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Copyright of Sport & Tourism Central European Journal / Sport i Turystyka Srodkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe is the property of Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the use of ground, snow, and air temperature measurements for the construction of makeshift snow shelters. In Poland, in the coldest places (the Tatra Mountains, the Orava Basin) the temperature values at the contact of the ground surface with the snow cover usually oscillate in the range from 0°C to −3°C. Therefore, when constructing snow shelters, a snow insulation layer should not be left on the ground inside the shelter, which blocks the heating of the shelter interior by the heat accumulated in the ground A very big influence on the temperature inside snow shelters is the size of the entrance opening and the height of its location. The larger the opening and the higher it is located in relation to the ground, the lower the temperature values and the greater the vertical thermal gradient occur inside the shelter. The temperature in a properly constructed snow shelter is regulated by covering the entrance hole. The thickness of the walls, and especially the roof of the shelter, should not exceed 40 cm. Walls with a thickness of 30 cm provide sufficient thermal insulation.

To study the variation pattern of snow cover in seasonal frozen soil areas and the effect of related meteorological factors on the snow cover temperature, four land cover patterns (bare land, normal snow, compacted snow, and thickened snow) were created using a field test of a freezing and thawing period. The thermal state of the snow cover and its upper and lower boundary conditions were determined and combined with ground meteorological observation data, and the effect of the thermal state on the upper and lower boundaries of the snow cover was analyzed via statistical analysis and gray correlation analysis. The main meteorological factors affecting the snow cover temperature were selected, and the relationships between the stratification temperature and main meteorological factors were determined. The results show that the differences in snow melting time for different land cover patterns are small and that the snow density and snow depth have only slight effects on the melting rate. The variability of the heat fluxes of the snow layers was above the moderate degree, and the variability of snow from the surface layer to the bottom layer had an increasing-decreasing tendency. The heat exchange at the snow-frozen soil interface during the stable period was weak, and solar radiation could effectively influence the heat flux of 10 to 20 cm of snow. In the freezing period, snow cover treatment compared with bare land can significantly improved the soil temperature and increased the heat preservation effect in the following order: thickened snow > compacted snow > normal snow. When snowfall is certain, compacted snow treatment can increase the net radiation transmission within the snow layer, improve the temperature of the snow layer, and increase the heat preservation effect of the soil. The increase in snow density can increase the internal temperature variation of the snow and significantly change the snow thermal conditions. The regression relationship between the surface of the snow cover and the main meteorological factors was notable, while the model reliability for the middle and bottom layers was poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]