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Недостаток систематизированных теоретических знаний прикладного характера в вопросах прогнозирования и регулирования процессов, протекающих в почвенном покрове, обуславливает отсутствие методологии мониторинга динамики структуры почвенного покрова. Для предиктивного управления процессами изменения структуры почвенного покрова (СПП) необходим современный подход к разработке методологии мониторинга, в качестве одного из инструментов которого, может выступать «дистанционное зондирование Земли» (ДЗЗ)., The lack of systematized theoretical knowledge of an applied nature in the issues of forecasting and regulating the processes occurring in the soil cover causes the lack of a methodology for monitoring the dynamics of the soil cover structure. For predictive control of the processes of changes in the structure of the soil cover (SPP), a modern approach to the development of monitoring methodology is required, one of the tools of which can be “Earth remote sensing” (ERS).

В работе представлены результаты исследования структуры почвенного покрова территории Зауральского плато с характерными степными, лугово-степными, луговыми комплексами и сочетаниями. Выявлены особенности строения почвенного покрова, закономерности распространения почв, отличающихся по типу почвообразования. На примере степного района проведено выделение почвенных комбинаций, определен их состав по преобладающим и сопутствующим типам почв в зависимости от положения в рельефе, режима увлажнения, растительного покрова и антропогенного воздействия. Описаны основные типы почв, объединенные по геоморфологическому положению и сгруппированные по типу водного режима (автомрофный, полугидроморфный, гидроморфный). В зависимости от геоморфологической приуроченности, характера увлажнения среди почв автоморфного режима увлажнения выделены комбинации, состоящие из зонального типа почв, представленного черноземами, занимающими повышенные позиции плато и развивающимися под степным типом растительности. По количеству компонентов преобладают двучленные комплексы, в составе которых подчиненное положение занимают автоморфные солонцы степные. Среди полугидроморфных почв, развитых по пониженным элементам рельефа в условиях формирования остепненных лугов и колковых лесов, выделены комбинации из лугово-черноземных почв, солонцов лугово-степных и солодей лесных, среди гидроморфных почв лугов и болот выделены комбинации, состоящие из луговых и лугово-болотных почв. Преобладание получили двучленные и трехчленные почвенные комбинации, представленные сочетаниями. Приведена краткая морфогенетическая характеристика выделенных типов и подтипов почв, занимающих различные положения в ландшафте, отличающиеся по условиям формирования, родовым и видовым признакам. В отдельную группу выделены однородные массивы пахотных и залежных земель, представленных агрогенно преобразованными почвами., The paper presents the results of studying the structure of the soil cover of the territory of the Trans-Ural Plateau with characteristic steppe, meadow-steppe, meadow complexes and combinations. The features of the structure of the soil cover, the patterns of distribution of soils, differing in the type of soil formation, have been revealed. Using the example of a steppe region, soil combinations were identified, their composition was determined according to the prevailing and associated soil types, depending on the position in the relief, moisture regime, vegetation cover, and anthropogenic impact. The main types of soils are described, united by geomorphological position and grouped by the type of water regime (automrophic, semihydromorphic, hydromorphic). Depending on the geomorphological confinement, the nature of moistening, among the soils of the automorphic-moistening regime, combinations have been distinguished consisting of a zonal type of soils, represented by chernozems, occupying elevated plateau positions and developing under the steppe type of vegetation. In terms of the number of components, binary complexes prevail, in which the subordinate position is occupied by automorphic steppe solonetzes. Combinations of meadow chernozem soils, meadow-steppe solonets and forest malts were identified among the semi-hydromorphic soils developed along low relief elements under the conditions of the formation of steppe meadows and pegged forests; among the hydromorphic soils of meadows and bogs, combinations of meadow and meadow-boggy soils were identified soil. Two-membered and three-membered soil combinations, represented by combinations, were predominant. A brief morphogenetic characteristic of the identified types and subtypes of soils, which occupy different positions in the landscape, differing in terms of formation conditions, generic and species characteristics, is presented. Homogeneous tracts of arable and fallow lands, represented by agrogenically-transformed soils, are distinguished into a separate group.

В условиях пятилетнего модельно-полевого опыта с искусственно сформированной контрастной структурой почвенного покрова в форме литогенной мозаики дерново-подзолистых почв различного гранулометрического состава и уровня окультуренности проведена сравнительная оценка агрономической и экологической эффективности традиционной зональной (ЗСУ) и точной (ТСУ) органоминеральных систем удобрения в овощном севообороте. ТСУ показала преимущество перед ЗСУ во влиянии на продуктивность овощного севооборота, пространственную неоднородность агрохимических свойств почвы и урожайности культур севооборота, а также окупаемость удобрений. На ее фоне продуктивность севооборота повысилась на 115% относительно контроля и на 10% – относительно варианта ЗСУ, а ее пространственная вариабельность снизилась с 32 до 9%. Окупаемость 1 кг NPK при прецизионном применении повысилась на 21% (с 9,9 до 12 зерновых единиц). Пространственная неоднородность агрохимических свойств сокращалась неодинаково. Снижение среднего значения их вариабельности с 46% в контроле до 30% в варианте ЗСУ и 23% в варианте ТСУ достигнуто в основном за счет таких показателей, как содержание легкогидролизуемого азота, подвижного фосфора, органического вещества, обменных оснований и гидролитической кислотности. По причине специфичности условий поглощения растениями и почвой калия удобрений содержание его подвижных соединений нивелировалось в пространстве литогенной мозаики менее выражено., For a five-year model field experiment, a contrast structure of the soil cover was artificially created in the form of a lithogenic mosaic of soddy-podzolic soils of different particle size distribution and cultivation level. Under these conditions, we compared the agronomic and ecological efficiency of the traditional zonal (ZFS) and precision (PFS) organic and mineral fertilizer systems in a vegetable crop rotation. PFS showed an advantage over ZFS in influencing the productivity of the vegetable crop rotation, the spatial heterogeneity of the soil agrochemical properties and crop yields, and also the payback of fertilizers. Against this background, crop rotation productivity increased by 115% relative to the control and by 10% relative to the ZFS, and its spatial variability decreased from 32 to 9%. The payback of 1 kg of NPK with precision application increased by 21% (from 9.9 to 12 cereal units). The spatial heterogeneity of the agrochemical properties reduced unequally. The average value of the variability of agrochemical properties decreased from 46% in the control to 30% in ZFS variant and 23% in PFS variant. This was achieved mainly due to the content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, organic matter, metabolic bases, and hydrolytic acidity. Since plants and soil require specific conditions for the absorption of potassium from fertilizers, the content of its mobile compounds was levelled out less clearly in the space of the lithogenic mosaic.

Черноземы Азово-Кубанской низменности, как основное средство производства в сельском хозяйстве по мере повышения интенсивности их использования претерпевают изменения, в основном деградационного направления. Наблюдается изменение структуры почвенного покрова, состава и свойств почв на фоне динамики факторов почвообразования. В этом процессе причинно-следственную связь установить непросто, т. к. по мере интенсификации сельскохозяйственного производства роль антропогенного фактора может стать доминирующей, при том, что динамика климатических показателей может быть цикличной, а рельефа – однонаправленной. В работе сделана попытка оценки роли антропогенного фактора в деградационных процессах почвенного покрова объекта исследования, приводящих к снижению агропроизводственной ценности основного средства сельскохозяйственного производства почв., Intensive use of soils of the Azov-Kuban lowland in agricultural production leads to their change, mainly in the degradation direction, the dynamics of the structure of the soil cover against the background of the dynamics of soil formation factors. In this process, causes and effects can change places, but the result, as a rule, is the same a decrease in the agro-productive value of chernozems. The paper investigates the relationship and interdependence of the dynamics of the structure of the soil cover with the changing conditions of soil formation of different nature and origin. An attempt is made to assess the role of the anthropogenic factor in the degradation processes of the soil cover of the object of study.

The relations between the spectral surface characteristics of the elements of the soil cover structure and soil properties in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe of Central Siberia were investigated. It was revealed that the most informative parameters for field spectrometry are the content of humus, carbonate carbon dioxide and the prevailing particle-size fractions. A statistically significant relationship between the elements of the soil cover structure and the reflectivity of soils has been confirmed by means of multidimensional statistics. The wave lengths with the greatest coupling force are highlighted. Regression equations for remote study of soil cover structure have been obtained, which can be used if additional point studies are carried out in a wider range of test parameters.

The agro–industrial cadastres are separated in the Lankaran Lowland: Masalli–Vilashchai agro–industrial claster (main specialization: grain growing, vegetable-growing (potato), forage growing, vine growing, cultured pasture, hayfield); Central Lowland agro–industrial claster (vegetable growing, forage growing, paddy growing, tea growing, citrus growing, hayfield); Astarachai–Shuvi industrial claster (citrus growing, tea growing, vegetable growing). Amanagement system of the farming lands was offered as an example of Astarachai–Shuvi claster and the management blocks have been separated: management of the environment indices (height, inclination, exposure, annual rainfalls, annual temperature, relative humidity, a sum of thetemperatures more than than 10; an quantity of the windy days, direction and etc. ); management of the soil (fertility) parameters (physical, chemical, physicochemical characters and regimes of theagronomic importance in soil); management of the biological indices (events in connection with the problems of seed-growing, the agricultural plants growing, productivity increase, protection and guarding and etc.).

Based on the method of plastic terrain, scientific-practical and methodological foundations for the preparation of maps of soil cover structure were developed. It is noted that in the formation of soil combinations of the Lenkoran lowland a significant role belongs to the zonal and regional natural conditions. The morphogenetic indices of soils belonging to different facial groups of soil formation of the Lenkoran lowland, the combination of the soil cover pattern and the soil cover pattern of local territories based on the relief plastics are analyzed. Maps compiled on the basis of plastic relief most fully reflect the actual picture of the earth’s surface, having scientific and theoretical, as well as economic value.

Применительно к условиям лесостепи Новосибирского Приобья проведены комплексные исследования в системе рельеф – почвы – микроклимат и выделен новый вид агроландшафта. В пределах ключевого участка на основе ландшафтного анализа выделены следующие элементы мезо- и микрорельефа: слабо выраженная водораздельная часть, осложненная микрозападинами и локальными наклонами северной экспозиции и склон южной экспозиции сложной формы. Ландшафты Новосибирского Приобья по комплексу признаков делятся на три типа: плакорный, плакорный микрозападинный, эрозионный. В соответствии с ландшафтно-экологической классификацией земель [1] первые два вида относятся к агроэкологической ., With reference to the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk Ob region, complex studies were carried out in the relief-soil-microclimate system, and a new type of agrolandscape was identified. Within the key area, the following elements of the meso- and microrelief are distinguished on the basis of landscape analysis: a weakly expressed watershed, complicated by micro-depressions and local slopes of northern exposure and a slope of southern exposure of a complex shape. Landscapes of the Novosibirsk Ob region are divided into three types according to the complex of features: slightly reliefed (plakorny), slightly reliefed with micro-slopes (plakorny mikrozapadinny), and erosional. In accordance with the landscape-ecological classification of lands [1], the first two species belong to the agroecological group of slightly reliefed (plakornye) lands, the third to the group of erosive lands.

Soil on dolomites of Samobor and Zumberak hills in north west Croatia were developped as a consequence of interaction of specifie pedogenetic factors. The zoneof triassic dolomites is characterized by higly fracture relief with cone peaks, steep sides and incised valleys. Dolomite parent rock is poorly with shallow and considerably even zone of ohysical dissipation of rocj into dolomite gravel which stipulates the domination of carbonate stony rendzinas on dolomite. On the territory of triassic dolomites of Zumberak and Samobor hills the density of lowlands network is high (5.8 m/1km2) which indicates to the presence of poorly porous parent rock material which stipulated the domination of regular river erosion. Brooks Kupcina and Bregana tributary streams are incised into dolomite body of defile 200-400 m deep penetrating very deep into the highland massif. Remaining mountain crests identical denudation bases heights which indicates to the original existance of one fracture-zone.In spatial distribution of litosequences, the neighbourhood of triassic dolomites is composed of very heterogenous cretaceous flysch, neogenous loesses, lhytotamnial and ereataceous limestone. There four main heterogenous pedocartografic units the soil cover structure: - shallow carbonate stony rendzina, shallow calcocambisol arid lithosls on areas caught by erosion prevail on sunny, steep sides the Querco-Ostryetum carpinifolia forests and its degradation stages ; - carbonate stony medium deep and colluvial rendzina on dolomites, luvisols and calcocambisol prevail on sunny sides under the Lamio Orvale-Fagetum forest in the ground cover structure ; - meadows and land under cultivation on carbonate shallow and medium deep, antropogenized rendzinas and calcocambisols with local findings of terra rossa are located on narrower plains of mountains crests ; - crest stony colluvious dominate in narrow valleys. The most wide-spread pedocartografic units with shallow and medium deep rendzinas, calcocambisols and luvisols occupy steep and very steep slopes. They are mainly grown with forest vegetation and are to lesser extent used as meadows steep slopes of southern expositions are grequently caught by water erosion wich has dich and furrow from. Focus of excessive water errosion 20 years ago was on cca 5 % of dolomite areas. Their locations were prevaling in upper parts of Kupcina on Zumberak were the vegetation devastation was considerably higher due to pasture and felling. Today the antropogenous pressure is much weaker due to dislocation of population and thus the erosion has significantly decreased. Gravel cones on which regosols and rendzinas on gravel have developped were made in areas of eroded slopes. This parent rock material is very suitable for growth of Austrian pine. Rendzinas on dolomitas are, by their mechanical composition, hight clay to fine sandy loam with admixed dolomite stones, pH is weakly alkaline, Ca CO content is changable in a 5 to 50 % range and more. Humus content is from 10 to 15 %. There are porous, shallow and dray soils with thermophylic vegetation on southern clopes and ecologically favourable variant with more humidity occupies sunnier expositions with more mountainous beech forest. Calcocambisol on dolomites in characterized by loamy mechanical compostition, neutral pH medium ecological depth and more favourable production properties than rendzina. Luvisol on dolomites are the leading droduction soil unit. Ecological depth is more that 100 cm acording to texture differentiation they are clay-loams and hight clays, soil reaction is weakly acid and humus accumulative surface horizont under the forest does not surpass 5 or 10 cm.