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The apple tree is the most common fruit crop in the temperate climate zone. Modern intensive fruit cultivation involves the use of new, highly productive cultivars and cultivation technologies, thanks to the creation of small crown shapes with an increased number of trees per hectare. Reducing planting patterns and creating more dense plantation systems can significantly improve their yields. However, the limiting factor that can reduce tree productivity and deteriorate fruit quality is the degree of crown illumination. Ensuring even access of sunlight to all parts of the crown is the main task in the formation and pruning trees. The study aimed to determine the effect of crown pruning at BBCH 0 (winter) and BBCH 74 (early summer) and various types of crown formation on the growth activity and productivity of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees. A significant decrease (20%) in the number of newly formed shoots in the form of the French axis crown compared to the ballerina and slender spindle crowns was found. However, their length and total growth were significantly higher. The formation of the ballerina crown (with the removal of overgrown wood in the 25 cm zone on the central conductor above the lower tier of semi-cross-branched branches) contributed to a decrease in shoot length and total growth. The introduction of crown pruning in the summer also improved crown illumination – shoot length decreased by 17% and total growth by 12%. Specific productivity per bole cross-section and total shoot length was the highest in ballerina crown trees, followed by trees with a slender spindle crown, and trees pruned in winter and summer.

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Hungarian sweet cherry production has been changed recently. Thanks to the favourable selling prices many new plantations were established in the last years. In the new orchards mainly spindle canopy are trained, although many type of crown forms are used all over the world. In our study slender spindle and bush canopy were evaluated with three cultivars (‘Petrus’, ‘Vera’, ‘Carmen’) grafted on Prunus mahaleb rootstock. Vigor of the 3-4 years old trees showed spectacular differences. The highest vigor with Spanish bush was found for cv. ‘Vera’, but on slender spindle canopy the thickness values were medium. Meanwhile cv. ‘Petrus’ showed the highest trunk thickness with spindle canopy, but the lowest with Spanish bush. On spindle canopy cv. ‘Carmen’ presented the highest ramification ability, but its 2-3 years old twigs started to bald very early, which can be considered an unfavorable phenomenon. Bush canopy still can be described with strong vegetative growth on 3-4 years old trees, as vigor of spindle trees are more moderate.

In our study slender spindle and bush canopy were evaluated with three cultivars ('Petrus', 'Vera', 'Carmen') grafted on Prunus mahaleb rootstock. Vigor of the 3-4 years old trees showed spectacular differences. The highest vigor with Spanish bush was found for cv. 'Vera', but on slender spindle canopy the thickness values were medium. Meanwhile cv. 'Petrus' showed the highest trunk thickness with spindle canopy, but the lowest with Spanish bush. On spindle canopy cv. 'Carmen' presented the highest ramification ability, but its 2-3 years old twigs started to bald very early, which can be considered an unfavorable phenomenon. Bush canopy still can be described with strong vegetative growth on 3-4 years old trees, as vigor of spindle trees are more moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is not a uniform accepted view in the world on the choice of a universal apple tree training system, because the vegetative and reproductive habits of the separate cultivars depend on the soil and climatic conditions of the countries where they are grown. The aim of the experiment was to study the effect of the training systems Slender spindle, Solen and Vertical axis on the growth and fruiting habits of the apple cultivar 'Braeburn' grafted on M9 rootstock and grown under the conditions in Bulgaria. The experimental plantation was established on the territory of the Fruit-Growing Institute in Plovdiv with geographical coordinates of 42°9′ N latitude, 24°45′ E longitude and 160 meters altitude. The study was carried out during the period 2013–2015, i.e. third-fi fth vegetation of the trees, covering the fi rst three fruiting seasons. The results obtained show that the largest average and cumulative yields per ha were harvested when Vertical Axis training system was used, which was due to the better reproductive habits of the trees in that variant and the larger number of trees per ha. Under the conditions of our country, tree training to Vertical Axis system is recommended for 'Braeburn' apple cultivar grafted on M9 rootstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparison between long (rich) and short (poor) pruning methods known as "Standard" and "Click" respectively, was performed on the cultivar Golden Delicious grafted on M9 rootstock. The cultivar was trained as Slender Spindle and Bi-axis systems. The experiment was conducted by using an integrated pest management system in the first two years followed by an organic method. Biometrical data in terms of trunk cross sectional area, height, width and depth of the trees and canopy volume were annually detected. Plants pruned with the Click method resulted more compact particularly in the Bi-axis, which had a significantly lower depth compared to the Slender Spindle training system. The increase of pruning severity in the Click method didn't affect fruit number and yield but led to increase mildly the fruit size. No differences were found between the training systems in terms of fruit size. Trees pruned with Click method resulted with a higher percentage of scab infection shoots after the primary infection even though this is a preliminary result because is related to one year only of observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Six peach varieties (’RedMoon’, ’Early Redhaven’, ’Rich Lady’, ’Suncrest’, ’Silver King’, ’Royal Glory’) grafted on seedling stock have been trained alternatively, to caldron (kettle) and to slender spindle, are compared in dormant stage regarding their variety-specific growing habits. According to our results, marked differences have been stated in vegetative vigour of varieties measured as the length, thickness and number of shoots. The caldron crowns displayed more vigour whereas the spindle trees produced more balanced and moderately growing shoots. The differences due to varieties were more conspicuous that due to the training. An intrinsic knowledge of growing habits of varieties may facilitate the development of variety-specific pruning technologies beginning with the training for crown forms.

Copyright of Erwerbs-Obstbau is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erwerbs-Obstbau is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The promoting of the apple growing in high density system represent a continuous activity of great interest also in Romania but also in the foreign countries with advanced fruit growing. At the Fruit Research and Development Station Bistrita in the year 2000 it has been established an apple orchard with the cultivars Generos and Florina, grafted on the rootstock M26. The researches have been effectuated on trees planted at two densities: 1666 and 2500 trees/per hectare. The training system of trees were slender spindle. The establishment of the experience was in randomized blocks with three repetitions. Every year there have been effectuated measurements of trunk girth, shoot length and after going into bearing, the weighing of the fruit production per tree and calculated per hectare. As a result of the performed researches, the obtained results show a productivity increasing at the Florina and Generos cultivars correlated with the increasing of the planted fruit trees number per hectare [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a 3-year trial involving 28 'Bosc' rootstock-training systems combinations, significant rootstock-training system induced differences occurred in all peel mineral elements measured for 'Bosc' pears. Significant combination × year interactions occurred in peel Ca and Fe. No one rootstock training system combination ranked either “highest” or “lowest” for nutrient content for all the elements evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In a 3-year trial involving 28 'Bosc' rootstock-training systems combinations, rootstock-training system induced differences were found in only three of the post-storage problem areas (decay, scab, and limb rub) studied for 'Bosc' pears. Significant differences occurred among years; however, no one year was considered “good” or “bad” for post-storage problems. Yearly patterns in post-storage problems varied with the problem. The significant differences that occurred between rootstock-training system combinations may have resulted from rootstock or training system combination effects on vigor or modification of the fruit nutrient content which was then related to the post-storage problem area. Significant combination x year interactions occurred for external cork spot and flesh browning. No one rootstock-training system combination had the greatest or least amount of any of the storage problems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In a 3-year trial involving 30 'd'Anjou' rootstock-training systems combinations, significant rootstock-training-system-induced differences occurred in all peel mineral elements measured. Variations in nutrient element concentration occurred among years. Significant combination x year interactions occurred in peel N, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn. No one rootstock training system combination was consistently either the “highest” or “lowest” for nutrient content for all the elements evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In a 3-year trial involving 30 'd'Anjou' rootstock-training systems combinations, significant combination induced differences occurred in almost all post-storage problems studied. Variation occurred among years; however, no one year was considered “good” or “bad” for post-storage problems. Yearly patterns in post-storage problems varied with the problem. The significant differences that occurred between rootstock-training system combinations may have resulted from rootstock or training system effects on vigor or modification of the fruit nutrient content which then affected post-storage problems. Combination and year interacted to affect superficial scald and internal cork spot. No one rootstock-training system combination was consistently the “best” or “worst” for all post-storage problems evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]