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COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, has raised significant interest in understanding potential cross-immunity mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that T-cells associated with common cold coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) may provide some level of cross-immunity against SARS-CoV-2. It is also known that the prevalence of smokers among patients admitted to hospital for COVID-19 is lower than expected according to the corresponding country's smoking prevalence, which is known as smoker's paradox in COVID-19. No clear consensus to explain it has yet been reached. This phenomenon suggests a complex interaction between smoking and immune response. Nonetheless, very few works have studied the prevalence of smokers in those infected by common cold coronaviruses, and its relation to COVID-19 has not been investigated. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the prevalence of smokers among patients infected by common cold coronaviruses, and to compare them to the corresponding country's smoking prevalence. L'Abbé plots were used to visually assess the consistency of the observed effects across the different studies included in the meta-analysis. Additionally, significant differences were found in smoking prevalence among the various types of ccCoV, indicating the need for further research into the biological mechanisms driving these disparities. The results show that smoking prevalence is higher among those patients infected by these coronaviruses than in the general population (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.81–2.33). A study was separately done for the four coronavirus types, and the prevalence of smokers was higher in three of the four than that corresponding to country, gender and study year: OC43 (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.64–5.82); HKU1 (OR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.21–10.85); NL63 (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.64–5.82); 229E (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.50–1.90). The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Chi-squared test, I-squared (I2), and Tau-squared (τ2). This detailed statistical analysis enhances the robustness of our findings and highlights the variations in smoking prevalence among different ccCoVs. Our data suggest that COVID-19 might be less prevalent among smokers due to greater cross-immunity from a larger number or more recent infections by common cold coronaviruses than the non-smoking population, which would explain smoker's paradox in COVID-19. IMPLICATIONS. The low prevalence of current smokers among SARS-CoV-2 patients is a finding recurrently repeated, even leading to postulate the "smoker's paradox" in COVID-19. This fact compelled us to study the prevalence of smokers among patients infected by common cold coronaviruses, and to compare them to the corresponding country's smoking prevalence. Our data could explain smoker's paradox in COVID-19 by a greater cross immunity due to a larger number, or more recent infections by common cold coronaviruses than the non-smoking population. This manuscript allow understand potential unrevealed mechanism for low prevalence of current smokers among SARS-CoV-2 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The process of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation is potent stressful stimuli that cause sympathetic activation, which is transient. Some of the modalities for attenuation of laryngoscopic and intubation response have been found to be less effective in smokers than in non-smokers. In view of this, the present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine in male smoker and non-smoker patients. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine in suppressing sympathoadrenal pressor response due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation between smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based non-randomized controlled study. Sixty patients were divided into two groups: 30 patients with no history of smoking (Group NS) and 30 patients with a smoking history (Group S). Both groups were received dexmedetomidine 0.75 mcg/kg over 10 min intravenous infusion. Hemodynamic parameters and Ramsay sedation score were measured at perioperative period. Results: Group S patients showed a significant rise in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and rate pressure product (RRP) during the immediate post-intubation period, but Group NS showed a decrease in HR, SBP, DBP, MAP and RRP throughout the post-intubation period. Conclusion: Single dose of 0.75 mcg/kg IV dexmedetomidine given over a period of 10 min before the induction of anesthesia is completely effective in attenuating the hemodynamic responses associated with laryngoscopy and intubation in non-smokers, but it is not efficient in smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that affects a wide range of populations. However, its pathogenesis remains unclear. miRNAs are now considered potential diagnostic markers for many inflammatory diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the expression of microRNA-223(miRNA-223) and microRNA-214 (miRNA-214) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of smoker and nonsmoker with periodontitis. Materials and methods: We conducted a prospective study among 42 participants: 14 healthy controls, 14 nonsmoker periodontitis participants, and 14 smokers with periodontitis. Eligibility criteria for inclusion were consecutive adults, aged 20–60 years, with stage III periodontitis grade B/C and no systemic diseases. All consenting participants had gingival crevicular fluid samples collected after diagnosis to assess miRNA-214 and -223 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: ROC curve analyses for the non-smoker periodontitis group showed that miR-214 as a predictor in comparison to miR-223 had higher sensitivity [92.86%-64.29%], same specificity [100%], and a significantly higher area under the curve [0.974–0.796] respectively (p = 0.036). As for the smoker periodontitis group, a ROC curve with miR-214 as predictor in comparison to miR-223 had higher sensitivity [100%-71.43%], same specificity [100%], and a non-significantly higher area under the curve [1–0.872], respectively (p = 0.059). Conclusion: Both miRNA-214 and 223 are reliable potential diagnostic markers for periodontitis, with miRNA-214 being more accurate for smokers with periodontitis. Clinical relevance: Both miRNA-214 and 223 could be considered for potential chair-side diagnostics, by simply collecting GCF detecting the disease in its first steps and aid in preventing unrepairable damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking has been strongly associated with poor healing and worse outcomes following various joint arthroplasties, including worse functional measurements and increased complication rates. While smoking is associated with adverse events and complications in shoulder arthroplasty, the role of smoking in functional measurements and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) remains to be fully characterized. Institutional electronic medical records were used to study patients who underwent primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) and reverse TSA (rTSA) between 2009 and 2020 with at least 2 years of follow-up. Patients were called to obtain PROs. Patients were stratified into 3 cohorts, by tobacco smoking status: current, former, and never smokers. Among 498 patients who underwent TSA, 280 were aTSAs and 218 were rTSAs. Within aTSAs, 28 patients were classified as current, 99 as former, and 153 as never smokers. In rTSAs, 20 were current, 68 were former, and 130 were never smokers. Current smokers were younger at the time of surgery than former and never smokers in both aTSA (current: 58.8 ± 8.5; former: 63.9 ± 9.2; never: 62.8 ± 9.0 years; P =.031) and rTSA (current: 59.0 ± 6.8; former: 68.5 ± 7.2; never: 69.0 ± 9.0 years; P <.001). Furthermore, current smokers experienced lower 5-year implant survival in aTSA (current: 84.3%; former: 98.8%; never: 95.0%; P =.015) and rTSA (current: 82.4%; former: 94.5%; never: 94.1%; P =.004). No differences were found among the 3 cohorts for preoperative range of motion (ROM) and strength, or postoperative ROM and strength in the aTSA cohort. rTSA preoperative measurements demonstrated no differences in ROM and strength, and only postoperative forward elevation strength and external rotation strength were found to be different. PROs were found to be of similar magnitude for all patients in the aTSA and rTSA groups. The findings of this study indicate that current smokers exhibited a higher likelihood of necessitating TSA at a younger age and had higher implant failure rates. However, functional measurements were only marginally affected by smoking status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, has raised significant interest in understanding potential cross-immunity mechanisms. Recent evidence suggests that T-cells associated with common cold coronaviruses (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1) may provide some level of cross-immunity against SARS-CoV-2. It is also known that the prevalence of smokers among patients admitted to hospital for COVID-19 is lower than expected according to the corresponding country’s smoking prevalence, which is known as smoker’s paradox in COVID-19. No clear consensus to explain it has yet been reached. This phenomenon suggests a complex interaction between smoking and immune response. Nonetheless, very few works have studied the prevalence of smokers in those infected by common cold coronaviruses, and its relation to COVID-19 has not been investigated. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the prevalence of smokers among patients infected by common cold coronaviruses, and to compare them to the corresponding country’s smoking prevalence. L’Abbé plots were used to visually assess the consistency of the observed effects across the different studies included in the meta-analysis. Additionally, significant differences were found in smoking prevalence among the various types of ccCoV, indicating the need for further research into the biological mechanisms driving these disparities. The results show that smoking prevalence is higher among those patients infected by these coronaviruses than in the general population (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 0.81–2.33). A study was separately done for the four coronavirus types, and the prevalence of smokers was higher in three of the four than that corresponding to country, gender and study year: OC43 (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.64–5.82); HKU1 (OR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.21–10.85); NL63 (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.64–5.82); 229E (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.50–1.90). The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using the Cochrane Chi-squared test, I-squared (I2), and Tau-squared (τ2). This detailed statistical analysis enhances the robustness of our findings and highlights the variations in smoking prevalence among different ccCoVs. Our data suggest that COVID-19 might be less prevalent among smokers due to greater cross-immunity from a larger number or more recent infections by common cold coronaviruses than the non-smoking population, which would explain smoker’s paradox in COVID-19. IMPLICATIONS. The low prevalence of current smokers among SARS-CoV-2 patients is a finding recurrently repeated, even leading to postulate the “smoker’s paradox” in COVID-19. This fact compelled us to study the prevalence of smokers among patients infected by common cold coronaviruses, and to compare them to the corresponding country’s smoking prevalence. Our data could explain smoker’s paradox in COVID-19 by a greater cross immunity due to a larger number, or more recent infections by common cold coronaviruses than the non-smoking population. This manuscript allow understand potential unrevealed mechanism for low prevalence of current smokers among SARS-CoV-2 patients.

Background: The process of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation is potent stressful stimuli that cause sympathetic activation, which is transient. Some of the modalities for attenuation of laryngoscopic and intubation response have been found to be less effective in smokers than in non-smokers. In view of this, the present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine in male smoker and non-smoker patients. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine in suppressing sympathoadrenal pressor response due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation between smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based non-randomized controlled study. Sixty patients were divided into two groups: 30 patients with no history of smoking (Group NS) and 30 patients with a smoking history (Group S). Both groups were received dexmedetomidine 0.75 mcg/kg over 10 min intravenous infusion. Hemodynamic parameters and Ramsay sedation score were measured at perioperative period. Results: Group S patients showed a significant rise in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and rate pressure product (RRP) during the immediate post-intubation period, but Group NS showed a decrease in HR, SBP, DBP, MAP and RRP throughout the post-intubation period. Conclusion: Single dose of 0.75 mcg/kg IV dexmedetomidine given over a period of 10 min before the induction of anesthesia is completely effective in attenuating the hemodynamic responses associated with laryngoscopy and intubation in non-smokers, but it is not efficient in smokers.

Background: Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) during tidal breathing and lung hyperinflation have been identified as major decisive factors for disease status, prognosis and response to therapy in obstructive lung diseases. Aim: To investigate the delta values between expiratory and inspiratory resistance and reactance, measured using respiratory oscillometry and its correlation with air trapping and symptoms in subjects with obstructive lung diseases. Methods: Four hundred and seventy‐one subjects (96 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], 311 with asthma, 30 healthy smokers and 34 healthy subjects) were included. Spirometry, body plethysmography and respiratory oscillometry measurements were performed and the differences between the expiratory and inspiratory respiratory oscillometry values (as delta values) were calculated. Questionnaires regarding symptoms and quality of life were administered. Results: Patients with COPD and healthy smokers had an increased delta resistance at 5 Hz (R5) compared with patients with asthma (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.037, respectively) and healthy subjects (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.012, respectively). Patients with COPD also had higher values of ΔR5–R19 than healthy subjects (p = 0.0001) and patients with asthma (p < 0.0001). Delta reactance at 5 Hz (X5) was significantly more impaired in COPD patients than in asthma and healthy subjects (p < 0.0001 for all). There was a correlation between the ratio of residual volume and total lung capacity and ΔR5 (p = 0.0047; r = 0.32), ΔR5–R19 (p = 0.0002; r = 0.41) and ΔX5 (p < 0.0001; r = −0.44), for all subjects. ΔX5 correlated with symptoms in COPD, healthy smokers and patients with asthma. In addition, ΔR5 correlated with asthma symptoms. Conclusion: EFL was most prominent in parameters measuring peripheral resistance and reactance and correlated with air trapping and airway symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the association of serum zinc with periodontitis in non‐diabetics based on smoking status, using a representative sample of adults in the United States. Methods: A total of 1051 participants who underwent full‐mouth periodontal examination and serum zinc testing were enrolled from NHANES 2011 to 2014. The covariate‐adjusted association of serum zinc concentrations with periodontitis was explored using multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spines, and sensitivity analysis. Results: The mean age of the 1051 adults was 54.5 years, 59.37% were male, and 20.65% had periodontitis. Analysis of the results showed that serum zinc was associated with periodontitis. The overall adjusted odds of periodontitis were 9% (odds ratio [OR]: 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83–1.00) and 14% (OR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75–0.98) for nonsmokers and smokers, respectively. Smokers with T3 serum zinc exhibited a 53% reduction in the fully adjusted odds of periodontitis (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23–0.96), when compared to the reference group (T1 serum zinc), with serum zinc as the categorical variable. Conclusions: Serum zinc levels were associated with the risk of periodontitis in non‐diabetic smokers but not non‐smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Smoking is an independent and modifiable risk factor for the onset and development of psoriasis; however, evidence on the association between tobacco smoking and psoriasis treatment efficacy is limited. This study aimed to explore the influence of smoking on treatment efficacy in a cohort of patients with psoriasis in Shanghai, China. Methods Patients with psoriasis were recruited from the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital between 2021 and 2022. The treatment for patients with psoriasis includes acitretin, methotrexate, narrow-band ultraviolet/benvitimod, and biologics. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, physical examination, and disease severity estimation at baseline, week four, and week eight. The achievement of a ≥75% reduction in psoriasis area and severity index (PASI 75 ) score from baseline to week 8 was set as the primary outcome for treatment efficacy estimation. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Results A total of 560 patients with psoriasis were enrolled in this study, who were predominantly males (72.9%). The average age of patients was 48.4 years, and 38.8% of them were current smokers, 5.0% of them were former smokers. The median score of PASI among patients changed from 11.1 (interquartile range, IQR: 7.9–16.6) at baseline to 6.2 at week 4 and 3.1 at week 8, and 13.8% and 47.3% of patients with psoriasis achieved PASI 75 at weeks 4 and 8, respectively. Logistic regression indicated that patients without tobacco smoking had a higher proportion of PASI 75 achievement at week 8. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) was 11.43 (95% CI: 6.91–18.89), 14.14 (95% CI: 8.27–24.20), and 3.05 (95% CI: 1.20–7.76) for non-smokers compared with smokers, current smokers, and former smokers, respectively. Moreover, former smokers had higher PASI 75 achievement than current smokers (AOR=3.37), and patients with younger smoking initiation age, longer smoking duration, and higher smoking intensity had lower PASI 75 achievement. Conclusions Tobacco smoking was negatively associated with PASI 75 achievement both in current and former smokers, and former smokers had higher PASI 75 achievement than current smokers. The implementation of tobacco control measures is beneficial for improving treatment responses.

Background: Bone thinning and emphysema are established diseases caused by tobacco-related products proven beyond doubt. A paucity of literature available to establish the association between them. Objectives: To explore the association between the different emphysema subtypes and the presence of low bone mineral density among a population of active or former smokers with and without an established diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: 100 active and former smokers with chronic airway disease attending the Pulmonology Outpatient Department were identified, and they were administered clinical questionnaires, pulmonary function tests, chest computed tomography, and DEXA scans. Appropriate statistical tests were performed to analyze the association between the different emphysema subtypes, low bone mineral density, and smoking in the study participants. Results: Out of 100 samples, 80 % of the patients had low BMD (25 had osteoporosis, and 55 had osteopenia). Emphysema was more frequent and severe in patients with osteoporosis (63.2 vs. 36.8%, p=

Background: According to the National Basic Health Research of Indonesia (Riskesdas) in 2018, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Central Sulawesi Province surpassed the national rate. This province is also home to 31.3% of active smokers. The main risk factor for NCDs is an unhealthy lifestyle such as physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and unhealthy diet pattern. Objectives: This study aims to investigate diet patterns and nutritional status of adults in Central Sulawesi based on their smoking status. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using data from Riskesdas 2018. Smoking status, diet pattern and nutritional status were the variables assessed from 12,211 respondents. The statistical analyses used in this study were chi-square test and Generalized Linear Model (GLM). Results: Thirty-six-point two per cent of the respondents were active smokers. The prevalence of overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and central obesity in smokers were significantly lower than that in the non-smoker group (p<0.05). The smoker group consumed sweetened drinks at least once a week, which increased the prevalence ratio as the weekly consumption frequency increased (PR=1.17 to 1.49; p<0.05). They also had a lower prevalence ratio of consumption a maximum of 3-4 portions/day of vegetable and consuming salty food (high sodium) 1-2 times a week. Conclusions: Although the prevalence ratio of overweight and central obesity are lower in smokers, they have unhealthy diet patterns, which are shown in lower consumption of vegetables and high in salty food. In the future, an advanced longitudinal study with representative number of respondents is needed to explore the causality of these variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many students at Airlangga University are active smokers. This is because the age group of 17-23 is the target audience for cigarette marketing. Furthermore, they are in an experimental phase, with a strong desire to follow smoking trends. Smoking is associated with oral and dental health problems, such as teeth staining. Active smokers experience teeth staining twice as often as non-smokers. Teeth staining can be reduced by using charcoal-based toothpaste. Charcoal can absorb active carbon and, as a result, reduce teeth staining. The purpose of this research was to identify the relationship between respondents' knowledge about teeth staining and the benefits of charcoal with charcoal-based toothpaste use. The method used was quantitative analysis with data collection from 110 respondents using a non-randomized accidental sampling method with a questionnaire. The research results showed that 57.3% of the respondents had an excellent understanding of teeth staining, and 46.4% had an excellent understanding of the benefits of charcoal. However, 57.3% of the respondents did not choose toothpaste with charcoal content. This data was analyzed using multiple logistic regression, and the value (p) is > 0.05. In addition, a Spearman's rank correlation analysis was performed on the variables of understanding teeth staining and knowledge of the benefits of charcoal, resulting in a value (p) = 0.03. Therefore, it can be concluded that there was no relationship between the level of respondents' knowledge of teeth staining and their choice of charcoal-based toothpaste, but there was a relationship between understanding teeth staining and knowledge of the benefits of charcoal in toothpaste. So health promotion can be carried out with the aim of motivating active smoking students at Airlangga University to choose charcoal toothpaste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actividad Fisica & Deporte is the property of Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas & Ambientales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pamukkale Medical Journal is the property of Pamukkale Journal of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims and Objectives: To study the outcome and complications of surgery for duodenal perforation based on the: a) Duration of perforation. b) Patients presenting in a clinical state of shock. c) Clinical presentation. d) Radiological findings and management. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the tertiary care center. The study will follow 50 duodenal perforation cases' clinical symptoms and prognosis. All tertiary care center patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the data collection. Results: In this study, 76% of duodenal ulcer perforations were male and 34% were female, making the male: female ratio 3.16:1. 24% of patients presented after 24 hours and were from low-income families. Most patients were unskilled and semiskilled labourers with low socioeconomic situations. In the study, 76% of patients were smokers and alcoholics, which was the biggest risk factor for perforation, followed by 32% who had taken NSAIDs for various diseases. The diagnosis was based on air under the diaphragm in 94% of cases and absent in 6%. Paracentesis fluid was turbid and bile stained in 88% of patients and absent in 12%, aiding diagnose instances. 24% of patients were in shock at the casualty, and 41.7% died during treatment (12 shock cases, 5 died). Early patients with MPI <21 or between 21 and 29 without shock and no contraindications to anaesthesia can be treated with laparoscopic closure with less morbidity and mortality at a centre with modern anaesthetic equipment, a trained anaesthetist, and a surgeon skilled in laparoscopic techniques. Conclusion: Perforated peptic ulcer patients can tolerate perforation closure and long-term medical care. If the surgeon is well-trained, laparoscopic perforation closure is better than open surgery for early, nonshocked, healthy younger and middle-aged patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking is currently the most preventable cause of diseases and death worldwide and is one of the causative risk factors for developing cancer in different organs. Hence, it is necessary to detect potentially malignant lesions at their incipient stage. Oral cancers commonly affects floor of the mouth, soft palate, lateral border of the tongue and other areas of the mouth. Aim and Objective: The present study was the Cytomorphometric Changes In The Buccal Mucosal Cell In Smokers In Central Indian Populations. Material and Methods:A comparative study conducted among smokers of Central India population, was performed on 200 males under the age group of 20-60 years. The subjects were chosen randomly from IPD and OPD patients of Medicine Department of Index Medical College and Hospital, Indore. Results: There was significant difference observed between non smoking and smoking for cells with binucleation pyknosis, perinuclear halo, cytoplasmic granules, karyolsis, karyorrhexis, and micronuclei, in buccal mucosal cells but non significance difference was found for cytoplasmic vacuoles between nonsmoking and smokers. similar study of non-smoking populations. Conclusion: The present study indicates that almost all cytomorphological findings were high in smokers than non-smokers. Early detection of oral cancers becomes complex as they are mostly innocuous and asymptomatic during their initial stages, Cytomorphometric analysis can be used regularly to detect these cell alterations. Currently, use of exfoliative cytology has increased as an adjunct to screening of precancerous lesions and malignancies of the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vape fans claim that vaping is the solution to smoking cessation, but this is still debatable. Even if vape is still considered new, numerous studies show that vaping is associated with lung injury (EVALI). Despite this, the trend of vaping is still increasing. This study aimed to review the current understanding of conventional smoking and vaping and compare both. Is vaping safer than smoking? Smoking has health risks for lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, and others, while vaping has been linked with EVALI. Local perfusions were decreased in tobacco smokers after exposure. However, perfusion increased in vaping after exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in vape users showed an increase of vitamin E acetate, possibly causing impairment in lung structure and functionality of surfactant. This is the potential mechanism of EVALI in vape users. Smoking uses the Brinkman Index to determine the severity of smoking, but there is no index for vaping because it depends not on how many sticks but on how many e-liquids were used. It seems that vape is “safer” than smoking, but smoking and vaping both have their own health risks, and it is safe to assume that neither is safe for use. “Vape is the solution for smoking cessation” needs further research because it takes years to understand conventional smoking in relation to other diseases. Prospective follow-up studies to determine the risk of vaping on other diseases are needed in the future.

Background: Saudi Arabia has an overall smoking rate of 15.9%. The link between smoking and periodontal disease has been studied extensively. It is possible for human gingival fibroblasts to accumulate nicotine intracellularly over a period of four hours. Additionally, unmetabolized nicotine is released into the environment. Tobacco presence can impair tissue inflammation, wound healing, and organ development. To counterbalance tobacco toxins, vitamin C has been added to a variety of products. Aim: This study aims to analyze the RNA expression of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing proteins in human gingival fibroblasts from smokers and nonsmokers using polymerase chain reaction. Materials and Methods: hGFs were extracted from clinically healthy periodontium sites of adult male subjects. Both heavy cigarette smokers and never-smokers participated as subjects. Cells were cultured and subcultured in supplemented growth medium. Vitamin C was inducted in the medium at the experimental 6th passage. RNA expression analysis (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyze adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix expression. Results: The results revealed marked expression of a wound healing gene (VEGF-A) in never-smokers (p value = 0.016). GPX3 and SOD3 represent antioxidants that are highly expressed in treated never-smoker cells. SOD2 significantly increased (p value = 0.016) in smokers after vitamin C exposure. The anti-inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-8 were lower among smokers than among nonsmokers (p

Background: Probiotics are viable microorganisms, which if delivered in appropriate dose can provide health benefits. Lactobacillus reuteri (DM17938+ATCC PTA 5289) has been recommended as a safe choice for probiotics. The objective of this study is to compare the improvement in the periodontal parameters amongst smokers with generalized periodontitis with Stage III, Grade C treated with nonsurgical periodontal treatment (NSPT) to which either an antibiotics or probiotics were given as an adjuvant. Methods: Sixty smokers with Stage III, Grade C generalized periodontitis were randomized in two groups after taking informed consent. Periodontal parameters including bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were recorded. Group 1 received (after NSPT and oral hygiene instructions) amoxicillin and metronidazole for 7 days and a placebo for probiotics for 30 days. Group 2 was provided (after NSPT and oral hygiene instructions) with one tablet of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics (2 × 108 CFU) twice daily for 30 days and placebo antibiotics for 7 days. The periodontal parameters were recorded again at 1‐ and 3‐month follow‐ups as outcome variables. Mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval were reported using SPSS 20.0. Results: A statistically significant clinical improvement in the PD, BOP, PI, and GI were observed in both the groups at 3‐month follow‐up. However, the AL remained unchanged in both the groups. Conclusions: Administration of probiotics and antibiotics along with NSPT yield statistically significant differences in PD and BOP from baseline to 3‐month follow‐up. However, between the group differences were not statistically significant for the periodontal parameters (AL, PD, and BOP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we formulate and analyze a non-linear mathematical model to study the dynamics of smoking and its impact on society. This is a compartment model which has four compartments, namely, potential smoker, occasional smoker, smoker and quitters. As per WHO, each year there is a significant number of smoking-related deaths. Keeping this in view, we have incorporated smoking-related death in our proposed model. Further, we investigate the model for possible equilibria, compute the basic reproduction number and investigate the stability of obtained equilibria. Later we extend this model to stochastic model and perform numerical simulation for both the deterministic and the stochastic model. The results of stochastic model are almost similar to the results obtained for deterministic model. We have also explored the impact of the parameters related to quitting smoking habits on the equilibrium level of occasional smokers. We also perform sensitivity analysis to find the key parameters which make significant change in the reproduction numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Proximal ureteric stricture is one of the many challenging problems urologists face. We aim to evaluate the results of buccal mucosal graft ureteroplasty at our institution. Methodology: All buccal mucosal graft ureteroplasties performed at the Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, between December 2020 and July 2022 were reviewed. This review included patients with ureteric strictures of different aetiologies and various stricture lengths. Collected data consisted of patients' demographics, previous interventions, surgical approach, early and intermediate outcomes. Results: Six patients (median age 59.5 years) were included in this case series. Four had previously failed ureteral interventions. Pre‐operatively four had ureteral stents and two were on nephrostomy tubes. Five had a robotic‐assisted laparoscopic repair while one had an open repair. Onlay graft was performed in five patients and augmented anastomotic repair in one patient. The median stricture length was 2 cm. Median operative time was 268 min, estimated blood loss was 200 mL, and length of stay was 7.5 days. Four patients with adequate follow‐up were considered successful at a median follow‐up of 13.7 months. There were no intra‐operative complications. Anastomotic leakage and donor site bleeding were observed in one patient (Clavien‐Dindo III). Conclusion: Buccal mucosal graft ureteroplasty is suitable in appropriately selected patients with proximal ureteral strictures. Robotic surgical approaches have made this technique promising. Long‐term outcomes are eagerly awaited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a survey on the cause of death among Japanese people, lifestyle-related diseases (such as malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular diseases, and pneumonia) account for 55.8% of all deaths. Three habits, namely, drinking, smoking, and sleeping, are considered the most important factors associated with lifestyle-related diseases, but it is difficult to measure these habits autonomously and regularly. Here, we propose a machine learning-based approach for detecting these lifestyle habits using voice data. We used classifiers and probabilistic linear discriminant analysis based on acoustic features, such as mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) and jitter, extracted from a speech dataset we developed, and an X-vector from a pre-trained ECAPA-TDNN model. For training models, we used several classifiers implemented in MATLAB 2021b, such as support vector machines, K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and ensemble methods with some feature-projection options. Our results show that a cubic KNN method using acoustic features performs well on the sleep habit classification, while X-vector-based models perform well on smoking and drinking habit classifications. These results suggest that X-vectors may help estimate factors directly affecting the vocal cords and vocal tracts of the users (e.g., due to smoking and drinking), while acoustic features may help classify chronotypes, which might be informative with respect to the individuals' vocal cord and vocal tract ultrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAlthough studies suggest a deficiency in stem cell numbers in chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the role of bronchial epithelial progenitor/stem (P/S) cells is not clear. The objectives of this study were to investigate expression of progenitor/stem (P/S) cell markers, cytokeratin (CK) 5, CK14 and p63 in bronchial epithelial explants and cell cultures obtained from smokers with and without COPD following multiple outgrowths, and to study this effect on bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) proliferation.MethodsBronchial epithelial explants were dissected from lung explants and cultured on coverslips. Confluent cultures were obtained after 3–4 weeks’ (transfer, Tr1), explants were then transferred and cultured for a second (Tr2) and third (Tr3) time, respectively. At each stage, expression of CK5, CK14 and p63 in explants and BEC were determined by immunostaining. In parallel experiments, outgrowing cells from explants were counted after 4wks, and explants subsequently transferred to obtain new cultures for a further 3 times.ResultsAs the transfer number advanced, CK5, CK14 and p63 expression was decreased in both explants and BEC from both smokers without COPD and patients with COPD, with a more pronounced decrease in BEC numbers in the COPD group. Total cell numbers cultured from explants were decreased with advancing outgrowth number in both groups. Smoking status and lung function parameters were correlated with reduced P/S marker expression and cell numbers.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the number of P/S cells in airway epithelium may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, as well as a role in the proliferation of airway epithelial cells, in vitro.

BackgroundCigarette smoking is an important risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the effect of smoking on the development of COPD in young individuals remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effect of smoking on COPD development in young individuals.MethodsUsing the Korean National Health Information Database, we screened individuals aged 20–39 years who participated in the national health check-up between 2009 and 2012. We defined physician-diagnosed COPD based on health insurance claims and searched the database until December 2019. We identified 6,307,576 eligible individuals, and 13,789 had newly developed COPD. We used multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of risk factors for COPD.ResultsThe incidence rate for developing COPD was 0.26/1000 person-year. The risk of developing COPD was significantly higher in current smokers [aHR 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39–1.53] and former smokers (aHR 1.21, 95% CI 1.14–1.29) than in non-smokers. Furthermore, the risk increased with increasing smoking amounts (≥20 pack-years, aHR 2.24; 10–20 pack-years, aHR 1.55;

Aim: The goal of the current study was to identify the prevalence of dental implant failure and the risk factors that affect how well dental implants perform. Materials & Methods: The current retrospective study involved 200 patients of both sexes who had received 302 dental implants. The implant's length, diameter, and location were all noted. Results: In 120 males, 176 dental implants and in 80 females, 126 dental implants were placed. There were 12 (10%) dental implant failures in men and 6 (7.5%) in women. Implant failure was higher with implant length lesser than 10 mm and lesser observed with implant length above 11.5 mm, the difference was statistically significant (0.05). The failure is more with diameter lesser than 3.75 mm. Conclusion: Implants with a smaller diameter and smaller length had higher rates of dental implant failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Smoking influences the nature of airway inflammation in patients with bronchial asthma though synthesis of certain cytokines. Patterns of bronchial asthma are differentiated clinically, functionally, and regarding inflammatory biomarkers. Aim The research aimed to study the clinical, functional, sputum cytological differences, and serum eotaxin-2 and periostin levels in asthmatic patients regarding smoking status. Patients and methods The research was a cross-sectional study. The collection of cases began in August 2018 and ended in January 2020 at the Chest Department, Assiut University Hospital. We studied 117 asthmatic patients who were classified regarding their smoking status (45 nonsmokers, 42 smokers, and 30 former smokers) for serum eotaxin-2 and periostin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of smoking were analyzed on inflammatory cells including eosinophilic and neutrophilic percentages in sputum and serum eotaxin-2 and periostin levels. Results Smokers with asthma had worse clinical and functional outcomes. Asthmatic smokers had mainly neutrophilic phenotype. Serum eotaxin-2 level was higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers and former smokers. However, serum periostin level was higher in nonsmokers compared with smokers and former smokers. Serum eotaxin-2 had a positive correlation with smoking index and eosinophilic and neutrophilic count in sputum, whereas serum periostin was correlated negatively with smoking index and positively with eosinophilic count. Conclusion Asthmatic smokers had worse clinical and functional outcomes with increased neutrophils in the sputum. The inflammatory biomarkers seen in smokers with asthma showed low serum periostin and increased serum eotaxin-2 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saudi Arabia has an overall smoking rate of 15.9%. The link between smoking and periodontal disease has been studied extensively. It is possible for human gingival fibroblasts to accumulate nicotine intracellularly over a period of four hours. Additionally, unmetabolized nicotine is released into the environment. Tobacco presence can impair tissue inflammation, wound healing, and organ development. To counterbalance tobacco toxins, vitamin C has been added to a variety of products. This study aims to analyze the RNA expression of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing proteins in human gingival fibroblasts from smokers and nonsmokers using polymerase chain reaction. hGFs were extracted from clinically healthy periodontium sites of adult male subjects. Both heavy cigarette smokers and never-smokers participated as subjects. Cells were cultured and subcultured in supplemented growth medium. Vitamin C was inducted in the medium at the experimental 6th passage. RNA expression analysis (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyze adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix expression. The results revealed marked expression of a wound healing gene (VEGF-A) in never-smokers (p value = 0.016). GPX3 and SOD3 represent antioxidants that are highly expressed in treated never-smoker cells. SOD2 significantly increased (p value = 0.016) in smokers after vitamin C exposure. The anti-inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-8 were lower among smokers than among nonsmokers (p < 0.0001). Tobacco smoking suppressed gingival fibroblasts' abilities to regenerate, heal, combat inflammation, and resist free radicals. Vitamin C at cellular levels was beneficial and should be considered in the treatment component of smokers in the dental clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is usually comorbid with other chronic diseases. We aimed to assess the multimorbidity medication patterns and explore if the patterns are similar for phase 1 (P1) and 5-year follow-up phase 2 (P2) in the COPDGene cohort. Materials and Methods: A total of 5564 out of 10,198 smokers from the COPDGene cohort who completed 2 visits, P1 and P2 visits, with complete medication use history were included in the study. We conducted latent class analysis (LCA) among the 27 categories of chronic disease medications, excluding COPD treatments and cancer medications at P1 and P2 separately. The best number of LCA classes was determined through both statistical fit and interpretation of the patterns. Results: We found four classes of medication patterns at both phases. LCA showed that both phases shared similar characteristics in their medication patterns: LC0: low medication; LC1: hypertension (HTN) or cardiovascular disease (CVD)+high cholesterol (Hychol) medication predominant; LC2: HTN/CVD+type 2 diabetes (T2D) +Hychol medication predominant; LC3: Hychol medication predominant. Conclusions: We found similar multimorbidity medication patterns among smokers at P1 and P2 in the COPDGene cohort, which provides an understanding of how multimorbidity medication clustered and how different chronic diseases combine in smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Smoking influences the nature of airway inflammation in patients with bronchial asthma though synthesis of certain cytokines. Patterns of bronchial asthma are differentiated clinically, functionally, and regarding inflammatory biomarkers. Aim The research aimed to study the clinical, functional, sputum cytological differences, and serum eotaxin-2 and periostin levels in asthmatic patients regarding smoking status. Patients and methods The research was a cross-sectional study. The collection of cases began in August 2018 and ended in January 2020 at the Chest Department, Assiut University Hospital. We studied 117 asthmatic patients who were classified regarding their smoking status (45 nonsmokers, 42 smokers, and 30 former smokers) for serum eotaxin-2 and periostin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of smoking were analyzed on inflammatory cells including eosinophilic and neutrophilic percentages in sputum and serum eotaxin-2 and periostin levels. Results Smokers with asthma had worse clinical and functional outcomes. Asthmatic smokers had mainly neutrophilic phenotype. Serum eotaxin-2 level was higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers and former smokers. However, serum periostin level was higher in nonsmokers compared with smokers and former smokers. Serum eotaxin-2 had a positive correlation with smoking index and eosinophilic and neutrophilic count in sputum, whereas serum periostin was correlated negatively with smoking index and positively with eosinophilic count. Conclusion Asthmatic smokers had worse clinical and functional outcomes with increased neutrophils in the sputum. The inflammatory biomarkers seen in smokers with asthma showed low serum periostin and increased serum eotaxin-2 levels.

The alarming number of smokers have increased public health concerns regarding the effects of second-hand smoke (SHS) on non-smokers, especially amongst pregnant women and unborn babies. This paper aims to review the existing interventions used to reduce SHS exposure amongst non-smoking pregnant women. This review was guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) review method. Published articles were identified through three databases: ProQuest, Science Direct, and Scopus within the 2010-2021 timeframe. Articles related to the intervention to reduce SHS exposure among non-smoking pregnant women were included. Nine studies were identified and reviewed. Most of the preventive interventions primarily focused on pregnant women as the target group, whereas a few interventions directly focused on changing the smoking behaviour of their spouses. This review suggests that using theories as a foundation in designing the intervention effectively reduces exposure to SHS among non-smoking pregnant women. The main limitation as reported by most studies was the lack of biochemical verification. Thus, future intervention should consider both pregnant women and their smoking spouses as the target group and include relevant theories in clinical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increased lifespan and the improvement of medical treatment have given rise to research in reconstructive procedures in elderly patients. Higher postoperative complication rates, longer rehabilitation, and surgical difficulties remain a problem in the elderly. We asked whether a free flap in elderly patients is an indication or a contraindication and performed a retrospective, monocentric study. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups (YOUNG 0–59 years; OLD > 60 years). The endpoint was the survival of flaps and their dependence on patient- and surgery-specific parameters using multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 110 patients (OLD n = 59) underwent 129 flaps. The chance of flap loss increased as soon as two flaps were performed in one surgery. Anterior lateral thigh flaps had the highest chance for flap survival. Compared with the lower extremity, the head/neck/trunk group had a significantly increased chance of flap loss. There was a significant increase in the odds of flap loss in linear relation to the administration of erythrocyte concentrates. Conclusion: The results confirm that free flap surgery can be indicated as a safe method for the elderly. Perioperative parameters such as two flaps in one surgery and transfusion regimens must be considered as risk factors for flap loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking and the severity of periodontal disease have long been associated. In Saudi Arabia, tobacco smoking is rising, contributing to the increased demand for products that counter its detrimental effects. The antioxidant properties of vitamin C (vit C) make it a powerful countermeasure to tobacco toxicity. Observation of these effects on human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) would suggest use of vitamin C in future dental applications. Aim: To examine the proliferation, adhesion, and expression of extracellular RNA in human gingival fibroblasts extracted from cigarette smokers when compared to never-smokers, in association with vitamin C. Materials and Methods: Human gingival fibroblasts were extracted from Periodontal free sites of healthy adult male participants. Group 1; consisted of Heavy cigarette smokers (n = 1) while group 2 was never-smokers (n = 1). Collected cells were cultured and subcultured in supplemented growth medium. Vitamin C was then induced in the medium at the experimental sixth passage. RNA expression analysis using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix expression. Results: Expression of the adhesion gene (CD44) in the smoker group was significantly downregulated than never-smoker group (p-value = 0.024). After the induction of vitamin C, the smoker samples showed a significant improvement in their gene expression levels. The extracellular genes involved in this study (COL1A1, LAMA3, and TGFB3) were significantly affected by the smoking status. In addition, the proliferation of MK167 and CCNB1 genes in smokers and never-smokers was increased. Conclusion: Cigarette smoking affects the overall properties of human gingival fibroblasts’ adhesion, proliferation, and extra-cellular matrix formation. Furthermore, the addition of vitamin C affects these cellular properties in a positive manner.

Background: The incidence of CAD is likely to increase further because of rapid urbanization and its accompanying lifestyle changes, as well as an increase in the prevalence of DM, So, the present study was conducted with an aim to make comparison of coronary artery disease risk factors in rural patients and urban patients. Methods: This Cross-Sectional Clinical Study was conducted among 124 patients with coronary artery disease attending the medicine and cardiology OPD and had admitted in medicine ICCU and wards in medical college and hospital during October 2014 to October 2015. Patient found suitable for the study were subjected for clinical, haematological, ECG and ECHO investigations. The data were entered in Microsoft Excel sheet. The data was analysed using SPSS package and appropriate tests like chi-square, 't'-test and ANOVA were applied. Results: Out of 124 patients,44.4% (55/124) were from rural area and 55.6% (69/124) were from urban area. In our study, both in rural and urban subjects, chest pain (94.5% and 97.1% respectively) was predominant symptom. In rural subjects only smoking risk factor was statistically significant among CAD patients (p=0.006). HDL levels were significantly (p=0.028) decreased in rural subjects (36.7±9.2 mg/dL) as compared to urban subjects (39.9±6.9 mg/dL) Conclusion: Conventional risk factors such as smoking, low HDL levels and abdominal obesity play a major role in the causation of premature coronary artery disease among the rural. Lack of awareness, combined with urbanization of rural lifestyle could be responsible for increasing incidence of premature coronary artery disease in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased number of female smokers is considered a global health challenge in recent years. One of the detrimental effects of smoking is sexual hormone fluctuation causing female sexual dysfunction (FSD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of smoking leading to FSD. Electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) were hired for systematic searching. Until June 2022, whole qualified studies reporting the consequences of smoking on FSD were gathered for data analysis based on the random effects model (CMA software, v.2). Study heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed using I2 index and Egger test, respectively. Ten eligible studies with a sample size of 15,334 female smokers (18–79 years) were selected. Following data analysis, the odds ratio representing the effects of smoking on FSD was found 1.48 (95%CI: 1.2–1.83), indicating that female smokers were 48% more susceptible to FSD than non-smokers. Also, the publication bias was reported as non-significant (p = 0.178). Since smoking is an increasingly common phenomenon in females and women smokers are 48% more susceptible to the FSD, preparation of necessary health measures by the health policymakers to reduce the number of female smokers and subsequent health services seems necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The pace of information dissemination has been increasing rapidly with the advancement of information technology and increased Internet use. Thus, attention should be paid to the dissemination of health-related misinformation to avoid harm. In the present study, we investigated whether misinformation affects smokers’ attitudes toward electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). Methods: In this randomized control trial, Taiwanese adult smokers were recruited through online questionnaires. The participants were randomly allocated to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received misinformation from a study web page, which contained information presented in the 2015 Public Health England Report; such information indicated that e-cigarettes are less harmful than tobacco. Results: After the intervention, the experimental group had a more positive attitude toward e-cigarettes than did the control group. Furthermore, e-cigarette use, education level, perceived economic status, and perceived health status were found to be associated with smokers’ attitudes toward e-cigarettes. Conclusions: Misinformation may influence smokers’ attitude towards e-cigarettes. Public health policies should focus on actively promoting accurate information on e-cigarettes to alleviate the negative health effects of misinformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the chemical components in saliva of cigarette smokers, a closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA)-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was established. Saliva samples from smokers of different types of cigarettes were collected with cotton balls via chewing action and then analyzed by the established method. The results showed that: 1) Compared with mainstream cigarette smoke, the composition and proportions of different chemical components in the saliva samples changed greatly, in which the most notable components were cyclopentanones, pyrazines, lactones and triacetin. The peak area ratio between cyclopentanones/pyrazines compounds and nicotine in the saliva samples increased by 10-30 times, while the ratio of lactones/triacetin and nicotine decreased by more than 95% . 2) The peak areas of main components in the saliva samples of different types of cigarettes were significantly different, and the components with the greatest differences were pyridines, pyrazines, cyclopentenones and furans compounds. The peak areas of pyridines and pyrazines compounds in the saliva samples from the smokers smoking international Virginia type and blended type cigarettes were higher than those smoking Chinese style Virginia type cigarettes, while the peak areas of cyclopentenones and furans compounds were on the contrary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking has various deleterious effects and peri-operative complications. Pulmonary complications following abdominal surgery are frequent and associated with increased morbidity and mortality and length of hospital stay. Aims and Objectives: Hence, this study was done to observe the incidence of various respiratory and cardiovascular complications in the perioperative period in patients undergoing elective open upper abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia among smokers versus non-smokers. The various complications which are studied are as follows - Arterial desaturation, Severe coughing, Laryngospasm, Bronchospasm, Recurrent apnea, Variations in Mean Arterial Blood Pressure and Heart rates. Materials and Methods: Male patients ASA-I, II or III, aged 20–60 years undergoing elective open upper abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia were selected. They were divided into two groups (during pre-anaesthetic checkup) - smokers (>10 cigarette/day for the past 1 year and continued smoking till admission), non-smokers (who never smoked). General anaesthesia was given according to standard protocol. Results: The smokers had higher incidence of laryngospasm as well as bronchospasm but they were not statistically significant. Smokers had low baseline SpO2; greater fall in SpO2 just after extubation, before sending to PACU and on day 1 which were statistically significant. Smokers had raised MAP just after extubation, on day 1 and day 2 which were statistically significant. Conclusion: Smokers had increased incidences of respiratory and hemodynamic complications than non-smokers.

Yahdiana Harahap,1,2 Afaf Amma Lahilla,1 Anastasia Sharon Jautan,1 Amiral Hafidz,1 Sunarsih Sunarsih3 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia; 2Faculty of Military Pharmacy, Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, Indonesia; 3Dea Medika Clinic, Bogor, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Yahdiana Harahap, Email yahdiana@farmasi.ui.ac.idIntroduction: Acrylamide is a genotoxic substance that can be found in cigarette smoke. Acrylamide is metabolized by the CYP2E1 enzyme in the body to form glycidamides, an epoxide that is reactive to DNA and can form carcinogenic adducts. Therefore, exposure to acrylamide can potentially cause cancer. This study aims to analyze the levels of acrylamide and glycidamide in dried blood spot samples of smokers using propanamide as an internal standard and non-smokers as the control subjects.Methods: Dried blood spot samples were extracted using the protein precipitation method and then analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mass detection was performed using positive type electro spray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring type with m/z 72.0> 55.02 for acrylamide, 88.1> 45.0 for glycidamide, and 74.0> 57.1 for propanamide as the internal standard.Results: Acrylamide and glycidamide levels in the dried blood spot sample of smokers ranged between 3.91 – 10.25 μg/mL and 1.006– 3.58 μg/mL, respectively. Data of the non-smokers on acrylamide and glycidamide levels were 0.75– 3.16 μg/mL and 0– 0.91 μg/mL.Discussion: The significant value of acrylamide and glycidamide between smokers and non-smokers was p < 0.05, which showed that there is a significant difference between acrylamide and glycidamide concentration in smokers and non-smoker subjects. The results of this study suggest that dried blood spots can be used to determine acrylamide and glycidamide levels in humans. Theoretically, acrylamide and glycidamide concentration should correlate to each other; however in reality, there are other factors (such as CYP2E1 polymorphism, dietary intake, etc) that can cause variation in their respective concentration.Keywords: acrylamide, dried blood spot, glycidamide, LC-MS/MS, smoker

ObjectiveTo clarify the extent to which smokers in the general population experience tobacco withdrawal symptoms and whether such experience differs in those who continue to smoke and those who stopped smoking.MethodsWe included relevant questions in the nationally-representative China Health Literacy Survey (CHLS) conducted in 2018–2019. Among 87,028 participants, there were 22,115 ever-smokers aged 20–69 years who provided information on their smoking history and their experience of tobacco withdrawal symptoms. Multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to explore the association between withdrawal symptoms and other variables.ResultsAmong ever-smokers, there were 19,643 (88.8%) current smokers and 2,472 (11.2%) ex-smokers. Among current smokers, 61.3% reported having tried to quit smoking in the past. Overall, 61.1% of current smokers reported experiencing withdrawal symptoms: 69.9% of those who tried to quit smoking in the past and 47.5% of those who did not. A lower proportion of ex-smokers experienced withdrawal symptoms (46.3%) and the difference remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.62–1.93, P < 0.001). The most commonly reported withdrawal symptoms in both current smokers and ex-smokers were craving, restlessness and anxiety. In the multivariable-adjusted analyses, those who experienced withdrawal symptoms when they tried to quit smoking (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.86–2.27) were less likely to successfully quit.ConclusionsThe clinical picture of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome is the same in current smokers and in ex-smokers, but ex-smokers are less likely to have experienced it. The experience of discomfort when unable to smoke is common and seems likely to be a major factor contributing to maintaining smoking behavior not just among individuals seeking help with quitting smoking, but among smokers generally.

Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) converts xenobiotics to carcinogens and how lifestyle choices may interact with CYP1B1 polymorphisms and affect prostate cancer risk was assessed. Blood genomic DNA from a Caucasian population was analysed at polymorphic sites of the 5' untranslated region of CYP1B1 using TaqMan genotyping assays. Overall, drinker status and minor alleles at rs2551188, rs2567206 and rs10175368 were associated with prostate cancer. Linkage was observed between rs2551188, rs2567206, rs2567207 and rs10175368, and the G-C-T-G haplotype (major allele at respective sites) was decreased in cancer. Interestingly when classified by lifestyle factors, no associations of genotypes were found for non-smokers and non-drinkers, whereas on the contrary, minor type at rs2567206 and rs10175368 increased and major G-C-T-G decreased risk for cancer among smokers and drinkers. Interestingly, rs2551188, rs2567206 and rs10175368 minor genotypes correlated with increased tissue CYP1B1 as determined by immunohistochemistry. Further, rs10175368 enhanced luciferase activity and mobility shift show stronger binding of nuclear factor for the minor allele. These results demonstrate smoking and alcohol consumption to modify the risks of CYP1B1 polymorphisms for prostate cancer which may be through rs10175368, and this is of importance in understanding their role in the pathogenesis and as a biomarker for this disease.

This study aimed to explore the relationships of several indicators of cigarette smoking habits (smoking status, pack-years, age at smoking initiation and smoking cessation) with quantitative computed tomographic (QCT)-derived proximal femur bone measures (trabecular vBMD, integral vBMD and the ratio of cortical to total tissue volume (cvol/ivol)) and with subsequent change in these measures over the next five years. A total of 2673 older adults (55.9% women), aged 66-92 years at baseline from the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES)-Reykjavik Study, who had two QCT scans of the hip were studied. In multivariable linear regression models, compared to never-smokers, current smokers had lower cvol/ivol at baseline and former-smokers had poorer measures on all outcomes (lower trabecular vBMD, integral vBMD and cvol/ivol), even when adjusted for several potential confounders. Further, among former smokers, those with higher pack-years had worse bone outcomes and those with longer duration since smoking cessation had better bone health at baseline. Analyses of change in bone measures revealed that compared to never-smokers, current smokers had significantly greater loss of trabecular vBMD, integral vBMD, and cvol/ivol. The regression models included adjustment for sex, age, education, and baseline body mass index, creatinine, % weight change from age 50, 25OHD, physical activity level, high-sensitive C-Reactive protein levels, alcohol and coffee consumption, history of diabetes mellitus, arthritis, and respiratory diseases. In conclusion, both current and former smoking showed adverse associations with bone health assessed with QCT. Results suggest that current smoking in particular may aggravate the rate of bone loss at older age and highlight implications for targeting this risk factor in populations that present higher smoking prevalence and vulnerability to bone fragility.

Aims: There is a high prevalence of smoking in individuals with psychiatric disorders. This research was conducted to compare difficulties in emotion regulation in smoker students with and without social anxiety. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study included all undergraduate students who smoked at Arak University from 2018 to 2019. The statistical population was all smokers, undergraduate students, at Arak University (Arak, Iran). The purposive sampling method was used to select the research sample. At first, 120 people completed the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Then, based on the cutoff point scores of SPIN (19 to above), two divided groups, including two smoker groups with and without social anxiety (n=30 in each group), were selected and compared in terms of difficulties in emotion regulation. Findings: The results of Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) indicated not a significant difference in the linear composition of dependent variables in two groups (Wilks, lambda= 0.722, F46,6= 2.269, p= 0.053). Univariate analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in the two groups only in the Difficulties Engaging in Goal-Directed Behavior (GOALS) component. Conclusion: The smoker students with social anxiety have more difficulties in GOALS. Therefore, it is proposed, this difficulty can be reduced using the education of emotion regulation skills.

Background: Dental implants must be positioned in areas with a high rate of success. The current retrospective study's objective was to identify risk variables that might have an impact on dental implant success rates as well as the prevalence of dental implant failure among patients who had their implants placed more than 10 years ago. Materials & Methods: The current retrospective analysis involved 1230 dental implants placed in 728 patients of both sexes. The implant's length, diameter, placement, and bone quality were all noted. Risk factors were noted, including smoking behaviour, diabetes history, hypertension, etc. Results: Dental implants were inserted in 415 male patients (764, or 62%) and 313 female patients (466, or 38%). Dental implants failed in 81 (10.6%) male patients and 34 (7.3%) female patients. Statistically, it was significant. Greatest failure of dental implant was observed with lengths of 10 mm in 42 cases (17%), 10-11.5 mm in 30 cases (9%), and >11.5 mm in 54 cases (8.2%). The variation was substantial. Greatest failure of dental implant was observed with diameters of 3.75 mm or below (12.4%), 3.75 mm to 4.5 mm (8.1%), and > 4.5 mm (7.5%). It was determined that the difference was significant (P 0.05). Type IV bone had the highest rate of dental implant failure (16.8%), subsequently type three (9.4%), type two (8.2%), and type one bone (6.4%). The variation was determined to be important (P 0.05). Smoking (41%) and CVDs (35.7%), diabetes (30.8%), and hypertension (18.8%) were the two factors that caused the most dental implant failures, while healthy individuals had the lowest failure rate (2.9%). ANOVA analysis revealed a variation among implant failure depending on risk factors that was significantly different (P 0.05). Conclusion: Researchers discovered that dental implants have a high rate of success. Dental implants with a length of less than 10.0 mm, a diameter of less than 3.75 mm, and patients with diabetes and type four bone had the highest failure rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking has devastating and often fatal effects on human health. It has a wide range of harmful effects on the body, even on organs like the liver that don't come into direct touch with the smoke. On the liver, it causes three primary harms: toxic effects (both direct and indirect), immunological effects, and oncogenic consequences. The cytotoxic potential of the chemicals produced by smoking might contribute to liver cell damage. The purpose of this research was to provide a broad review of how smoking affects the enzymes and functions of the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]