been determined that the addition of PVC of 5-10 k.h. leads to an increase in the unsaturation of the elastomers and the amount of chlorine combined in them. The increase in the reactivity of elastomers makes it possible to obtain compositions resistant to various effects based on them. Properties of mixtures obtained from separately diluted solutions with elastomers - SKEP-50 and SKEPT-60 and functional polymers - PVC and CAPP have been investigated. It has been shown that despite the absence of chemical bonding in such mixtures, physical bonding occurs in the resulting mixtures. As a result, it has been confirmed by various methods that there is combined chlorine in the mixtures and that a new structure is formed, different from the structure of the initial components. Emulsions of SKEP-50, SKEP-60 and PVC have been obtained and mixed. The physical-chemical properties of the mixture of emulsions and IR spectrum and stability of the polymer layer obtained from the mixtures have been investigated. It has been shown that, unlike emulsions of initial polymers, the emulsion mixture has high physical-chemical and durability properties and can be used as a protective coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of innumerable chemical compounds in food production to enhance agricultural quality and yield has raised significant global concerns regarding food safety. To address these concerns, miniaturized solid sample preparation techniques have emerged as an appealing strategy for analyzing chemical residues in complex samples, notably those found in food matrices. The efficacy of these miniaturized solid extraction procedures hinges largely on the choice of the sorbent phase. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been introduced as highly selective and versatile sorbent phases for a wide range of miniaturized solid techniques. Their remarkable selectivity is attributed to the creation of distinct cavities during the synthesis process, which subsequently accommodate the target analyte when the sample is applied. This unique characteristic empowers MIP polymers to exhibit exceptional specificity toward the desired analyte. The use of MIPs as sorbent phases in miniaturized sample preparation methods has shown great potential to increase the analytical performance of residue evaluation in food matrices. Therefore, here we present a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of miniaturized solid sample techniques employing MIPs as sorbent phases for the assessment of residues in food samples. Moreover, this review is primarily on recent reports concerning the application of MIPs in solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in-tube SPME, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), disposable pipette extraction (DPX), solid-phase extraction in pipette tip (SPE-PT) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). Lastly, we will bring some future topics concerning the use of MIPs in miniaturized sample preparation methods for food analysis in order to bring some new avenues for enhancing food products' safety and quality assessment.

The issues related to obtaining the structure of heterogeneous powder materials for tool plates have been considered. Research has established that a quality powder material is produced as a result of creating a more balanced structure in the form of rounded particles of the solid phase, which have greater bonding strength with minimal amounts of free (surface) energy from interatomic interaction forces of the solid components of the alloys. The conducted studies have shown that when forming the structure of powder alloys with particles of regular shape (edged or rounded), the most important properties of hard alloys are enhanced, ultimately providing stable operational characteristics of parts such as wear resistance, fatigue strength, as well as hardness, creep resistance, and impact toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of antimicrobial resistance is becoming a daunting challenge for human society and healthcare systems around the world. Hence, there is a constant need to develop new antibiotics to fight resistant bacteria, among other important social and economic measures. In this regard, murepavadin is a cyclic antibacterial peptide in development. The synthesis of murepavadin was undertaken in order to optimize the preparative protocol and scale-up, in particular, the use of new activation reagents. In our hands, classical approaches using carbodiimide/hydroxybenzotriazole rendered low yields. The use of novel carbodiimide and reagents based on OxymaPure® and Oxy-B is discussed together with the proper use of chromatographic conditions for the adequate characterization of peptide crudes. Higher yields and purities were obtained. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of different synthetic batches was tested in three Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, including highly resistant ones. All murepavadin batches yielded the same highly active MIC values and proved that the chiral integrity of the molecule was preserved throughout the whole synthetic procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production and evaluation of the kinetic stability of the amorphous forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients are among the current challenges of modern pharmaceutical science. In the present work, amorphous forms of several sulfonamides were produced for the first time using Fast Scanning calorimetry. The parameters, characterizing the glass-forming ability of the compounds, i.e. the critical cooling rate of the melt and the kinetic fragility, were determined. The cold crystallization kinetics was studied using both isothermal and non-isothermal approaches. The results of the present study will contribute to the development of approaches for producing amorphous forms of rapidly crystallizing active pharmaceutical ingredients. [Display omitted] • The key parameters characterizing the glass-forming ability of these rapidly crystallizing sulfonamides were determined for the first time. • The critical cooling rates were found to be 3 K/s for sulfamethoxazole, 350 K/s for sulfamerazine, and 2000 K/s for sulfadiazine. • The kinetic fragility values of the sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine and sulfamethoxazole are 44, 38 and 40. • The best agreement between the predictions based on the non-isothermal kinetic data and the experimental isothermal crystallization halftimes was achieved based on the Nakamura crystallization model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead-Bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy has received extensive attention as a liquid metal coolant in fast reactors. However, the expansion of solidified LBE after freezing brought a big challenge to reactor design. Multiple freezing and melting processes during accident may result in the volume changes thereby lead to the expansion stresses. In the present work, the aged and re-melted LBE samples were fabricated to investigate the influence of re-melting on the volume expansion. The aged samples showed typical eutectic consisting with γ-Bi and β-Pb7Bi3 phases while the re-melted ones possessed primary β-Pb7Bi3 and γ-BiII except the eutectic structures. Primary β-Pb7Bi3 and γ-BiII could aggravate volume expansion in the re-melted LBE. The UTS and YS of the aging LBE decreased from 39 and 32 to 6 and 5 MPa, while TE increased from 29 to 74% when the tensile temperature increased from RT to110 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual phosphate (PO43−) utilization has increased, leading to a depletion of existing sources of phosphorus (P). To overcome this, digestate as a source to recover P is being investigated. Due to the abundance of nutrients, the digestate from an agricultural biogas plant is used as fertilizer for crops. The separation of solids and liquids from the digestate by a screw press is the simplest form of concentrating, therefore, recovering PO43−. This is the most commonly employed method in existing biogas plants. However, the separation is not very efficient as only 20–30% of P is recovered in the solid phase. The goal of this study is to increase the separation efficiency and recover more P into the solid phase, in order to improve the transportability. For this, separation trials at a laboratory scale were performed for five experimental groups, with biochar and straw flour as non-reactive additives and kieserite as a reactive additive. In addition, untreated digestate was studied as a control. The control and the treatment with biochar and straw flour were carried out at 25 °C, while the treatment with kieserite was performed at 25 °C and 50 °C. The separation trails were performed at treatment times of 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 8 h, and 20 h. The results showed that the treatment with additives had a beneficial effect on the recovery of P. It was noted that kieserite treatment at 25 °C and 50 °C bound about 61% of the total P present in the digestate to the solid phase. A sequential extraction was performed to study the effect of additives on the recovery of different P species. The results concluded that, compared to biochar and straw flour, kieserite was efficient in recovering the non-labile fractions (NaOH-P and HCl-P) of P, which act as slow-release fertilizers. This study shows that the use of additives, especially kieserite, has a positive influence on recovering P from digestate, and further research to optimize the recovery process would be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study of the effect of the carbidization process on the properties of tungsten carbide powder. The main properties of tungsten carbide (WC) powder include structurephase composition, grain size, particle size and shape, and bound and free carbon in the content. The quality of tungsten carbide powder is mainly determined by the tungsten carbide (WC) phase, its saturation with carbon, as well as the content of free carbon. Therefore, in our experimental study, the temperature of the carbidization process was carried out by determining the structurephase composition of tungsten carbide (WC) and the amount of bound and free carbon in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—The problems of forming the structure of heterogeneous powder materials of tool plates are considered. A high-quality powder material is found to be produced as a result of creating a more equilibrium structure in the form of rounded solid-phase particles, which have a high adhesion strength with the minimum free (surface) energy of the interatomic interaction forces in the solid components of alloys. When a structure of powder alloys with regular-shape particles (faceted, rounded) is formed, the most important properties of hard alloys are found to increase, which eventually ensures such stable performance indicators of parts as wear resistance, fatigue strength, creep, and impact toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points The Sr isotopic ratios of hydrothermal fluids from the Okinawa Trough are exceptionally high. The enrichment of 87Sr at Yonaguni Knoll IV cannot be explained without the influence of terrestrial clay minerals in sediments. High Sr isotopic ratios are a common feature of sediment-associated hydrothermal systems.

Grain boundaries (GBs) can be wetted by a second phase. This phase can be not only liquid (or melted), but it can also be solid. GB wetting can be incomplete (partial) or complete. In the case of incomplete (partial) wetting, the liquid forms in the GB droplets, and the second solid phase forms a chain of (usually lenticular) precipitates. Droplets or precipitates have a non-zero contact angle with the GB. In the case of complete GB wetting, the second phase (liquid or solid) forms in the GB continuous layers between matrix grains. These GB layers completely separate the matrix crystallites from each other. GB wetting by a second solid phase has some important differences from GB wetting by the melt phase. In the latter case, the contact angle always decreases with increasing temperature. If the wetting phase is solid, the contact angle can also increase with increasing temperature. Moreover, the transition from partial to complete wetting can be followed by the opposite transition from complete to partial GB wetting. The GB triple junctions are completely wetted in the broader temperature interval than GBs. Since Phase 2 is also solid, it contains GBs as well. This means that not only can Phase 2 wet the GBs in Phase 1, but the opposite can also occur when Phase 1 can wet the GBs in Phase 2. GB wetting by the second solid phase was observed in the Al-, Mg-, Co-, Ni-, Fe-, Cu-, Zr-, and Ti-based alloys as well as in multicomponent alloys, including high-entropy ones. It can seriously influence various properties of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold-rolling oily sludge is a typical hazardous solid waste in the iron and steel industry. Clarifying the basic characteristics of cold-rolled sludge helps to realize the resource utilization and harmless disposal of it. The basic characteristics of cold-rolling oily sludge and its oil and solid phases were studied by scanning electron microscopy， thermogravimetric analysis and rheological analysis … etc. The results showed that cold-rolling oily sludge was a high viscosity emulsion formed by mixing oil， water and solids and the mass fractions of oil， water and solid phases were 47.28%， 27.15% and 25.57%， respectively. The viscosity of cold-rolling oily sludge was 1.439 Pa·s at 25℃ and 100 s-1. The pyrolysis process of it included the evaporation of moisture， desorption of adsorbed gas, decomposition of light fatty acid organic compounds, cracking of heavy organic compounds and reduction of iron oxides with carbon residues. The mass fractions of saturates, aromatics， resins and asphaltenes in oil phase were 8.030%, 0.394%, 86.436% and 5.139%, respectively， while the resins were mainly composed of long-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid, and the distillation range of it was 300～500℃. The solid phase contained magnetite and iron metal (Fe)，and the mass fraction of Fe element was 66.08%. The average particle size of the solid phase was 503.622 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The probe BMA showed rapid fluorescence response, excellent selectivity, and high sensitivity towards Hg2+ ions. • The detection limit achieved for Hg2+ions is 7.3 × 10−8 m. • Solid-supported BMA@SiO 2 was fabricated and demonstrated for onsite analysis. • Fluorometric sequential detection of his was achieved by BMA-Hg2+ ensemble with high selectivity and sensitivity. • Fluorometric detection of Hg in solid state. A novel turn-on fluorogenic probe based on 4-(bis(2-((2-hydroxyethyl)thio)ethyl) amino)benzaldehyde the detection of Hg2+ ions has been designed and developed. The probe BMA showed high selectivity for Hg2+ ions over the series of other tested cations in an aqueous acetonitrile medium. Only the addition of Hg2+ ions to probe BMA in aqueous acetonitrile solution (CH 3 CN/H 2 O (7:3, v/v) could induce a remarkable red shift of about 20 nm in UV–vis absorbance spectra and a dramatic fluorescent enhancement with a blue shift of 10 nm in the emission spectra. With the help of a fluorescence spectrometer, the detection limit was calculated to be 73 nM. The binding stoichiometric ratio between BMA and Hg2+ ions was found to be 1:1 by Jobs plot, which was further confirmed by 1H NMR titration, FT-IR, HR-MS, and density functional theory calculations. The probe BMA can selectively detect Hg2+ ions, with several advantages, including ultra-fast response, low detection limit, conspicuous fluorescent changes, robust anti-interference capability, and exciting reversibility. The probe BMA can also serve as a portable extractant for removing Hg2+ ions in aqueous solution and act as an efficient and practical solid-state fluorescent sensor for mercury in on-field measurements. In addition, the in-situ formed BMA-Hg2+ ensemble may be used for fluorescent recognition of histidine over other common amino acids via an indicator displacement assay mechanism. The low detection limits of BMA-Hg2+ for histidine were calculated to be 0.91 µM. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3–4D soil model represents a logical step forward from one‐dimensional soil columns (1D), two‐dimensional soil maps (2D), and three‐dimensional soil volumes (3D) toward dynamic soil models (4D), with time as the fourth dimension. The challenge is to develop modeling tools that account for the states of soil properties, including the spatial structure of solids and pores, as well as their dynamics, including soil mass and solute transfers in landscapes. Our envisioned 3–4D soil model approach aims at improving the capability to predict fundamental soil functions (e.g., plant growth, storage, matter fluxes) that provide ecosystem services in the socioeconomic context. This study provides a structured overview on current soil models, challenges, open questions, and urgent research needs for developing a 3–4D soil model. A 3–4D soil model should provide an inventory of spatially distributed and temporally variable soil properties. As basis for this, we propose a mass balance model for the solid phase, which needs to be supplemented by a model describing its structure. This should eventually provide adequate 3D parameter sets for the numerical modeling of soil functions (e.g., flow and transport). The target resolution is decameters in the horizontal plane and centimeters to decimeters in the vertical direction to represent characteristic soil properties and soil horizons. The actual state of soils and their properties can be estimated from spatial data that represent the soil forming factors, with the use of machine learning tools. Improved modeling of the dynamics of soil bulk density, biological processes, and the pore structure are required to relate the solid mass balance to matter fluxes. A 3–4D soil model can be built from several types of modeling approaches. We distinguish between (1) process models that simulate mass balances, fluxes and soil structure dynamics, (2) statistical pedometric models using machine learning and geostatistics to estimate the soil inventory within landscapes, and (3) pedotransfer functions to link observable attributes to specific model parameters required to simulate soil functions including water and matter fluxes. This should provide the prerequisites to predict the spatial distribution of soil functions and their changes in response to external forcing. This endeavor can draw upon many already established models and techniques, yet combining them into a newly created 3–4D soil model is a truly an ambitious, but promising task. The core of such a model is the bookkeeping of the solid mass together with soil structure, while accounting for biogeochemical and mechanical processes. The presented concepts are ambitious in context for research avenues toward the improvement of soil modeling by conjoining methods from a wide range of disciplines, including geological, geophysical, pedological, and remote sensing and visualization applications. The paper reviews and outlines research tools and needs for the 3‐D, spatially continuous representation of relevant soil properties and the modeling to represent the dynamics of soil properties and soil functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical cocrystals comprise one active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and at least one small molecule excipient coformer. While solvent evaporation and mechanochemistry are the preferred methods for their synthesis, some cocrystals are known to form spontaneously at ambient conditions when powders of input materials are mixed—a process not yet fully understood. Aqueous humidity is also known to accelerate spontaneous cocrystal formation. We report here the extent of spontaneous cocrystallization for 14 cocrystal systems, at four levels of humidity. The binary cocrystals in our study consist of a model API (caffeine, theophylline, nicotinamide) and a small chain diacid coformer (oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid). The spontaneous cocrystal formation was monitored ex situ by powder X-ray diffraction over several weeks. Our results show cocrystal formation in all 14 systems to varying extent and are consistent with literature reports that higher humidity correlates with more rapid cocrystal formation. We find that cocrystals containing smaller coformers often form faster. Based on our findings, we identify several cocrystals as candidates for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cr(VI)-based compounds pollution have attracted global concern due to serious harm to humans and environment. Hence, it is crucial to exploit an effective technique to eliminate Cr(VI) in water. Herein, we in-situ grown BiOI on graphitic carbon nitride to prepare the BiOI/g-C3N4 (BCN) direct Z-scheme heterojunction by solid phase engineering method at room temperature. Experimental result shown the photocatalytic activity of pure BiOI were obviously enhanced by constructing Z-scheme BCN heterostructure, and BCN-3 heterostructure exhibited the optimal photocatalytic degradation of RhB with 98% yield for 2.5 h and reduction of Cr(VI) with more than 99% yield for 1.5 h at pH = 2. Stability test shows BCN-3 still kept more than 98% reduction efficiency after 6 cycles. In addition, we also studied the reduction mechanism that shown the ·O2− radicals essentially helped to reduce the Cr(VI) in aqueous solution under illumination, verified the direct Z-scheme charge transfer path by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the free radical trapping experiment. The work open a new way for rationally designing photocatalyst heterostructure to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III).

Sr isotope ratios of hydrothermal fluids were observed at five sediment-associated sites in the Okinawa Trough to investigate the diversity of subseafloor fluid–rock–sediment interactions. The estimated 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the hydrothermal endmember fluids at the five sites were all higher than those at the sediment-starved sites. The endmember Sr isotopic ratios of hydrothermal fluids were diverse within the Okinawa Trough, ranging from 0.7077 at the Iheya North Knoll site to 0.712 at the Yonaguni Knoll IV site. To our knowledge, 0.712 is the highest value reported to date for seafloor hydrothermal fluids. This variation is likely attributable to the relative contributions of multiple subseafloor Sr reservoirs, which are 87Sr-poor volcanic rock and 87Sr-rich hemipelagic sediments containing clay minerals of terrestrial origin. These data support a model based on the carbon isotope ratio of CH4, which indicates whether volcanic rocks or terrestrial sediments are distributed in the high-temperature reaction zone of the hydrothermal system. Key points: The Sr isotopic ratios of hydrothermal fluids from the Okinawa Trough are exceptionally high. The enrichment of 87Sr at Yonaguni Knoll IV cannot be explained without the influence of terrestrial clay minerals in sediments. High Sr isotopic ratios are a common feature of sediment-associated hydrothermal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonporous corundum powder, known as an abrasive material in the industry, was functionalized covalently with protein binders to isolate and enrich specific proteins from complex matrices. The materials based on corundum were characterized by TEM, ESEM, BET, DLS, EDS, and zeta potential measurements. The strong Al-O-P bonds between the corundum surface and amino phosphonic acids were used to introduce functional groups for further conjugations. The common crosslinker glutaraldehyde was compared with a hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG) of around 10 kDa. The latter was oxidized with periodate to generate aldehyde groups that can covalently react with the amines of the surface and the amino groups from the protein via a reductive amination process. The amount of bound protein was quantified via aromatic amino acid analysis (AAAA). This work shows that oxidized polyglycerol can be used as an alternative to glutaraldehyde. With polyglycerol, more of the model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) could be attached to the surface under the same conditions, and lower non-specific binding (NSB) was observed. As a proof of concept, IgG was extracted with protein A from crude human plasma. The purity of the product was examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). A binding capacity of 1.8 mg IgG per gram of corundum powder was achieved. The advantages of corundum include the very low price, extremely high physical and chemical stability, pressure resistance, favorable binding kinetics, convenient handling, and flexible application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A technical description and calculation justification for the use of a fast-acting passive device for shutting off the feed-water flow in the second circuit of a lead-cooled reactor facility of the BREST-OD-300 type are presented. The main purpose of the device is an emergency termination of heat removal in steam generators in case of accidents with the formation of a solid phase in the lead coolant. The device is a glandless through valve, the locking element of which moves from the operating position to the emergency position under the action of gravity when the feed-water pressure drops below the set value corresponding to the beginning of the solidification of the lead coolant. It is installed on the section of the feed-water pipeline at the inlet to the steam generators. The method for calculating the thermal-hydraulic and dynamic characteristics of the device is presented. Calculation estimates of its efficiency are carried out using the example of accidents caused by a rupture of the main steam header as well as a failure of the regenerative feed-water heating system in a BREST-OD-300 reactor plant. It is shown that the use of a passive shut-off device makes it possible to completely eliminate the possibility of the formation of a solid phase of lead in steam generators during these accidents and increase the level of natural self-protection of the reactor. The results of the study can be used in the development of projects for reactors with heavy liquid metal coolants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several multistep strategies were developed to ensure single methylation of amines on solid support. These strategies rely on the introduction of the o-NBS protecting/activating group as a key step. We found that the state-of-the-art strategies fail for the methylation of several primary amine motifs, largely due to inefficient sulfonylation. Here we show that using the superior nucleophilic base DMAP instead of the commonly used base collidine as a sulfonylation additive is essential for the introduction of the o-NBS group to these amine motifs. DFT calculations provide an explanation by showing that the energy barrier of the DMAP intermediate is significantly lower than the one of the collidine. We demonstrate that using DMAP as a sole additive in the sulfonylation step results in an overall effective and regioselective N-methylation. The method presented herein proved highly efficient in solid-phase synthesis of a somatostatin analogue bearing three Nα-methylation sites that could not be synthesized using the previously described state-of-the-art methods.

Abstract Background The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess the within-herd prevalence of pars oesophageal ulcers (POU) in high-risk Danish herds using commercial diets. Furthermore, we aimed to estimate the association between gastric content fluidity and POU using a generalised additive model (GAM). The study included 200 clinically healthy nursery pigs randomly selected from ten farms (20 pigs from each farm). The 10 farms were selected based on a suspected high prevalence of gastric ulcers. Post-mortem gastric ulcer assessment was based on macroscopic lesions, and gastric content fluidity was assessed based on the solid particle sedimentation percentage (solid phase). Results We observed an overall prevalence of 35.5% for POU in nursery pigs. Within-herd prevalence varied considerably among farms, with values ranging from 0% in Farm 1 to 84% in Farm 4. Our model showed strong associations between POU and gastric content fluidity (P

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of diazacyclic derivatives of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) in a dilute solution of nitrobenzene and in the solid phase are studied by manometric and calorimetric methods. The activation energy data obtained for the solution are used for comparison with quantum chemical calculations and for establishing the relationship between the stability of compounds and the structure of the molecules. The decomposition of these derivatives in solution proceeds according to the same mechanism as the decomposition of FOX-7. Their activation energies decrease with the increasing C=C bond length and are in close agreement with the published data on quantum chemical calculations. By the nature of decomposition in the solid state, these compounds differ significantly from FOX-7. This difference is due to the fact that the condensed products of their decomposition are not solid but liquid compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In recent times, a powerful tool of combinatorial synthesis has been used for the preparation of large chemical entities through a small set up of reactions between different building blocks using solid-phase and solution-phase techniques. This method reduced the time and cost of the drug discovery process substantially. Main text Thousands of compounds are synthesised in a few reactions through combinatorial synthesis instead of getting a few compounds in the traditional method. This method also helps to identify chemical lead of the compounds and optimise them through the biological screening using a high-throughput method. There is no review concerning the recent research finding of combinatorial synthesis. Hence, an attempt had been made on the latest research findings (2002–2020) of newly synthesised compounds using combinatorial synthesis and their biological activities. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, the current review has completely analysed the importance of combinatorial synthesis and furnished an overview of solid-phase and solution-phase techniques as well as helped mankind by improving higher productivity at low cost, lead identification and optimization and preventing environmental pollution. Graphical abstract

Ayman El-Faham,1,2 Hessa H Al-Rasheed,1 Essam N Sholkamy,3 Sameh M Osman,1,4 Zeid A ALOthman1,4 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Ibrahimia, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; 3Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; 4Advanced Materials Research Chair, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ayman El-Faham Tel +966114673195Fax +966114675992Email aelfaham@ksu.edu.saPurpose: Simple methodology for preparation of metal nanoparticles such as AgNPs uses an methanolic aqueous medium at room temperature or a solvent-free procedure under microwave irradiation. The prepared AgNPs showed a significant antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi.Methods: The modified methoxypolyethylene glycol bishydrazino-s-triazine (mPEGTH2) showed remarkable activity for reducing Ag+ to Ag0 in an aqueous methanolic solution and using a solvent-free method (solid phase) under microwave irradiation. In the solid phase synthesis, the size and shape of the AgNPs can be controlled by varying the weight ratio of mPEGTH2 to AgNO3 used. In addition, the antimicrobial activity depends on the ratio of mPEGTH2 to AgNO3. The mPEGTH2-AgNPs (2:1) demonstrated higher antimicrobial activity compared to mPEGTH2-AgNPs (1:1) against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and C.albicans.Results: This work presents simple methods for the synthesis of AgNPs using modified methoxypolyethylene glycol with bishydrazino-s-triazine (mPEGTH2); a solution method, using methanol-water medium at room temperature, and a solvent-free (solid phase) method, employing microwave irradiation or direct heating which could be used for the preparation of AgNPs on large scale. In the solid phase, ratios of mPEGTH2 to AgNO3 (1:1 or 2:1, respectively) are very important to control the size and shape of AgNPs. While in solution phase is not necessary where the molar ratio used is 10:1. Most of the experimental methods resulted in AgNPs ranging in size from 7 to 10 nm as observed from XRD and TEM characterization. The antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs was also dependent on the weight ratio of mPEGTH2 to AgNO3, with a large effect as observed when using the solvent-free method. The mPEGTH2-AgNPs (2:1) demonstrated higher antimicrobial activities compared to mPEGTH2-AgNPs (1:1) against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, and C. albicans. In all cases, the MICs and MBCs of mPEGTH2-AgNPs (1:1) were lower than those of mPEGTH2-AgNPs (2:1).Conclusion: In summary, mPEGTH2-AgNPs (2:1) is a promising candidate to kill pathogenic microbes. In particular, the method used for the preparation of AgNPs by using polyethylene glycol polymer modified with bishydrazino-s-triazine has the most potential and would be the most cost-effective method. This method of the synthesis of nanoparticles may be suitable for the preparation of other metal nanoparticles, which would allow for numerous applications in medicinal and industrial.Keywords: methoxypolyethylene glycol bishydrazino-s-triazine, silver nanoparticles, solution phase, solid phase, antimicrobial activity

Grain boundaries (GBs) can be wetted by a second phase. This phase can be not only liquid (or melted), but it can also be solid. GB wetting can be incomplete (partial) or complete. In the case of incomplete (partial) wetting, the liquid forms in the GB droplets, and the second solid phase forms a chain of (usually lenticular) precipitates. Droplets or precipitates have a non-zero contact angle with the GB. In the case of complete GB wetting, the second phase (liquid or solid) forms in the GB continuous layers between matrix grains. These GB layers completely separate the matrix crystallites from each other. GB wetting by a second solid phase has some important differences from GB wetting by the melt phase. In the latter case, the contact angle always decreases with increasing temperature. If the wetting phase is solid, the contact angle can also increase with increasing temperature. Moreover, the transition from partial to complete wetting can be followed by the opposite transition from complete to partial GB wetting. The GB triple junctions are completely wetted in the broader temperature interval than GBs. Since Phase 2 is also solid, it contains GBs as well. This means that not only can Phase 2 wet the GBs in Phase 1, but the opposite can also occur when Phase 1 can wet the GBs in Phase 2. GB wetting by the second solid phase was observed in the Al-, Mg-, Co-, Ni-, Fe-, Cu-, Zr-, and Ti-based alloys as well as in multicomponent alloys, including high-entropy ones. It can seriously influence various properties of materials.

A methodology to predict solid-liquid, solid-vapor, and liquid-vapor phase coexistences using a non-cubic equation of state is presented. The solid phase is additional to the liquid and vapor phases that can be worked with a cubic equation of state; thus, the triple point of the substance is represented. For a given substance, the seven parameters of this equation of state are obtained using the following data: the liquid-vapor critical point, acentric factor, boiling point temperature, and triple point temperature. The procedure to do this is described and is used to validate the methodology through obtaining the pure component parameters of this equation of state for 40 pure alkanes. As examples of the capacity of the reported non-cubic EoS to represent the coordinates of the three different phase transitions, predicted P-T and P-V phase transition diagrams are reported for methane, pentane and octane, and they are in good agreement with experimental data. This methodology is suitable to be used with any substance for which the density of solid phase is higher than that of liquid phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In carrying out quantitative safety assessment at nuclear power plants equipped with pressurized water reactors (the Russian version of which is known as VVER-type reactors), for estimating the risk of boron compound crystallization both in the reactor core and in the spent fuel pool under various emergency conditions of operation, it is necessary to have data on the solubility of these compounds with estimated data accuracy indicators. The article considers the boric acid compounds the data on the solubility of which are of interest in estimating the potential risks of their crystallization with the purpose of retaining the core cooling function during accidents. The forms in which the solid phases of borates exist in the H3BO3/HBO2/B2O3 + Н2О and LiBO2 + H2O systems at elevated temperatures are estimated. Experimental data on the solubility of boric acid stable solid phases and also of lithium borates in water in the temperature range from 273 to 350°С are processed. For the H3BO3/HBO2/B2O3 + Н2О system, the temperature intervals corresponding to equilibrium existence of solid (crystalline, denoted by the subscript "cr") phases of boric acid Н3ВО3(cr), НВО2(cr), and В2О3(cr) are considered. For each of these phases, formulas for calculating the solubility in water as a function of absolute temperature are obtained. For crystal hydrates of lithium borates, four temperature intervals are identified taking into account different numbers of connected water molecules, and formulas for determining the temperature dependences of solubility are derived for each of them with taking phase transformations into account. For estimating the accuracy of correlations for solubility calculations obtained from processing the totality of experimental data, the average relative error values are determined. It is shown that the above-mentioned formulas give sufficiently accurate replication of experimentally obtained solubility values in the H3BO3/B2O3 + H2O and LiBO2 + H2O systems in the entire range of temperatures considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The CsPbX 3 @SiO 2 phosphor was prepared by high temperature calcination and alkali etching process。 • The phosphor revealed excellent photoluminescence (PL) efficiency and stability. • After alkali etching, the PL efficiency of CsPbX 3 @SiO 2 reached 86.7 %, which was stable for more than 14 h under boiling water conditions. • Highly brightness and stable membranes were created which used for white LED. To overcome the poor stability of metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) prepared in organic solvents, a solid reaction method at high temperature was developed using sol–gel porous SiO 2 as a reactor. Sol-gel SiO 2 powders were used to encapsulate CsPbX 3 NCs at high temperatures (600–800 °C) in air to get SiO 2 /CsPbX 3 glass by dispersing growth cites in advance and no ligands added. After NaOH etching, a thin dense SiO 2 shell was remained on the surface of CsPbX 3 NCs (named as CsPbX 3 @SiO 2).The photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield of the CsPbX 3 @SiO 2 was 86.7 %, in which their PL peak wavelengths were adjusted from 410-707 nm by changing halogen components. The dense SiO 2 shell on CsPbX 3 NCs blocked the connection of CsPbX 3 cores with water and oxygen in the external environment, resulting in CsPbX 3 @SiO 2 revealed extraordinary high stability. After immersing in water for half year, the PL intensity of CsPbX 3 @SiO 2 composites was remained unchanged and the composites still revealed bright PL after heat-treating in boiling water for 14 h. These highly stable composites were used to fabricate a white light-emitting diode, in which the color coordinates are located at (0.36, 0.33), and the color temperature reaches 5169 K which belongs to the warm white light range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear, sulfated and highly negatively-charged polysaccharide that plays important roles in many biological events. As a member of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family, HS is commonly found on mammalian cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix. The structural complexities of natural HS polysaccharides have hampered the comprehension of their biological functions and structure–activity relationships (SARs). Although the sulfation patterns and backbone structures of HS can be major determinants of their biological activities, obtaining significant amounts of pure HS from natural sources for comprehensive SAR studies is challenging. Chemical and enzyme-based synthesis can aid in the production of structurally well-defined HS oligosaccharides. In this review, we discuss recent innovations enabling the syntheses of large libraries of HS and how these libraries can provide insights into the structural preferences of various HS binding proteins. [Display omitted] • Heparan sulfate plays important roles in many biological events. • The activities of heparan sulfate can be critically dependent on its fine structure. • Comprehensive libraries of heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides have been assembled. • Structure activity relationship studies can be greatly aided by the large libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of pigs is affected by the rate of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, which depends in turn strongly on the rate of stomach emptying. The 13C breath test provides a non-invasive diagnostic tool to measure gastric emptying patterns. Despite the wide acceptance of this method in human intervention studies, it has not found its way to the domain of animal sciences. In this study, we used the breath test to measure gastric emptying in young growing pigs using [1-13C] octanoic acid to trace digesta solids and [1-13C] glycine to study liquids. Pigs were fed a starch-rich diet, varying in starch source (isolated starch from barley, maize or high-amylose maize) or form (isolated barley starch, ground barley or extruded barley), after which 13CO2 enrichment was frequently measured during 11 h. Outliers in 13CO2 enrichment in the response curve of each pig were identified with a Cookʼs distance outlier test in combination with a leave-one-out analysis. Effects of experimental treatments on breath test parameters were tested using a GLM. In general, pigs were easy to train and the tailor-made mask allowed effortless sampling. Gastric emptying of all pigs followed a biphasic pattern, with a higher 13C recovery during the first peak. The first peak in gastric emptying of solids reached its maximum enrichment within 2 h after feeding in all cases. For digesta liquids, this peak was reached earlier for pigs fed ground barley (2.2 h after feeding), compared to pigs fed diets containing isolated starch (2.8 h after feeding). The second peak in gastric emptying of solids was reached later for pigs fed ground barley (5.9 h after feeding), compared with pigs fed extruded barley (4.5 h after feeding) and pigs fed diets containing isolated barley starch (4.8 h after feeding). In conclusion, the 13C breath test is a convenient, non-invasive tool to gain more insights into the gastric emptying pattern of pigs.

Abstract Arrayed CRISPR‐based screens emerge as a powerful alternative to pooled screens making it possible to investigate a wide range of cellular phenotypes that are typically not amenable to pooled screens. Here, we describe a solid‐phase transfection platform that enables CRISPR‐based genetic screens in arrayed format with flexible readouts. We demonstrate efficient gene knockout upon delivery of guide RNAs and Cas9/guide RNA ribonucleoprotein complexes into untransformed and cancer cell lines. In addition, we provide evidence that our platform can be easily adapted to high‐throughput screens and we use this approach to study oncogene addiction in tumor cells. Finally demonstrating that the human primary cells can also be edited using this method, we pave the way for rapid testing of potential targeted therapies.

Since there are conflicting reports in the literature on solubility and dissolution advantages of cocrystals over free forms, we systematically studied solubility and intrinsic dissolution rates of a weakly basic drug, ketoconazole, and its cocrystals with fumaric acid and succinic acid as functions of pH to determine what advantages cocrystals provide. pH-solubility profiles were determined in two different ways: one by lowering pH of ketoconazole aqueous suspensions using HCl, fumaric acid and succinic acid, and the other by adjusting pH of cocrystal suspensions using respective coformer acids or NaOH. Similar pH-solubility profiles were obtained whether free base or cocrystals were used as starting materials to determine solubility. With the addition of fumaric and succinic acids to aqueous suspensions of free base to lower pH, the maximum solubility (pHmax) was reached at pH ~3.5-4.0, below which the solubility decreased and cocrystals formed. The solubility, however, continued increasing when HCl was added to ketoconazole suspension as no cocrystal or salt was formed. During determination of cocrystal solubility, a conversion to free base was observed when pH was raised above pHmax. Thus, pH-solubility profiles of cocrystals resembled solubility profiles commonly encountered with salts. Above pHmax, both free base and cocrystal had similar solubility under identical pH conditions; the solubility of cocrystal was higher only if the pH differed. In contrast, intrinsic dissolution rates of cocrystals at pH>pHmax under identical bulk pH were much higher than that of free ketoconazole since cocrystals had lower microenvironmental pH at the dissolving surface, where the solubility was high. Thus, cocrystals of basic drugs can potentially provide higher dissolution rates under intestinal pH conditions.

This study deals with the roles of a magnetic field and circular rotation of a circular cylinder on the dissemination of solid phase within a nanofluid-filled square cavity. Two wavy layers of the non-Darcy porous media are situated on the vertical sides of a cavity. An incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) method was endorsed to carry out the blending process concerning solid phase into nanofluid and porous media layers. Initially, the solid phase is stationed in a circular cylinder containing two open gates. Implications of a buoyancy ratio (N = −2: 2), Hartmann number (Ha = 0: 100), rotational frequency (ω = 1 : 10) , Darcy parameter (D a = 10 − 2 : 10 − 5 ) , Rayleigh number (R a = 10 3 : 10 6) , nanoparticles parameter (φ = 0 : 0.06) , and amplitude of wavy porous layers (Α = 0.05 : 0.15) on the lineaments of heat/mass transport have been carried out. The results revealed that the diffusion of the solid phase is permanently moving toward upward except at opposing flow mode (N < 0) toward downward. The lower Rayleigh number reduces the solid-phase diffusions. A reduction in a Darcy parameter lessens the nanofluid speed and solid-phase diffusions in the porous layers. A reduction in D a from 10 − 3 to 10 − 5 diminishes the maximum of streamlines | ψ | max by 13.19% at N = − 2 , by 46.75% at N = 0 , and by 74.75% at N = 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of Polystyrene (PS) Photolysis was conducted using a mixture of PS-TiO2/SiO2/Ru composite. The photolysis was under sunlight conditions with 6.35-5.00 kWh/m2/day for 288-hour exposure; in Hail region KSA. The photocatalysis was prepared by impregnation method with ratios TiO2 25%, SiO2 75% and Ru 0.2%. Two types of samples photodegradation were applied on it; standard samples (STD) and municipal waste residues samples (MWR). The degradation efficiency % improved by doubling the amount of photocatalyst. MWR samples showed higher degradation efficiency % than STD samples. The degradation efficiency was confirmed by FTIR analysis, weight-loss % and Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM). FTIR showed a considerable decrease in the intensity of aromatic peaks at 751, 698 cm-1 and an increase in the intensities for phenyl-C=O at 2352 cm-1and O-H peaks at 3776 cm-1. The XRD and SEM characterization for TiO2/SiO2/Ru composite shows an amorphous structure, with a particle size of 12.4-23.7 nm. EDX analysis shows an atomic weight % for SiO2: 79.81, TiO2: 16.76 and Ru2O3: 3.43 at. %. Calculating the energy gap (Eg) for the TiO2/SiO2/Ru composite was by using emission wavelengths at δ= 363, 378, 406, 438, and 463 nm giving Eg = 3.42, 3.28, 3.06, 2.82 and 2.68 eV respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]