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The present study of 6- to 13-year-old children in the United States examined bullying victimization's relationships with social disorganization, social structural factors, social relationships, mental health, access to health insurance, and caregiver types. A sample of 12,966 children aged 6 to 13 years was extracted from the 2018 National Survey of Children's Health for secondary data analysis. Logistic regression results indicated that these children's likelihood of being bullied was positively associated with racial discrimination, family violence, child mental health problems (depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and behavioral/conduct problems), girls, children aged 6 to 10 years, caregiver education level, and nonrelative caregivers; such likelihood also had negative associations with Blacks, Hispanics, Asians, other ethnic minorities, family cohesiveness, caregiver mental health, and caregiver age. Implications included interventions for family support and bullied children's mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of boredom in education, particularly focusing on the dimensions of restlessness and aimlessness. The author reflects on their experiences teaching incarcerated students who exhibit restlessness but not aimlessness, highlighting the resilience to existential boredom that these students demonstrate. The text emphasizes the importance of leisure as a transformative power in education, promoting attentiveness, receptivity, and transformation. It suggests that storytelling and human connection can combat boredom and its potential negative consequences, advocating for resilience to boredom as a valuable educational goal. [Extracted from the article]

Research has begun to document the impact of COVID-19, and corresponding restrictions associated with the pandemic, to several unintended consequences including increased rates of family violence. Given these findings, there have been calls for research to understand predictors of family violence, and how such predictors may shift during differing periods of the pandemic. Rooted in the family stress model and social disorganization theory, this study used call for service data from two police departments located in the Midwest of the United States, to examine whether the relationship between sociostructural indices on the number of family violence incidents varied in the times before, during, and after COVID-19 Safer-at-Home orders. Based on a series of negative binomial regression models, results show that the association between neighborhood (i.e., Census block group) concentrated poverty, the percentage of the population between 15 and 24 years of age, and the percentage of the population that identify as male on family violence was amplified during and/or after the adoption of the Safer-at-Home order. Results also indicated that the Safer-at-Home order eradicated the once significant effect of residential mobility and family violence incidents. Lastly, although neighborhoods located within the more populous and metropolitan city experienced fewer family violence incidents, compared to the mixed rural-suburban city, the gap in the number of incidents per neighborhood decreased in the times following the enactment of the Safer-at-Home order. Based on these findings, proactive and reactive policies regarding resource dissemination and increasing neighboring activities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 42 residents in a mid-size northeastern United States city, we examine the social networks of refugees and local inner-city residents. The study found that locals' perceptions of refugees contributed to weakened social networks. Attenuated social networks, in turn, reduced purposive guardianship over crime and diminished perceptions of safety. Our findings raise questions about refugee–host relationship efforts to integrate refugees into the local community and demonstrate a need to reduce the social distance between refugees and locals to improve purposive guardianship and social networks to enhance community crime regulation capacity and feelings of safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion This study tests the idea that neighborhoods on the periphery of large U.S. university campuses are socially disorganized and thus higher in crime relative to those that do not border university campuses. Social disorganization theory predicts that crime in these neighborhoods is elevated due to their high rate of residential mobility, relatively low socioeconomic status, and high levels of ethnic heterogeneity.To test this hypothesis, data from the National Neighborhood Crime Study 2000 were analyzed. The data set contains a representative sample of U.S. neighborhoods with variables measured at the tract level. A series of t‐tests note the difference in crime rate means for campus and non‐campus areas, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses further test the hypothesis.We find support for the main prediction using basic social disorganization models containing composite measures plus tract and city‐level controls.The theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed along with the study's limitations and the potential for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using social disorganization theory, the present study considers the concentration of racial minorities and the degree of ethnic heterogeneity to provide an estimation of homicide rates in the Northeast region of Brazil. Three hypotheses were considered: (1) there is a positive association between homicides and ethnic heterogeneity and black/indigenous populations, (2) the magnitude of ethnic heterogeneity is greater than race/minority groups on homicides, and (3) metropolitan regions will be associated with an increase in homicides. Through spatial modelling techniques, results indicate the plausibility of first and third hypotheses. Implications for homicide prevention and social disorganization theory in global south are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of sustainable peace and development in Africa faces numerous challenges, including persistent conflicts, economic instability, and social fragmentation even though sustainable peace is a panacea for growth and advancement. This paper explores the transformative potential of Igwebuike, an indigenous Igbo-African philosophy, as a framework for addressing these challenges. Igwebuike, meaning “there is strength in unity,” emphasizes communal harmony, collective strength, and mutual support. By analyzing its philosophical foundations and practical applications, this study illustrates how Igwebuike can enhance conflict resolution, promote inclusive development, and strengthen social cohesion. Case studies from different African contexts were employed to demonstrate the successful integration of Igwebuike principles in fostering community-driven initiatives and sustainable resource management. Despite modern challenges such as increasing individualism and cultural shifts, Igwebuike offers a culturally resonant approach to peace-building and development. This paper argues that embracing Igwebuike can provide African nations with innovative and effective strategies for achieving long-term stability and prosperity for all. The descriptive and analytic methods were utilized to sustain this research; recommendations were made and the researcher held by way of conclusion that the principles of Igwebuike can enhance conflict resolution, promote sustainable development, and strengthen social welfare systems, paving the way for a more harmonious and prosperous future for the continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review attempts to provide a comprehensive investigation of the complex argument that socioeconomic conditions and crime are related through political instabilities and their impact on Turkey's economy, with a specific focus on social disorganization theory. By focusing on the Turkish labor market, this study examines the interplay of socioeconomic factors impacting crime rates and changing public views. This review highlights social disorganization and crime patterns via socioeconomic factors, migration, and political upheaval. By exploring the transformation of Turkey's labor market over many decades, this study aims to provide insights into the ongoing issues of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private short‐term letting via Airbnb has exploded in the last decade, yet little is known about how this affects neighborhood crime rates. We estimate the association between Airbnb short‐term letting activity and six types of police‐reported crime in London, as well as an intervening mechanism, collective efficacy. We estimate these associations with maximum likelihood dynamic panel models with fixed effects (ML‐SEM) using data on Airbnb lettings in 4,835 London neighborhoods observed for 13 calendar quarters. We explore mechanisms for the observed effects using multiple lag specifications and by disaggregating lettings into entire properties and spare rooms. We find that Airbnb activity is positively related to robbery, burglary, theft, and violence. These associations are attributable to lettings for entire properties rather than for rooms. Furthermore, associations are contemporaneous, as is consistent with an opportunity mechanism, rather than delayed, as would be consistent with a social control mechanism. Similarly, we find that the association between Airbnb activity and crime is not mediated by collective efficacy. Overall, these results suggest short‐term letting contributes to neighborhood crime and these effects are more likely to be attributable to changes in criminal opportunity than erosion of neighborhood social control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not entirely clear what attribute of neighborhoods' race/ethnicity affects crime rates over time. Drawing on a sample of block groups in Baltimore (MD) we therefore estimate negative binomial regression models to test the concentration of specific ethnic groups in neighborhoods (% Black, % White, % Latino, % Asian, and % other race) as well as the level of heterogeneity among these groups. The results show that ethnic heterogeneity is associated with higher rates of both violent and property crime years later, whereas the measures of nonwhite ethnic groups are not significant. We also determine that concentrated disadvantage moderates the effect of ethnic heterogeneity on property crime. The implications of these findings for criminology and urban sociology are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The killing of a human being by his or her fellow beats rational imagination. It becomes extremely difficult to comprehend the rationale that makes individuals become deliberately responsible for the death of their kind. Murder is a baffling issue that poses a significant threat to humanity and highlights the challenges to civilization and societal development. Its ongoing presence questions the overall health of any society. This paper examines the reasons murderers in prisons provide for their actions, using strain and social disorganization theories as a framework. Semi-structured questionnaires were given to 615 convicted violent offenders in four Niger State prisons, selected through a multi-stage sampling technique. Additionally, sixteen prison warders were interviewed for further insights. The findings indicate that low income (P= .934) was not statistically significant at (P= 0.05) level of significance for the explanation of murder unless redolent with peer pressure (p= 0.02). Special loan packages and partnerships for and between members of the community are suggested to be instituted and encouraged to reduce the pangs of hard economic situations and lack of social capital, which are also potent factors for the explanation of murder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streets are an important component of urban public spaces and also a high-incidence area for urban crime. However, current research mainly involves adult crime, or fails to distinguish between adult and juvenile crime, which poses a severe challenge to the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Juveniles have lower self-control abilities and are more likely to be influenced by external environmental factors to trigger criminal behavior compared to adults. Therefore, this study uses New York's Manhattan district as an example, based on CPTED and social disorganization theories, and utilizes street view data and deep learning techniques to extract street environment indicators. The GWR model is used to explore the influence mechanism of urban street environment on juvenile crime. The results of this study, considering spatial heterogeneity, demonstrate the impact of various physical environmental indicators of urban streets on juvenile delinquency, and reveal that some street indicators have differentiated effects on crime in different areas of the city. Overall, our research helps to uncover the relationship between juvenile delinquency and the built environment of streets in complex urban settings, providing important references for future urban street design and juvenile delinquency prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of deregulation, organizational change, and social fragmentation on the representation and action of workers in Southern Europe is the focus of the book edited by Carlos J. Fernández Rodríguez and Miguel Martínez Lucio. Labor reforms and austerity measures in Spain, Greece, Italy, and Portugal after the 2008 financial crisis are analyzed, highlighting the tensions between neoliberal and social democratic practices in labor regulation. The book examines the trajectories of labor relations in these countries, showing the influence of actors such as unions, employers, and the state in an adverse sociopolitical context. [Extracted from the article]

This article analyzes the evolution of governance models within public administrations as they respond to complex socio-political challenges. It emphasizes the need to enhance the legitimacy and representativeness of decision-making processes in the face of persistent issues, social fragmentation, increasing inequalities, and political polarization. The study discusses two primary models: citizen participation, which promotes a more engaged form of democracy, and representative bureaucracy, which seeks to ensure that public administration reflects socio-demographic diversity. However, these frameworks have flaws, particularly in achieving representativeness and maintaining administrative efficiency. To address these issues, the concept of "Externally Active Representative Bureaucracy" (EARB) is proposed, which involves incorporating citizens directly into administrative structures to address specific challenges while improving the legitimacy and representativeness of decisions. The article reviews 155 academic articles to explore the various dimensions and effects of representative bureaucracy and citizen participation. The objective is to illustrate that EARB provides an innovative approach to public administration that bridges bureaucratic efficiency with citizen inclusion, inviting further research into this hybrid model to enhance our understanding of the operation of modern public administrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Internationale du Travail is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spatial relationship between violent crime and alcohol outlets is well documented. Yet, it is unclear whether on- or off-premises alcohol outlets have greater effects on violent crime and whether this varies by interpersonal crimes and off-premises outlet subtype. This study addresses this gap by using both Routine Activities and Social Disorganization Theories. Using census block groups (n = 1,126) in the Bronx, NY, spatial access methods were used to measure violent crimes from 2018 to 2020 (n = 28,587) and alcohol outlets from 2020 (n = 1,984). Social disorganization measures consisting of various socioeconomic factors and accessibility factors were included. Five models were estimated using a Spatial Lag regression model. A positive direct, indirect, and total effect was observed for liquor, grocery, and drug stores on total violent crime exposure, but on-premise alcohol outlets was not related. Specific types of off-premises alcohol outlets were associated with various violent crimes, with liquor and grocery stores consistently related across all models. On-premises alcohol outlets were not associated with violent crime with the exception of assaults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on mobile phone data from the city of Barcelona, Spain, generalized linear models are used to analyse the relationship between urban mobilities and the spatial and temporal patterning of robbery and theft. The hypothesis was made that mobility fluxes may undermine social control mechanisms by altering the socio-demographic composition of urban populations, therefore increasing the risk of crime victimization. The analysis brought together indicators of land use and a measure of the ambient population disaggregated by different profiles of public space users (by sex, age, and place of residence). The results indicate that robbery and theft tend to cluster around locations that attract a higher proportion of non-residents (i.e. national and international visitors). Non-local visitors, who visit the city occasionally or once in a lifetime, lack a comprehensive knowledge of the environment which would help them to navigate safely through the urban space. Therefore, their presence not only unsettles the social routines of public spaces in Barcelona but also reflects negatively in terms of crime occurrence. This finding raises questions about how to accommodate growing mobilities in our cities without detriment to incumbent residents and their safety, which seems to be critical in post-COVID-19 urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social isolation and fragmentation represent global challenges, with the former stemming from a lack of interaction and the latter from exclusive mobs—both rooted in communication issues. Addressing these challenges, the philosophical realm introduces the concept of the "mixbiotic society." In this framework, individuals with diverse freedoms and values mix together in physical proximity with diverse mingling, recognizing their respective "fundamental incapacities" and uniting in solidarity. This study aims to provide novel measures to balance freedom and solidarity, specifically the intermediate between isolation and mobbing, within a mixbiotic society. To achieve this, we introduce simplified measures to evaluate dynamic communication patterns. These measures complement traditional social network analysis of static structures and conventional entropy-based assessments of dynamic patterns. Our specific hypothesis posits that the measures corresponding to four distinct phases are established by representing communication patterns as multidimensional vectors. These measures include the mean of Euclidean distance to quantify "mobism" for fragmentation, the relative distance change for "atomism" indicating isolation, and a composite measure derived from multiplying the mean and variance of cosine similarity for "mixism," reflecting the well-going state of a mixbiotic society. Additionally, nearly negligible measures correspond to "nihilism." Through the evaluation of seven real-society datasets (high school, primary school, workplace, village, conference, online community, and email), we demonstrate the utility of the "mixism" measure in assessing freedom and solidarity in society. These measures can be employed to typify communities on a radar chart and a communication trajectory graph. The superiority of the measures lies in their ability to evaluate dynamic patterns, ease of calculation, and easily interpretable meanings compared to conventional analyses. As a future development, alongside additional validation using diverse datasets, the mixbiotic society measures will be employed to analyze social issues and applied in the fields of digital democracy and platform cooperativism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have evidenced that neuropsychiatric disorders (mental illness and emotional disturbances) with aggression (or violence) pose a significant challenge to public health and contribute to a substantial economic burden worldwide. Especially, social disorganization (or social inequality) associated with childhood adversity has long-lasting effects on mental health, increasing the risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders. Intestinal bacteria, functionally as an endocrine organ and a second brain, release various immunomodulators and bioactive compounds directly or indirectly regulating a host's physiological and behavioral homeostasis. Under various social challenges, stress-induced dysbiosis increases gut permeability causes serial reactions: releasing neurotoxic compounds, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal injury, and eventually neuropsychiatric disorders associated with aggressive, violent, or impulsive behavior in humans and various animals via a complex bidirectional communication of the microbiota–gut–brain (MGB) axis. The dysregulation of the MGB axis has also been recognized as one of the reasons for the prevalence of social stress-induced injurious behaviors (feather pecking, aggression, and cannibalistic pecking) in chickens. However, existing knowledge of preventing and treating these disorders in both humans and chickens is not well understood. In previous studies, we developed a non-mammal model in an abnormal behavioral investigation by rationalizing the effects of gut microbiota on injurious behaviors in chickens. Based on our earlier success, the perspective article outlines the possibility of reducing stress-induced injurious behaviors in chickens through modifying gut microbiota via cecal microbiota transplantation, with the potential for providing a biotherapeutic rationale for preventing injurious behaviors among individuals with mental disorders via restoring gut microbiota diversity and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Broken windows theory suggests that police can prevent serious crime by addressing social and physical disorder in neighborhoods. In many U.S. cities, recent increases in disorder, fear, and crime have initiated calls for an intensification of disorder policing efforts. Disorder policing programs can be controversial, with evaluations yielding conflicting results. Further, a growing number of descriptive analyses of aggressive order maintenance programs raise concerns over varied negative consequences, such as increased racial disparities in arrests of citizens. Systematic review and meta‐analytic techniques were used to conduct an updated analysis of the effects of disorder policing on crime. Fifty‐six eligible studies including 59 independent tests of disorder policing interventions were identified, representing almost twice the number included in the previous review. As part of the meta‐analysis, new effect size metrics were used. The updated meta‐analysis suggests that policing disorder strategies are associated with overall statistically significant crime reduction effects that spill over into surrounding areas. The strongest program effect sizes were generated by community and problem‐solving interventions designed to change social and physical disorder conditions at crime hot spots. Conversely, aggressive order maintenance strategies did not generate significant crime reductions. Policy Implications: The types of strategies used by police departments to address disorder seem to matter in controlling crime, and this holds important implications for police–community relations, justice, and crime prevention. Further research is needed to understand the key programmatic elements that maximize the capacity of these strategies to prevent crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's culture is becoming increasingly secularized and characterized by social fragmentation. Christian teachers in public schools should no longer expect to share the same worldview as their students. It is only natural to ask the question: can anything good come about in a public-school classroom? This essay outlines a Christian vision for individual educators in public and pluralistic contexts that draws from a scripturally informed view of natural law. This paper answers this question in the affirmative: not only can it be good, but it can also be glorious, even if such glories are diminutive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of housing and individual residential mobility on recidivism is nuanced. Individuals may move from prosocial environments to criminogenic environments, or from neighborhoods that are more, or less, socioeconomically disadvantaged. We explore these phenomena using data on individuals on parole in the District of Columbia with community-level Census data. We hypothesize that residential mobility will affect recidivism through changes in both housing types and neighborhood characteristics. Findings suggest that people immediately placed into treatment-oriented or transitional housing had lower rates of rearrest than those in other housing situations. Results of the community-level measures of social disorganization were mixed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Literature on the influence of homelessness on crime is lacking, particularly at the neighborhood level. This study seeks to understand how homelessness affects crime levels in a large city in the United States. Data/Methods: Crime data, homeless count data, and neighborhood characteristics are obtained from three government public data sources. OLS Regression and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) are utilized to determine the relationship between homelessness and crime on a global and local level. Results: The analyses revealed that homelessness is significantly, positively associated with crime, even when controlling for macro-level correlates of crime. The effect size of homelessness on crime varies across neighborhoods. Conclusions/Implications: Policy implications based on findings of the current study and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the relationship between the features of physical and social environments and neighborhood crime in a large Korean city. We utilized the 112 Crime Calls Data from May 1, 2018 to April 30, 2019, aggregated at the ¼-mile egohood level. We estimated a series of negative binomial regression models to test the effects of social and physical environmental features on crime rates. Furthermore, we examine potential moderating effects between the measures of physical and social environments. The results indicate that incorporating the physical and social environmental features based on the theoretical framework of criminal opportunities and social disorganization can be useful for understanding the spatial patterns of crime in Korean context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology / Shehui is the property of Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Border crimes threaten public safety and security in the United States and the US-Mexico border region. Several evaluations support that data-driven, place-based crime prevention approaches can complement current public safety strategies and help reduce crime. Accordingly, place-based crime prevention may successfully prevent border crimes since these are inherently spatial. However, few studies have analyzed the geographies of Texas-Mexico border crimes, and assessments of data-driven, place-based crime prevention strategies of border crimes still lack a solid empirical foundation - especially in more rural border communities. To address this issue, this study builds police report data (Border Incident Assessment Report (BIAR)), used to record crime information related to cross-border criminal arrests and counter-criminal intelligence collection (2019-2022), for one rural county on the US-Mexico border. Results indicate high degrees of spatial concentrations of human smuggling and drug crimes. This study, moreover, explores how conventional theories of crimes and places (e.g., social disorganization) are able to explain border crimes. Findings indicate that while indicators work reasonably well to explain spatial patterns for drug crimes, more border crime specific indicators and models might have to be developed for human smuggling events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Climate Displacement" in the Journal of Applied Philosophy discusses the moral and political challenges posed by climate-induced human displacement. The author, Jamie Draper, presents a pluralist theory of climate displacement, emphasizing the complexity and heterogeneity of such scenarios. Draper critiques the idea of a treaty for climate refugees, arguing for a more nuanced and context-specific approach to addressing different forms of climate displacement. The article provides insights into various cases of climate displacement, offering normative principles and suggestions for a just response to this pressing issue. [Extracted from the article]

This article reviews three recently published books on rural criminology. "Crime and Safety in the Rural: Lessons from Research" by Ceccato and Abraham provides an international synthesis of rural literature, highlighting the importance of studying crime and safety in rural areas. "Rural Transformations and Rural Crime: International Critical Perspectives in Rural Criminology" edited by Bowden and Harkness explores the impact of rural transformations on safety and security. "Woman Abuse in Rural Places" by DeKeseredy focuses on violence against women in rural areas, challenging the notion of social disorganization theory. These books contribute to the growing field of rural crime and justice studies, which has become more diverse, critical, and international in the 21st century. [Extracted from the article]

Business parks are a ubiquitous feature of city-edge development. They have attracted attention for their lack of sustainability, spurring interest in how they can be reconfigured or reimagined in the face of ecological collapse and social fragmentation. Inspired by calls to notice everyday practices at the city edge (Tzaninis et al. 2021. "Moving Urban Political Ecology Beyond the 'Urbanization of Nature'." Progress in Human Geography 45 (2): 229–252; Tsing 2015. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princeton: Princeton University Press; Gandy 2022a. "Ghosts and Monsters: Reconstructing Nature on the Site of the Berlin Wall." Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 47: 1120–1136.) and drawing on data from a participant-led photography exercise at a suburban business park in the north-east of England, this article explores how workers employed at businesses on the park engage with and value its natural assets. We set out from Tzaninis et al.'s (2021) contention that the dominant framing of suburbia as 'non-place' or 'no man's land' has the effect of denying the many intriguing practices unfolding at the city's edge. Resonating with Tsing (2015), we highlight the significance of everyday interaction with nature in an ecologically vulnerable landscape as a creative, open-ended and, potentially, hopeful process. Focused on denizens of the business park, our data draws attention to the possibilities and potentialities of more-than-human encounters, the feeling of tranquillity generated by green spaces, and the sense of freedom that derives from bodily movement in a natural setting. These open-ended practices are distinct from, and 'other than', the dominant way of doing business in the park. Such encounters, drawn out by auto-photography, foment a radical connectedness with nature through which a powerful sense of custodianship and responsibility can find expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social cohesion and financial tensions are the key components of psychosocial well‐being, yet the relationship has rarely been examined. This article, which offers an empirical investigation into the complex and multidimensional character of social cohesion, examines how financial stress affects social relations in Australia and analyses the moderating effect of social support using longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The results indicate that financial stress has negative effects on social cohesion and has the potential to contribute to social fragmentation. It was found that structural social cohesion is more affected by financial stress than cognitive social cohesion. This study also uncovers the beneficial and buffering effects that social support can bestow on financial stress trauma sufferers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint innovation across countries plays a vital role in international networks of knowledge-intensive businesses. We study how the cultural backgrounds of collaborators influence success in international innovation. Intercultural proximity implies shared values and norms that can engender trust and cooperation in innovation. However, social fragmentation can induce conflict and mistrust, whereas joint innovation can progress through the tolerance and acceptance of different views. Our gravity model analysis of international patent cooperation data shows that social fragmentation complements intercultural proximity along the social identity dimensions of religion, ethnicity, and language to promote joint innovation. Intercultural proximity operates through trust, especially for countries with weak intellectual property rights laws, while social fragmentation operates through tolerance and acceptance, especially for countries with strong IPR laws. Economic strength, trade, and institutional differences are also important predictors of collaborative innovation. We confirm that geographical distance between countries lowers cooperation, but it cannot explain away the positive effects of intercultural proximity and social fragmentation. Plain English Summary: Co-innovation increases with intercultural proximity – and even more so when countries are socially fragmented. International joint innovation allows knowledge-intensive businesses to synergistically draw upon the ideas, expertise, and experience of innovators from their respective cultures (countries). However, such collaborations are often hampered by the uncertainty of partner exploitation and free-riding especially in the absence of formal institutions such as strong intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. In such cases, while intercultural proximity (e.g., along the dimensions of religion, ethnicity, and language) can promote cooperation through the informal institution of trust, social fragmentation can induce mistrust and in turn hamper collaboration. This is puzzling in light of evidence that fragmentation also promotes innovation. Thus, we empirically show that the positive effect of intercultural proximity operates through trust especially when IPR protection is weak. The positive effect of fragmentation on international patent cooperation operates through tolerance and acceptance especially when IPR protection is strong. This implies that nurturing tolerance and acceptance while strengthening IPR and developing the intellectual property ecosystem in fragmented societies, building intercultural trust, and increasing diversity in countries, alliances, or firms can promote co-patenting success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next to their traditional role as places for information provision and knowledge transmission, public libraries increasingly also function as important social infrastructures contributing to the everyday life in cities. As such, they can help to address systemic challenges such as social fragmentation, loneliness, exclusion and precarity. However, the library not merely is a social infrastructure, but becomes one each operating day through continuous labour by a network of stakeholders. This paper specifically examines library staff and their routinised practices to provide, perform and maintain the library as social infrastructure. The empirical research was carried out in four public libraries in the Netherlands and focussed on staff members who were in a 1-year post-graduate programme to become a community librarian, and their close colleagues. It consisted of two phases: first librarians were shadowed at work, followed by a focus group interview on the multiple problems librarians encounter to (re)make their library into social infrastructures. These include coping with limited space, collaborating with other institutions, difficulties to reach out to the community, financial struggles and differentiating interpretations of the library's primary function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The myriad applications of artificial intelligence (AI) by the private and public sectors have exploded in the public consciousness in the postpandemic period. However, researchers and businesses have been working on AI technology applications for decades, and in many ways, governments are rushing to catch up. This article presents an argument that the future of AI policy in the United States will be driven in large part by current and future state-level policy experiments. This argument is presented by drawing on scholarship surrounding federalism, regulatory fragmentation, and the effects of fragmentation on business and social equity. The article then presents the case of autonomous vehicle policy in the states to illustrate the degree of current fragmentation and considers the effects of layering new AI policies on top of existing rules surrounding privacy, licensing, and more. Following this consideration of existing research and its application of AI policy, the article presents a research agenda for leveraging state differences to study the effects of AI policy and develop a cohesive framework for governing AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unequal exchange in international trade lies at the crossroads of all the major contradictions of the current global capitalist system: class, spatial and ecological. Countering unequal exchange can offer the basis for a broad global social coalition demanding a new international economic and ecological order. It can unite the claims of social and ecological movements around a common agenda where global social justice meets global environmental justice. The objective conditions are provided by the common ground of concrete interests that binds together various political and social actors in the global South and North who are harmed by corporate neoliberal globalisation. Building the subjective conditions, however, requires overcoming theoretical reductionisms and political sectarianisms that contribute to the fragmentation of social struggles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban greenspace (UGS) has been recently linked to public safety. Criminologists, however, have been largely absent from the discussion about this association, despite having important theoretical tools and empirical findings to contribute. In the current study, we review the prominent criminological perspectives that may be used to explain the association between UGS and crime. Furthermore, we draw from prior work to extend beyond the question of whether UGS affects crime to the more crucial question of when it does. Using a sample of block groups in Washington, D.C., we examine the association between two measures of UGS—tree canopy coverage and noncanopy vegetation coverage—and violent and property crime. We also assess the moderating effects of antecedents to social disorganization (poverty and homeownership) on the association between UGS and crime. Our results suggest that both types of UGS are associated with fewer crimes, even while controlling for a range of criminogenic factors. The effects of tree canopy coverage appear to be crime general, while the effects of noncanopy vegetation coverage only apply to violent crime. The effects of tree canopy, however, are weaker in communities characterized by high levels of poverty and low levels of homeownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient Andean agricultural landscapes have been the subject of a large number of archaeological and agro-ecological studies, which generally refer to regions with favourable environmental conditions or, in the case of arid and semi-arid environments, those with irrigation facilities. The aim of this article is to present and analyse the pre-Hispanic rain-fed farming systems widely represented in two adjacent regions of Bolivia's arid and cold southern Altiplano. The search for archaeological agricultural areas combined aerial analysis and field surveys. Agro-ecological characterisation was based on historical and ethnographic studies of the region's present-day populations. Despite their geographical proximity, similar environmental conditions, and same agropastoral way of life, the typology of cultivated areas developed in the southern altiplano differs significantly. Within this same framework of adaptation and resilience, the sectorisation of agricultural systems observed in these two regions reveals a regional productive specialisation that favoured internal exchanges and exchanges with other regions. These differences are related to two models of non-centralised, low-inequality societies—one strongly based on cohesion and the other characterised by greater fragmentation and social conflict—underlining the limits of strict environmental determinism in shaping agricultural landscapes. These results provide new food for thought in the debate on the use and value of rain-fed agricultural practices and more broadly on the diversity of adaptations by human societies in extreme and unstable environmental contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth spend much of their time socializing and hanging out with friends, as well as engaging in extracurricular activities, in areas surrounding their schools. Additionally, many studies document a criminogenic effect of schools on the surrounding neighborhood. Yet little is known about how the structural characteristics of those areas shape adolescent involvement in criminal and delinquent behavior. Using recent data drawn from surveys of adolescents in three major U.S. cities, the American Community Survey, and the US Census, we analyze (1) the effects of school neighborhood contexts on adolescent crime and (2) the extent to which individual propensity (i.e., moral beliefs and self-control) moderates the effects of the school neighborhood context. We find that concentrated disadvantage and ethnic heterogeneity of the school area impact delinquent behavior only among youth with certain moral beliefs. Our findings highlight the need to identify the conditions under which social context matters and to focus on different types of neighborhoods beyond residential areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly attention directed toward hate crime, especially across communities, has grown in the past two decades. Rural communities, however, have been neglected in such empirical inquiry, driving issues on the ability to draw reliable conclusions on ecological variations of such offenses. Thus, we examined structural and demographic predictors of hate crime across rural and urban counties, focusing our attention on whether patterns varied in predicting anti-Black, Hispanic, and White crimes from 2012 through 2016. Using social disorganization and the defended communities perspective as explanatory frameworks, we find important differences and similarities between these settings, with implications for theory and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaw and McKay advanced social disorganization theory in the 1930s, kick-starting a large body of research on communities and crime. Studies emphasize individual impacts of poverty, residential instability, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity by examining their independent effects on crime, adopting a variable-centered approach. We use a “neighborhood-centered” approach that considers how structural forces combine into unique constellations that vary across communities, with consequences for crime. Examining neighborhoods in Southern California we: (1) identify neighborhood typologies based on levels of poverty, instability, and heterogeneity; (2) explore how these typologies fit within a disorganization framework and are spatially distributed across the region; and (3) examine how these typologies are differentially associated with crime. Results reveal nine neighborhood types with varying relationships to crime.

Whereas existing ecology of crime research frequently uses a cross-sectional design, an open question is whether theories underlying such studies will operate similarly in longitudinal research. Using latent trajectory models and longitudinal data in half-mile egohoods from the Southern California region over a 10-year period (2000–2010), we explore this question and assess whether the changes in key measures of social disorganization theory are related to changes in violent or property crime through three possible relationships: 1) a monotonic relationship, 2) an asymmetric relationship, and 3) a perturbation relationship in which any change increases crime. We find evidence that measures can exhibit any of these three possible relationships, highlighting the importance of not assuming monotonic relationships. Most frequently observed are asymmetric relationships, which we posit are simultaneously capturing more than one theoretical process of neighborhoods and crime. Specific findings include asymmetric relationships between change in concentrated disadvantage, racial/ethnic minority composition, or population and violent crime, as well as relationships between change in Asian composition or population and property crime. We consider how this strategy opens a needed area of future research assessing how measures for other theories operate as environments change.

Background: Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapy increases the risk of life‐threatening complications, including septic shock (SS). An area‐based measure of social determinants of health, the social disorganization index (SDI), was hypothesized to be associated with SS and SS‐associated death (SS‐death). Methods: Children treated for de novo AML on two Children's Oncology Group trials at institutions contributing to the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database were included. The SDI was calculated via residential zip code data from the US Census Bureau. SS was identified via PHIS resource utilization codes. SS‐death was defined as death within 2 weeks of an antecedent SS event. Patients were followed from 7 days after the start of chemotherapy until the first of end of front‐line therapy, death, relapse, or removal from study. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox regressions estimated hazard ratios (HRs) comparing time to first SS by SDI group. Results: The assembled cohort included 700 patients, with 207 (29.6%) sustaining at least one SS event. There were 233 (33%) in the SDI‐5 group (highest disorganization). Adjusted time to incident SS did not statistically significantly differ by SDI (reference, SDI‐1; SDI‐2: HR, 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.51–1.41]; SDI‐3: HR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.42–1.16]; SDI‐4: HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.61–1.53]; SDI‐5: HR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.45–1.14]). Nine patients (4.4%) with SS experienced SS‐death; seven of these patients (78%) were in SDI‐4 or SDI‐5. Conclusions: In a large, nationally representative cohort of trial‐enrolled pediatric patients with AML, there was no significant association between the SDI and time to SS. Time to first septic shock event was not associated with the social disorganization index (SDI), an area‐based measure of social determination of health, in children with acute myeloid leukemia treated on two Children's Oncology Group trials. Septic shock–associated mortality is rare in children with acute myeloid leukemia, and differences by SDI were not able to be detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social integration, a huge issue triggered by migration, leads to potential social fragmentation and confrontation. Focusing on the precise enhancement of "inner" subjective social integration is the ultimate urbanization solution to enhance people-centered well-being and promote full social integration. This article used data from the China Migrants Dynamic Survey 2017 (CMDS 2017) to reveal the spatial patterns and mechanisms of subjective social integration in Chinese cities. We make an innovative attempt to introduce multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to address the appropriateness of policy formulation by addressing the spatial variation in the factors. The results demonstrate that the influences on subjective social integration have a strong spatial heterogeneity in China, a vast and unevenly developed country. Expanding on the typical factors, household registration and political participation affect North China more than other regions; and housing and marriage have a greater impact in South China, especially in the Pearl River Delta and the Eastern Seaboard. Income, welfare, and healthcare are indiscriminately sweeping through most of China. Such a conclusion reminds the Chinese government that it needs to consider not only addressing some of the national constraints to subjective social integration but also imposing precise, site-specific changes for different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vandalism as a destructive behavior; It causes destruction, physical damage and material damage to public capital and reduces social order. Based on this, the aim of the research is meta-analysis of studies related to urban vandalism behaviors. Data and Method: The method is meta-analysis (quantitative), its statistical population is 45 documents and the sample size is equal to 41 research documents in the period of 1401-1372. The sampling method is a deliberate-non-probability type and a reverse questionnaire, and the validity of the research has been examined according to the type of articles (research and journal type), writing quality, level and scientific expertise of the authors, as well as the research review method. Results: The results show that vandalism in Iranian society is caused by social-cultural heterogeneity, social control, capital level, reference model, social pressure, social disorganization and cultural issues according to the theory of structural pressure. These variables have explained 0.354 of the changes in vandalism behaviors. Conclusion: Heterogeneous development (cultural backwardness of institutions and groups) has led to institutional dysfunction (social-structural pressure) and ultimately social disorganization (emergence of vandalism). As the conditions of institutional development have deteriorated (unbalanced or unbalanced development), social disorganization (functional disorder of social institutions) has also increased. Failure to solve social disorganization caused by social pressures on the society has led to class divide, social failure, and accumulated conflict, dissatisfaction, feeling of injustice, feeling of discrimination and vengeful thoughts and destructive actions. The continuation of these psychological-collective conditions leads to the loss of collective-individual identity, cultural, ethnic and family cohesion on the one hand and the accumulation of conflict and psychological failure, the formation of behavior contrary to social order and community- individual conflict, and the individual moves towards violent subcultural society (vandalism). ) and divergent tends to general order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper models the welfare consequences of social fragmentation arising from technological advance. We start from the premise that technological progress falls primarily on market-traded commodities rather than prosocial relationships, since the latter intrinsically require the expenditure of time and thus are less amenable to productivity increases. Since prosocial relationships require individuals to identify with others in their social group whereas marketable commodities are commonly the objects of social status comparisons, a tradeoff arises between in-group affiliation and inter-group status comparisons. People consequently narrow the bounds of their social groups, reducing their prosocial relationships and extending their status-seeking activities. As prosocial relationships generate positive externalities whereas status-seeking activities generate negative preference externalities, technological advance may lead to a particular type of "decoupling" of social welfare from material prosperity. Once the share of status goods in total production exceeds a crucial threshold, technological advance is shown to be welfare-reducing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the human ecological model views neighbourhood instability as a function of household-level decisions, the present study draws on a political economy of place perspective to highlight how the profit-seeking interests of outside actors shapes instability, with consequences for neighbourhood crime. Using data on neighbourhoods in Los Angeles County from 2007 to 2013, I decompose levels of stability according to housing dynamics (displacement, development, changing rents, sales, low-income units), and assess their direct and indirect association with violent and property crime. I find that, over a 7-year period, poorer neighbourhoods are more vulnerable to these exchange-value pressures, stability is more consequential to crime in high-poverty neighbourhoods, and certain housing dynamics are associated with increasing crime through their detrimental effect on renter stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is rich research on tourism destination evolution, the literature on how normative social and environmental goals (as opposed to contingent events or economic imperatives) drive the evolution of tourism towards more sustainable forms remains under-developed. As a result, the overall understanding of how sustainability in tourism is pursued on the ground and what context-specific factors shape these processes is still insufficient. To address this lacuna, the paper draws upon the sustainability transitions (ST) agenda that focuses on the ground level processes of transitions and conceptualises sustainability transitions as multi-actor, multi-dimensional, evolutionary, disruptive and contested processes. As such, the paper offers a constructive response to Niewiadomski and Brouder's (2022) call for bridging the gap between the research on tourism evolution and the sustainability transitions agenda. More specifically, the paper adopts selected concepts of evolutionary economic geography (EEG) (which have long proved helpful in research on both tourism evolution and sustainability transitions) to address how sustainability in tourism is mindfully pursued in the Outer Hebrides (Scotland, UK) and what geographical and historical factors shape this transition. The analysis draws from 17 semi-structured interviews (conducted in 2020-2021 with tourism businesses and various organisations involved in tourism in the Outer Hebrides) and documentary analysis. Two main groups of place- and path-dependent factors that shape the ongoing transition to sustainable tourism in the Outer Hebrides are identified: 1) institutional and social fragmentation, and 2) infrastructural deficiencies and challenges. The paper finds that the transition to sustainability in tourism in the Outer Hebrides is fragmented and intermittent. Although numerous promising changes are taking place, the transition suffers from a lack of systemic and systematic governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looks at the spatial distribution of robbery against residents as a function of nonstationary density and mobility patterns in the most densely populated city in Spain, Barcelona. Based on the geographical coordinates of mobile devices, we computed two measures of density of the ambient population and the tourist presence, for work days, weekends, and holidays in 2019. Negative binomial regressions are then estimated to analyse whether these measures are correlated with the risk of robbery, controlling for land use and the characteristics of the social environment. The model reveals that residents' chances of being exposed to robbery in Barcelona depend on the social relevance and tourism attractiveness of certain places at particular times of the year. Our results disclose two sources of social disorganization as stronger predictors of the occurrence of robbery in Barcelona, respectively linked to structural processes of residential instability and daily and seasonal mobility patterns. On the one hand, we found that the effect of the density of international tourists on the outcome variable is mediated by residential volatility, which is assumed to be associated with housing shortages in neighbourhoods where short-term vacation rentals are widespread. On the other hand, the ability to exert effective social control is significantly undermined in urban areas, where the ambient population and the volume of tourists outnumber the resident population, thus increasing incidents of robbery victimization. The implications of these findings for urban policy and crime prevention in the Catalan capital are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amanda Holt's book "Family Criminology" offers a unique and significant perspective on the relationship between families and crime. Holt, an expert in the field with a multidisciplinary background, explores the intricate dynamics of family criminology and its impact on societal factors. The book is structured into nine chapters, each focusing on different aspects of family criminology, including family structure, crime within families, and families as victims of crime. Holt utilizes various theoretical frameworks and provides practical cases and methodological challenges to enhance readers' understanding. The book's contributions include a shift in focus towards the role of family in criminology, a multidimensional perspective on crime and family, and insights into the impact of crime on families. However, the book has limitations in terms of its global focus, reliance on secondary data, and lack of attention to nontraditional family structures, economic crimes, and the influence of technology. Overall, "Family Criminology" is a significant contribution to the field of criminology, offering valuable insights for researchers and policymakers. [Extracted from the article]

The present research aims to investigate the impact of perceptual social disorganization and the collective efficacy of deviant behaviors among University of Mazandaran students. The method of this survey research was stratified random sampling in proportion to the volume. The tool for collecting information in the current research is a questionnaire, and 411 questionnaires have been analyzed. The results of the analysis of the findings show that there is no significant difference between boys and girls in terms of deviant behavior. The results of the path analysis test have also shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between imagined social disorder, imagined physical disorder and deviant behavior. Also, there is a positive relationship between imagined physical disorder and fear of crime; And there is an inverse and significant relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy. According to the findings, people's perception of social disorder has an effect on crime. In other words, disorder increases fear of crime, which in turn reduces social control/collective efficacy and makes neighborhoods vulnerable to criminal invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]