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Fostering sustainable human-wildlife coexistence involves managing a more-than-human social process of complex interactions among people and wildlife. Developing effective coexistence strategies requires a thorough understanding of contextual intricacies inherent in these challenges. This paper goes beyond acknowledging the context-specific nature of coexistence challenges to emphasize that context itself is partly made by human thoughts and actions. Conservationists can consciously adopt an attention frame that enables them to navigate contexts in a manageable way, avoiding the dual pitfalls of oversimplification and overcomplication. Using the policy sciences approach, we introduce a social process framework designed to facilitate the analysis of complex contexts in coexistence challenges. It addresses both content (what should be included in the context) and procedure (how to analyze the context). At its core, this framework provides a functional understanding of five interactive elements: people seeking values through institutions using resources affecting wildlife. To "map" context is to comprehend how participants, consciously or unconsciously guided by their perspectives, engage in specific situations, employing their base values through various strategies to pursue desired outcomes from decision-making. Decision outcomes, in turn, have long-term effects on wildlife, resources, people, values, and institutions. We expound upon these categories and provide a set of guiding questions to facilitate empirical investigations into specific coexistence challenges in a problem-oriented, reflexive manner. This framework is a valuable tool to gain practical insights into coexistence challenges through conscious and systematic attention to key contextual variables, thereby contributing to enhancing the effectiveness of coexistence efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early studies of the transition after 1989 focused primarily on the national and international consequences of bank reform, marketization, and political realignments. Far less attention was paid to the everyday experiences of those living through these momentous events. The work of anthropologists, in contrast, was concerned with the mundane hassles and existential quandaries people were facing, while never losing sight of the broader processes underway. Four ethnographies based on field work in this early period are discussed to illustrate how this focus reveals complex accounts of the transition as a dynamic and often contradictory series of events: border realignment, privatization of industry, decollectivization, and the restructuring of class relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catastrophic wildfire is an increasingly familiar phenomenon on multiple continents. In the United States, concerns about uncontrolled, destructive wildfire have prompted some major insurance carriers to cease writing new policies or to non-renew existing policies. These trends affect not only policyholders, but also, vulnerable communities that already face multiple obstacles to securing property or renters insurance. This study reviews the social and behavioral sciences literatures on wildfire risk in the United States and insurance protection by homeowners. Three categories of research emerge from the review, namely, homeowner as rational actor, wildfire governance and risk management, and wildfire and social equity. There is abundant scholarship on determinants of homeowner decisions to manage wildfire risk by self-protecting or by purchasing insurance, but comparatively little research on the policy implications of shrinking markets for insurance. Policy research on the needs of underinsured and uninsured populations is also relatively undeveloped. Overlaying Lasswell's social process framework on the three dominant research themes, we find not only divergent research questions, models, and methods, but also, important differences in which stakeholders and stakeholder values are considered. There are opportunities for the different literatures to learn from one another, but also, to sharpen their focus on insurance as a scarce and uncertain resource amid climate change and as property development continues to expand in wildfire-prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study addresses a concern over the quality of online news reader comments. Specifically, it examines how online reader comments contribute to deliberation from cognitive and interactive perspectives. The results of content analyzing, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the comments from an online publication The Diplomat suggest that comments were mostly deliberative and serious, and they were more neutrally oriented than degrading in terms of feelings. There was some association between reasonings and feelings but not very strong. The study concludes that comment fields can be a good platform for participatory journalism and enrich deliberation on issues.

Abstract Aims To examine the associations between social processes and mechanisms within the community and risky sexual behaviour (RSB) among adolescents and young adults. Design Systematic review. Methods We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines and conducted a literature search in August 2020. From 11,216 identified articles, 605 were for full‐text screen. We used 24 articles, 22 after applying inclusion criteria and 2 manually searched relevant articles. Results Social processes and mechanisms within the community included collective efficiency and social support, community safety and community norm. Collective efficacy and social support and community safety were examined using 10 and 16 studies, respectively. We found that collective efficiency and social support, and community norms partially supported the occurrences of RSB among adolescents and young adults. Community safety displayed inconclusive relationships with RSB. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of social processes and mechanisms within the community in preventing RSB among adolescents and young adults. Community‐based programs to improve community efficacy and social support would be effective strategies to reduce such RSB and to promote better reproductive health among adolescents and young adults.

AbstractObjectiveDesignStudy SampleResultsConclusionsStigma has long been implicated as a reason why adults with acquired hearing loss are slow to seek help and for sub-optimal uptake of hearing devices. However, the field has not developed a comprehensive understanding of why stigma occurs, nor has it related this comprehensive knowledge to a theoretical framework.This special issue presents results from a two-phase, multi-method study to systematically investigate how stigma is experienced by adults with hearing loss and their families, how they manage it in everyday life, and how these experiences relate to the decision to wear hearing aids.Phase 1 of the study involved 20 dyads of adults with hearing loss and their family members. Phase 2 involved 331 adults with hearing loss and 313 family members.Results of the study are presented in each of the subsequent papers that are part of this special issue. Results are mapped onto the Major and O’Brien model of stigma-induced identity threat in each paper.This paper provides an introduction to the Special Issue and describes the methods for the overall study that is the focus of the papers within the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the human activity that social processes consist in is a central task for the philosophy of the social sciences. This paper asks: which conception of agency arising from contemporary action theory is the most suitable for social science explanation? It is argued that a movement‐centered, Davidsonian picture of agency is not suitable for explaining certain social processes such as strikes and boycotts because, instead of intentional bodily movements, they are explained by the intentional omissions of agents. I propose that instead of intentional bodily movements, social processes are better explained by phenomena in which an agent is taking an active relation both to her mental or bodily processes as well as to what is happening around her. Thus, to fully explain social processes, a comprehensive theory of agency that can account for intentional actions and intentional omissions and a conception of agency that includes both materialist and volitionalist aspects is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To examine the associations between social processes and mechanisms within the community and risky sexual behaviour (RSB) among adolescents and young adults. Design: Systematic review. Methods: We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines and conducted a literature search in August 2020. From 11,216 identified articles, 605 were for full‐text screen. We used 24 articles, 22 after applying inclusion criteria and 2 manually searched relevant articles. Results: Social processes and mechanisms within the community included collective efficiency and social support, community safety and community norm. Collective efficacy and social support and community safety were examined using 10 and 16 studies, respectively. We found that collective efficiency and social support, and community norms partially supported the occurrences of RSB among adolescents and young adults. Community safety displayed inconclusive relationships with RSB. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of social processes and mechanisms within the community in preventing RSB among adolescents and young adults. Community‐based programs to improve community efficacy and social support would be effective strategies to reduce such RSB and to promote better reproductive health among adolescents and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classic 1965 article by the Canadian-American demographer Norman Burston Ryder on the cohort concept has inspired generations of social scientists to examine the nature and extent of social change in a wide range of contexts. However, while there have been numerous attempts to develop new methods for analyzing temporally structured data, there have been strikingly few attempts to elaborate on Ryder’s core theoretical insights. Drawing on his 1965 article as well as a collection of unpublished documents, this article fills this gap by developing a new, general Ryderian theory of social change. I first discuss the main features of the overall theoretical framework, focusing on the sociocultural system, the cohort concept, and the problem of persistence. Next, I outline a “processual” account of social change, introducing the key distinction between structure, process, and transformation as well as revealing how a Ryderian approach, using insights from demography, can be generalized to encompass a diverse array of structural changes. I conclude with a discussion on promising directions for additional research based on Ryder’s ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the scientific approaches to the phenomenon of adaptation, social adaptation and concepts derived from them, as well as essential characteristics of these concepts. The research addresses strategies of the adaptation process, and presents four types of human adaptation: biological, physiological, psychological and social ones. The concepts of socialization and adaptation have been compared. The qualities of an adapted person, his needs, his attitude to the social environment have been investigated. Attention is focused on the process of social adaptation as a way to master social norms and as an initial stage of successful socialization. The process of adaptation is closely interconnected with the process of personal development, and adaptability is an indicator of the development of the qualities and properties of the personality and his/her adaptive abilities. It is concluded that adaptation in the system of humanities knowledge is one of the significant categories that reveals the possibility and necessity of an individual to adapt to changing living conditions, which is the main condition for the stability of the social system and its development. Each scientific discipline considers it in its own subject field: Philosophy -in general theoretical plane, Psychology- at the level of the intensity of a person’s mental reactions to external influences, Sociology -in the aspect of influencing the stability of the social system at all its levels.

The United Nation's Agenda 2030 recognizes unpaid domestic caregiving in the home as the largest barrier to gender equality. However, little research has been conducted to understanding the social process through which fathers engage in caregiving. The purpose of this constructivist grounded theory study was to explore the social process of caregiving in fathers. Recruited from multiple community settings, 35 fathers participated in intensive interviews with the investigator. The initial interview guide was developed through Swanson's Theory of Caring and modified as themes emerged. Data analysis occurred using an iterative categorization matrix for organization and clarity. This study proposed the action-based Caregiving in Fathers Theory. The 3 main themes of the theory center on the following: (1) reconciling the past through "Reinventing the Kitchen Table"; (2) managing the present through "Creating a Home"; and (3) preparing for the future through "Discovering Empowerment." For fathers, gender equality in society begins with accepting fathers as proficient, competent, and primary caregivers. This theory reveals the motivations of fathers in participating in unpaid domestic caregiving in the home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years; digital media has garnered widespread interest from various domains. Despite advancements in the technology of digital media for globalized communication; disparities persist in user interaction patterns across different regions. These differences can be attributed to the presence of a control system, known as meta-communication, which shapes the coding of information based on social relationships. Meta-communication is formed in various social contexts, resulting in varying communication patterns among different groups. However, empirical research on the social processes that form meta-communication in digital media is scarce due to the challenges in quantifying meta-communication. This study aims to introduce exponential random graph models as a potential tool for analyzing meta-communication in digital media and to provide a preliminary understanding of its formation. The use of such models could prove valuable for researchers seeking to study meta-communication in digital media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter-disciplinary team working is an essential mechanism for the delivery of integrated care. This paper summarises a narrative review of the research on the ‘work’ that teams do to develop inter-disciplinary practices, addressing the question ‘How do interdisciplinary teams ‘become’ in the context of models of integrated care?’. The narrative review identities a gap in our understanding of the active boundary work that different disciplines working together to deliver care integration engage in when creating new interdisciplinary knowledge, creating an inter-disciplinary team identity and negotiating new social and power relations. This gap is particularly significant in relation to the role played by patients and care-givers. This paper presents a way of examining inter-disciplinary working as a process of creating knowledge, identity and power relations both in terms of a theoretical lens, circuits of power, and a methodology, institutional ethnography. An explicit focus on understanding power relations within inclusive inter-disciplinary teams in care integration will contribute to our understanding of the gap between theory and implementation of care integration by focusing on the ‘work’ that teams do to create new knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the conditions of traditional agricultural society, the development of water conservancy could embody some important way of local social control. There was good water environment and the relatively long process of water conservancy development on Ningxia plain. The water conservancy development process was manifested as a temporal and spatial process with phased characteristics and spatial differences. Special officials were responsible for water conservancy early in the Qing Dynasty. After the earthquake in 1739, water conservancy project was given priority to dredge. The authority to control water conservancy also gradually decentralized. Water resources was the core resource of agricultural development on Ningxia Plain, on which agriculture depended. The process of developing water conservancy involved transformation of local-controlled method and regional space in Ningxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civility is formed by social norms that guide our behavior and allow us to interact appropriately with others. These norms affect everyone and are learned through the socialization process. However, in the same process, people also learn gender norms that dictate how men and women should behave, leading to gender stereotypes and differentiated behavioral characteristics. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between gender and civility, and how we react to those who behave uncivilly given their gender. The results of Study 1 (N = 153) showed that even in a fictional and gender-neutral society, uncivil behaviors were associated with stereotypically masculine characteristics, and those who behaved uncivilly were dehumanized. In Study 2 (N = 144), gender differences were observed in incivility. Women were harsher when facing uncivil transgressors than men, especially if the transgressor was another woman. Our findings support the notion that gender norms are applied to civility, leading those supposedly equal social norms to unequal perceptions and evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female leadership development has become a key issue in organisations' strategy to ensure equal representation of male and female leaders throughout organisations, including top management. This article investigates the deployment of a combined programme of executive and group coaching to support female leader development in a multinational. Drawing on the experiences of key stakeholders: clients, coaches and the programme team using a case study approach, it offers a rich depiction of this novel use of dual forms of coaching. The findings and discussion identify the personal value of individual executive coaching, the collective value of group coaching and the synergies achieved from the interplay of the simultaneous use of both forms of coaching within the organisation, and beyond. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for our understanding of coaching as a social process, the effect of combining coaching approaches, and female leader development, emphasising the need for further research on coaching as a social process as part of leadership development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What accounts for overarching trajectories of civil wars? This article develops an account of civil war as a social process that connects dynamics of conflict from pre- to post-war periods through evolving interactions between nonstate, state, civilian, and external actors involved. It traces these dynamics to the mobilization and organization of nascent nonstate armed groups before the war, which can induce state repression and in some settings escalation of tensions through radicalization of actors, militarization of tactics, and polarization of societies, propelled by internal divisions and external support. Whether armed groups form from a small, clandestine core of dedicated recruits, broader networks, social movements, and/or fragmentation within the regime has consequences for their internal and external relations during the war. However, not only path-dependent but also endogenous dynamics shape overarching trajectories of civil wars. During the war, armed groups develop cohesion and fragment in the context of evolving internal politics, including socialization of fighters, institution-building in the areas that they control, which civilians can collectively resist, competition and cooperation with other nonstate and state forces, and external influence. After the war, armed groups transform to participate in continuing conflict and violence in different ways in interaction with multiple actors. This analysis highlights the contingency of civil wars and suggests that future research should focus on how relevant actors form and transform as they relate to one another to understand linkages between conflict dynamics over time and on continuities and discontinuities in these dynamics to grasp overarching trajectories of civil wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COMMUNICATION is a social process, the goal of which is to enable people to share meaning and, hopefully, understanding. Thus any change, revolutionary or evolu. tionary, in communication technology Is In- teresting only Insofar as it affects the social exchange of meaning. This paper suggests that we are witnessing not a revolution, but the leading edge of an evolution. It seems to be process of supplementation in which the new technologies operate in concert with the old.

Civility is formed by social norms that guide our behavior and allow us to interact appropriately with others. These norms affect everyone and are learned through the socialization process. However, in the same process, people also learn gender norms that dictate how men and women should behave, leading to gender stereotypes and differentiated behavioral characteristics. The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between gender and civility, and how we react to those who behave uncivilly given their gender. The results of Study 1 (N = 153) showed that even in a fictional and gender-neutral society, uncivil behaviors were associated with stereotypically masculine characteristics, and those who behaved uncivilly were dehumanized. In Study 2 (N = 144), gender differences were observed in incivility. Women were harsher when facing uncivil transgressors than men, especially if the transgressor was another woman. Our findings support the notion that gender norms are applied to civility, leading those supposedly equal social norms to unequal perceptions and evaluations.

The main contention of this paper is that the eventual decline of ideology would pave the way to personalism and piece-meal policy-making. In this respect, sociology should analyze the process of social evolution while the ideological goals tend to concentrate on the middle-range and distant future.

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The study addresses a concern over the quality of online news reader comments. Specifically, it examines how online reader comments contribute to deliberation from cognitive and interactive perspectives. The results of content analyzing, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the comments from an online publication The Diplomat suggest that comments were mostly deliberative and serious, and they were more neutrally oriented than degrading in terms of feelings. There was some association between reasonings and feelings but not very strong. The study concludes that comment fields can be a good platform for participatory journalism and enrich deliberation on issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

При создании математических моделей социальных процессов возникают такие трудности как отсутствие фундаментальных законов, плохая «измеримость»социальных показателей, сильная разномасштабность – от малых социальных групп до этносов, разнородность и нелинейность изучаемых социальных объектов. Процесс взаимодействия индивидуумов, коллективов и организованных масс есть сложная синергетическая система зависимых переменных и поведение этой системы может резко изменяться при некоторых внешних условиях, приводя к различного рода экстремальным (кризисным) ситуациям, к изменениям в макроскопических масштабах

Introduction Today, the emergence of risky behaviors among young people is one of the most important social problems. It has also become one of the most important and widespread concerns in human societies. In spite of the many efforts made in recent decades to increase the awareness of the consequences and reduce such behaviors, the risk has continued to increase. Youth is considered one of the most important, turbulent and sensitive age periods in any society and this period is one of the important stages in the socialization of actors, development, orderliness, and the institutionalization of social and moral norms. This period plays a prominent role in the development of psychological and social security in such a way that the occurrence and persistence of high-risk behaviors by young people have led to the formation of anti-social subcultures, insecurity, fear of crime, social phobia, and reduced trust among citizens. The incompatibility of such behaviors with social norms and its manifestation in the form of risky behaviors can have irreparable consequences for the whole society. The occurrence of such behaviors is one of the most important social issues in societies disrupting the lives of individuals and causes serious harm to the society. Such behaviors also increase the negative and destructive physical, psychological, and social consequences in a society and can cause many other damages. Materials and Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study used survey to collect data. The statistical population of the study comprised all people aged 15-34 years in the city of Tabriz with a population of 579694 people according to the general population and housing census of 1390 AH (2011). The number of statistical samples of the research was estimated to be 630 using Cochran’s statistical formula. The sampling method was multi-stage cluster sampling. In this way, the sample individuals were randomly selected from each region (cluster) of the municipality and by gender in relation to the population of each sex in the total statistical population of each region. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the variables and obtain the necessary information. The validity of the scales was of the type of content validity including formal and structural validities. In addition, SPSS-22 and Smart-PLS software were used to analyze the data. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results showed that the correlation between the social control, social empowerment, generation gap, and differential affiliation with risky behaviors was statistically significant. Also, the results of the Structural Equation Modeling indicated that the variables in the path model could explain 29.9 percent of the variations in the dependent variable of high-risk behaviors. On the other hand, according to the social process approach, the role of socialization was effective in the occurrence of deviant and risky behaviors. Therefore, the presence of individuals in different social spaces helps to form multiple and sometimes conflicting identities. Individuals’ personalities are constructed and addressed through such social relations and social networks, and cultural values ​​are internalized. In the meantime, the family is the link between the individual and society. In fact, this approach is based on the belief that family interactions and parent-child relationships, control mechanisms, and how to influence friends and peers are key elements to understanding the deviant behavior of young people. In this regard, the results of the present study are consistent with the theoretical contents of the social process. As a general conclusion, it can be said that using the correct educational method in the family is the most basic and main element of socializing the next generation and going through the process of proper socialization of the potential of the youth. In addition, the internalization of normal norms could be a very positive and turning point for the mechanisms of formal institutions of social processes to work effectively in socializing people.

In this paper we review the school occupation movements of São Paulo from the study of the discursive and action repertoires of the relevant players who were against the educational reform policy announced by the São Paulo State government in 2015. It aims to understand the struggle experience of the young players and part of their social processes. The article is divided into two parts: 1) a brief analysis of the educational policy and students' disapproval and the support of public opinion, using the paradigm of communicative action; 2) reflection on intersecting themes such as feminism and gender equity issues, for example, that emerged within the social movement. The conclusion indicates that the experience of the occupations resulted in a greater complexity of the movement and its agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership has increasingly been advocated as a potent organizing practice, linked positively to several performance dimensions as well as successful organizational development and change. Despite these alleged promises, the specific characteristics of leadership processes as they unfold in a construction context have not been fully captured by construction researchers. This paper is predicated on an identified lack of methodological richness underlying leadership studies in construction. While a growing number of contributions have quantitatively tested the ideas and models of leadership scholars, few have qualitatively explored the experiences and interpretations of the actual people that practice leadership in their daily work in construction companies. Drawing on a rich qualitative interview study, this paper analyzes open-ended stories about leadership in the largest construction companies in Sweden. The findings show how leadership styles have been shaped to align with traditional work and organizing principles, but also how they, by the same token, pose a seemingly unresolved tension with change initiatives that seek to reorganize to improve organizational performance. Altogether, these findings indicate that there are grounds to question the transformative potential of leadership in construction companies, as practiced today. The paper concludes by outlining the practical implications of these findings, together with some analytical generalizations that can serve as pointers for a strengthened leadership agenda in construction research, one that is characterized by an increased methodological richness and accentuated focus on the context-specific aspects of leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to understanding the social dimension of perception of innovations, which allows to determine the vector of perception of transformational changes in society. The urgency of the problem is due to the multicomponent processes of social transformations and the polyvariety of their consequences for social development. The theoretical foundations of scientific research are based on the analysis of theories of social transformations, stages of the “innovation life cycle”, typology of subjects of perception of innovations existing in the socio-humanitarian discourse. The article substantiates the expediency of taking into account the methodological aspects of the study of innovation as a social process through the emphasis on the impact of social well-being of members of society on the perception of innovative changes as a result of socio-economic, political, cultural transformations. A classification of innovations is proposed, depending on their perception by members of society (“recognized innovations”, “fragmentary innovations”, “marginal innovations”, “antagonistic innovations”, “rejected innovations”). The possibilities of their empirical classification were tested based on the results of the secondary analysis of the data of the annual monitoring “Ukrainian Society: Monitoring Social Changes” (Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine). As a result of the research it was possible to determine the basic indicators of perception of social reality by members of Ukrainian society in periods of social transformations (“satisfaction with one’s position in the period of social transformations”, “ability to live in new social conditions”, “satisfaction with one’s own life”); to trace their dynamics in the periods defined in the article by the authors as stages of social transformations (1994, 2004, 2014, 2020). According to the authors, it is during these periods that certain socio-cultural changes, which determine the vital activity of Ukrainian society, have been initiated. It is concluded that indicators of social well-being of members of society should be analyzed and taken into account when planning innovations, because it allows to predict and consider potential social reactions not only to the emergence of innovations introduced as part of social transformation, but also their level of social support in conditions of social transformations.

While social entrepreneurship (SE) as a field of study has progressed some distance over the past four decades, it is plagued by many unanswered, yet fundamental, questions. The SE literature is filled with an abundance of disputes, controversies, and alternative perspectives. Although this can suggest a healthy and robust discipline, it can also raise questions regarding the legitimacy and relevancy of the field, and uncertainty regarding where it is headed. In this research, we provide a systematic overview of major unresolved issues characterizing the contemporary study of SE in the form of thirteen divides. These divides cover such issues as social value creation, social innovation, nature of the process, agents, entrepreneurial orientation, scalability, venture creation, revenue sources, organizational outcomes, efficacy, and the appropriate disciplinary home. Rather than taking sides on each divide, we discuss how these diverse perspectives can be accommodated based on the process perspective. We present an inclusive approach to SE that provides a common platform for advancing the field while allowing for diverse streams of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to understanding the social dimension of perception of innovations, which allows to determine the vector of perception of transformational changes in society. The urgency of the problem is due to the multicomponent processes of social transformations and the polyvariety of their consequences for social development. The theoretical foundations of scientific research are based on the analysis of theories of social transformations, stages of the “innovation life cycle”, typology of subjects of perception of innovations existing in the socio-humanitarian discourse. The article substantiates the expediency of taking into account the methodological aspects of the study of innovation as a social process through the emphasis on the impact of social well-being of members of society on the perception of innovative changes as a result of socioeconomic, political, cultural transformations. A classification of innovations is proposed, depending on their perception by members of society (“recognized innovations”, “fragmentary innovations”, “marginal innovations”, “antagonistic innovations”, “rejected innovations”). The possibilities of their empirical classification were tested based on the results of the secondary analysis of the data of the annual monitoring “Ukrainian Society: Monitoring Social Changes” (Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine). As a result of the research it was possible to determine the basic indicators of perception of social reality by members of Ukrainian society in periods of social transformations (“satisfaction with one’s position in the period of social transformations”, “ability to live in new social conditions”, “satisfaction with one’s own life”); to trace their dynamics in the periods defined in the article by the authors as stages of social transformations (1994, 2004, 2014, 2020). According to the authors, it is during these periods that certain socio-cultural changes, which determine the vital activity of Ukrainian society, have been initiated. It is concluded that indicators of social well-being of members of society should be analyzed and taken into account when planning innovations, because it allows to predict and consider potential social reactions not only to the emergence of innovations introduced as part of social transformation, but also their level of social support in conditions of social transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to describe the review the of research finding on the role of social capital for the performance of MSMEs. An explanation of the role of social capital for the performance of MSMEs starts with the existence of MSMEs in Indonesia, the definition of social capital, the dimensions of social capital and the role of social capital for the lives of farmers, fishermen and craftsmen. It is concluded that social capital can increase the performance of MSMEs.

Political division, which re-emerged after Slovenian independence and parliamentary democracy in 1991, has strongly influenced Slovenian social life. The article focuses on official and parallel celebrations of statehood day as a political tool in political arena. The author analyses those manipulative and discursive techniques used by opposition leader Janez Janša that were the most evident in the critique of the official celebrations of statehood and the construction of parallel ones. Presented taxonomy of his interventions is based on extensive ethnographic work and offers a summarised review of some basic ideological disputes during the Slovenian post-socialist transition.

Background: It is unclear whether either neighborhood collective efficacy or school collective efficacy is associated with adolescent alcohol use. This study aimed to examine the relative contributions of collective efficacy, both in school and in the neighborhood contexts, to alcohol use among Japanese adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in public high schools across Okinawa and Ibaraki Prefectures in Japan in 2016. The study participants consisted of 3,291 students in grades 10 through 12 cross-nested in 51 schools and 107 neighborhoods. Alcohol use was measured as current alcohol drinking, which was defined as self-reported drinking on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. Collective efficacy was measured using scales of social cohesion and informal social control in school and the neighborhood. Contextual-level collective efficacy was measured using aggregated school-level and neighborhood-level individual responses, respectively. We used non-hierarchical multilevel models to fit the cross-nested data. Results: Significant variation in alcohol use was shown between schools but not between neighborhoods. After adjusting for covariates, school collective efficacy at individual- and contextual-levels was protectively associated with alcohol drinking (odds ratio [OR] for the increase of one standard deviation from the mean 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63–0.82 and OR 0.61; 95% CI, 0.49–0.75, respectively), whereas neighborhood collective efficacy at individual- and contextual-levels was not associated with alcohol consumption. Conclusion: The school-level associations of collective efficacy with adolescent alcohol use may have the greater impact than the neighborhood-level associations. Adolescent drinking prevention efforts should include enhancing school collective efficacy.

The main contention of this paper is that the eventual decline of ideology would pave the way to personalism and piece-meal policy-making. In this respect, sociology should analyze the process of social evolution while the ideological goals tend to concentrate on the middle-range and distant future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a qualitative study carried out for determining the views of teachers carrying on their duties in elementary and secondary education institutions towards the effect of ethical leadership behaviours upon classroom management. The data related to the research was collected through the interviews with the teachers who participated into the research in a period from October 2019 to October 2020 in Turkey. It was noticed that definitions of the teachers who participated into the research related to teacher leadership were shaped in accordance with their personal attitudes and traits. The participants mostly defined teacher leadership as being a role model and orienting the students. Namely, the participants considered that teacher leadership in classroom should be there for being a guide for the students and orienting them, and teachers should present model behaviours. The teachers who participated into the research also considered that teacher leadership in the classroom should be ethical. The participants especially emphasized that this leadership should have an ethical property related to mutual role balance, leadership shared with the students in the classroom, democratic attitude and respect to individuals. When teachers' ways of using their leadership roles in the classroom were analyzed, it was noticed that the teachers mostly presented behaviours for orientation, and focused mostly on student-cantered educational activities. The ethical behaviours participant teachers used mostly in classroom management were concluded to be behaving equally to the students, determining and practicing the classroom rules together, and regarding the individual differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

abstract: Only a limited number of theoretical studies have been conducted with regards to the issue of organizational secrecy. This study examines similar and different views about secrecy within three executive levels of an industrial multinational organization named Motores. This is achieved through a case study for which the data has been collected by using a survey-like questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The different maturity levels and process structures in the enterprise account not only for different stages, concerns, and types of knowledge involved in addressing secrecy, but also for the role boundaries among the agents surveyed. Furthermore, while these agents are well acquainted with suppliers and customers, whereby confidentiality is ensured through confidentiality agreements (NDAs) and patent protection, their relationships with institutions and organizations appear to be areas of little or no knowledge, especially when it concerns competitors, class entities, and government relations. Leaks of classified information occur, and the places and situations where they may take place are identified. No potential mitigation situations were identified in our case study, and no systemic protocol exists for dealing with classified topics in the different areas where secrecy is involved, including business strategies. Transparency is recognized and desired; however, its risks and consequences require evaluation.