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Effects Of Sensorimotor Training On Motor Control And Dynamic Balance In Hearing Impaired Handball Players Temeljni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti učinke senzomotornoga treninga na motoričku kontrolu u koljenom zglobu i dinamičku ravnotežu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha. Sekundarni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj senzomotornoga treninga na motoričku kontrolu u koljenom zglobu i dinamičku ravnotežu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha u uvjetima umora. Prema dosadašnjim spoznajama iz područja neurofiziologije, sportskog treninga i motoričke kontrole, postavljene su četiri hipoteze: provedeni senzomotorni trening proizvesti će statistički značajno poboljšanje motoričke kontrole u koljenom zglobu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha (H1), provedeni senzomotorni trening proizvesti će statistički značajno poboljšanje dinamičke ravnoteže rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha (H2), provedeni senzomotorni trening proizvesti će statistički značajno poboljšanje motoričke kontrole u koljenom zglobu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha u uvjetima umora (H3) i provedeni senzomotorni trening proizvesti će statistički značajno poboljšanje dinamičke ravnoteže rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha u uvjetima umora (H4). Istraživanje je provedeno na prigodnom uzorku od dvadeset i četiri rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha Zagrebačke županije i Grada Zagreba, muškog spola, prosječne dobi od 28 godina (± 6,3 godine), koji su nasumično raspoređeni ili u kontrolnu (12) ili u eksperimentalnu (12) skupinu. U trenažnom razdoblju od pet tjedana ispitanici eksperimentalne skupine proveli su ukupno 20 trenažnih jedinica senzomotornoga treninga, dok su ispitanici kontrolne skupine nastavili s njihovim uobičajenim aktivnostima. Utjecaj provedenog senzomotornoga treninga na dinamičku ravnotežu i motoričku kontrolu ispitanika procijenjen je zvjezdolikim testom ravnoteže, zadatkom precizne reprodukcije kuta fleksijom potkoljenice i testom brzine kretanja braniča kliznim koracima u dva trokuta. Za sve varijable izračunati su osnovni centralni i disperzivni parametri u inicijalnom i finalnom mjerenju. Promjene između početnog i završnog mjerenja za svaku skupinu ispitanika posebno, provjerene su uz pomoć t-testa za zavisne uzorke. Veličina učinka trenažnih programa procijenjena je Cohenovim indexom veličine učinka. Razlika u promjenama između skupina nakon trenažnog razdoblja u svakoj od zavisnih varijabli, utvrđena je pomoću dvofaktorske analize varijance (grupa x vrijeme) s ponovljenim mjerenjima na jednom faktoru (vrijeme). Razina statističke značajnosti postavljena je na p < 0,05. Istraživanjem je utvrđen pozitivan utjecaj provedenog senzomotornoga treninga na motoričku kontrolu u koljenom zglobu i dinamičku ravnotežu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha u uvjetima odmora i smanjeni utjecaj umora na motoričku kontrolu u koljenom zglobu i dinamičku ravnotežu rukometaša s oštećenjem sluha. Zaključno, istraživanjem otkriveni lokalni mehanizmi specifične adaptacije na trening i mogućnost odgode utjecaja umora na stabilnost koljena sportaša s oštećenjem sluha predstavljaju značajan znanstveni doprinos području koji proučava prevencijske strategije u smislu smanjenja iznimno često ozlijeđenog koljenog zgloba. Dobiveni rezultati predstavljaju i praktičan doprinos unapređenju planiranja i programiranja prevencijskih strategija u radu sa sportašima s oštećenjem sluha, a pogotovo rukometašima. Purpose: The main goal of this research was to investigate the effects of sensorimotor training on postural control in the knee joint and the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired male handball players. The secondary goal was to investigate the effects of sensorimotor training on postural control in the knee joint and the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired male handball players in conditions of fatigue. According to recent insights in neurophysiology, sports training and motor control, the four main hypotheses were set: the conducted sensorimotor training will significantly improve postural control in the knee joint of hearing-impaired male handball players (H1), the conducted sensorimotor training will significantly improve the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired male handball players (H2), the conducted sensorimotor training will significantly improve postural control in the knee joint of hearing-impaired male handball players in conditions of fatigue (H3) and the conducted sensorimotor training will significantly improve the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired male handball players in conditions of fatigue (H4). Methods: The research was conducted on a suitable sample of twenty-four male handball players with hearing impairment from the city of Zagreb and Zagreb County. They were approximately twenty-eight years of age (± 6,3 years). Before starting the research, a joint meeting was conducted at which the handballers with the hearing impairment were briefed in detail of the research plan as well as the possible risks of their participation. The basic objective of the research was explained, and a detailed description of the experimental plan was given to them. The estimated measurement procedure, fatigue protocol and experimental training programme were also described. After the meeting, the respondents signed a declaration of voluntary consent to the participation in the research. The criteria for the inclusion of participants in the research consisted of: a diagnosed hearing impairment (at least 55 dB on an audiometry test in the better ear), less than 40 years of age and regular handball training (either only within the club system or within the club and through the preparation system for the national team). The exclusion criteria were: acute lower extremity injury within one year before the start of the study, having an overuse syndrome or lumbar pain and having a neuromuscular disorder. After the initial measurement was carried out, the participants were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control group (K) - 12 participants and experimental group (E) - 12 participants. The conducted research belongs to the category of randomized controlled studies. As a part of the research, the effects of the training programme (sensorimotor training), which lasted for five weeks with a total of 20 training units, were studied. Participants in the experimental group were included in sensorimotor training. Each training unit consisted of an initial ten-minute warm-up (running with tasks and stretching exercises), the main unit that carried out exercises to develop strength, postural control, plyometrics and dynamic balance along with the units for the development of motor control under the specific conditions of handball game. The control group (K) participants did not have any specific sensorimotor training during the five-week training period, however, they continued with their usual activities. Dynamic balance was measured using the star excursion balance test. Dynamic balance measures were the average length on each of the eight directions measured in centimetres, and the calculated total covered area, as an overall measure of the dynamic balance of each leg. Motor control in the knee joint was assessed by the task of accurately reproducing the angle by flexion of the lower leg. The ability to accurately reproduce the angle in the knee joint was assessed through the average deviation produced from the reference angle (Ō), expressed in degrees. Another test for motor control assessment was the defender's movement in two triangles test. The test was carried out using two-stepping right-angled triangles of a 1,5 m long cathetus each. The time spent to cover the given surface forming two triangles (right and left) with slide steps, in milliseconds, was used as an indicator of motor control in a specific handball situation. The examiner described and demonstrated each task, and the participants had enough time to try them out before officially performing them. The fatigue protocol was based on the implementation of four sections of running with tasks of different lengths at maximum speed (2x10m, 2x20m, 2x30m and 2x40m). The tasks included lateral movement at maximum speed with imitation of blocking shots, running with changes in direction of movement and slalom run with the imitation of jump shots. The average duration of the protocol was 90 seconds, and it was repeated four times with two minutes rest in-between repetitions. The total duration of the fatigue protocol was 12 minutes in average. Such a protocol brings the organism to the conditions of maximum glycolysis, which ensures the onset of local fatigue. The state of fatigue of the respondents was checked through lactate measurements (two minutes after the implementation of the fatigue protocol) and through a modified Borg scale for subjective assessment of the state of fatigue (from 1 for slight fatigue to 10 for extreme fatigue). To measure the monitored abilities in rested and fatigued participants, the fatigue protocol was carried out at the initial and final measurement, and the intended tests were carried out before and after the fatigue protocol. The implementation of the fatigue protocol at the initial and final measurements made it possible to check the impact of the conducted sensorimotor training on dynamic balance and motor control in conditions of present or non-present fatigue. For all variables, the basic central and dispersive parameters in the initial and final measurements were calculated. Changes between the initial and final measurements for each group of subjects were checked separately by means of a t-test for dependent samples. The magnitude of the effect of training programmes was estimated by Cohen's effect size index. The difference in changes between groups after the training period, in each of the dependent variables, was determined using two-factor variance analysis (group x time) with repeated measurements on one factor (time). The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The body weight and consequently the body mass index of participants for both groups, in particular, did not change significantly during the implementation of the five-week experimental sensorimotor training programme. The values of the body weight and body mass index measured at the end of the five-week training period did not differ between groups either (bodyweight p = 0.89; body mass index p = 0.21). As part of the research, motor control in the knee joint was assessed through kinesthesia and agility tasks. The results indicate a certain effect of the conducted sensorimotor training on the motor control of hearing-impaired handball players, assessed through kinesthesia tasks (precise reproduction of the angle in the knee joint). The variables assessing the agility of the participants did not show a statistically significant effect of the performed sensorimotor training (from p = 0.18 to p = 0.14), although the insight into descriptive indicators showed a trend of improving performance in the final measurement. The comparison between the groups, in the results achieved in the initial and final measurements, in motor control indicators (kinesthesia and agility), indicated significant differences in the average deviation produced from the reference angle for the 60° knee joint angle for the preferred (p = 0.03) and unpreferred (p = 0.04) leg. The results also indicate a statistically significant effect of sensorimotor training in eight indicators of the dynamic balance of hearing-impaired handball players. The comparison between the groups, in the results achieved in the initial and final measurements, in dynamic balance pointed to significant intersecting differences in nine directions. The obtained results indicate a certain effect of fatigue on the motor control of hearing-impaired handball players, assessed through agility tasks (the time taken to perform the task of moving in sliding steps in two triangles) and kinesthesia (precise reproduction of the angle in the knee joint), measured on the initial test. The statistically significant effect of fatigue on the monitored variables was found in both experimental and control group participants. The obtained results indicate a certain effect of fatigue on the dynamic balance of handball players with hearing loss, assessed through the task of a star excursion balance test, measured at the initial measurement. The statistically significant effect of fatigue on the assessed variables was found both in the experimental and control group participants. The obtained results do not indicate a significant effect of fatigue on the motor control of handball players with hearing impairment of the experimental group, assessed through agility tasks (the time required to perform the task of moving in sliding steps in two triangles) and kinesthesia (precise reproduction of the angle in the knee joint), on the final measurement. On the other hand, a statistically significant fatigue effect was found in the control group participants in both agility and kinesthesia assessment variables. In the experimental group, there is a clear trend of deterioration of results in almost all the variables in conditions of fatigue, but these changes are not statistically significant. The obtained results do not indicate a significant effect of fatigue on the dynamic balance of handball players with hearing impairment of the experimental group, assessed through the task of a star excursion balance test on the final measurement. On the other hand, in the participants of the control group, a statistically significant effect of fatigue was found in most indicators of dynamic balance. Again, in condition of fatigue, participants of the experimental group tend to achieve worse results in almost all dynamic balance variables, however these changes are not statistically significant. Discussion and conclusions: In team sports, the deterioration of sensorimotor function including balance instability that could have been caused by previous injuries or muscle fatigue is considered a risk factor for injury in athletes. Fatigue can contribute to changing the motor control of the lower extremities subsequently impairing the ability to dynamically stabilize the knee. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of action of fatigue on knee kinesthesia, dynamic balance and agility in specific sport situations is not fully understood, and the possibility of reducing the influence of fatigue by means of a sensorimotor training has not been explored to date. The results of the conducted study show for the first time a decrease in the acute impact of fatigue on kinesthesia in the knee joint as well as on agility and dynamic balance of trained athletes using sensorimotor training. The results of the impact of sensorimotor training on knee kinesthesia and dynamic balance of athletes convey current knowledge by testifying the targeted adaptation of muscle mechanoreceptors (muscle spindle and Golgi apparatus) to a combination of specific agility exercises, plyometrics, and balance. The fact that the study was conducted on handball players with hearing loss made it possible to test the local nervous adaptation on participants whose adaptation at the level of the auditory receptors was disrupted by the disease. The obtained results point to the fact that to reduce the impact of fatigue on knee joint motor control of trained handball players, the sensorimotor training must last at least five weeks, with a total of 20 training units, and consist of a combination of specific agility, balance and plyometric exercises. In conclusion, the research revealed local mechanisms for the influence of fatigue on the motor control of the knee and the possibility of delaying fatigue as well as a consequent deterioration of knee stability in hearing-impaired athletes representing thus a significant contribution to the scientific field that studies prevention strategies, as well as a practical contribution that improves the planning and programming of prevention strategies of handball players.

Sisavci se oslanjaju na sluh u svim aspektima svog života: za pronalazak hrane, razmnožavanje, komunikaciju s drugim jedinkama, izbjegavanje predatora i prepreka te naravno za navigaciju. Buka ima niz negativnih utjecaja u svim ekosustavima, ali njezin najveći utjecaj je u morskom okolišu jer zvuk putuje brže kroz vodu nego kroz zrak. Do naglog povećanja podmorske buke došlo je uslijed ubrzanog razvitka ljudskih aktivnosti (povećanje pomorskog prometa, istraživanja zaliha ugljikovodika, podvodnog miniranja). Sva ta buka ima negativan utjecaj na život u moru, pogotovo na one organizme koji se jako oslanjaju na svoj sluh za snalaženje u morskom okolišu. Buka najviše utječe na morske sisavce, ona ih zbunjuje i remeti njihov centar za navigaciju te im onemogućava orijentaciju, zbog čega dolazi do nasukavanja na obale. Pregledom postojeće literature, ovaj rad doprinosi boljem razumijevanju utjecaja buke na morski okoliš, konkretno na morske sisavce koji sve svoje životne funkcije temelje na sluhu. Rad također doprinosi boljem razumijevanju ovog problema, među stručnjacima, ali i u široj javnosti tako što ukazuje na glavneprobleme buke i njezinih izvora te predlaže alternative kako bi se negativan utjecaj na morske sisavce smanjio i spriječilo njihovo izumiranje. Hearing is of extreme value to marine mammals. They depend on their hearing in every aspect of their life: finding food, mating, communicating with other individuals, escaping the predators, avoiding objects in the sea, and, most importantly, navigation. Noise has many negative impacts on many ecosystems. Still, its most significant negative impact is on the marine environment because the sound travels faster through the water than it does through the air. The considerable increase in underwater noise was detected after the rapid connection of the whole world - the consequence was a rapid increase in the number of ships, oil drilling sites, and other marine activities. The result was a significant increase in underwater noise levels of different frequencies. All of this noise negatively impacts the marine organisms which depend on their hearing. Underwater noise has the most impact on marine mammals. It confuses and disorients them; therefore, they end up washed on the beach and can die. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the impact underwater noise has on the marine environment, focusing on its impact on marine mammals. Also, the paper contributes not only to scientific fields but to educational purposes for the general public, showing major noise problems and their sources while simultaneously proposing alternative ways of managing underwater noise to protect marine mammals and prevent their extinction.

The purpose of the article is to explore in what ways visual arts can be brought closer to blind persons in the postmodern society, in which sight is perceived to be the highest of the senses and in which most information is based on images. The basic methods of presenting a work of art involve the remaining senses, mostly those of hearing and of touch. It is of course not enough just to deliver a factual description of a painting or to transform it into tactile graphics – more complex techniques such as audio-description, method of associations, participating in role-playing, all with the aim of a holistic experience of the work of art, must be sought instead., Svrha članka je istražiti na koji se način vizualne umjetnosti mogu približiti slijepim osobama u postmodernom društvu, u kojem se vid smatra najvećim od osjetila i u kojem se većina informacija temelji na slikama. Osnovne metode predstavljanja umjetničkog djela uključuju preostala osjetila, uglavnom ona sluha i dodira. Nije naravno dostatno pružiti samo činjenični opis slike ili je transformirati u taktilnu grafiku – umjesto toga mora se tražiti složenije tehnike, kao što su audio-opis, metoda asocijacija, sudjelovanje u igranju uloga, a sve radi holističkog iskustva umjetničkog djela.

Stapes surgery is generally performed to treat otosclerosis, and there are numerous surgical techniques and prosthesis materials available. Critical evaluation of postoperative hearing outcomes is crucial for identification and further improvement of treatment options. This study is a non-randomized retrospective analysis of hearing threshold levels before and after stapedectomy or stapedotomy in 365 patients during a twenty-year period. The patients were classified into three groups depending on the prosthesis and surgery type: stapedectomy with Schuknecht prosthesis placement and stapedotomy with either Causse or Richard prosthesis. The postoperative air-bone gap (ABG) was calculated by subtracting the bone conduction pure tone-audiogram (PTA) from the air conduction PTA. Hearing threshold levels were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively from 250 Hz to 12 kHz. The results showed air-bone gap reduction, Stapedotomija ili stapedektomija su metode izbora za liječenje otoskleroze, a postoji velik broj proteza koje se koriste u obje kirurške tehnike. Konstantna evaluacija postoperativnih ishoda sluha ključna je za vrednovanje najboljeg tipa i materijala za korištenih u kirurškom liječenju otoskleroze. Ovo je istraživanje nerandomizirana retrospektivna analiza pragova sluha prije i nakon stapedektomije ili stapedotomije u 365 pacijenata tijekom desetogodišnjeg razdoblja. Pacijenti su na temelju tipa operacije i proteze svrstani u tri grupe; stapedektomija s postavljanjem Schuknechtove proteze, stapedetomija s Causse ili Richardovom protezom. Postoperativni ABG izračunat je oduzimanjem BC PTA od AC PTA. Tonskim audiogramom su evaluirani pragovi sluha prijeoperativno i postoperativno u rasponu od 250 Hz do 12 kHz. Rezultati pokazuju smanjenje zračno-koštanog prozora na

Background: Hearing impairments are associated with reduced walking performance under Dual-task (DT) conditions. Little is known about the neural representation of DT performance while walking in this target group compared to healthy controls or younger adults. Therefore, utilizing the Mobile Brain/Body Imaging approach (MoBI), we aim at gaining deeper insights into the brain dynamics underlying the interaction of cognitive and motor processes during different DT conditions (visual and auditory) controlling for age and the potential performance decrements of older adults with hearing impairments. Methods: The cross-sectional study integrates a multifactorial mixed-measure design. Between-subject factors grouping the sample will be age (younger vs. older adults) and hearing impairment (mild vs. not hearing impaired). The within-subject factors will be the task complexity (single- vs. DT) and cognitive task modality (visual vs. auditory). Stimuli of the cognitive task will vary according to the stimulus modality (visual vs. auditory), presentation side (left vs. right), and presentation-response compatibility (ipsilateral vs. contralateral). Analyses of DT costs and underlying neuronal correlates focus either on gait or cognitive performance. Based on an a priori sample size calculation 96 (48 healthy and 48 mildly hearing impaired) community-dwelling older adults (50–70 years) and 48 younger adults (20–30 years) will be recruited. Gait parameters of speed and rhythm will be captured. EEG activity will be recorded using 64 active electrodes. Discussion: The study evaluates cognitive-motor interference (CMI) in groups of young and older adults as well as older adults with hearing impairment. The underlying processes of the interaction between motor and cognitive tasks will be identified at a behavioral and neurophysiological level comparing an auditory or a visual secondary task. We assume that performance differences are linked to different cognitive-motor processes, i.e., stimulus input, resource allocation, and movement execution. Moreover, for the different DT conditions (auditory vs. visual) we assume performance decrements within the auditory condition, especially for older, hearing-impaired adults. Findings will provide evidence of general mechanisms of CMI (ST vs. DT walking) as well as task-specific effects in dual-task performance while over ground walking.

Ovaj završni rad sadrži proces izrade i detalje o uređaju koji testira ljudske sposobnosti lokalizacije smjera izvora stereo zvuka. Korišteno je mikroračunalo ESP32 WROOM-32 DEVKITV1 sa spojenim 3,5 mm ženskim adapterom za slušalice. Naime mikroračunalo se spaja na WPA2 Enterprise mrežu i mreža dodjeljuje mikroračunalu IP adresu. Mikroračunalo je konfigurirano tako da se ponaša kao poslužitelj u mreži i spajanjem na njega korisnik dobiva HTML formu koju može ispuniti parametrima za zvuk koji će se reproducirati na spojene slušalice. Zvuk se reproducira na slušalice i korisnik raspoznaje prema svojim fiziološkim sposobnostima otkuda je zvuk prvo došao. This final paper contains the process of making and detailing a device that tests the human ability to localize the direction of a stereo sound source. An ESP32 microcomputer connected to a 3.5mm female jack was used to make the device. The microcomputer connects to a WPA2 Enterprise network and the network assigns the IP address to the microcomputer. The microcomputer is configured to act as a server on the network and by connecting to it the user gets an HTML form that can be filled with the parameters so the sound can be properly reproduced on headphones. According to the users physiological abilities he recognizes where the sound firstly came from.

Odrediti naše rezultate kod bolesnika operiranih transtemporalnim pristupom zbog intrakanalikularnog vestibularnog švanoma (VŠ). Retrospektivna analiza 152 bolesnika s intrakanalikularnim VŠ-om operiranih transtemporalnim putem i minimalnim trajanjem praćenja od 12 mjeseci nakon operacije. Kod svih 152 bolesnika, osim jednog, tumor je odstranjen u potpunosti. Niti jedan bolesnik nije više patio od napada vrtoglavice. Uspoređujući sluh prije i poslije operacije, predoperativno je 146 bolesnika imalo funkcionalan sluh (klasa A+B), dok je postoperativno takvih bolesnika bilo 84. U 58% bolesnika sluh je ostao funkcionalno sačuvan nakon operacije. Ukupno je 96% bolesnika godinu dana nakon operacije imalo normalnu ili gotovo normalnu funkciju živca (HB-I-II). Savjetovanje bolesnika s intrakanalikularnim VŠ-om treba se obavljati u specijaliziranom otoneurološkom centru koji raspolaže iskustvom i mogućnošću interdisciplinarnog liječenja. Rezultati sadašnje serije od 152 pacijenta s očuvanjem funkcionalnog sluha u 58% i funkcije facijalisa u 96% slučajeva potvrđuju vrhunsku kvalitetu u usporedbi s vodećim centrima u svijetu., Aim of the study: To show the clinical outcome in patients with sporadic intracanalicular vestibular schwannoma (VS) removed by the extended middle cranial fossa approach (EMCF). Materials and methods: One hundred and fifty-two patients with intracanalicular VS were identified in a database, with a minimal follow-up of 12 months. Results: Complete VS removal was achieved in 151 of 152 patients. None of the patients who had been suffering from vertigo preoperatively had experienced vertigo attacks following the surgery. We were able to save functional hearing in 58 % of the patients who had preoperative class A or B hearing (N=146) according to the AAO-HNS classification. Postoperative normal or near-normal facial nerve outcome was achieved in 96 % of the patients. Conclusion: Patients with an intracanalicular VS should be referred to the specialized otoneurologic center where all treatment options should be offered and explained to the patient. Our results of the 152 patients show that with surgery, functional hearing and normal or near-normal facial nerve function can be achieved in 58% and 96 % of cases, respectively, which is comparable to the leading international centres.

Čovjek se sa zvukom i društvenim igrama susreće već u najranijoj dobi. Pomoću sluha čujemo zvukove iz okoline koji nam omogućavaju lakšu percepciju iste. Kako bi se sluh kod djece pravilno razvio potrebno je vježbati zapažanje i prepoznavanje zvukova, a to je najlakše naučiti kroz igru. Ovaj završni rad obrađuje problematiku važnosti sluh i zvuka dok djece i odraslih te proces izrade jedinstvene zvukovne društvene igre memori. Igra se sastoji od parova drvenih kocaka, vizualno i taktilno identičnih koje je moguće razlikovati i upariti isključivo zvukom nastalim generičkim protresanjem kocaka. Igra je prilagođena osobama s oštećenjem vida da mogu nesmetano uživati i razvijati sluh.

U ovom završnom radu je cilj objasniti i definirati smjer u kojem se radio razvija. Gdje je radio bio u prošlosti, gdje je danas i gdje će biti za desetak godina. Kao pomoć pri otkrivanju pojedinosti o radiju, koristit ćemo se različitim izvorima s interneta, nekoliko literatura u knjižnom obliku te mišljenju malog čovjeka. Taj mali čovjek će biti moji sugovornici u emisiji koja će raspravljati o radiju na temelju iskustva dvaju sugovornika. Cilja rada je postići objektivnost bez obzira na vlastito mišljenje. Takva zadaća je često teška i zbog toga je potrebno informirati se i prikupiti mišljenja onih koji su posvetili svoje živote promatranju i učenju o medijima. Jedan od tih velikih jest Marshall McLuhan. Uz njega, spomenut će se još nekoliko osoba vezanih uz razvoj radija i pojedinih događaja koji su mijenjali i pomicali granice radija. Uz teoretiziranje i argumentirano razmišljanje, dodat će se i neizostavni dio radija. Tehnički aspekt bez kojeg radio ne bi postojao. Promijene u spektru emitiranja, snage odašiljača te ostali problemi tehničke prirode koji su utjecali i koji će utjecati još mnogo godina na radijsko emitiranje. The goal of this thesis is to define and explain direction in which the radio is developing. Also where was the radio before, today and where it will be in ten years. To help us with discovering the details about radio we have to use different sources from the internet, few literatures and opinion of a small man. Small man will be represented by guests in radio in which we will debate about their experience and opinion about this medium. We must achieve objectiveness and avoid personal opinion. That task is often hard to accomplish and that’s why we have inform ourselves and gather lots of knowledge from those who dedicated their lives to observing and learning about medium. One of those is Marshall McLuhan. Besides him, we will talk about other persons who were also building and developing radio through years. With theorizing about radio we will add the part that is crucial to radio emitting. That part is technical part. Changes in emitting spectre, power of transmitters and other technical problems which affected and will change the way radio waves are transmitting in the years to come.

Ovaj se rad bavi istraživanjem posebnoga fenomena združene percepcije, odnosno sinestezijom. U radu je opisana kao neurološka i kao leksička pojava, pričem središnji i najvažniji dio rada čini opis jezične manifestacije sinestezijskih prijenosa. Prikaz spoznaja o neurološkoj perspektivi sinestezije temelji se na istraživanjima američkoga neurologa R. Cytowica. Njegovi su zaključci istraživanja uvelike utjecali na istraživanje sinestezije kao jezične pojave. Naime za ozbiljno i uvjerljivo tumačenje leksičke sinestezije valja pomno opisati i istražiti njezinu neurološku podlogu. U proučavanju sinestezije kao jezičnoga mehanizma najviše smo se oslanjali na istraživanja lingvista S. Daya i leksikologinje R. Dragičević. Bavili su se sinestezijskim prijenosima u engleskom, njemačkom i srpskom jeziku i ovome su radu osigurali čvrstu teorijsku i metodološku podlogu. Nakon prikupljanja korpusa za analizu leksičke sinestezije u hrvatskome jeziku oblikovali smo ljestvicu sinestezijskih prijenosa. Ta ljestvica izgleda ovako: sluh → vid → okus → miris → dodir. Ljestvica za hrvatski jezik uvelike se podudara s ljestvicama za engleski, njemački i srpski jezik. Najveća se podudarnost vidi u domenama sluha i dodira, prvoj i posljednjoj domeni na ljestvicama svih četiriju jezika. Uzrok sličnosti leži i u neurologiji, odnosno u međusobnoj povezanosti neokorteksa i limbičkoga sustava, i u pripadnosti govornika analiziranih jezika sličnom kulturnom i civilizacijskom krugu, i u tipološkoj sličnosti samih jezika. Neznantne razlike na ljestvicama sinestezijskih prijenosa ponajprije su odraz kulturoloških razlika i društvenih promjena i nisu toliko važne da bi mogle opovrgnuti hipotezu o univerzalnosti sinestezije u europskim jezicima. This paper aims to research a special phenomenon of mutual perception, i.e. the phenomenon of synaesthesia; taking into consideration the fact that synaesthesia is observed not only as neurological but also as lexical phenomenon. What is more, the study of synaesthesia from the linguistic viewpoint was central and the most significant part of this paper. The representation of findings in the neurological perspective of synaesthesia was based on the research of American neurologist R. Cytowic. The findings which were discovered owing to the research was indeed of a great help in conclusions that need to be made regarding synaesthesia as a linguistic phenomenon. Namely, in order to seriously and convincingly explicate the lexical synaesthesia, one must thoroughly describe and conduct a research regarding its neurological basis. In the observation of synaesthesia as a linguistic mechanism we mainly focused on the research of linguist S. Day and lexicologist R. Dragičević. Their works had to do with the analysis of transfer of synaesthesia in English, German and Serbian languages owing to the fact they represent both solid theoretical and methodological foundation to this paper. After gathering the linguistic corpus for the analysis of lexical synaesthesia in the Croatian language, we made a scale regarding the transfers of synaesthesia. The scale is the following one: hearing → sight → taste → smell → touch. The scale for the Croatian language greatly coincides with the scales for English, German and Serbian languages. The greatest coincidence is visible in the domains of hearing and touch, the first and the last domain on the scales of the four languages. The reason for the similarities in the languages can be found in the sphere of neurology, i.e. in the interconnection between neocortex and lymphatic system, and the speakers’ belonging to the languages that were analyzed in the similar cultural and civilizational circles, as well as in the typological similarities between the language. Insignificant differences within the scales are primarily the reflection of cultural differences and social changes, and they are not significant enough to reject the hypothesis about the universality of synaesthesia in the European languages.

The Vibrant Soundbridge represents a new approach to hearing improvement in the form of active implantable middle ear hearing device. Unlike conventional acoustic hearing aids, which increase the volume of sound that goes to the eardrum, the Vibrant Soundbridge bypasses the ear canal and eardrum by directly vibrating the small bones in the middle ear. Because of its design, no portion of the device is placed in the ear canal itself. The Vibrant Soundbridge has been approved by the FDA as a safe and effective treatment option for adults with moderate to severe sensorineural, conductive or mixed hearing losses who desire an alternative to the acoustic hearing aids, for better hearing. The paper presents a review of the active middle ear implant Vibrant Soundbridge, which has been also implanted at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, which is the Referral Center for Cochlear Implantation and Surgery of Hearing Impairment and Deafness of the Ministry of Health, Republic of Croatia., Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) predstavlja nov pristup poboljšanju oštećenog sluha aktivnim ugradbenim uređajem za srednje uho. Taj uređaj zaobilazi zvukovod i bubnjić, za razliku od standardnih slušnih pomagala kod kojih povećani volumen zvuka ide kroz njih i izaziva direktne vibracije lanca slušnih košćica. Zahvaljujući svom dizajnu nijedan dio VSB-a nije u zvukovodu. VSB je odobrila FDA kao siguran postupak u liječenju odraslih osoba koje imaju zamjedbeno, provodno ili mješovito oštećenje sluha i koje žele čuti bolje nego sa standardnim slušnim pomagalima. Ovaj rad je pregled djelovanja aktivnog ugradbenog implantata srednjega uha VSB-a koji je ugrađen na Klinici za otorinolaringologiju i kirurgiju glave i vrata KBCa Sestre milosrdnice, Referentnom centru Ministarstva zdravlja za kohlearnu implantaciju i kirurgiju nagluhosti i gluhoće.

Virtualna i proširena stvarnost se ubrzano razvijaju posljednjih desetak godina, omogućujući korisnicima doživljaj virtualnog svijeta odnosno informacijama nadopunjenog svijeta, te interakciju s njime. Važnost virtualne i proširene stvarnosti i njihov potencijal u budućnosti se najbolje očituje činjenicom da Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Sony i ostali tehnološki giganti ulažu sve više novca u njihov razvoj. Tako se danas na tržištu mogu pronaći uređaji poput Google Cardboarda, Microsoft HoloLensa ili Sony VR-a. Razvoj uređaja također prati i razvoj modernih softverskih paketa za njihov razvoj poput Blendera i Unityja. Svojim razvojem virtualna i proširena pronašli su primjenu u gotovo svim djelatnostima danas, od proizvodnje, medicine, obrazovanja, turizma i slično. Uza sve veću primjenu virtualne i proširene stvarnosti treba također obratiti pažnju na njihove nepovoljne strane, poput zdravstvenih poteškoća koje mogu uzrokovati. Na kraju rada dan je koncept pomagala za osobe s oštećenim sluhom zasnovanog na proširenoj stvarnosti. Virtual and augmented reality have been rapidly developing for the last ten years, allowing users to experience virtual and augmented world and to interact with it. The importance of virtual and augmented reality and their future potential can be seen through growing investments of Microsoft, Google, Facebook, Sony and other technological giants in their development. As a result of this, on today's market exist devices like Google Cardboard, Microsoft HoloLens and Sony VR. Development of hardware is also followed by development of modern software packages like Blender and Unity. Virtual and augmented reality have found their application in almost every field of business today, reaching from manufacturing, medicine and education to tourism. With increased usage of virtual and augmented reality it is also important to be aware of their negative effects, like health issues they could cause. At the end of this thesis the concept for device based on augmented reality which would help people with impaired hearing to communicate with others is presented.

U uvodnom dijelu diplomskog rada navedeni su razlozi zbog kojih je važno istraživati i analizirati zvuk. Dana je definicija, osnovna podjela valova te povijesni pregled razvoja akustike. Središnji dio rada posvećen je objašnjavanju fizikalnih veličina koje koristimo pri interpretaciji zvuka: brzine širenja zvuka, zvučnog tlaka, zvučnog intenziteta, zvučne energije, zvučne snage te razine zvučnog tlaka, intenziteta i snage te subjektivnih veličina: razine glasnoće i glasnoće. Također, opisan je slušni proces i uloga pojedinih dijelova uha u tom procesu. Nadalje, objašnjeni su osnovni pojmovi i metode potrebne za analizu zvuka: zvučni spektar, Fourierova analiza, frekvencijski pojasevi, vremensko i frekvencijsko vrednovanje, ekvivalentna, najviša, najniža i vršna razina buke te statistički percentili i kumulativna razdioba buke. Opisan je utjecaj buke na ljude te su prikazani rezultati mjerenja buke zvukomjerom. Na kraju je metodički obrađena nastavna jedinica Zvučni valovi.

Background/Aim. Initial experiences in rehabilitation of children with cochlear implants and frequent debates regarding the effects of their application have imposed the necessity to compare the effects of speech rehabilitation in children with hearing aids with those having cochlear implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the level of lexical development in hearing impaired children who are involved in the process of hearing and speech-language rehabilitation and who were amplified by hearing aids or cochlear implants. Methods. The sample consisted of 55 children aged 3-6 years, diagnosed with prelingual bilateral hearing impairment with a hearing threshold above 90 dB. All examined children had average intellectual abilities and no additonal impairments. The sample was divided into 2 groups: E1 group consisted of 30 children with cochlear implants and E2 group consisted of 25 children who were amplified by individual hearing aids. Research methodology included a Test of Vocabulary. The testing was performed individually. A year after the testing, a retest was done. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS v. 17 for Windows. Results. The largest number of children had average achievements on a Test of Vocabulary during initial testing. After a year (retest) significant improvements were noticed. A large number of children had above average achievements (46.7% in the E1 and 36% in the E2 group) while the number of children with below average achievements was significantly reduced (3.3% in the E1 and 8% in the E2). A comparative analysis of the test and those with gearing aids achievements showed that there was no statistically significant difference between children with cochlear implants and retest. Conclusion. Significant improvement of the achievements on retest in both groups can be explained by positive effects of systematic, planned, intensive and continuous rehabilitation of hearing impaired children, and not by application of certain type of hearing amplification. Uvod/Cilj. Početna iskustva sa rehabilitacijom dece sa kohlearnim implantima i česte debate u vezi efekata njihove primene nameću neophodnost poređenja efekata rehabilitacije govora dece sa slušnim pomagalima sa decom koja imaju kohlearne implante. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se proceni i uporedi nivo razvijenosti leksičkog fonda dece oštećenog sluha koja su uključena u proces rehabilitacije slušanja i govora, a koja su amplifikovana slušnim aparatima ili kohlearnim implantom. Metode. Uzorak je obuhvatio 55-oro dece uzrasta 3-6 godina kod kojih je dijagnostifikovano prelingvalno obostrano oštećenje sluha sa pragom čujnosti od preko 90 dB. Sva deca, su imala prosečne intelektualne sposobnosti i bila su bez dodatnih oštećenja. Uzorak je podeljen na grupu dece koja su kohlearno implantirana (E1 grupa = 30) i grupu dece koja su amplifikovana individualnim slušnim aparatima (E2 grupa = 25). U istraživanju je korišćen Test rečnik. Testiranje je obavljano individualno. Nakon godinu dana od testiranja, rađen je retest. Statistička obrada rezultata izvršena je pomoću je programom SPSS v. 17 for WIDOWS. Rezultati. Najveći broj ispitanika pokazao je prosečna postignuća na Test rečniku, na prvom testiranju. Nakon godinu dana (na retestu) uočena su značajna poboljšanja. Veliki broj ispitanika imao je iznadprosečna postignuća (46,7% u grupi E1 i 36% u grupi E2), a smanjen je i broj ispitanika koji su imali ispodprosečna postignuća (3.3% u grupi E1 i 8% u grupi E2). Komparativnom analizom postignuća dece (na testu i retestu) sa kohlearnim implantom i dece sa individualnim slušnim aparatima primećeno je da između pomenutih grupa ispitanika nije bilo statistički značajne razlike. Zaključak. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata istraživanja možemo zaključiti da je značajno poboljšanje postignuća ispitanika na retestu u obe ispitivane grupe moguće objasniti pozitivnim efektima sistematski planirane, intenzivne i kontinuirane rehabilitacije dece oštećenog sluha, a ne primenom određenog tipa slušne amplifikacije.

Izraz hrup najpogosteje uporabljamo za poimenovanje motečega oz. neželenega zunanjega zvoka. Ker sem pri svojem vsakdanjem delu tudi sama izpostavljena hrupu na višji ravni, sem z zanimanjem proučila področje vplivov hrupa na človeka v delovnem okolju. V diplomski nalogi v skrajšani obliki predstavljam ključne informacije, pomembne za razumevanje vplivov hrupa na človeka in zaščito pred prekomerno izpostavljenostjo. Teoretični del naloge zajema razlago zvoka kot fizikalne veličine, s poudarkom na obliki poimenovani »hrup«. Prikazane so tudi razlike med dojemanjem zvoka pri različnih živih bitjih, ter posledično različen vpliv hrupa glede na njihove zaznavne sposobnosti. Osrednji del teorije sestavlja poglavje Hrup v delovnem in športnem okolju, kjer so obrazloženi postopki merjenja, odpravljanja in zaščite pred hrupom. Naloga vključuje tudi poglavja zakonodaja in standardi, kjer so navedeni najpomembnejši dokumenti, ki urejajo omenjeno področje. V praktičnem delu naloge, smo izvedli meritve hrupa v dveh različnih okoljih, kjer preživimo največ časa. Predstavljamo okolje, potek meritev, ter analizo rezultatov iz analitičnih in individualno pridobljenih podatkov. Prav ta primerjava prikazuje pomemben del dojemanja hrupa v realnem življenju saj prikazuje relativnost dejstva kako moteč je enak hrup za različne udeležence. Ukrepi za zaščito pred hrupom se lahko izvajajo na različne načine, so nujno potrebni za ohranitev zdravega sluha in preprečevanje ostalih dolgoročnih posledic prekomerne izpostavljenosti. Term noise is most commonly used to describe disturbing and unwanted ambient sound. Since I am daily exposed to higher level noise at my workplace, I had a lot of interest to examine the effects of noise on humans in the working environment. The thesis in summarized form presents key information relevant to understanding the effects of noise on human beings and protection against excessive exposure. Theoretical part of the thesis covers the interpretation of sound as physical quantity, with an emphasis on the form called “noise”. Showing the differences between perception of sound in various live beings and consequently a different noise impact depending on their cognitive abilities. The central part of the theory section consists of Noise in the workplace and sports environment, where measurement procedures, correction and noise protection were explained. Thesis also includes chapters legislation and standards, where the most important documents governing the said area are listed. In practical part of the thesis, we conducted noise measurements in two different environments where we spend most of our time. Here we present the noise polluted environment, the measurement course and the analysis of results from analytical data and data obtained from questionnaire of exposed individuals. This comparison shows an important part in sound perception in real life, as it shows the relativity of the fact how annoying the same level of noise can be for different individuals. Measures to protect against noise can be implemented in different ways. They are necessary to maintain healthy hearing and prevent other long-term consequences from excessive exposure.

Kao ni mnogi drugi životni vidovi, tako ni dijalog nije jednodimenzionalan. Naime, on je sastavljen od više dimenzija i dinamizama. Između mnoštva dinamizama ističe se nekoliko njih koji stvaraju temelj za dobru dijalošku dinamiku: odnos, slušanje sa svojim elementima i govor. Govoreći o odnosu, promišljamo o povezanosti dviju ili više različitih stvarnosti, kao što su odnosi među ljudima, afektivni odnosi itd. U tim se odnosima razvijaju i rastu dinamizmi i njihovi elementi kao što su slušanje, sluh, govor, pogled itd. Polazeći od dinamike sluha i slušanja, otkrivamo da oni nisu na svom početku usmjereni na zvuk. Na početku života ne rađa se svjesna percepcija zvuka. Na početku slušanja pojavljuje se čuvstvo koje je temeljni element slušanja. Stoga slušanje usmjerava najprije izvan horizonta zvuka i poziva da se oćuti, percipira stvarnost preko lica koje je oglednik stavova, osjećaja, iskustava. Ta se iskustva mogu izreći u dinamici govora koji je dinamizam što oblikuje svijet emocija, iskustava, misli, ideja. Govor kroz riječi prenosi ono što nije samo slovo ili zvuk. Naime, riječ predstavlja, ne samu sebe, nego svijet duha, emocija itd., usmjerena je na izricanje i oblikovanje tog svijeta. Polazeći od pretpostavke da su ovih nekoliko dinamizama i njihovi elementi doista temelj dobre dijaloške dinamike, ovaj kratki članak ima u vidu skicirati ih nastojeći izvući na površinu elemente njihova utjecaja na razvoj osobnosti. Vjerujemo da upravo ovi dinamizmi mogu izričito ukazati na važnost dobre dijaloške dinamike i na njezin odnos s činom razvoja osobnosti koja, otvorena dinamici dijaloga, biva otvorenija za novost i rast., Dialogue, like many aspects of life, is not presented as unilateral. In fact, it is composed of different dimensions and dynamisms. Among the multitude of dynamisms, it is noted that there are some that are considered constitutive of a good dynamic dialogue: relationships, listening with full attention and discourse. Talking about relationships, we consider the relationship between two or more different realities, such as relationships among people, affective relationships, etc. Starting from the dynamics of listening and listening, we discover that they are not initially focused on sound. At the beginning of life, no conscious perception of sound is born. At the beginning of the listening session, there is an awareness. Listening is the fundamental element of listening. Hence, listening first directs out of the horizons of sound and calls to look, perceives reality through a face that is an exponent of attitudes, feelings, experiences. These experiences can be pronounced in the dynamics of speech. Speech is a dynamism that shapes the world of emotions, experiences, thoughts, ideas. Talking through words transports what is not just a letter or a sound. Namely, the word represents not the self but the world of the spirit, the emotion, etc. It is directed at the expression and formulation of that world. Assuming that these dynamisms truly become the basis of a good dynamic dialogue, this short article proposes to delineate them by trying to bring out the elements of their impact on personality development. We believe that these dynamisms can explicitly indicate the importance of a good dynamic dialogue and its relationship with the development of the person, who, if open to dynamic dialogue, becomes even more open to innovation and growth.

V diplomskem delu je raziskan vpliv glasbe na telo in človeško psiho ter potencial zvoka pri zdravljenju različnih bolezni. Uporabljene so bile deskriptivna in zgodovinska metoda ter metoda analize in sinteze. Podrobno je opisan prenos zvočnih dražljajev prek slušnega organa ter razložen odziv možganov pri sprejemanju in prevajanju zvočnih impulzov. Predstavljen je vpliv glasbe na človeško telo oziroma na srčno-žilni in dihalni sistem, na mišičje, živčevje, žleze, imunski sistem ter človeško psiho. Izpostavljeni so dejavniki, ki sodelujejo pri vplivu zvoka oziroma glasbe na človeka v različnih starostnih obdobjih ter v različnih bolezenskih in čustvenih stanjih. Predstavljena je vloga in pomen glasbe v človeški zgodovini, s poudarkom na uporabi glasbe v zdravilne namene. Opisani so različni modeli, ki jih po svetu uporabljajo v glasbeni terapiji. Poudarjen je pomen pozno-baročne in klasične glasbe (Mozartov efekt), posamičnih zvokov, inštrumentov, petja, izpostavljeni so pozitivni učinki lastnega glasu ob petju zlogov v sklopu meditacije, kot tudi negativni učinki glasbe. V zaključku so predstavljene osnovne smernice za delo, pristop k iskanju in izbiri zdravilne glasbe za različne življenjske okoliščine. Poudarjena je nujnost strokovnega dela na področju glasbene terapije in pomen vključevanja glasbene terapije v univerzitetne študijske programe. In the diploma thesis an influence of the music to the body and human soul as well as the potential of the sound when healing different diseases is researched. Descriptive and historical method as well as the method of analysis and synthesis have been used. A transfer of sound stimuli through hearing organ is thoroughly described and the response of the brain in receiving and translating sound impulses is explained. An influence of the music to the human body i.e. cardiovascular and breathing system, muscles, nervous system, glands, immune system as well as human soul is presented. The factors that are involved in the influence of the sound i.e. music on the human being in different age periods as well as in different medical and emotional conditions are pointed out. A role and the significance of the music in human history with the emphasis on the music into healing purposes are presented. Different models that are used worldwide in musical therapy are described. The significance of late-baroque and classic music (Mozart effect), individual sounds, instruments, singing is emphasized. Positive effects of one’s own voice, when singing syllables within meditation, as well as negative effects of music are pointed out. In the conclusion some basic directives for work, approach to the search and choice of the healing music for different circumstances in life are presented. The necessity of professional work in the field of music therapy and the significance of including musical therapy into the study programs of universities are emphasized.

Za izradu pojačala koristimo tranzistore koji, ovisno o spoju u kojem rade, ostvaruju naponsko i strujno pojačanje. Za pojačala snage oba pojačanja su nam bitna te se stoga najčešće koriste kaskade pojačala, odnosno dva ili više pojačala spojena u lanac kod kojeg npr. prvo pojačalo služi kao naponsko pojačalo, a drugo pojačalo kao strujno pojačalo. Posebna izvedba pojačala snage su audio pojačala snage koja su optimirana za rad sa zvučnicima u čujnom frekvencijskom spektru. Audio pojačala snage dolaze u mnogo različitih izvedbi, ali svima su zajednički ulazni stupanj i naponsko pojačalo. Ono po čemu se najviše razlikuju su izlazni stupnjevi koji služe kao strujno pojačalo i definiraju klasu pojačala. Najčešće se koriste push-pull izvedbe koje omogućuju korištenje pojačala B i AB klase u audio svrhe, ali i veću korisnost pojačala A klase. Za male izlazne snage, pojačalo može biti izvedeno kao tranzistor u spoju zajedničkog kolektora ili, rjeđe, u spoju zajedničkog emitera. Za veće snage potrebno je koristiti drivere, signalne tranzistore velikog strujnog pojačanja koji pogone izlazne tranzistore snage. Izlazni tranzistori i driveri konfiguriraju se na tri osnovna načina: kao dvostruki zajednički kolektor (Darlington spoj), komplementarni par (CFP) i kvazi-komplementarni par. Od toga CFP konfiguracija ima najmanju razinu izobličenja, dok je kvazi-komplementarni spoj na začelju. U svrhu ovog rada projektirana i izrađena su dva pojačala u izvedbi dvostrukog zajedničkog kolektora, jedno A i drugo AB klase kako bismo ih mogli usporediti. Simulacije i mjerenja potvrđuju teoriju. Pojačala A klase imaju nižu razinu harmoničkih izobličenja, ali i nižu korisnost. Obje klase pojačala daju dobar zvuk, ali pojačala A klase prvi su izbor audiofila iako su potrebni posebni uvjeti da bi se čula razlika između te dvije klase pojačala ako su dobro dizajnirana. The most common way to build amplifiers is by using transistors. Depending on topology, the amplifiers can be voltage or current ones. For power amplifiers we need both voltage and current gain, therefore we use several amplifiers (stages) connected in cascade. Three main stages are usually used: input stage, voltage amplifier stage (VAS) and current amplifier stage (output stage). Special type of power amplifiers are audio power amplifiers that are optimized for driving loudspeakers and for amplifying frequency band that humans can hear. Audio amplifiers can come in different forms, but what makes them different from one another is a way how current amplifier stage is designed. That defines amplifier class. Push-pull configuration is most commonly used as it enables B and AB class amplifiers to be used as audio amplifiers, and it also improves class A amplifiers efficiency. For small output power, an amplifier can be made with a simple common collector or, rarely, a common emiter topology. For larger output power we use drivers, smaller signal transistors with greater current gain that drive large output power transistors. Output transistors and drivers can be arranged in three basic configurations: double common collector (Darlington configuration), complementary feedback pair (CFP) and quasi-complementary pair. CFP configuration is the most linear with the smallest distortion level. On the other hand, quasi-complementary pair is the worst one regarding distortion. Two amplifiers with double common collector topology, one class A and one class AB, were built as part of this thesis so we could compare them. Simulations and measurements confirm that class A amplifiers are more linear, therefore they produce less harmonic distortion, but with cost in terms of efficiency and large heatsink. Both amplifiers sound well connected to the speakers, but class A amplifiers are better options for audiophiles, although special conditions are necessary to distinguish two well-made class A and AB amplifiers.

Potkraj 2002. i početkom 2003. godine započinje u Hrvatskoj novi probir u zdravstvenoj zaštiti novorođenčadi: probir na oštećenje sluha. Cilj rada bio je provjeriti uspješnost implementacije probira i usporediti ga s rezultatima u drugim državama. Prvi stupanj probira provodi se ispitivanjem tranzitorne otoakustičke emisije (OAE) u sve novorođene djece, bez obzira na rizične čimbenike, a posljednjih godina u tri rodilišta i metodom automatskog ispitivanja evociranih potencijala moždanog debla (A-ABR) za djecu s odsutnim OAE-om i za onu liječenu u jedinici intenzivne skrbi. Drugi stupanj probira provodi se u rodilištu gdje se dijete rodilo metodom OAE-a ili u audiološkoj ambulanti metodom OAE-a i A-ABR-a. U razdoblju od 2003. do 2014. prikupljeni su podatci o 258810-ero novorođenčadi. Prvi stupanj probira obavljen je u 97% novorođenčadi. Drugi stupanj probira bio je potreban u 3,5% novorođenčadi. Odaziv na drugi stupanj probira analiziran je na 155646-ero novorođenčadi: od 5985-ero pozitivne djece odazvalo se njih 4873-je (81,4%). Dijagnostička audiološka obrada bila je potrebna u 1104/155646 (0,7%) djece. Rezultati pokazuju uspješnu implementaciju i provođenje novog probira u zdravstvenoj zaštiti novorođenčadi u Hrvatskoj. Probirom su obuhvaćena gotovo sva novorođenčad, broj pozitivne djece na prvom stupnju probira kojoj je potreban i drugi stupanj je prihvatljiv, kao i odaziv na njega. Potrebno je poboljšati praćenje rezultata probira., In the late 2002/early 2003, a new screening of newborns, universal hearing screening, was launched in Croatia. The aim of the study was to check the success of the implementation of the screening and compare it with the results in other countries. The fi rst level of screening is conducted with the aid of transient otoacoustic emission (OAE) for all newborns, regardless of any risk factor. In recent years, three maternity hospitals started using the method of automated evoked brainstem response (A-ABR) recording for neonates lacking OAE results, and for children treated in an intensive care unit. The second level of screening is carried out by OAE in the same hospital where the child was born, or in the audiology clinic by OAE and/or A-ABR. During the 2003-2014 period, data were collected on 258810 neonates. The average screening rate was 97%. The second level screening was required in 3.5% of newborns. The response to the second level of screening was analyzed for 155646 neonates. Out of 5985 positive neonates, screening coverage of the second level was 4873 (81.4%). Diagnostic evaluation was required in 1104/155646 (0.7%) infants. The results showed successful implementation of the new screening in health care of newborns in Croatia. The screening rate is good and the rate of referral is acceptable, as is the response to the second level screening, although there is room for improvement. It is still necessary to improve monitoring of screening results.

U ovom radu napravljena je usporedba profesionalnog audiometra “MAICO MA51“ i android aplikacije “Hearing test“ tvrtke e-audiologia. Mjerenja audiometrom i aplikacijom napravljena su na 5 ispitanika u gluhoj komori Zavoda za elektroakustiku Fakulteta elektrotehnike i računarstva Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. U radu se opisuje građa uha, slušni proces, prag čujnosti, te oštećenja sluha. Dana je kratka povijest audiologije u Hrvatskoj, te su opisane objektivne i subjektivne metode ispitivanja sluha. Također je ukratko opisan audiometar “MAICO MA51“ kao i aplikacija “Hearing test“, te su dani rezultati mjerenja napravljenih na ispitanicima. This thesis provides a comparison of the professional audiometer “MAICO MA51“ and the android application “Hearing test“ developed by e-audiologia. Testing with the audiometer and the application has been performed on 5 subjects in the anechoic chamber.The thesis describes the anatomy of the ear, the process of hearing, absolute threshold of hearing and hearing disorders. It provides a brief history of audiology in Croatia, and describes the objective and subjective methods of audiometry. Furthermore, the “MAICO MA51“ audiometer as well as the “Hearing test“ application are described and the test results are shown.

Pri policijskem delu se pogosto srečujemo z obravnavo kršitev povezanih s prekomernim uživanjem alkohola. V preteklosti je bila večina teh primerov povezanih s kršitvami cestno-prometnih predpisov in prekrškov povezanih s takimi in drugačnimi kršitvami javnega reda in miru. V nadaljevanju, s spremembo Zakona o prekrških, prekrškovni inšpektorji obravnavajo kršitve, ki so jih policisti na terenu zaznali, zanje pa niso bili predpisani ukrepi izdaje plačilnega naloga temveč prekrškovne odločbe v hitrem postopku. V teh primerih prekrškovni inšpektorji veliko energije vlagajo v dokazovanje posameznih navedb policistov, ki so ob obravnavi kršitve, na kraju in ob času prekrška jasne, pri pisanju odločbe in zagotavljanju dokazov oziroma pri odločanju pa izjemno skope. Tudi na področju orožnega prava v policiji smo večkrat pojasnjevali elemente kršitev Zakona o orožju, ki se nanašajo na nošenje in prenos orožja ali njegovo posest in zanesljivost posameznika pri tem. Zlasti je bilo to povezano z zanesljivostjo zaradi vpliva alkohola pri kršitelju, ki je v času nošenja ali prenosa orožja bil pod vplivom alkohola. Dileme so izpostavljali tako prekrškovni inšpektorji na policijskih upravah, kot lovske in strelske organizacije. S sodelovanjem z Ministrstvom za notranje zadeve, Direktoratom za upravne notranje zadeve, migracije in naturalizacijo smo večkrat pojasnjevali dileme policistov in tako olajšali obravnavo kršitev, pripomogli pa tudi k enaki razlagi in razumevanju Zakona o orožju. Nenazadnje pa smo interesnim skupinam (Lovska zveza, Strelska zveza in drugi) in posameznikom zagotovili zakonito in korektno obravnavo. Menimo, da je pojem zanesljivosti v povezavi z uživanjem alkohola v preteklosti povzročal neželene in nepotrebne dileme ter napake v postopkih. Strinjamo pa se, da nezanesljiv posameznik ob posedovanju orožja, predstavlja veliko nevarnost sebi in družbi. Enako pa ne moremo spregledati, da neupravičeno sankcioniran posameznik tudi ni zadovoljen z obravnavo in ukrepi celotnega sistema, ki skrbi za varnost in zakonitost. In the police practice we are often faced with violations related to excessive alcohol consumption. In the past, the majority of these cases were related to violations of traffic regulations and different public order violations. When the legislation changed the inspectors on police stations dealt with misdemeanours that police officers detected, but they had no competence to deal with – impose fines on. In these cases, police inspectors on police stations have to spend a lot of energy in proving the individual statements of police officers who were at the spot where offenses occurred. At the time of the offence, on the spot itself, the evidence was clear. On the other hand, when police inspector had to take the decision of responsibility the evidence was extremely limited. Even in the field of armaments law we have always explained the elements of violation of the Arms Act relating to carrying and transferring weapons or the possession of arms and the reliability of individuals in this regard. In particular, it was associated with the impact of alcohol on the reliability of the offender, who at the time of wearing or transferring the weapons was under its influence. These dilemmas were exposed by both inspectors in police station or police administrations as in hunting and shooting organizations. By working with the Ministry of Interior, Directorate for Administrative Affairs, Migration and Naturalization we have repeatedly explained the dilemma of police officers and in this way facilitated the treatment of violations, as well as contributed to the identical interpretation and understanding of the Arms Act. Finally, we also ensured lawful and correct treatment to the parties involved (Hunting Association, Shooting Association and others) and individuals which possess firearms. We believe that the term reliability associated with the consumption of alcohol has caused unwanted and unnecessary dilemmas and errors in procedures in the past. We highlight, however, that an unreliable individual, possessing arms, represents a great risk for themselves and society. Equally, we cannot overlook the fact that an unduly sanctioned individual cannot be satisfied with the treatment and measures of the entire system, which is responsible for the safety and legality.

Sve više istraživanja iznosi dokaze u prilog hipotezi da zakasnela maturacija vestibularnog čula značajno korelira sa kašnjenjem u motornom razvoju, lošijom sposobnošću održavanja ravnoteže, senzorno integrativnom disfunkcijom, oštećenjem sluha, usporenim govorno-jezičkim i kognitivnim razvojem, teškoćama u usvajanju školskih veština. Međutim, funkcionalno ispitivanje vestibularnog aparata i tumačenje dobijenih rezultata na ranom dečijem uzrastu, predstavljaju zahtevan zadatak. Longitudinalna studija sprovedena je sa višestrukim ciljem: 1. da se utvrdi da li je stepen uspešnosti izvođenja refleksa vezanih za funkciju vestibularnog čula na rođenju u korelaciji sa stepenom uspešnosti održavanja ravnoteže u ranom detinjstvu; 2. da se utvrdi da li procena funkcije vestibularnog čula neposredno po rođenju može da bude dodatni pokazatelj rizika za oštećenje sluha. 3. da se utvrdi da li funkcija vestibularnog čula može da se posmatra kao novi parametar maturacije. Osnovna ispitivana grupa je obuhvatila N=54 dece oba pola, uzrasta od 5.0 do 5.4 godina kod kojih je, na osnovu standardizovane baterije testova i odgovarajućih audioloških metoda, obavljena procena sposobnosti održavanja ravnoteže (SOR), audiološkog statusa, govornojezičkog razvoja (GJR), senzomotornog razvoja (SMR) i socio-emocionalnog ponašanja (SEP). U istom uzorku dece, grupa refleksa vezanih za funkciju vestibularnog čula i funkcija kohlearnog čula, klinički su ispitani 3. dana po rođenju. Dobijeni podaci na rođenju i na uzrastu od 5 godina, dokumentovani su uz pomoć digitalne kamere, potom bodovani, statistički i deskriptivno obrađeni. Pored toga, za svako dete unutar ispitivanog uzorka, uzeti su podaci o vremenu kada je počelo da sedi, stoji, kada je prohodalo i kada progovorilo (SSPP). Rezultati istraživanja su ukazali na postojanje statistički značajne povezanosti između stepena prisutnosti sva četiri refleksa zajedno na rođenju (Moroov refleks+labirintarni refleks ispravaljanja glave+asimetrični tonični refleks vrata+vestibulookularni refleks) i rezultata o SOR, GJR, SMR i SEP na uzrastu od 5 godina. Takođe je utvrđeno, da deca koja imaju bolju SOR na uzrastu od 5 godina, značajno ranije počinju da SSPP. Istovremeno, petogodišnjaci sa normalnim i oštećenim sluhom se međusobno značajno razlikuju u pogledu razvijenosti SOR, GJR, SMR i SEP. Statistička značajnost je izostala prilikom poređenja rezultata kohlearnog ispitivanja na rođenju u odnosu na SOR petogodišnjaka. Značaj istraživanja se ogleda u novim saznanjima u domenu sazrevanja i funkcije čula za ravnotežu odmah nakon rođenja, budući da ovaj segment fiziologije novorođenčeta do sada nije obrađen na takav način, kao i u prepoznavanju funkcije vestibularnog čula kao još jednog parametra maturacije deteta. Na sposobnost ravnoteže se može uticati ciljanim vežbama, a ova studija je pokazala način kojim možemo da utvrdimo kojoj deci je takvo vežbanje potrebno. An increasing number of researches present the evidence which supports the hypothesis that delayed maturation of the vestibular sense is in significant correlation with the delay in motor development, poorer ability to maintain balance, sensory-integrative dysfunction, hearing impairment, delayed speech and language and cognitive development, difficulties in acquiring school skills. However, functional testing of the vestibular apparatus and the interpretation of the results obtained at an early age, represent a demanding task. Longitudinal study was carried out with multiple goals: 1. to establish whether the success rate in performing reflexes related to the function of the vestibular sense at birth is in correlation with the success rate in maintaining balance in early childhood; 2. to examine whether the assessment of the vestibular function immidiately after birth, can be an additional indicator of risk for hearing impairment; 3. to establish whether the vestibular function can be viewed as a new parameter of maturation. The main study group included N=54 children of both genders, aged 5.0 to 5.4, whose balance ability (BA), audiological status, speech and language development (SLD), sensorymotor development (SMD) and social-emotional beahviour (SEB), were evaluated, based on the battery of standardized tests and adequate audiological methods. The group of reflexes related to the function of the vestibular sense and the function of the cochlear sense were clinically tested 3 days upon birth on the same sample of children. The data at birth and at the age of 5 were recorded by a digital camera and subsequently scored and statistically and descriptively processed. In addition, data on the time when children included in our research start to sit, stand, walk and talk (SSWT), were taken for each examinee individually. The research results indicated the statistically significant correlation between the simultaneous presence of all four reflexes at birth (Moro reflex+Head righting reflex+Assymetrical tonic neck reflex+Vestibulo ocular reflex), and the results on BA, SLD, SMD and SEB at the age of 5. It was also established that children with better BA at the age of 5, begin with SSWT significantly earlier. At the same time, five-year olds with normal and impaired hearing, mutually differ significantly in terms of the development of BA, SLD, SMD and SEB. There was no statistical significance when the results of cochlear testing at birth were compared to BA of five-year olds. The significance of this research is reflected in the new knowledge in the domain of maturation and function of the sense of balance immediately upon birth, since this segment of a newborn’s physiology has never been processed in a similar way; also, function of the vestibular sense has been recognized as another parametre in a child’s maturation. Balance ability can be influenced by targeted exercises, and this study indicated the way to identify which children are in need of such exercises.

Kvaliteta života osoba s oštećenjem sluha

Sestrinska skrb za bolesnika s oštećenjem sluha

Podrška osobama s oštećenjem sluha

Sestrinska skrb za bolesnika s oštećenjem sluha

U završnom radu analizira se utjecaj intenziteta reprodukcije glazbe pomoću slušalica na čovjekov sluh. Na temelju podataka iz literature, prikazana je opasnost izlaganja buci za čovjekov sluh. Također, razmotreni su i važeći pravilnici koji propisuju granične dopuštene vrijednosti zvučnog tlaka. U radu je opisan eksperimentalni postupak utvrđivanja glasnoće glazbenog zapisa. Izneseni su podaci o glasnoćama kojima je grupa ispitanika slušala pojedine glazbene zapise te utjecaj odabranih glasnoća na njihov sluh. This final paper analyzes the influence of the intensity of music reproduced over headphones on people's hearing. Based on the data from the bibliography, it demonstrates the danger exposure to noise presents to the human hearing. Moreover, the current Croatian regulations prescribing the threshold values of sound pressure were taken into consideration. Furthermore, the paper describes the experimental procedure of determining the volume of the sound recordings. It also presents the data regarding the volume at which the subjects listened to each of the recordings as well as its influence on their hearing.

Prikazan je razvoj sluha u kitova nakon njihova prelaska na život u vodi.