Search

Considering the fixation and low availability of conventional phosphatic fertilizer in acidic soil, zeolite based nano phosphatic fertilizer was synthesized to investigate its release characteristics in acidic soil system via invitro studies. Result revealed that surface modification through a cationic surfactant improved the adsorption capacity of zeolite for phosphorus by 60%. Under the incubation study, the zeolite based nano phosphatic fertilizer sustained the release of phosphorous up to 90 days of incubation against 32 days under conventional SSP. The 100% replacement of RDP through nano fertilizer registered the maximum release of P in soil up to 9.36 mg/kg which was 23.80% higher than conventional SSP (7.56 mg/kg). The study release kinetics also revealed parabolic diffusion equation (3.012 µg/g/day) as the most suitable module for describing the P release as compared to other kinetic modules. Thus, zeolite can be used as carrier material for preparation of nano fertilizer for sustainable release of P for longer period of time under acidic soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of ZIF‐8 mainly uses zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) as the zinc source. Zn (NO3)2.6H2O is flammable, explosive, and highly corrosive, posing a threat to human health. It also requires a molar ratio of 2‐methylimidazole to zinc source greater than 20, resulting in increased costs. In this work, a pH‐sensitive controlled‐release nano‐capsule of fungicide, ZIF‐8@Boscalid, was established using green zinc sources (zinc sulfate and zinc acetate) and was prepared based on metal–organic framework (ZIF‐8) for higher antifungal effect and low bio‐toxicity. The loading ratio is as high as 34%. In addition, the release of fungicide Boscalid showed pH‐sensitive response due to the weak acidic group in the ZIF structure, in which the rate of release was more rapid under acid condition (< 5). Cumulative release rates of the ZIF‐8(A)@Boscalid system and ZIF‐8(S)@Boscalid system were 76.15% and 86.22%, respectively. Meanwhile, the antifungal effect of ZIF‐8@Boscalid was 1.5 times more of that commercially available product on CI‐8 at the concentration of 300 mg/L, and the antibacterial activity values of the ZIF‐8(A)@Boscalid system and ZIF‐8(S)@Boscalid system against CJ‐8 were 84.54% and 78.65%, respectively. Furthermore, the obtained ZIF‐8@Boscalid system using the method described in this article exhibited certain UV resistance. Thus, this work not only proves that ZIF‐8@Boscalid could be used as nanoparticles platform for smart control over CJ‐8 but also has great potential effective utilization of Boscalid and achieving sustained release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane is a major industrial crop highly susceptible to parasitic weed (Striga spp.), causing a 38% reduction in cane yield due to a longer lag phase of 20–40 days, and wider spacing. Herbicides with a longer retention and slow-release nature could allow Striga seeds to germinate and be killed before attaching to the host. Therefore, a graphene oxide based nanoformulation loaded with atrazine was synthesized and evaluated under controlled and field conditions for its release kinetics, Striga control efficiency (SCE), and cane yield for two years (2018–2019) at two locations. In-vitro assays on release kinetics showed that the release rate of active ingredient (a.i.) from the nanocomposite loaded with atrazine (NCA) was slower (64.5%) than conventional atrazine (82.1%) on the 30th day in water. Similarly, cumulative release percentage of a.i. with NCA was 4.4% compared to atrazine (16.2%) at the initial 0–3 days in soil. Further, field evaluation (deep application in 12 cm furrows) of NCA at 1.25 kg a.i./ha at 95 days after planting (DAP) found superior in delaying Striga emergence by 18–20 days over atrazine. Furthermore, NCA recorded the highest efficacy (∼ 21%) across two locations owing to reduced Striga density (66.7–68.2%) and dry weight (39.3–48.9%). Consequently, NCA at 95 DAP produced higher cane (30.6–31.0%) and sugar (30.7–36.7%) yields. Therefore, carbon-based graphene oxide with a greater surface area and low production cost would offer an environmentally benign and alternative option in controlling Striga before its haustorium attaches to sugarcane roots. This formulation represents a novel direction for developing herbicides with enhanced performance and reduced environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rapid dissolution of urea fertilisers in water, leaching and evaporation from the soil cause approximately 70 % of the urea to be lost to the atmosphere and groundwater without being used by plants. It is known that a significant portion of urea fertiliser is released into the atmosphere as ammonia gas, and into groundwater as nitrate and nitrite, resulting in nitrogen losses. To mitigate these losses, various studies have been conducted on coating urea fertiliser with different materials. Biopolymers, in addition to providing controlled release, also act as soil conditioners by increasing the water-holding capacity of the soil and providing necessary moisture to plants during dry periods. In this study, three different types of biopolymers – chitosan, pectin, and xanthan gum – at two different concentrations (1 % and 3 %), were used to coat urea fertiliser aiming for controlled release. Biopolymer solutions and their cross-linkers were prepared, and the urea fertiliser was coated using a laboratory-scale coating drum. The chemical structure of the coated urea fertiliser was determined using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and its morphology was examined with a Scanning Electron Microscope. The water-holding capacity in the soil and the ammonia released into the atmosphere were also analysed. The results indicated that the most effective biopolymer coating type for the slow-release mechanism of urea was pectin at a 1 % coating ratio on the fertiliser granules. The concentration of ammonia released from the soil and the water-holding capacity of the soil treated with biopolymer-coated urea fertiliser were tested through various experiments, and the results were analysed statistically. According to the statistical analysis, the 1 % pectin-coated urea fertiliser yielded the best results in both experiments, with an ammonia release value of 246.66 ppm and an evaporation rate of 67.84 % at the end of 30 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to potassium persulfate's excessive reaction speed and severe impact on the soil environment, slowing down the reaction rate and reducing its environmental impact is an important but challenging matter. Hence, microencapsulation technology was taken to modify potassium persulfate, and potassium persulfate microcapsules were used to remediate the PAHs-contaminated soil. The results of XRD and an infrared spectrum identified that the core material (potassium persulfate) exists after being encapsulated by the wall material (stearic acid), and there was no chemical reaction between the core material and wall material. The results of the sustained release effect and kinetic equation showed that the release rate of the potassium persulfate microcapsules was close to 60% after 48 h, and it had a good sustained-release effect compared with previous studies. The results of the radical probe revealed that the free radicals produced from potassium persulfate microcapsules activated by Fe2+ were the main reasons for the degradation of PAHs, and SO4−· played the most important major role in the degradation of PAHs, followed by ·OH, and the reducing substances also played an auxiliary role. The results also suggested that potassium persulfate microcapsules not only degraded PAHs in soil (53.6% after 72 h) but also had fewer negative effects on the environment, and they even promoted the growth and development of microorganisms and increased the germination rate of seeds due to the slow-release effect of the microcapsules. This work reveals the degradation mechanism of potassium persulfate microcapsules and provides a new amendment of potassium persulfate in the remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hyaluronic acid/ɛ-polylysine based hydrogels were prepared via dual-click strategy in one pot. • The hydrogels contain slide-ring structures with polyrotaxanes as a slidable crosslinker. • The hydrogels exhibited excellent pH responsiveness, and self-healing behavior. • The hydrogels possessed good biocompatibility and could use for drug-carrier. A new type of pH-sensitive hydrogel containing supramolecular structures was fabricated from maleimide-functionalized polyrotaxane, ɛ-polylysine and furan-functionalized hyaluronic acid by Diels-Alder reaction and amino-maleimide reaction. Firstly, pseudo polyrotaxane was obtained through self-assembly of polyethylene glycol and α-cyclodextrin, and then capped with 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid to convert it into polyrotaxane. Secondly, a maleimide-functionalized slidable crosslinker was obtained by modifying the polyrotaxane with 3-maleimide propionic acid, and furan-functionalized hyaluronic acid was prepared by modifying it with 2-furanmethylamine. Thirdly, the hydrogel cotaining supramolecular structures was fabricated from the prepared slidable crosslinker, ɛ-polylysine, and furan-functionalized hyaluronic acid in mixed solvent of water and N, N -dimethylformamide. Taking gel mass fraction and swelling ratio as two indicators, the formation parameters of hydrogel were optimized through single- factor experiments. The pH-sensitivity, rheological properties, self-healing performance, and degradation behavior of the hydrogel were investigated. Cytotoxicity assay, live/dead stains, and hemolysis assay were done to verify the biocompatibility of the hydrogel. Finally, the slow-release behavior of the hydrogel containing lidocaine hydrochloride was studied. The hydrogel possesses good biocompatibility, pH-sensitivity, self-healing behavior, degradation, and drug-controlled release, and can find broad application in biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that many vitamins can be easily degraded, developing ways to avoid the degradation process and the availability of these vitamins is essential. Thus, this study aims to use layered zinc hydroxysalt (LHS) as a slow-release option that provides thermal stability for administering vitamins. Two compounds were synthesized, LHS/B3-1, which presented basal spacing of 9.63 Å, corresponding to a vitamin monolayer, and LHS/B3-2, which is a mixture of two phases, one with a basal distance of 9.92 Å and a secondary one with a basal distance of 15.43 Å, corresponding to a vitamin monolayer and bilayer, respectively. After intercalation, an increase of 175 °C in the thermal stability of vitamin B3 was observed, occasioned by the interaction with the layers of the matrix. Vitamin B3 was slowly released from LHS/B3-1 and LHS/B3-2, and 68.8% and 56.9% were released in 44 h, respectively. The release of the vitamin from LHS/B3-1 and LHS/B3-2 was divided into three stages. The results suggest that surface diffusion is initially involved in the release of B3 from intercalation products, where the anion dissociates from the surface of LHSs, followed by B3 release controlled by a diffusion process via intra-particle or surface diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop a high stability slow-release solid chlorine dioxide preservative for fresh-cut broccoli preservation, sodium chlorite was used as the main material, tartaric acid was used as activator, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylamide and sodium bicarbonate were used as slow-release agents, sodium chloride and calcium chloride were used as stabilizers. And the formula of preservative were optimized by single factors combined with orthogonal test. The results showed that the optimal mass ratio of chlorine dioxide slow-release preservative was sodium chlorite:tartaric acid:sodium bicarbonate:sodium chloride:calcium chloride:sodium carboxymethyl cellulose:polyacrylamide=2:3:1:1:0.6:2.5:0.4, and the slow-release time of chlorine dioxide gas was up to 15 d. The preservative effectively delayed the yellowing of fresh-cut broccoli, maintained higher hardness, soluble solids and chlorophyll content, significantly (P

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Objectives: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a severe condition primarily affecting premature infants with a gestational age (GA) of 30 weeks or less and a birth weight (BW) of 1500 g or less. The objective of this review is to examine the risk factors, pathogenesis, and current treatments for ROP, such as cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, and anti-VEGF therapy, while exploring the limitations of these approaches. Additionally, this review evaluates emerging nanotherapeutic strategies to address these challenges, aiming to improve ROP management. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather data on the pathogenesis, traditional treatment methods, and novel nanotherapeutic approaches for ROP. This included assessing the efficacy and safety profiles of cryotherapy, laser treatment, anti-VEGF therapy, and nanotherapies currently under investigation. Results: Traditional treatments, while effective in reducing disease progression, exhibit limitations, including long-term complications, tissue damage, and systemic side effects. Nanotherapeutic approaches, on the other hand, have shown potential in offering targeted drug delivery with reduced systemic toxicity, improved ocular drug penetration, and sustained release, which could decrease the frequency of treatments and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Conclusions: Nanotherapies represent a promising advancement in ROP treatment, offering safer and more effective management strategies. These innovations could address the limitations of traditional therapies, reducing complications and improving outcomes for premature infants affected by ROP. Further research is needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) benefit from the introduction of iron in the anode, as its multiple valence states and high electron‐catalytic activity led to improved power densities in MFCs. However, the effect of long‐term Fe3+ release into the electrolyte on the power density of MFCs is often overlooked. Herein, an anode consisting of a three‐dimensional iron foam uniformly coated by reduced graphene oxide (rGO/IF) with a suitable loading density (8 g/m2) and a large specific surface area (0.05 m2/g) for high‐density bacterial loading was prepared. The hybrid cells based on the rGO/IF anode exhibit a maximum power density of 5330 ± 76 mW/m2 contributed by MFCs and galvanic cells. The rGO/IF anode enables continuous Fe3+ release for high electron‐catalytic activity in the electrolyte during the discharging of the galvanic cells. As a result, the hybrid cells showed a power density of 2107 ± 64 mW/m2 after four cycles, facilitated through reversible conversion between Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the electrolyte to accelerate electron transfer efficiency. The results indicate that the rGO/IF anode can be used for designing and fabricating high‐power MFCs by optimizing the rate of release of Fe3+ in the electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is a synthesis of suitable hydrogel to produce slow‐release fertilizer using recycled cellulose which is obtained from waste paper. For this purpose, initially, we extracted alpha cellulose from waste paper and modified it to obtain carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Then, the CMC was converted to a suitable hydrogel through in situ graft copolymerization of acrylic acid and vinyl acetate in the presence of methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker. The various factors that affect hydrogel synthesis, such as the amounts of CMC, monomers, initiator, and crosslinker, were evaluated. In the optimized formulation, the weight ratio of monomers to CMC is 7, the molar ratio of monomers to each other is 1, and the crosslinker is used as 3 molar percent of monomers. The products were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope analyses. The swelling behavior of the synthesized hydrogels was evaluated in different environments, such as distilled water, tap water, salt water, and different pH levels. The swelling ratio increases with an increase in pH level. Between the synthesized hydrogels, the best one was selected for slow‐release fertilizer production and loaded with 20‐20‐20 fertilizer (NPK), and the release behavior was evaluated. In an alkaline pH, there was a long time for NPK release within a slow‐release medium and even after 361 h, the release process was continued. Also, the performance of the fertilizer‐loaded hydrogel in soil using water holding capacity and water retention ratio tests were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites are aluminosilicates with a lattice structure consisting of tetrahedral AlO4 and SiO4 molecules. Due to the lattice structure of zeolites, there are many areas of use from agriculture to industry and studies continue in these areas. In addition, they are used as herbicides, pesticides, and plant nutrient carriers because of their adsorption properties. One of the main issues that is focused is that zeolite, which is loaded with plant nutrients, spreads its content to the soil over time with a slow release mechanism. Even when zeolite is mixed directly with soil, it affects the use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil. In addition, if there is heavy metal pollution in the soil, it also collects them. Additionally, as a result of research studies, it is seen that zeolite mixed with soil is effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity and drought stress on plants. Zeolites are seen to have positive effects in many areas in the agricultural field. In this review, the use of zeolite in the agricultural field has been investigated in a multifaceted way, and the results of the studies have been compiled. We compiled the use of zeolite in agriculture. We have compiled the herbicide, pesticide, and fungicide carrier properties of zeolite. We compiled the plant nutrient carrier properties of zeolite. We compiled the effects of zeolite on nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium usage in the soil. We compiled the response of plants to zeolite under different stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emamectin benzoate-inclusive nanocapsule particles (EB-NC) were developed to improve the conductivity of emamectin benzoate (EB) within Pinus massoniana Lamb. and to enhance the efficacy of pine wood nematode disease control. The EB-NC granules (purified amount 22.57% EB) were prepared by emulsion polymerization method combined with freeze-drying technique. The appearance and particle size of EB-NC were analyzed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the results showed that EN-NC was 100-200 nm and spherical. The slow-release performance of EB-NC particles was analyzed by dynamic analysis method, and the results showed that the cumulative EB release rates of EB-NC at 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h were 8.91%, 15.61%, 23.75%, 43.08%, and 77.55%. The average EB residues of EB-NC particles in pine trees were detected by HPLC method in spring and summer after trunk injection application to study the conduction distribution. The results showed that the average residues of EB in the lower, middle, and upper branches of the tree were 1.95, 3.44, and 7.64 mg/kg 90 d after the trunk injection application in spring to P. massoniana Lamb., and 0.67, 1.72, and 0.60 mg/kg 90 d after the trunk injection application in summer. The study showed that EB-NC particles with small particle size and large specific surface area could slowly release the active ingredients of the agent, and rapidly conduct in the ponytail pines after trunk injection application. This study provides a new idea and basis for the year-round control of pine wood nematode disease by trunk injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology is the property of Journal of Food Science & Biotechnology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to obtain drug-releasing nanofiber membranes with stable release rates, polylactic acid (PLA) was used as the raw material. The nanofiber membranes with a core-sheath structure were prepared using the coaxial electrospinning process. The chemical structure, hydrophilic performance, antibacterial property and medicine slow release property of electrospun nanofiber membranes prepared with different injection speeds for surface layer and core layer were analyzed. Results showed that the composite antibacterial agent Ag@TP had a uniform distribution and high purity, and it could be successfully incorporated into the electrospun nanofiber membranes. When the injection velocity ratio of surface layer and core layer was 3:1, the diameter distribution of the prepared nanofiber was more uniform. The nanofiber had a larger specific surface area due to rough surface, which could adsorb more bacteria on the fiber membrane for the same condition. Meanwhile, its hydrophobic property was strong and the breaking elongation was reached to the maximum. It is considered that the coaxial electrospun nanofiber membrane with the surface core structure can effectively alleviate the problem of burst release issues compared with the blended structure nanofiber membrane. It can better achieve sustained release of the antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bioactive agents have demonstrated regenerative potential for cell-free bone tissue engineering. Nevertheless, certain challenges persist, including ineffective delivery methods and confined therapeutic potency. Here, we demonstrated that the biomimetic calcium phosphate coating system (BioCaP) could effectively uptake and slowly release the incorporated bioactive agents compared to the surface absorption system via osteoclast-mediated degradation of BioCaP coatings. The release kinetics were determined as a function of time. The release rate was stable without remarkable burst release during the first 1 day, followed by a sustained release from day 7 to day 19. Then, we developed the bi-functional BioCaP-coated silk fibroin scaffolds enabling the effective co-delivery of TGF-β3 and BMP-2 (SFI-T/SFI-B) and the corresponding slow release of TGF-β3 and BMP-2 exhibited superior potential in promoting chondrogenesis and osteogenesis without impairing cell vitality in vitro. The SFI-T/SFI-B scaffolds could improve cartilage and bone regeneration in 5 × 4 mm rabbit osteochondral (OC) defect. These findings indicate that the biomimetic calcium-phosphate coated silk fibroin scaffolds with slowly co-released TGF-β3 and BMP-2 effectively promote the repair of OC defects, hence facilitating the future clinical translation of controlled drug delivery in tissue engineering. Graphic Abstract

为了提高染料木素（Gen）的生物利用率以及为脂溶性生物活性物质在新型功能食品中的开发提供参考，采用薄膜分散法，以大豆卵磷脂和胆固醇为原料，制备了负载Gen的纳米脂质体（Gen@Lip），并对其基本指标、结构、储存稳定性、体外释放特性和抗炎活性进行分析。结果表明：制备的Gen@Lip的Gen负载量为36%，Gen@Lip的平均粒径为（242.73±2.03）nm，多分散指数为0.32，Zeta-电位为（-16.33±1.16）mV；结构表征结果证实Gen被有效包埋在Gen@Lip中；Gen@Lip具有良好的储存稳定性；Gen@Lip能够有效地通过胃进入到肠道实现缓释作用；相较于游离的Gen，Gen@Lip对Raw 264.7细胞有更强的抑炎效果，且在使用范围（＜100 μmol/L）内无毒副作用。综上，所制备的Gen@Lip可提高Gen的生物利用率，并具有明显的抗炎效果。To improve the bioavailability of genistein (Gen)as well as to provide a reference for the development of lipid-soluble bioactive substances in novel functional foods, nanoliposomes loaded with Gen (Gen@Lip) were prepared by film dispersion method using soy lecithin and cholesterol as raw materials, and their basic indexes, structure, storage stability, in vitro release characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity were investigated. The results showed that the Gen loading, average particle size, polydispersity index, and Zeta potential of the prepared Gen@Lip was 36%, (242.73±2.03) nm, 0.32 and (-16.33±1.16) mV, respectively. The structural characterization results confirmed that Gen was effectively embedded in Gen@Lip, and Gen@Lip had good storage stability. Gen@Lip was able to efficiently pass through the stomach to enter into the intestines to achieve a slow release effect. Compared with free Gen, Gen@Lip had a stronger anti-inflammatory effect on the Raw 264.7 cells and had no toxic side effects within the range of use (＜100 μmol/L). In conclusion, the Gen@Lip prepared can improve the bioavailability of Gen and has significant anti-inflammatory effects.

Bioactive agents have demonstrated regenerative potential for cell-free bone tissue engineering. Nevertheless, certain challenges persist, including ineffective delivery methods and confined therapeutic potency. Here, we demonstrated that the biomimetic calcium phosphate coating system (BioCaP) could effectively uptake and slowly release the incorporated bioactive agents compared to the surface absorption system via osteoclast-mediated degradation of BioCaP coatings. The release kinetics were determined as a function of time. The release rate was stable without remarkable burst release during the first 1 day, followed by a sustained release from day 7 to day 19. Then, we developed the bi-functional BioCaP-coated silk fibroin scaffolds enabling the effective co-delivery of TGF-β3 and BMP-2 (SFI-T/SFI-B) and the corresponding slow release of TGF-β3 and BMP-2 exhibited superior potential in promoting chondrogenesis and osteogenesis without impairing cell vitality in vitro. The SFI-T/SFI-B scaffolds could improve cartilage and bone regeneration in 5 × 4 mm rabbit osteochondral (OC) defect. These findings indicate that the biomimetic calcium-phosphate coated silk fibroin scaffolds with slowly co-released TGF-β3 and BMP-2 effectively promote the repair of OC defects, hence facilitating the future clinical translation of controlled drug delivery in tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in which polymeric nanoparticles are used in drug delivery have been one of the subjects of interest in recent years. In this study, histidine-containing polymeric nanoparticles [poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-N-methacryloylamido histidine methyl ester)] were synthesized by surfactant free emulsion polymerization method. Ciprofloxacin was loaded onto the HPCNs surface [CIP-HCPNs]. In the characterization of CIP-HCPNs, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-infrared analysis, surface area calculations and zeta potential analysis were used. FT-IR data of histidine-free polymeric nanoparticles [HFPNs] and HCPNs demonstrated the successful addition of Histidine to polymeric nanoparticles. SEM images showed that CIP-HCPNs had a size of 131.2 nm with a spherical shape. As a result of Zeta potential studies, the polydispersity index (PDI) of CIP-HCPNs was found to be 0.11, indicating that CIP-HCPNs have a narrowly spaced size distribution. CIP release from CIP-HCNPs showed slow-release properties. At pH 7.4, cumulative CIP release from CIP-HCPNs was 96% (283.35 mg/g) within 6 h, with full drug release achieved at 24 h. It was stated that the drug release kinetic data obtained from CIP release experiments fit the Hixson-Crowell model, and in this model, CIP release from CIP-HCPNs occurred as the square root of the time dependent process based on Fickian diffusion. As a result, CIP-HCNPs developed in the current study, it can be said that it is suitable for drug release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using urea as raw material, synergist was added and synergist nitrogen was prepared by disk granulation method・ The effects of synergist type, synergist amount, binder amount and binder type on the slow release of urea products were investigated・ The structure-activity relationship of the product was analyzed by means of SEM, FTIR and other technical means, combined w让h the average particle strength and other properties. The results showed that in the static water environment, the slow-release performance of the fertilizer prepared by 5% boric acid as the synergist and 5% CaCl2 as the binder the best, and the slow:release amount was only 81. 54% within 7 d(the slow-release amount of urea group was 100%). SEM results showed that the fertilizer samples prepared under the optimal conditions formed a three-dimensional network structure・ FTIR results showed that the introduction of calcium ions in the sample, under the double action of synergist and binder, the urea structure was changed, and the nitrogen release performance of the sample was improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilizer has been the ever-increasing demand in agricultural production in recent years, particularly with the escalating demand for food. Simultaneously, the low efficiency of nutrient utilization and environmental risks of fertilizers have posed substantial challenges in the world. Alternatively, polymer-coated fertilizers can play a pivotal role in nutrient utilization efficiency, thus reducing the fertilizer application rates and environmental pollution risks. This study aims to improve the membrane materials of typical polymer-coated fertilizers for the high nutrient utilization efficiency in conventional fertilizers. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was also employed as the membrane substrate, in order to relieve the secondary pollution and uncontrollable nutrient release rates. Three types of membranes—PVA/CS membrane, PVA/CS/GA membrane, and PVA/CS/GA/nano SiO2 membrane—were prepared using three methods: blending with chitosan (CS), crosslinking with glutaraldehyde (GA), and incorporating nano SiO2. Additionally, pure PVA membranes were prepared for comparison. The four types of membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), water absorption (Q), biodegradability (De), and nutrient permeability coefficient (Ps). Results indicated that there were excellent dispersion and compatibility of nano SiO2 in the PVA/CS membrane solution. Furthermore, the biodegradation rates of the four membranes also exhibited gradual increments during the initial 21 days. Subsequently, biodegradation rates escalated rapidly from the 21st to the 56th day, followed by a slower growth rate after the 56th day. The CS was incorporated to enhance the membrane biodegradation rates, while the GA crosslinking contributed to the less membrane biodegradation in soil. However, the addition of nano SiO2 had minimally impacted the membrane biodegradation rates. Overall, all four membranes displayed favorable biodegradability, with the biodegradation rates ranging from 30% to 60% within 77 days. The water absorption of PVA/CS, PVA/CS/GA, and PVA/CS/GA/nano SiO2 membranes decreased by 43.00%, 68.79%, and 82.73%, respectively, compared with the PVA membranes. Furthermore, the nutrient permeability coefficients of PVA/CS/GA and PVA/CS/GA/nano SiO2 membranes decreased by 48.51% and 57.59%, respectively, compared with the PVA/CS membranes. Therefore, the addition of CS, GA crosslinking, and nano SiO2 all contributed to the hydrophobicity of PVA membranes. Four types of coated urea (PCU) particles—PCU-PVA, PCU-PVA/CS, PCU-PVA/CS/GA, and PCU-PVA/CS/GA/nano SiO2—were prepared, where these membrane solutions were applied to the urea particles using a drum coating machine. The nitrogen release behavior was evaluated using the soil burial. The time required for the nitrogen release of the four PCUs to reach 90% varied significantly, recorded at 5, 11, 23, and 28 days, respectively. On the 5th day, the nitrogen released from PCU-PVA was the highest at 90.64%, whereas the lowest was from PCU-PVA/CS/GA/nano SiO2 at 49.32%. The CS, GA crosslinking and nano SiO2 enhanced the membrane hydrophobicity, which in turn reduced the nitrogen release rate. The nitrogen release behavior of all four PCUs followed a first-order kinetic model, with the release rate constants (k) decreasing progressively—0.3 654, 0.2 333, 0.1 127, and 0.0 926, respectively—and correlating linearly with the nutrient permeability coefficient (Ps) of the membranes. The correlation coefficient (R²) was impressively high at 0.9 991. A series of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan coating materials were introduced with excellent biodegradability and controllable nutrient release rates, suitable for use in polymer-coated fertilizers. These materials were effectively applied in the production of coated urea particles. A first-order kinetic model of PCU nitrogen release was established with the membrane nutrient permeability coefficient as a key parameter, in order to more efficiently and effectively guide the application of PCU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of fertilizer technology is directed towards the production and application of slow or controlled fertilizers. In order to prevent these losses and difficulties, slow and controlled release fertilizers can be produced. Slow or controlled release fertilizers are fertilizers that can be in organic or inorganic form, in solid or liquid form, release the nutrients they contain more slowly than conventional fertilizers, depending on water dissolution, microbial decomposition, growing environment conditions, and thus provide a longer lasting effect. Thus, it is possible to provide the plant with the necessary plant nutrients during the growth period. In this study, three different elements were bound to sugar beet pulp modified with citric acid and their dissolution tendencies were investigated in different environments from the material to which the elements were attached. The dissolution trends were chosen to reflect the natural medium as best as possible. The best dissolution tendencies for all 3 elements were realized in percolations made with EDTA solutions. After the EDTA solution, the dissolution tendencies obtained in the study are followed by citric acid solution, humic acid solution, buffer solution, tap water, and pure water, respectively. The media that best represent the soil solution are tap water, humic acid, and citric acid solutions. Therefore, these two environments are of great importance for the study. It was determined that the modified sugar beet pulp binds these metal ions at the rate of 108.2, 87.1, and 45.7 mg/g, respectively, by contacting with Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ solutions for 24 h. The dissolution tendencies of this metal-bound bonded material in different environments were investigated. After the EDTA solution, the dissolution tendencies obtained in the study are followed by citric acid solution, humic acid solution, buffer solution, tap water, and pure water, respectively. The media that best represent the soil solution are tap water, humic acid, and citric acid solutions. Therefore, these two environments are of great importance for the study. In the light of these results, it has been shown that modified sugar beet pulp with copper, zinc, and manganese binding can be used effectively as a slow dissolving micronutrient fertilizer in soils with trace element deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) benefit from the introduction of iron in the anode, as its multiple valence states and high electron‐catalytic activity led to improved power densities in MFCs. However, the effect of long‐term Fe3+ release into the electrolyte on the power density of MFCs is often overlooked. Herein, an anode consisting of a three‐dimensional iron foam uniformly coated by reduced graphene oxide (rGO/IF) with a suitable loading density (8 g/m2) and a large specific surface area (0.05 m2/g) for high‐density bacterial loading was prepared. The hybrid cells based on the rGO/IF anode exhibit a maximum power density of 5330 ± 76 mW/m2 contributed by MFCs and galvanic cells. The rGO/IF anode enables continuous Fe3+ release for high electron‐catalytic activity in the electrolyte during the discharging of the galvanic cells. As a result, the hybrid cells showed a power density of 2107 ± 64 mW/m2 after four cycles, facilitated through reversible conversion between Fe3+ and Fe2+ in the electrolyte to accelerate electron transfer efficiency. The results indicate that the rGO/IF anode can be used for designing and fabricating high‐power MFCs by optimizing the rate of release of Fe3+ in the electrolyte.

ABSTRACT Alternative materials can be used to reduce reliance on mining for P-based fertilizers. In this sense, the pyrolysis process of bovine bones produces the “bone char”, which can be used as a source of P. This study aimed to characterize bone char and conduct a comparative analysis with both soluble (triple superphosphate) and non-soluble (Bayóvar phosphate rock) phosphate fertilizers, specifically examining its behavior in soil and uptake by plants. Bone char characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive (SEM-EDS). The XRD analyses have shown the presence of hydroxyapatite in the bone char, bands assigned to P-O stretching from phosphate have been observed in ATR-FTIR, and Ca, P, C, and O elements were identified in the materials by EDS analyses. Solubility from fertilizer extractants was higher for bone char compared to Bayóvar, and both sources showed lower solubility compared to triple superphosphate. Cumulative amount of P released from bone char was higher than Bayóvar and lower than triple superphosphate. Amount of total dry matter, total shoot P uptake, and total shoot Ca uptake were higher for triple superphosphate compared to bone char and Bayóvar. Release profile of P from bone char strongly suggests this material can be used as a slow-release P source, with intermediate solubility between soluble and non-soluble commercialized sources.

Single dose slow-release vaccines herald a new era in vaccine administration. An ideal device for slow-release vaccine delivery would be minimally invasive and self-administered, making these approaches an attractive alternative for mass vaccination programs, particularly during the time of a pandemic. In this review article, we discuss the latest advances in this field, specifically for prophylactic vaccines able to prevent infectious diseases. Recent studies have found that slow-release vaccines elicit better immune responses and often do not require cold chain transportation and storage, thus drastically reducing the cost, streamlining distribution, and improving efficacy. This promise has attracted significant attention, especially when poor patient compliance of the standard multidose vaccine regimes is considered. Single dose slow-release vaccines are the next generation of vaccine tools that could overcome most of the shortcomings of present vaccination programs and be the next platform technology to combat future pandemics. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.

Abstract Slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) play an essential and necessary role in sustainable agriculture. Using slow-release and environment friendly fertilizers can increase the growth of plants and reduce the loss of nutrients. Considering the deficiency of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in calcareous soils, a slow-release fertilizer was prepared based on the polymeric nanocomposite, which contains NPK, Fe, and Zn. Its potential was evaluated on tomato plant growth by conducting an experiment in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. Two levels of salinity (2 and 5 ds m−1, two types of soil texture) clay loam and sandy loam) and five levels of fertilizers were examined in the experiment. To this, the graphene oxide-chitosan coated-humic acid@Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@HA@GO-Cs), and the graphene oxide-chitosan coated-ammonium zinc phosphate (AZP@GO-Cs) were used as Fe and Zn sources, respectively. Then, the optimal Fe and Zn fertilizers in the presence of urea, phosphorus, and potassium slow- release fertilizers (SRF) were investigated under greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that the best improvement in growth and nutrient uptake in plants was achieved by using the SRF. Notably, in the shoots of tomato plants, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Fe, and Zn concentration increased by 44, 66, 46, 75, and 74% compared to the control. The use of nanofertilizer can be an effective, biocompatible, and economical option to provide Fe and Zn demand in plants.

Inefficiencies in fertilization practices have become a substantial issue within current agricultural techniques. The inappropriate use of fertilizers can negatively impact both crop productivity and soil fertility. The aim of this research is to identify the efficiency of utilizing slow-release NPK tablet fertilizers supplemented with biofertilizers in maize crops. The experimental design incorporated a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of nine combinations of fertilizer dosages between NPK tablet fertilizers and biofertilizers. The efficiency of fertilizer use can be seen from the RAE value of more than 100% shown by the NPK Tablet treatment which requires only one application compared to the recommended fertilizer, urea, and NPK Phonska which requires twice applications. Furthermore, optimization of the application of biofertilizer can be seen in the RSE value of more than 100% shown in the application of LBA biofertilizer together with NPK Tablets so that the application of biofertilizer is considered capable of increasing the efficiency of using inorganic fertilizers such as NPK Tablets.

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polymer Materials Science & Engineering is the property of Sichuan University, Polymer Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Puerarin (Pue) is a naturally bioactive compound with many potential functions in regulating blood glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the low bioavailability and rapid elimination in vivo limit the application of Pue in diabetic treatment. Here, we developed a metal-polyphenol-functionalized microgel to effectively deliver Pue in vivo and eventually alleviate the onset of diabetes. Pue was initially encapsulated in alginate beads through electrospray technology, and further immersed in Fe3+ and tannic acid solution from tannic acid (TA)–iron (Fe) coatings (TF). These constructed Pue@SA-TF microgels exhibited uniform spheres with an average size of 367.89 ± 18.74 µm and high encapsulation efficiency of Pue with 61.16 ± 1.39%. In vivo experiments proved that compared with free Pue and microgels without TF coatings, the biological distribution of Pue@SA-TF microgels specifically accumulated in the small intestine, prolonged the retention time of Pue, and achieved a high effectiveness in vivo. Anti-diabetic experimental results showed that Pue@SA-TF microgels significantly improved the levels of blood glucose, blood lipid, and oxidative stress in diabetic mice. Meanwhile, histopathological observations indicated that Pue@SA-TF microgels could significantly alleviate the damage to the liver, kidney, and pancreas in diabetic mice. Our study provided an effective strategy for oral delivery of Pue and achieved high anti-diabetic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) play an essential and necessary role in sustainable agriculture. Using slow-release and environment friendly fertilizers can increase the growth of plants and reduce the loss of nutrients. Considering the deficiency of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in calcareous soils, a slow-release fertilizer was prepared based on the polymeric nanocomposite, which contains NPK, Fe, and Zn. Its potential was evaluated on tomato plant growth by conducting an experiment in a factorial completely randomized design with three replications. Two levels of salinity (2 and 5 ds m−1, two types of soil texture) clay loam and sandy loam) and five levels of fertilizers were examined in the experiment. To this, the graphene oxide-chitosan coated-humic acid@Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@HA@GO-Cs), and the graphene oxide-chitosan coated-ammonium zinc phosphate (AZP@GO-Cs) were used as Fe and Zn sources, respectively. Then, the optimal Fe and Zn fertilizers in the presence of urea, phosphorus, and potassium slow- release fertilizers (SRF) were investigated under greenhouse conditions. The results indicated that the best improvement in growth and nutrient uptake in plants was achieved by using the SRF. Notably, in the shoots of tomato plants, the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Fe, and Zn concentration increased by 44, 66, 46, 75, and 74% compared to the control. The use of nanofertilizer can be an effective, biocompatible, and economical option to provide Fe and Zn demand in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Dehydrated alginate beads formulated with copper were synthesized and tested as a feed additive to influence the microbiota in finishing pigs and potentially use them as a preharvest intervention to reduce fecal pathogen shedding. The efficacy of the copper beads was tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Salmonella was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when in contact with the copper beads solution for up to 6 h, with a 5.4 log CFU/mL reduction over the first hour. Chemical analysis of the soak solutions demonstrated the beads delivered their copper payload gradually over the same period the bactericidal effect was observed. For the in vivo experiments, pigs (n = 48) supplemented with the copper beads experienced significant shifts in their microbiota. Enterobacteriaceae (EB) increased by 1.07 log CFU/g (P < 0.05), while lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased by 1.22 log CFU/g (P < 0.05) during the treatment period. When beads were removed from the feed, EB and LAB concentrations returned to baseline, indicating copper beads led to measurable and significant changes in microbial loads. Fecal microbiome analysis conducted to explore additional changes by copper bead supplementation demonstrated that, at the phylum level, there was an increase in Firmicutes, Euryarchaeota, and Acidobacteriota, while at the genus level, an increase in Methanosphaera and Pseudomonas was observed. Measures of copper in swine feces showed values ~20 times higher in the treatment group than in the control group during the treatment period, suggesting that dehydrated alginate copper beads were effective in delivering antimicrobial copper to the animal hindgut.IMPORTANCECopper has long been known to have antimicrobial properties. However, when water-soluble salts are fed to livestock, the copper may rapidly dissolve in gastric contents and fail to reach the gut. Here, specially formulated copper beads are seamlessly incorporated into feed and allow copper to remain longer in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, reach deep into both the foregut and hindgut, and shift microbial populations. The technology delivers antimicrobial copper to the animal hindgut and potentially reduces pathogenic microorganisms before animal slaughter.

During recent years, the development of drug delivery systems based on polymers has created powerful carriers for smart application in nanomedicine for the treatment of diseases. Based on this, the design of polymers that contain various active functional groups to create a suitable interaction with the drug for its loading and release has been considered. Generally, more porosity for more drug loading, biocompatibility of the desired polymer and more water absorption lead to better performance in drug permeation and release.In this research, the preparation of a template with a high internal phase emulsion (PolyHIPEs) based on polyacrylamide grafting onto sodium alginate (SA) biopolymer via free radical polymerization and PolyHIPEs method of oil-in-water emulsion type is presented. In this work, porous hydrogel with high water swelling (absorption) was prepared by using different concentrations of acrylamide (AAm), surface active agent, cross-linking agent and initiator. The highest equilibrium water swelling value of synthetic porous hydrogel with HIPEs method was 280 g/g, while the water swelling value of prepared hydrogel without HIPEs method was 25 g/g. The open-cell porous hydrogel with water swelling of 280, has average pores of 5-10 μm, 200 nm windows and porosity of 80-85%. Modern instrumental methods such as SEM, AFM, FT-IR, BET and TGA were used to identify the porous hydrogel of PolyHIPEs. The loading and controlled release of the doxorubicin anticancer drug was performed on the optimum porous hydrogel in laboratory conditions. The results showed that smart SA-g-PAAm hydrogel is suitable for drug release at 41 °C and pH 5.5 (cancer cell conditions).

A major portion of phosphatic fertilizer comes from the limiting natural resource, rock phosphate, which demands a timely alternative. Struvite, a crystalline mineral of low solubility, is a worthwhile alternative. Evaluation of the local wastewater streams for their ability to precipitate struvite and its capability as phosphatic fertilizer under an alkaline soil environment was studied. Two stirring speeds, a pH range of 8.0–11.0, and a constant molar ratio were used to optimize local wastewater streams for struvite precipitation. Struvite was used in five different combinations to assess the release of phosphorus (P), including control (no P source), single superphosphate, struvite, struvite + sulfur, and rock phosphate with or without inoculation of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB). For struvite precipitation, low stirring speeds are ideal because the precipitates readily sink to the bottom once they form. Furthermore, the amalgamation of SOB with sulfur significantly improved P use efficiency under alkaline soils through increased phosphorus sources solubility and enabled optimum wheat production due to its low solubility in an alkaline soil condition. Due to its capacity to recycle phosphorus from wastewater, struvite is poised to emerge as a sustainable fertilizer and had an opportunity to capture a share of this expanding market. HIGHLIGHTS Wastewater characteristics and effects of increasing pH levels on P and N removal.; The effects of stirring speeds and pH levels on MAP precipitation.; Relationship of pH levels with N and P removal and struvite production.; Various P sources effects on soil pH, both with and without SOB.; Struvite application and its impact.;

Agrochemicals are substances used to promote plant growth and eradicate pests; and are essential to meeting the world food demand both qualitatively and quantitatively. Unfortunately, their extensive usage has resulted in certain significant problems, i.e., soil contamination, bioaccumulation, and the development of pest resistance. Consequently, there is a need for a reduced and more regulated usage of agrochemicals. The development of sustainable nanomaterials is encouraged in agricultural nanotechnology to minimize the usage of conventional fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Metal-organic Framework (MOF)s are porous materials made of functional organic ligands and metal nodes or clusters connected by covalent bonds. Researchers are becoming increasingly interested in using MOF in a variety of sectors. The features of engineered MOFs have the potential to be an optimal strategy for producing impressively unique results in agricultural research. They also have advantages in terms of biocompatibility and biodegradability, which can be leveraged to boost the efficiency of traditional agrochemicals administration. Controlled release of agrochemicals offers an innovative solution to decrease the nutrient uptake rates and contamination of the environment. The application of MOF nanoparticles as nanocarriers to modify the loading and release properties of agrochemicals is particularly highlighted in this review.

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers causes serious environmental hazards, as only a fraction is really adsorbed by the soil. As part of the solution, the feasibility of using unmodified (UNZC) and surfactant-modified natural zeolite-based composite (SMNZC) fertilizers as support materials for the provision of nutrients to soil on a slow release basis was assessed using column and pot experiments. The characterization of the zeolite materials was done using powder XRD, XRF, SEM, BET, and TGA instruments. The percentage of cationic nutrients released from soil columns containing UNZC increased over time. Their release from SMNZC initially slowed down and became stable as the number of days increased. The percentage of N–NO3− and available P released from UNZC has constantly decreased with time. Their release from SMNZC increased as the number of days increased. The maximum P uptake by maize was observed for the soil treated with SMNZC, and there was no significant difference at all rates. The maximum uptake of Ca (3663.40 ppm), Mg (2617.34 ppm), and Fe (222.83 ppm) was observed at 250 kg/ha of UNZC. The highest uptake of K, Zn, and Cu was also observed for the soil amended with UNZC, irrespective of its application rate. Application of UNZC and SMNZC at the same rate equally affected total nitrogen uptake. Thus, this finding showed that UZNC is a better carrier of cationic nutrients, while SMNZC is preferable for the slow release of NO3− and available P. In conclusion, both the modified and unmodified support forms showed better performance than conventional fertilizer in delivering nutrients slowly and sustainably.

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biochar is a pyrolyzed product of organic matter having enormous potential for nutrient loading and enhancing nutrient use efficiency. In the present study, two enriched biochar (EB)-based fertilizers were prepared, having a fertilizer grade of 6–6-4 N-P2O5-K2O by intercalation of NPK fertilizers mixture solution as EB-1 and additional humic acid and seaweed extract with EB-1 as a formulation of EB-2. The batch experiments were conducted to compare nutrients (NH4+, NO3−, P, and K+) release patterns of developed fertilizers with conventional fertilizers. Enriched biochar fertilizers (EB) demonstrated a much slower release pattern of NH4+, P, and K+, but NO3− release was similar to conventional fertilizers. The total release of N from EB fertilizers was like conventional fertilizer; however, significantly less P and K were released during the period of 36 h. The field response study in direct-seeded rice revealed that the application of EB fertilizers 11.7–29.5, 32.9–64.0, and 31.4–38.0% higher apparent use efficiency of N, P, and K, respectively than conventional fertilizer at 100% application rate. This implies the possible utilization of EB fertilizers in sustainable rice production with reduced losses and enhanced nutrient use efficiency (NUE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urea has served as the primary nitrogenous fertilizer globally since the early 1950s. It is widely recognized as the most concentrated nitrogen source, containing approximately 46% nitrogen. Presently, around 220 million t/year of urea compounds are manufactured globally to fit the requirements of the agricultural sector. However, a significant drawback of this is that approximately 30–35% of the urea used in soil can be lost to the environment because of its limited effectiveness. Enhancing the efficiency of urea utilization can be achieved by regulating the release of urea-nitrogen in the soil. Numerous researchers have reported that the use of slow or controlled fertilizers can regulate the release and accumulation of nitrogen in the soil. Moreover, the augmentation of soil nitrogen levels can be accomplished by using the slow or controlled release of urea fertilizers. The regulation of the release process can play a vital role in the peril of N loss. This can be effectively alleviated by delaying the release of nitrogen in ammonium form configuration for several days. This delay functions to diminish nitrogen losses, which are caused by the rapid hydrolysis of urea, and loss by leaching or volatilization. Therefore, this review aims to comprehensively explore the use of conventional urea and various materials employed for modifying urea. It will explain the distinctions among modification processes and their respective mechanisms. This review will also discuss the pros and cons of applying slow- and controlled-release nitrogen, the impact of modified urea compounds on crop productivity, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an in‐depth study of the mechanism of cation release from carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels synthesized through Schiff base reaction, we analyze the differences in the release kinetics of potassium, calcium, and iron cations with Peleg model at pH values of pH 3.5 and pH 8.5 using ICP‐OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]