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This research interprets the destabilization in U.S. higher education using Layton's theory of marketing systems to detail disruptions to academia's system settings. It highlights three impacted areas: governance, sentiment, and transformation. The authors examine the interplay between societal, technological, competitive, and political power shifts as major disruptors reshaping higher education. It critically examines these shifts by intertwining history with the demands of today's evolving landscape, emphasizing the need for transformative change. Layton's theory is utilized in this study to provide stakeholders a starting point to make informed, situationally aware strategic decisions during the choice and value-added phases of the framework based on Layton's Marketing Systems Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The power literature's focus on criticizing power relations comes at the cost of deliberate attempts to improve organizational practices. How can critical performativity and other scholars address power as an enabling force, thereby also allowing for more engagement with practitioners? We integrate the literature on power in and around organizations with studies of organizational change and behavior. By focusing on enabling instead of restrictive power, we draw attention to the potentially pivotal role of key actors—managers, other practitioners, and scholars—in fostering empowerment and emancipation within organizations. Our review points at four social mechanisms that drive enabling power: formal authority, language-shaping-action, community formation, and the dynamics of safety and trust. Furthermore, we identify various types of actions that can trigger these mechanisms that, in turn, may give rise to outcomes such as empowerment and emancipation. The main contribution of this article involves an integrated framework of power as an enabling force. By synthesizing various separate discourses, this framework extends prior reviews focusing on power-over, resulting in a systemic understanding of enabling power and thereby creating novel avenues for research on power. The integrative framework also provides a foundation for an intervention-oriented body of knowledge on enabling power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides the first comprehensive introduction to exponential random graph models (ERGM) in the Czech academic literature. In it we apply ERGM to a network of 68 organisations involved in the Czech coal policy subsystem. First, we summarise the major limitations of the statistical modelling of network data arising from the interdependencies among observations and explain principled solutions to them provided by ERGM. Next, we discuss ERGM's metatheoretical assumptions and their embeddedness within the broader context of social science research. We then introduce three types of relational mechanisms (endogenous, individual, and dyadic) opera-tionalised as specific configurations, which we illustrate through the empirical example of an expert information network. Following a descriptive analysis we apply ERGM, breaking it down into three main steps: simulation, estimation, and estimation assessment. We provide a detailed interpretation of the model's development and results, along with recommendations for building a model and solutions to convergence failure problems. One important finding is that one predictor of the exchange of expert information is ideological homophily, which reduces the potential of expertise to seek compromise solutions. We close with a discussion of the results and ERGM extensions to apply to more complex types of network data such as bipartite and multiplex networks and valued and longitudinal data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the theoretical approaches of foreign and domestic authors to the definition of subcultures, including youth subcultures. The subcultural phenomenon of sсhoolshooting as a progressive destructive phenomenon of modern society is considered. The issues of functioning of sсhoolshooting subculture are analyzed, the mechanisms, ways of interaction, «cultural scenarios» that operate within the subculture are highlighted. The reasons for adolescents to join the subculture of sсhoolshooting are described. The accession of young people to the subculture of sсhoolshooting can be caused by various reasons, problems and factors, which within the framework of this work are united into three groups: social problems, psychological problems and socio-cultural processes. The main result of the study is the construction of a model of the subcultural foundations of sсhoolshooting, which presents the main aspects of the functioning of this subculture. The genesis of sсhoolshooting has ontological, axiological, and anthropological foundations. The analysis of sсhoolshooting subculture is possible through a polyparadigmatic approach, which implies the use of social action theory, deformation theory, deviation theory and subcultures. The role of the media in functioning of the sсhoolshooting subculture is defined. On the one hand, the media actually play a key role in shaping the subculture of sсhoolshooting by broadcasting and replicating role models of behavior to the masses. But, on the other hand, the media can perform the function of destroying myths and stereotypes associated with sсhoolshooting. The article also presents the social mechanisms through which adolescents can get into the subculture of sсhoolshooting. Three mechanisms are highlighted: «digital mediation», imitation, and social contamination. As the main outcome of the article, the main subcultural foundations of sсhoolshooting are highlighted. These are ideological and semantic, social, psychological, and cultural bases.

This article presents an analysis of multidimensional segregation in Stockholm. Drawing on official statistics and existing empirical research, spatial and socio-economic segregation are found to be increasingly tied to ethnicity, in a global city largely divided between affluent inner-city and marginalized peripheral boroughs. The analysis finds that migration flows' impact on Stockholm's asymmetric development must be understood in a historical perspective, as particular interactions between structural constraints and individual factors, generated by ongoing processes of residential segregation and labour market segmentation. Coinciding with Sweden's shift towards refugee and family dependent immigration, these processes are traced to public policies driving housing market liberalization and financialization, and labour market bifurcation. Reversal of the city's pronounced segregation, where cumulative interactions of segmentation processes cause a vicious circle of downward assimilation of less-qualified migrants and reactive ethnicity among marginalized immigrant youths, constitutes a formidable task Swedish Governments have so far failed to properly address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Johan Sandberg's article offers a tale of socio-economic polarization in the processes of immigration, as found in the mutual conditioning of residential segregation and segmented labour markets. The analysis offers a way to link specific to more general mechanisms generating social inequalities; for example, the specific mechanisms of filtering, gentrification, and (informal) social network ties produce a hard-to-reverse ratchet effect. Future analysis could gain from looking at potential counter-tendencies in housing areas not yet considered. Johan Sandberg's article raises fascinating questions in a comparative European perspective, in particular with respect to uneven neoliberalization in a social democratic welfare state and its effects on segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that gender can be understood to cause violent conflict, although the literatures on civil war and conflict transformation are largely silent on the matter. The problem is an understanding of causation as explaining regularities, which fails to grasp how gender, in intersection with other markers of difference, is productive and performative. Building on philosophical realism, the article introduces the concept of social mechanisms and reformulates it to become compatible with constructivist and poststructuralist theorizing. It develops the notion of 'intersectionally-gendered mechanisms' to bring into view the productive force of gender and proposes that gender, in intersection with other axes of differentiation, operates as a causal driver of violent conflicts. It suggests a pragmatist approach that understands causes as the reasons people provide for why things are happening, which connects to feminist methodologies that are committed to change and to understanding the world from situated contexts. Drawing on existing feminist literature it then identifies three exemplary intersectionally-gendered mechanisms driving conflict dynamics: masculinist protection, masculinist competition, and mobilization for survival. It concludes by drawing out the implications of this approach for mainstreaming gender into peacebuilding and conflict prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a conceptual framework for exploring processes of expert knowledge creation in policy fields using recent advances in the sociological field theory. It rests on an observation that policy fields are no longer autonomous, but increasingly embedded in public life, and include actors from other fields who create knowledge for policy-making. While existing research clarifies many aspects of the relationship between expertise and policy-making, little is known about how multiple interrelated actors create expert knowledge and how this knowledge is institutionalized in policy fields. Addressing this gap, the article outlines mechanisms of expert knowledge creation in policy fields. It argues that actors mediating between different field domains succeed in creating influential expert knowledge, as they combine knowledge from disconnected areas and influence the operation of field-level mechanisms. Drawing on examples from the literature, the authors demonstrate the application of the theoretical framework to examine difficult-to-observe knowledge creation mechanisms operating in policy fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common explanation for women's underrepresentation in many economic contexts is that women exit talent pipelines at higher rates than men. Recent empirical findings reveal that, in male-dominated selection contexts, women are less likely than men to reapply after being rejected for an opportunity. We examine the conditions under which this gender difference contributes to women's underrepresentation in talent pipelines over time. We formally model and analyze the population dynamics of a generic selection context, which we then ground using three distinct empirical settings. We show that gender differences in reapplication are an important mechanism of gender segregation in some selection contexts but negligible in others. The extent to which gender differences in reapplication contribute to women's underrepresentation is driven in part by the rejection rate. Higher rejection rates increase the stock of rejected applicants, which in turn enables gender differences in reapplication to disproportionally reduce women's representation. The results demonstrate that interactions between individuals' choices on the supply side and screeners' behavior on the demand side may have consequences for gender inequality, even if we were able to fully eliminate demand-side biases. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of our research for understanding women's underrepresentation in talent pipelines. We also interrogate the effectiveness of common interventions focused on encouraging women to apply for opportunities in male-dominated domains. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1635. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I discuss critical realists' and contemporary sociological pragmatists' approaches to conceptualizing social mechanisms, which, on my reading, each involve some ambiguities or confusions. I sketch some corrections and clarifications that bring into view ways pragmatism and critical realism might inform each other in a constructive fashion on the question of what social mechanisms are. Finally, I suggest a concept of social mechanisms that is compatible with both critical realist and pragmatist insights, as a starting point from which to launch further conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survival of a network organization as a policy implementer depends on the exchange of resources between network actors. Various studies have explained this exchange process, but in this study, was identified as a strategy to improve the performance of the policy. The main objective of this study is to explain the network exchange mechanism as a strategy for the implementation of the food diversification policy in Indonesia. The research method used a qualitative approach and a case study strategy to explain the exchange strategy for the food diversification policy. Data collection used is in-depth interviews and documentation. Data processing and analysis involve data reduction, presentation, and concluding. The results showed that the implementation of food diversification policies was not yet effective. This is caused by the exchange mechanism as a strategy has not been effective either. This is indicated by the exchange conditions of network actors, in the form of demand uncertainty, task complexity, asset specificity, and frequency that have not supported the effective implementation of this policy. The same social mechanisms in the form of restricted access, macro culture, collective sanctions, and reputation have not facilitated the successful implementation of this policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multi-disciplinarity of long-term care for people with intellectual disabilities makes organisations seek stability and predictability, complicating implementing innovations. Interventions to implement a method for reducing restrictive measures were analysed through the lens of Normalisation Process Theory to understand the social mechanisms at play. Process notes, collected during a trial in which a method to reduce restrictive measures was implemented, were analysed guided by implementation interventions defined by Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group. These interventions were mapped to social mechanisms of Normalisation Process Theory. Implementation interventions were widely used in which clients' perspectives were expressed (client-related-interventions), and consensus processes were held with care professionals. These interventions initiated NPT's social mechanisms' Coherence, Cognitive Participation and Collective Action. The emphasis on consensus and clients' perspectives when methodically reducing restrictive measures reflects some unique implementation challenges in long-term intellectual disability care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A critical review of the socio-technical energy transition (STET) literature shows the importance of representing societal factors in energy modelling. • The study engages with social mechanisms that have the potential to impede or foster rapid transitions such as resistance to change and the societal diffusion of environmental values within society. • We provide modelling steps to incorporate quantified socio-technical and socio-political behavioural insights into a probabilistic, non-linear energy system model, with a focus on the UK residential heating sector. • Illustrative scenarios and research discussions ponder the potential of non-monetary drivers of societal change to affect future transition pathways, including the importance to consider the most fragile segments of society in long-term policy decision making. The achievement of national pledges that are compatible with the Paris Agreements warming limit of 1.5C is a massive challenge, as it requires not only an acceleration of technological innovation, but also a socio-economic and cultural transformation. Reducing uncertainties demands a better integration of behavioural evolutions in models exploring future energy pathways, including non-monetary barriers and drivers to technology diffusion. This study provides suggestions on incorporating social mechanisms of change such as resistance to change and the diffusion of environmental values into a UK-focused probabilistic energy system model, with a focus on people's attitudes towards residential heating technologies. We also offer a comprehensive literature review on interdisciplinary energy transitions modelling and exploratory scenarios embedding climate risks perceptions. We argue that efficient policy-making to meeting net-zero emissions targets must fully embrace whole-system approaches, support the more constrained segments of society, and account for interconnected socio-political factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education markets have spread worldwide over the past few decades. Frequently, the expansion of markets in education is presented by their promoters as a means to improve the opportunities of the most socioeconomically disadvantaged students. However, the evidence available shows that market-oriented policies that enhance competition and choice tend to produce negative effects on equity by boosting school segregation and social stratification among public and private schools. This paper aims to unpack the mechanisms through which market-oriented policies and the involvement of private actors in education can foster the uneven distribution of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. By using a mechanism-based explanation, this paper identifies and describes the functioning of three main mechanisms by which pro-market policies generate school segregation. Finally, the paper addresses the analytical benefits of the mechanism-based approach and reflects on its policy implications regarding market-oriented reforms in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the importance of social mechanisms as one of key elements for achieving optimal healing environment-OHE for oncology patients' rooms, by overviewing the current status of some oncology centers, which focus solely on providing medical treatment without taking into account social, psychological, emotional and spiritual needs of patients, which in turn negatively affect the treatment and recovery of patients, especially adolescents and young adults–AYA, where the challenges of emotional and social resulting from cancer with challenges resulting from adolescence and adulthood. This paper aims to extract social mechanisms for oncology patient rooms, and indicate their role and priorities which will be applied with matching needs of patients of AYA category, mitigating their disorders, and impacts on patients' health outcomes. This paper attempts to reach the best appropriate model to achieve these mechanisms, by analyzing the current situation of selected samples from case study of the South Egypt Cancer Institute in Asyut. Through this analysis, this paper presents a set of results and recommendations that should be followed to develop patient rooms, which take into account the provision of social mechanisms and the implementing priorities depending on impact level of each element in order to reach the suitable setting for the optimal healing environment of the room. This paper relies the analytical descriptive approach to deal with the research problem by revising literature that dealt with the characterization and analyzing the needs of AYA oncologists in patient rooms, identifying the disorders and effects of the disease on this category, then identifying the appropriate social mechanisms that can be match their needs in the rooms. An analytical and deductive approach is followed through implementing various research tools and procedures to analyze the coverage of current status to know how these mechanisms are achieved within different models of patient rooms and how they affect patient health, then to analyze data and outcomes results. Finally, this paper concludes with a comprehensive chart of social mechanisms’ matrix suitable for optimal healing environment in AYA patients’ rooms. تناقش الورقة البحثية أهمية الآليات الاجتماعية کأحد العناصر الأساسية لتحقيق منظومة البيئة الاستشفائية المثلى لغرف مرضى الأورام، فمن خلال دراسة واقع بعض مراکز علاج الأورام تبين أنها ترکز على تقديم العلاج الطبي فقط دون الأخذ في الاعتبار تلبية الاحتياجات الاجتماعية والنفسية والعاطفية للمرضى بما يؤثر سلباً على علاج المرضى وسرعة الشفاء خاصة فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين، حيث تتداخل التحديات العاطفية والاجتماعية الناتجة عن المرض مع تحديات مرحلة المراهقة والبلوغ. تهدف الورقة البحثية إلى استخلاص الآليات الاجتماعية (کأحد آليات تحقيق البيئة الاستشفائية المثلى) لغرف مرضى الأورام، وبيان دورها وأولويات تطبيقها في تلبية احتياجات المرضى فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين، والتخفيف من اضطراباتهم، وتقييم الوضع الراهن للبيئة المبنية لمعرفة مدى تحقيق هذه الآليات. تحاول الورقة البحثية تحديد أفضل نماذج الغرف الملائمة لتحقيق هذه الآليات من خلال تحليل نماذج مختارة من معهد جنوب مصر للأورام بمدينة أسيوط، ومن خلال هذه التحليلات تعرض مجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات اللازمة لتطوير غرف المرضى بحيث تراعي توفير الآليات الاجتماعية وأولويات تطبيقها تبعاً لدرجة تأثير کل منها وصولاً إلى استيفاء متطلبات الوضع الأمثل للبيئة الاستشفائية للغرفة. تعتمد الورقة البحثية على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي للتعامل مع المشکلة البحثية من خلال دراسة الأدبيات التي تناولت توصيف وتحليل احتياجات مرضى الأورام فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين، والتعرف على اضطرابات وتأثيرات المرض على هذه الفئة، ومن ثم تحديد الآليات الاجتماعية الملائمة، تبعه المنهج التحليلي الاستنباطي من خلال استخدام الأدوات والإجراءات البحثية المختلفة لتحليل الوضع الراهن ومعرفة مدى تحقق هذه الآليات داخل البيئة المبنية لنماذج غرف المرضى، ومن ثم تحليل ما تم التوصل إليه من بيانات ونتائج. تخلص الورقة البحثية إلى وضع تصور شامل لمصفوفة الآليات الاجتماعية الملائمة للمرضى فئة المراهقين وصغار البالغين.

David Hume's work on "the obligation of promises" is the precursor of many ideas in contemporary sociology. Hume's analysis provides insight into problems of basic social coordination, which in modern theories are characterized as a problem of double contingency. His work has also paved the way for theories of social mechanisms such as trust and of operational principles such as self‐reference. In his writings about the inner workings of promises, Hume even lays the foundation for ideas concerning structure building via communication and the emergence of social systems. In his time, this kind of thinking must have been bold—arguing, for example, against religious beliefs or social contracts as constituting binding motives. In our time, Hume's work is astonishing in how nuanced he already exposed social problems that have to be solved continuously, from moment‐to‐moment, in every social situation anew. Hume's thinking paves the way for later system thinking, especially regarding the ways we can think about the "beginning" of social systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ian Hacking uses the looping effect to describe how classificatory practices in the human sciences interact with the classified people. While arguably this interaction renders the affected human kinds unstable and hence different from natural kinds, realists argue that also some prototypical natural kinds are interactive and human kinds in general are stable enough to support explanations and predictions. I defend a more fine-grained realist interpretation of interactive human kinds by arguing for an explanatory domain account of the looping effect. First, I argue that knowledge of the feedback mechanisms that mediate the looping effect can supplement, and help to identify, the applicability domain over which a kind and its property variations are stably explainable. Second, by applying this account to cross-cultural case studies of psychiatric disorders, I distinguish between congruent feedback mechanisms that explain matches between classifications and kinds, and incongruent feedback mechanisms that explain mismatches. For example, congruent mechanisms maintain Western auditory experiences in schizophrenia, whereas exporting diagnostic labels inflicts incongruence by influencing local experiences. Knowledge of the mechanisms can strengthen explanatory domains, and thereby facilitate classificatory adjustments and possible interventions on psychiatric disorders.

• The article discusses potential benefits of a 'Niche readiness level Model'. • Applying in vivo readiness assessment to transition studies. • Combining linear and non-linear approaches through socio-economic mechanisms. • Investigating niche applications for direct current systems. • Identifying five key mechanisms. Within Transition Studies, the Multi-Level Perspective and Strategic Niche Management literature draws specific attention to forms and qualities of niches. However, the question remains as to how diffusions from niches scale up and how these processes relate to specific socio-economic parameters of such niches. We combine the literature on this topic with that of Technology Readiness Thinking to discuss the potential benefits of what we call a Niche Readiness Level Model. The empirical background is based on current developments in transforming existing distribution networks from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) electrical networks. These transformations are mainly driven by bottom-up socio-economic dynamics. Therefore, we propose a model based on socio-economic mechanisms to assess the readiness of niches in the field of DC technology development. We identify five key socio-economic mechanisms that can be seen as basic building blocks for a Niche Readiness Level Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdsourcing contests allow organisations to engage with an external workforce. Over the years, the phenomenon has attracted considerable research interest. In the present review, we synthesise the crowdsourcing contest literature by adopting the social mechanism lens. We begin by observing that stakeholders in crowdsourcing contests range from individuals (solvers) to large-scale organisations (seekers). Given that such vastly different entities interact during a crowdsourcing contest, it is expected that their behaviour, too, can have a varying range of predictors, such as individual and organisational factors. However, prior reviews on Crowdsourcing contests and crowdsourcing, in general, haven't explored the phenomenon's multi-layered nature. In addressing this gap, we synthesise 127 scholarly articles and identify underlying social mechanisms that explain key behavioural outcomes of seekers and solvers. Our review makes two specific contributions. First, we determine three distinct tensions that emerge from the key design decisions that might be at odds with the central principle of crowdsourcing contests: broadcast search for solutions from a long-tail of solvers. Second, we provide three recommendations for future research that, we believe, could provide a richer understanding of the seeker and solver behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several theses in political science that are usually explicitly called 'laws'. Other theses are generally thought of as laws, but often without being explicitly labelled as such. Still other claims are well‐supported and arguably interesting, while no one would be tempted to call them laws. This situation raises philosophical questions: which theses deserve to be called laws and which not? And how should we decide about this? In this paper we develop and motivate a strategy for thinking about laws in political science which integrates two core concepts: spatio‐temporal stability and social mechanisms. The proposed strategy is a set of guidelines that political scientists can use to reflect on and argue about specific cases within their discipline, not a clear‐cut demarcation criterion. We defend and motivate this strategy and apply it to two cases (one with respect to state repression, one about parliamentary elections). After we have developed and motivated our strategy for political science, we show that our proposal is relevant for other disciplines in the social sciences. We explain how our views fit into critical realism and embed them in the debate on laws in general philosophy of science and in the philosophy of the social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ian Hacking uses the looping effect to describe how classificatory practices in the human sciences interact with the classified people. While arguably this interaction renders the affected human kinds unstable and hence different from natural kinds, realists argue that also some prototypical natural kinds are interactive and human kinds in general are stable enough to support explanations and predictions. I defend a more fine-grained realist interpretation of interactive human kinds by arguing for an explanatory domain account of the looping effect. First, I argue that knowledge of the feedback mechanisms that mediate the looping effect can supplement, and help to identify, the applicability domain over which a kind and its property variations are stably explainable. Second, by applying this account to cross-cultural case studies of psychiatric disorders, I distinguish between congruent feedback mechanisms that explain matches between classifications and kinds, and incongruent feedback mechanisms that explain mismatches. For example, congruent mechanisms maintain Western auditory experiences in schizophrenia, whereas exporting diagnostic labels inflicts incongruence by influencing local experiences. Knowledge of the mechanisms can strengthen explanatory domains, and thereby facilitate classificatory adjustments and possible interventions on psychiatric disorders.

This paper discusses the importance of social mechanisms as one of key elements for achieving optimal healing environment-OHE for oncology patients' rooms, by examining the reality of some oncology centers that have been shown to focus solely on providing medical treatment without taking into account the social, psychological, emotional and spiritual needs of patients, which in turn negatively affect the treatment of patients and the speed of recovery, especially adolescents and young adults–AYA where the challenges of Emotional and social resulting from cancer with challenges resulting from adolescence and adulthood. This paper aims to extract social mechanisms for oncology patient rooms, and indicate their role and priorities for their application in meeting the needs of patients in the AYA category, mitigating their disorders, and their impact on patients' health outcomes. This paper attempts to reach the best appropriate models to achieve these mechanisms, by analyzing the current situation of selected samples from case study of the South Egypt Cancer Institute in Asyut. Through this analysis, the research paper presents a set of results and recommendations that should be followed to develop patient rooms that take into account the provision of social mechanisms and the priorities of their application depending on the degree of impact of each element in order to reach the optimal setting for the optimal healing environment for the room. This paper relies the analytical descriptive approach to dealing with the research problem by studying the literature that dealt with the characterization and analysis of the needs of AYA oncologists in patient rooms, identifying the disorders and effects of the disease on this group, and thus identifying the appropriate social mechanisms for this group that can be met in the rooms. This was followed by an analytical and introspective approach through the use of various research tools and procedures to analyze the status quo to see how these mechanisms are achieved within different models of patient rooms and how they affect patient health outcomes, and then to analyze the data and results reached. Finally, this paper concludes with a comprehensive chart of social mechanisms’ matrix suitable optimal healing environment for AYA pati [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to study the specifics of the phenomenon of corruption and anti-corruption measures in a digital society has been substantiated in the article. Based on the analysis of legislation, a sociological interpretation of the concepts of corruption, corruption prevention, indicators of corruption practices, and anti-corruption mechanisms is carried out. Each concept is presented both in its essential form and as a set of social parameters to be studied. The results of the analysis of the source base on anti-corruption issues and characteristics of the digital society have been presented. Information technology and information and communication indicators of social diagnostics of digital society problems have been described separately. The characteristic of sociological research conducted by the authors has been given and also the results of ranking and of determining the weight characteristics of such anti-corruption mechanisms have been outlined, as: the inevitability of responsibility for corruption offenses, publicity and openness of activities of state bodies and bodies of local self-government, implementation of the principles of “legality” and “recognition, maintenance and protection of fundamental human and civil rights and freedoms in Russia”, the integrated use of political, organizational, awareness-raising, socio-economic, legal, special and other measures, priority application of measures to prevent corruption, creating attitudes among the population not to accept corrupt actions as a way to solve their problems, forming a legal consciousness among young people that rejects corruption as an acceptable form of behavior and acceptable social practice for achieving success in life, cooperation between the state and civil society institutions, international organizations and individuals, development of digital technologies and virtual services in the system of corruption prevention, training and training of personnel in the field of theory and practice of corruption prevention, creation of public councils under the authorities with the participation of representatives of civil society, public opinion leaders, scientists, artists to develop measures to prevent corruption. Priority scientific problems, the development of which can increase the effectiveness of social mechanisms used to prevent corruption among young people, have been explained by the authors: development of legal anti-corruption foundations, research of socio-psychological methods of forming students’ legal awareness, conceptualization of scientific data on the use of digital technologies for social development.

Abstract The term “externalization” is used by a range of migration scholars, policy makers and the media to describe the extension of border and migration controls beyond the so-called ‘migrant receiving nations’ in the Global North and into neighboring countries or sending states in the Global South. It refers to a wide range of practices from controls of borders, rescue operations, to measures addressing the drivers of migration. The ambition of this Special Issue is to contribute to the mapping of the responses to externalization dynamics. The different articles in this volume are chosen to exemplify some of these processes at different levels of analysis. Through diverse disciplinary perspectives, the authors show how practices of externalization are being confronted, succumbed, modified and contested by individual (would-be) migrants, civil society actors and the host states’ institutions in different parts of the globe. In an effort to move away from a sole focus on border zones in the Global North, the Special Issue contributes to emerging literature shifting the locus of analysis to places in the Global South, which are conventionally understood as “transit” or “sending” countries in Africa, America as well as within Europe itself.

Background: Shame is experienced as a threat to social self, and so activates threat-protective responses. There is evidence that shame has trauma-like characteristics, suggesting it can be understood within the same conceptual framework as trauma and dissociation. Evidence for causal links among trauma, dissociation, and psychosis thus warrant the investigation of how shame may influence causal mechanisms for psychosis symptoms., Methods: This study tested the interaction between dissociation and shame, specifically external shame (feeling shamed by others), in predicting psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) six months later in a general population sample ( N = 314). It also tested if social safeness moderates these effects. A longitudinal, online questionnaire design tested a moderation model (dissociation-shame) and a moderated moderation model (adding social safeness), using multiple regressions with bootstrap procedures., Results: Although there was no direct effect of dissociation on PLEs six months later, there was a significant interaction effect with shame, controlling for PLEs at baseline. There were complex patterns in the directions of effects: For high-shame-scorers, higher dissociation predicted higher PLE scores, but for low-shame-scorers, higher dissociation predicted lower PLE scores. Social safeness was found to significantly moderate these interaction effects, which were unexpectedly more pronounced in the context of higher social safeness., Conclusions: The results demonstrate evidence for an interaction between dissociation and shame on its impact on PLEs, which manifests particularly for those experiencing higher social safeness. This suggests a potential role of social mechanisms in both the etiology and treatment of psychosis, which warrants further testing in clinical populations.

The aim of the present article is to contribute to the development of the Desire-Belief-Opportunity-model from a symbolic interactionist perspective. The main argument is that this model needs to incorporate the classical notion of definition of the situation to be able to account for the formative impact of interaction on the formation of actor's beliefs, as well as the complex interdependency between two of its key components, namely the beliefs and the action opportunities of the actor. It is argued that the theoretical advancement of the DBO-model in this particular direction is not only feasible but also brings it considerably closer to the analytical refinement and the empirical validation it currently lacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a widely accepted conception that institutions are norm systems or norm‐guided practices. Opening this conception itself to discussion, the paper initially discusses a group of concepts, such as norm, power, practice, structure, etc., that are related to the definition of institution. Following the discussion, it focuses on the possibility of understanding institutions as spaces. Finally, the paper suggests that institutions mediate ontologically between structure and agency within a framework developed with a critical‐realist approach, and formulates the two sides of this mediation (structure‐institution and institution‐agency) as two spatialities. While the institution as a topos corresponds to a ground on which social structures materialize their causal powers, the institution as a locus manifests itself as a place where agents reproduce and/or transform with their strategic and dispositional actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that a certain level of indeterminacy in policy design may be a factor facilitating rather than hindering system-level change in welfare governance arrangements, provided it is combined with the triggering of specific concatenations of social mechanisms shaping the dynamics of the change process. The argument is illustrated by an analysis of a case of systemic change in chronic disease management occurred in the Italian region of Lombardy over 2016-2017, when a radically novel governance of chronic disease for the 10 million population was put in place (a health care system that was later tested to its limits by the COVID-19 pandemic outburst which reached dramatic intensity in this region). This represented a major change in a key area of social and health policy. We claim that such change processes may be studied by means of the conceptual tools of social mechanisms. The analysis of social mechanisms represents a lively research agenda for explaining change in public governance and public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our current knowledge about social inequalities in the classical music sector is limited, in that we know little about how these inequalities come about. More specifically, we have a poor understanding of why highly educated individuals are far more inclined to consume classical music than others. We can expect that agent-based modelling can help us discover the social mechanisms behind these inequalities. However, before modelling, we should prepare. The first step in this preparatory work is to make sure our concepts are as unambiguous as possible. In the case of classical music, we need to clarify four fundamental issues. First, we should explain what is meant by 'classical' music. Second, we should be precise in our understanding of 'consumption'. Third, it is necessary to conceptualise the role that genes and social environments play in shaping music preferences. Finally, we need to examine the role played by the subconscious in social behaviour related to classical music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

InRussia, the preference of the educational policy for market paths has been being formed for nearly thirty years. The mechanisms, consequences and prospects of so called marketization have not been yet studied. The article considers the marketization of education, including higher education, as a scientific and social problem. Basing on foreign and domestic sources, the author proves that the marketization of education is generated by neo-liberal attitude of the financial and economic elites seeking to reduce state budget expenditures in the social sphere and keep up the disintegration of society and to secure their future domination. The state, the bureaucratic apparatus of the education system, educators’ and researchers’ communities do not take up the problem of education marketization and its consequences. The marketization strategy along with its derivatives is taken in society as an axiom, without special studies and research. Due to this education is being dysfunctional, it experiences a protracted institutional crisis, social tensions and losses, whilst the search of ways out of the neoliberal deadlock is postponed up to uncertain future.

We present a dynamic multilevel framework for analyzing the mutual dependence of change in interorganizational networks and internal organizational structure. Change occurring at the former (interorganizational) level involves decisions to change the portfolio of network ties to external partners. Change occurring in the latter (intraorganizational) level involves decisions to change the portfolio of internal activities. We estimate a recently derived class of stochastic actor-oriented models (SAOMs) that we adopt and adapt to specify how decisions to change internal portfolios of activities and external portfolios of partners are connected by theoretically derived multilevel mechanisms that link organizational and network structures. We show that statistical models for multilevel networks reproduce with high fidelity the structural regularities observed in the distribution of (a) activities within organizations, (b) network ties between organizations, and (c) knowledge available in the organizational field. We discuss the implications of the study for theory development, and for empirical research on interorganizational and other kinds of multilevel networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Smart home technologies offer great potential to lower end-user CO 2 emissions. • Survey conducted on adopters and non-adopters of smart home technologies. • Social network characteristics and communication behaviours investigated. • Potential social barriers to mass market diffusion identified. Consumer-facing digital innovations with the potential to reduce carbon emissions often exist in small market niches and their impact has been limited thus far. Using the established Diffusion of Innovations theory which considers interpersonal communication amongst social networks to be a vital mechanism for exchanging information, we conducted an online survey in the UK to investigate the social networks and communication behaviours of adopters and non-adopters of three different energy saving smart home technologies. Applying social network analysis and statistically testing hypotheses, our results reveal the potential social barriers to the diffusion of information, with social network structure and characteristics creating obstacles. This research provides necessary insights into real early adopters, confirms the importance of focussing research on the often-neglected social elements of diffusion theory and helps identify marketing strategies and policy actions using social mechanisms to accelerate a low carbon transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]