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Sociolects, as social varieties of language, should be classified and described on the basis of both linguistic and sociological criteria. In practice, however, most often only either the first one (e.g. according to Antoni Furdal and Danuta Buttler) or the second one is used (e.g. according to Aleksander Wilkoń and Tomasz Piekot). Both these criteria are less frequently combined (Stanisław Grabias). The article proposes those aspects of the sociological and linguistic functioning of language varieties that should be used by sociolinguistics especially in the characterisation of sociolects, but also in their typology. The sociological criteria include: the type of contacts in the group (including contacts made via the Internet), the degree of group formalisation, the durability of the group and the type of bond that binds the group together. Among the linguistic criteria the following were distinguished: nomination and expressiveness, the method of acquiring a sociolect and the degree of its codification and the rank of the linguistic norm. The article also clarifies the concept of the distinguishing features of the sociolectic vocabulary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic changes in the linguistic situation in the Polish countryside, described since the end of World War II, require a different view of the relationship between dialectology and sociolinguistics. Traditional dia- lectology, i.e. the one we owe to the works of Kazimierz Nitsch, exposed two factors: ruralness and geograph- ical diversity. At the same time, dialectology retained autonomy from sociolinguistics. Post-war changes in Polish borders and multi-million people migrations, as well as civilization changes, made the geographical aspect of the speech of the rural population fall into the background. Dialectology today focuses on genera- tionality, situationality and gender diversity, and these are strictly sociolinguistic factors. It follows, there- fore, that dialectology in the new linguistic conditions of the Polish countryside has become a subdiscipline of sociolinguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article attempts to organize the terminology and concepts related to the social varieties of the Polish language. It has a special focus on establishing the relations between hobbyist varieties and professional and other social varieties. Discussed are the best-known classifications of sociolects (focusing on the typologies of Aleksander Wilkoń and Stanisław Grabias) and the relationship between professional varieties and other social varieties. The division of sociolects into environmental varieties and professiolects (with two sub- varieties: professional, which also includes scientific varieties, and hobbyist varieties) was established. The examples of several specific sociolects show the difficulty and sometimes the inability to determine strict boundaries between different types of sociolects. The transitory, mixed nature of varieties mainly concerns hobbyist sociolects, whereas the status of adolescent varieties in relation to the student variety appears, on the basis of the findings so far, as unclear and requiring new research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article is about the film stylisation of grypsera in the 2003 feature film Symetria, directed and scripted by Konrad Niewolski. Grypsera is understood here as (1) a set of rules, a system of values and norms of behavior which exists in prison, (2) the slang of prisoners. The author focused primarily on the linguistic aspect, discussing 80 lexemes and syntactic constructions. In addition, he characterized the basic rules and norms of behavior that are expressed by these lexemes. The analysis included classifying the lexical resource into 9 semantic categories. The discussed words and phraseological units have been juxtaposed with the content of Klemens Stępniak’s Słownik tajemnych gwar przestępczych (Dictionary of Secret Criminal Slangs). As a result, it turned out that the film meticulously reflected the prison reality in the linguistic aspect. What’s more, grypsera in this stylisation contains all the features attributed to sociolects, i.e. secrecy, professionalism and expressiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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TOWARDS PERCEPTUAL PHRASEOLOGY: TESTING THE KNOWLEDGE AND ASSESSMENT OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS BY STUDENTS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES The authors discuss the most important assumptions of the research project on the knowledge, reception and practical application of phraseology by representatives of various social groups of nativespeakers, as well as the results of the first stage of the research carried out among students of humanities and social sciences. The notion of “perceptual phraseology” is treated as a part of perceptual linguistics which examines how the attitudes of language users and their perception of various forms as correct or incorrect affect their language behaviour. The aim of the project is to examine: a) the perception, knowledge and ability to assess the compliance of phraseologies with the dictionary norm; b) the ability to use them in specified social situations; c) social variables determining the level of knowledge of the phraseology of the Polish language by educated social classes. In addition to the results of the analyses in the collective and individual dimension, the results of the verification of preliminary hypotheses and conclusions for the subsequent stages of the research were presented, during which focus interviews will be conducted, and other social and professional groups will also be included.

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The authors discuss the most important assumptions of the research project on the knowledge, reception and practical application of phraseology by representatives of various social groups of native-speakers, as well as the results of the first stage of the research carried out among students of humanities and social sciences . The notion of "perceptual phraseology" is treated as a part of perceptual linguistics which examines how the attitudes of language users and their perception of various forms as correct or incorrect affect their language behaviour. The aim of the project is to examine: a) the perception, knowledge and ability to assess the compliance of phraseologies with the dictionary norm; b) the ability to use them in specified social situations; c) social variables determining the level of knowledge of the phraseology of the Polish language by educated social classes In addition to the results of the analyses in the collective and individual dimension, the results of the verification of preliminary hypotheses and conclusions for the subsequent stages of the research were presented, during which focus interviews will be conducted, and other social and professional groups will also be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Celem artykułu jest analiza treści (postów, memów) publikowanych przez administratora społeczności wirtualnej „The Language Nerds” w serwisie społecznościowym Instagram, a także wybranych, powiązanych z nimi komentarzy zamieszczanych przez członków społeczności zarówno na Instagramie jak i Facebooku. Badanie jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakiego typu treści stanowią zasadnicze spoiwo grupy. W tym celu dokonana została klasyfikacja postów w oparciu o wyróżnione w procesie ich kreowania dominanty funkcjonalne. Wyodrębniono sześć zasadniczych klas: 1. memy o dominującej funkcji humorystycznej, 2. zagadki logiczno-językowe, 3. posty kreowane w oparciu o specyfikę obrazowania pojęć w danym języku (Językowy Obraz Świata), 4. posty o dominującej funkcji metajęzykowej, 5. posty o dominującej funkcji prezentatywnej (charakteryzujące prototypowego członka grupy własnej), 6. posty o charakterze wypowiedzi argumentacyjnych. Następnie każda z klas została szczegółowo opisana i zilustrowana wybranymi przykładami spośród 220 przebadanych postów. Zawartość treściowa wszystkich wyróżnionych klas wskazuje, że zasadniczym czynnikiem integrującym społeczność jest język, przy czym istotna jest wykazana w badaniu różnorodność perspektyw jego wykorzystania jako narzędzia konstruowania tożsamości członków społeczności. W świetle przeprowadzonej analizy statystycznej największą rolę w generowaniu homogeniczności grupy odgrywa humor językowy.

The article concerns the linguistic situation in the Polish village and the need for a new approach in dialectological research. In the 21st century, Polish dialectology becomes a de facto subdiscipline of sociolinguistics. The disintegration of the dialects means that there is a need for new descriptive research in the area that was part of Poland before 1945. In the western and northern territories (until 1945 belonged to Germany), it seems justified to conduct sociolinguistic research taking into account the communicative communities.

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What Does Historical Dialectology Actually Include? (Remarks from the Perspective of a Dialectologist) The article refers to the contemporary status of Polish dialects and, at the same time, it is a voice in the debate on the scope of historical dialectology. The reference point for the works of W. Taszycki and other, later historians of language, was (and still is) the heritage of K. Nitsch, while, for dialectologists, his texts only offer a historical and/or normative value (in case of revitalization activities) as an example of language used in villages about a hundred years ago. In the publications related to historical dialectology it is assumed that the status of local dialects described by Nitsch is still valid. Dynamic changes that take place in the Polish village require revising this view and, as a result, correcting the scope of historical dialectology which, from the modern perspective, includes the works that describe dialects from the first half of the 20th century.

The main purpose of this article is to show the influence of globalization-related social and cultural changes on the language and linguistic perception of the world presented by the oldest inhabitants of a contemporary village. The research material contains the informal utterances of respondents aged 65+, which were collected during geographical research from 2011 to 2020 in the area of Wręczyca Wielka municipality near Klobuck in the north of Silesia Province. The first part of the article is a short description of the traditional rural community. Next, the author describes the changes which have been seen in Polish villages since 1945. In the second part, on the basis of the respondents' utterances, the author shows the influence of the aforementioned changes on the language and linguistic perception of the world of the oldest inhabitants of Wręczyca Wielka municipality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Socjolingwistyka is the property of Instytut Jezyka Polskiego PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Jezykoznawcze: Synchroniczne i diachroniczne aspekty badan polszczyzny is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego / University of Szczecin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The article refers to the contemporary status of Polish dialects and, at the same time, it is a voice in the debate on the scope of historical dialectology. The reference point for the works of W. Taszycki and other, later historians of language, was (and still is) the heritage of K. Nitsch, while, for dialectologists, his texts only offer a historical and/or normative value (in case of revitalization activities) as an example of language used in villages about a hundred years ago. In the publications related to historical dialectology it is assumed that the status of local dialects described by Nitsch is still valid. Dynamic changes that take place in the Polish village require revising this view and, as a result, correcting the scope of historical dialectology which, from the modern perspective, includes the works that describe dialects from the first half of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baudouin de Courtenay: A Precursor of More than Structural Linguistics The paper contrasts Jan Baudouin de Courtenay’s approach to language with Neogrammarian views on the one hand, and Ferdinand de Saussure’s approach on the other. Similarly to the Swiss linguist, de Courtenay understood language as a system, but his views on the langue–parole and synchrony– diachrony relationships were more complex. He can also be considered a precursor of sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics, and even gender linguistics.

The paper contrasts Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's approach to language with Neogrammarian views on the one hand, and Ferdinand de Saussure's approach on the other. Similarly to the Swiss linguist, de Courtenay understood language as a system, but his views on the langue-parole and synchrony- diachrony relationships were more complex. He can also be considered a precursor of sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics, and even gender linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the professional language of Polish press journalists, an aspect of the Polish language practically unexplored by scholars to date. The text signals selected research areas that should be of interest to linguists. The article begins with an attempt to prove the existence of such a professiolect and with a reference to several studies that preliminarily describe some of its features or elements. Subsequently the author discusses research tasks that need to be accomplished in order to describe the professiolect constituting a communication tool of Polish journalists (these tasks include the necessity of gathering empirical data, determining stages in the process of the creation of the linguistic code, characterizing internal differentiation into subvariants, establishing connections with the language of typographers, and formal-semantic analysis of individual lexical units). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Polono-Ruthenica is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Socjolingwistyka is the property of Instytut Jezyka Polskiego PAN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Comprehensive Research on Speech Communities Einar Haugen’s theory of “ecology of language”, also known as ecolinguistics and linguistic ecology, is an interdisciplinary approach within linguistic studies. The description of language with its “environment”, i.e. speech community, its history, economic and political situation, legal status and other features, is an important part of many research reports in sociolinguistics and contact linguistics. Despite of the usefulness of non-structural factors in linguistic analysis, one has to admit that many scholars, not only representatives of social sciences but also linguists, tend to concentrate on the sociological or anthropological part of ecolinguistic studies and neglect the question of linguistic phenomena or significantly reduce their description. However, there are certain studies from the field of linguistic ecology which can be characterized as comprehensive approaches in the research on speech communities, where socio-cultural and linguistic questions are paid equal attention. One of the most detailed research reports in this field is Tadeusz Lewaszkiewicz’s monograph on the language of resettlers from Navahrudak and its surroundings after the World War II. This in-depth study of a speech community is a rare example of a multifaceted analysis of idiolectal and generational evolution of the Polish language of the Eastern Borderlands.

What Shall be Understood under Creole Language? Creole languages are being formed as a result of language contact in multicultural and multilingual societies. Why is it that some circumstances are advantageous for their formation while others do not positively influence their formation? Which circumstances are crucial in order for a creole language to be formed? What does the entire process look like? Is the formation of a creole language a universal phenomenon or does it depend on the era and the place? Which creole languages are the most common in the world? Where do they come from? Do they have any characteristic features? These are the key questions that this paper attempts to answer.

The article is between onomastics and sociolinguistics. The author shows the informal forms of names, which are used in Polish family of landed gentry in the beginning of XX century. The author carried out a word-formation analysis of a large collection of these forms, selected from three memory books. The article is an important contribution to the knowledge of the riches of the diminutives, which Poles in different epochs and environments have addressed themselves.

The paper presents the results of a questionnaire in perceptual dialectology conducted in 2017 among the students of the University of Szczecin. To the best of my knowledge, it is one of the very few works discussing the laymen's perception of dialectal variation in Poland. The author encourages Polish dialectologists to approach the results not merely as an oddity but also as a challenge to deepen the discussion and explain the linguistic background of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Einar Haugen's theory of "ecology of language", also known as ecolinguistics and linguistic ecology, is an interdisciplinary approach within linguistic studies. The description of language with its "environment", i e speech community, its history, economic and political situation, legal status and other features, is an important part of many research reports in sociolinguistics and contact linguistics Despite of the usefulness of non-structural factors in linguistic analysis, one has to admit that many scholars, not only representatives of social sciences but also linguists, tend to concentrate on the sociological or anthropological part of ecolinguistic studies and neglect the question of linguistic phenomena or significantly reduce their description. However, there are certain studies from the field of linguistic ecology which can be characterized as comprehensive approaches in the research on speech communities, where socio-cultural and linguistic questions are paid equal attention. One of the most detailed research reports in this field is Tadeusz Lewaszkiewicz's monograph on the language of resettlers from Navahrudak and its surroundings after the World War II. This in-depth study of a speech community is a rare example of a multifaceted analysis of idiolectal and generational evolution of the Polish language of the Eastern Borderlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creole languages are being formed as a result of language contact in multicultural and multilingual societies . Why is it that some circumstances are advantageous for their formation while others do not positively influence their formation? Which circumstances are crucial in order for a creole language to be formed? What does the entire process look like? Is the formation of a creole language a universal phenomenon or does it depend on the era and the place? Which creole languages are the most common in the world? Where do they come from? Do they have any characteristic features? These are the key questions that this paper attempts to answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales Neophilologiarum is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)