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An increased reliance on payment system technologies globally has led to the proliferation of card skimming as an unintended consequence. Moreover, skimming prevention has also proved challenging, particularly at lesser supervised public places like gas stations. The current study aims to determine if there are identifiable spatial patterns or environmental characteristics that predict skimming at gas stations. Density analyses and a remote systematic social observation (SSO) of Google Street View imagery were used to assess the environmental contexts associated with high skimming gas stations compared to controls. Results indicate place management features related to increased visibility and lines of sight significantly predict skimming risk. Policy and practice implications are discussed, as well as relevant applications to environmental criminology approaches explaining crime occurrence at the micro-level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying at postgraduate level always requires learners to do a large amount of reading for some certain academic purposes. This becomes more notable when reading must be done in a strictly limited amount of time. On this account, postgraduate students must come up with particular strategies for reading. Thus, from the critical thinking perspective, the current study was conducted to investigate the M.A. English majors’ use of reading strategies, especially critical reading skills. Through questionnaire and interview, data for analysis were collected from 30 M.A. students of English and five lecturers of English, who already completed their postgraduate program, at Thu Dau Mot University. The results showed that the participants could employ skimming and scanning. However, they seemed to be passive in evaluating sources and did not pay much attention to note-taking skills, which are considered really necessary in writing literature review for a research paper or a thesis. The findings suggest that critical reading skills should be taught at the beginning of the course in order to help M.A. students develop their critical reading skills and support them in doing their mini research projects.

Ctenostomes are a group of gymnolaemate bryozoans with an uncalcified chitinous body wall having few external, skeletal characters. Hence, species identification is challenging and their systematics remain poorly understood, even more so when they exhibit an endolithic (boring) lifestyle. Currently, there are four Recent families of endolithic bryozoans that live inside mineralized substrates like mollusk shells. In particular, Penetrantiidae Silén, 1946 has received considerable attention and its systematic affinity to either cheilostomes or ctenostomes has been debated. Species delimitation of penetrantiids remains difficult, owing to a high degree of colonial and zooidal plasticity. Consequently, an additional molecular approach is essential to unravel the systematics of penetrantiids, their phylogenetic placement and their species diversity. We therefore sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genomes and two nuclear markers of 27 ctenostome species including nine penetrantiids. Our phylogeny supports the Penetrantiidae as a monophyletic group placed as sister taxon to the remaining ctenostomes alongside paludicellids, arachnidioids and terebriporids. The boring family Terebriporidae d'Orbigny, 1847 were previously considered to be among vesicularioids, but our results suggest an arachnidioid affinity instead. Ctenostome paraphyly is supported by our data, as the cheilostomes nest within them. A Multiporata clade is also well supported, including the former victorelloid genus Sundanella. Altogether, this study provides new insights into ctenostome systematics, assists with species delimitation and contributes to our understanding of the bryozoan tree of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do individual readers determine where to allocate and how to modulate attention while reading a short story? To what extent are their attentional modulations influenced by textual characteristics and personal characteristics? This study uses response data from group discussions of the short story "Where are you going, where have you been?" by Joyce Carol Oates (1966). Participants read the story in advance, color-coding words or lines to indicate different modes of attention employed and annotated the text with text-related and unrelated mind-wandering thoughts. The results show how attentional allocation is driven by textual elements as well as readers' choices, resulting in a complex interaction of elicited and volitional attention to certain elements of the text– not just focused or distracted attention, but a "modulated" and "integrated" experience that is dynamic and personal. These modulations are also impacted by contextual factors and the reader's personal history that impact which aspects of a text are salient and how attention is directed. The results might provide an empirical basis for, but also challenge and supplement current theories of attentional modulation in reading literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Payment card forging and high-tech crime are deeply rooted problems in today’s society. These sophisticated forms of crime utilize advanced techniques and high-tech tools to illegally access financial resources and commit fraud. Payment card forgery involves the creation of fake copies of debit or credit cards with the intent of conducting illegal financial transactions. Access to card data is achieved through various methods, including skimming (illegally collecting card data), phishing (fraud through fake emails or web pages), or the physical theft of cards. Simultaneously, high-tech crime encompasses a wide range of activities aimed at the misuse of digital technologies and networks to achieve financial gain or harm to individuals, companies, or states. These crimes often include computer fraud, cyber-attacks, and digital fraud. This paper aims to highlight the importance and seriousness of payment card forgery, explore different methods and patterns of these criminal activities, and emphasize their specific connection with high-tech crime. Different methodologies were applied in the research including quantitative and qualitative content analysis, comparative analysis, as well as descriptive and analytical statistics. The obtained results clearly indicate the growing importance of this problem both in the legislative and in the criminological contexts, with a constant increase in the number of committed criminal acts. Additionally, the research highlights the inextricable link between payment card forgery and various forms of high-tech crime, which often intertwine and together constitute an overarching challenge to the justice system and the security of society. Finally, the paper will consider various strategies and methods that society and the state can use to counter the spread of these criminal activities. The ultimate goal is to preserve the safety and integrity of the financial system and protect the interests of individuals.

The article analyzes the problems of fraud in the modern digital society in the context of social changes caused by both the COVID-19 pandemic and the current geopolitical situation. The authors study in detail the types of financial fraud in this area. They pay special attention to the types of digital fraud: telephone fraud and IP-telephony, SMS fraud, phishing, sniffering (message interception), skimming (theft of card data), which are associated with the emergence of cryptocurrencies. The article presents the data of the authors’ sociological research conducted by the method of an online questionnaire survey (n = 765). The study showed that only 44 % of respondents are sufficiently informed about the types of fraud to protect themselves from modern internet scammers. An analysis of data on certain types of digital fraud showed that 20 % of respondents lost money due to telephone or Internet fraud, 16 % of respondents personally encountered IP telephony, and 40 % have no idea about such a type of fraud as sniffering and existing anti-virus protection against it. The research also showed the vulnerability, first of all, of the male half of the population over 40 years of age in the field of internet fraud. Therefore, public authorities, together with the media, business and other actors of Russian society, need to strengthen the policy in the field of improving the level of financial and digital literacy of the population.

We study sequential bargaining between a proposer and a veto player. Both have single‐peaked preferences, but the proposer is uncertain about the veto player's ideal point. The proposer cannot commit to future proposals. When players are patient, there can be equilibria with Coasian dynamics: the veto player's private information can largely nullify proposer's bargaining power. Our main result, however, is that under some conditions there also are equilibria in which the proposer obtains the high payoff that he would with commitment power. The driving force is that the veto player's single‐peaked preferences give the proposer an option to "leapfrog," that is, to secure agreement from only low‐surplus types early on to credibly extract surplus from high types later. Methodologically, we exploit the connection between sequential bargaining and static mechanism design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A description is given of recent progress in the understanding of mechanisms in fluid-body interactions where the motion of a body and the motion of the surrounding fluid affect each other substantially. The mathematical modelling of such unsteady interactions is for internal channel and external near-wall flows in two spatial dimensions and time. The emphasis throughout is on analytical developments with accompanying reduced computation. The successive aspects studied here are interactions and impacts in inviscid flows, skimming and sinking, the lift-off, fly-away or bouncing of a body, and viscous effects including especially the interplay between viscous and inviscid contributions. The main findings are concerned with physical and mechanical insights into impact times, lift-off criteria, the borders between impact and fly-away, the principal parameters and their ranges and the influences from body shape and mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over many years, there has been great practical interest in how solid bodies interact with and skim on liquid layers. In the present investigation, the focus is on the important role of body mass and shape in such skimming motions. Considering a thin two-dimensional solid body that impacts obliquely and then rebounds on a shallow inviscid water layer, we develop a mathematical model to predict quantitatively the duration and evolution of the body and fluid motions and indeed the success or failure of the whole skim. In the current setting, the shallow water layer thickness is small relative to the representative body length. The combined roles of increased mass and shape are found to be crucial, governed by a similarity solution. The relationship C ~M2/3 between scaled body curvature and mass is identified and highlighted. In particular, increased convex curvature of the underbody is found to alter the interactive pressure in such a way that it inhibits the occurrence of a super-elastic response in the exit vertical velocity and height of the body, and in effect enables a much heavier body to skim successfully provided the above relationship is maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading literature is often related to cognitive patience (i.e., the ability to read with focused and sustained attention and delay gratification, while refraining from multitasking or skimming over parts of the text). In this explorative, survey-based study, we investigate the relations between reading literature (especially longer texts) and concentration and perseverance, as well as the role of different modes of reading like skimming and skipping. Our measures include an adapted version of the Author Recognition Test (ART) and a new behavioral measure of cognitive patience, developed specifically for this study: the Unscrambling Sentence Test (UST). Our findings offer some preliminary support for the hypotheses that (1) Attentive reading of longer literary texts correlates with cognitive patience; (2) A preference for texts that require sustained attention correlates with cognitive patience; and (3) A preference to skim or skip text passages negatively predicts cognitive patience. We recommend further research to derive more insight in what modes of attention are employed in reading literature, beyond close or deep attention, and how readers modulate between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to improve the technical ability of students in reading references related to learning process. The basis of this research is based on case studies and role play. The technique used in this research is skimming and scanning techniques. The course taken in this study is subject that researchers are capable of in learning process, namely sports management. Based on the process, this research is categorized using quantitative and qualitative approaches to strengthen research data. The subject used in this study is 30 students of the Physical Education Health and Recreation Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, the University of Riau. In accumulating the data, the researchers took all the data by means of observation and questionnaire. The quantitative data obtained in this study were analyzed by using software with the results in the form of percentages, maximum scores, and averages. While the qualitative data in this study were analyzed by making a narration, describing the data that were taken and then concluding the final results of the study. It can be concluded that there is a significant difference in student's satisfaction before and after the treatment of skimming and scanning techniques in sport management course . The satisfaction obtained from the skimming and scanning techniques can trigger self-motivation from students to continue reading from various references and can affect the emergence of student's interest in writing.

Cutting fluids (CFs) are chemical liquids or aqueous emulsions of mineral (or synthetic) oil widely used in metal-machining processes. They contain toxic organic compounds and petroleum products, and spent CFs contain numerous small metal particles derived from the processing of metal workpieces. The iron fine particles (IFPs) in CFs can diminish the quality and precision of machine products. Machining industries purchase large amounts of CFs, which they must treat appropriately and from which they must remove the IFPs; therefore, cost-effective ways to treat spent CFs are needed. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of collecting and separating the IFPs and treating organic matter in spent CFs using microbubbles (MiBs). We found that numerous IFPs with sizes of ~1 μm were suspended in spent CFs and that they could be very effectively removed by bubbling with MiBs and skimming the surface of the CFs. The lifetime of the CFs could be doubled via this treatment. The cost for treating spent CFs using MiBs was 12% lower than the cost of traditional treatment. These results strongly suggest that bubbling with MiBs is a cost-effective and eco-friendly way to treat spent CFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed at showing the influence of word recognition, and using skimming and scanning skills to improve reading comprehension. Participants were a group of 15 students whose ages ranged from 14 to 16. They had problems in reading comprehension and vocabulary. This action research was conducted at a private language institute. The instruments to collect data were pre- and post-surveys, pre- post-tests, learning logs, skimming and scanning forms, and an interview. They provided quantitative and qualitative information. Results showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in parts of speech knowledge from the pre- to the post-test. The result was an average improvement of 28.2% in student performance. Cohen’s d was calculated with a result of 1.09 which means there is impact in learning. There was also a steady improvement in skimming and scanning which was exemplified by the ability to correctly complete a form after reading texts. Lastly, students’ perspectives were positive to this innovation. Therefore, it is advisable to apply the same innovation with other learners in order to compare results of improvement of reading comprehension and overall proficiency.

Machine reading comprehension is a very challenging task, which aims to determine the answer span based on the given context and question. The newly developed pre-training language model has achieved a series of successes in various natural language understanding tasks with its powerful contextual representation ability. However, these pre-training language models generally lack the downstream processing structure for specific tasks, which limits further performance improvement. In order to solve this problem and deepen the model’s understanding of the question and context, this paper proposes S&I Reader. On the basis of the pre-training model, skimming, intensive reading, and gated mechanism modules are added to simulate the behavior of humans reading text and filtering information. Based on the idea of granular computing, a multi-granularity module for computing context granularity and sequence granularity is added to the model to simulate the behavior of human beings to understand the text from words to sentences, from parts to the whole. Compared with the previous machine reading comprehension model, our model structure is novel. The skimming module and multi-granularity module proposed in this paper are used to solve the problem that the previous model ignores the key information of the text and cannot understand the text with multi granularity. Experiments show that the model proposed in this paper is effective for both Chinese and English datasets. It can better understand the question and context and give a more accurate answer. The performance has made new progress on the basis of the baseline model.

We investigate the dynamics of a smoothly curved convex body skimming on a layer of shallow water, with the phenomenon of skipping stones as a primary modelling motivation but also industrial applications in mind. The skimming process of such an object may consist of two successive stages: an impact stage and a conditional planing stage. The focus here is on explaining the change from one stage to the other, with the body movement responding freely to the fluid flow pressures and vice versa. We first introduce a water impact model and analyse the conditions under which a smooth body may rapidly transit to a planing motion via small time asymptotics. A planing model is then introduced, and in particular we investigate the effects of pressure conditions in the separation flow; we demonstrate under certain weak adverse pressure gradient conditions a smooth body’s planing motion at early times can be seen as undergoing three successive transitory phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To gather information, needs a good comprehensive in understanding the information. That’s why the reading activity is important in our life. The researcher conducted a mixed method research and the aims were to investigate the significance improvement and students’ responses after the researcher applied skimming strategy. The researcher analysed both in quantitative and qualitative method. The researcher investigated 7th grader of Adventist School. The focus is about narrative text especially about legend stories such as Tangkuban Perahu, Rawa Pening, Borobudur Temple and Prambanan Temple stories. The researcher concluded and detected a significance improvement in reading skills performed by the students. Result showed that p-value = 0,0110433. The students’ score enhanced and it proved that students could comprehend the narrative text in their reading class.

Reading is a vital skill for the academic success of a student. It develops the mind and it is fundamental to function in today's society. Reading is important in developing a good selfimage. It is a significant capability which empowers the access to information, communication. It is a lifelong skill to be used throughout the life. Reading is that part of the learning process through which we get to know about the world. For a student, reading skills are very essential to fare well in regular exams as well as to gain expertise in the concerned field of knowledge. Despite its importance, reading is one of the most challenging areas to be learnt by a student and taught by a teacher. Reading demands different styles depending on the purpose of the reading. The present paper highlights various strategies like skimming, scanning, intensive and extensive reading, comprehension, review which improves effective reading skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to find out whether the skimming and scanning techniques (SST) can improve EFL students’ English reading comprehension in recount texts, especially on identifying the main ideas and detail information, in a senior high school in Meulaboh, Aceh, Indonesia. A number of 32 eleventh grade students participated in this study, and the one group pre-test and post-test design were used. Data collection was from a pre-test and a post-test. In analyzing the data, statistics was used. The results showed that the mean score of the pre-test was 45 and the post-test was 65, with 20 points of improvement. Furthermore, the result of t-test was 4.7, while the critical value of 0.05 significant level was 2.4, with the degree of freedom at 23. Since t-test>t-score, thus SST improved the students’ reading comprehension in this study. Nevertheless, the paper further discusses some setbacks while implementing SST in the classroom.

Ivermectin (IVM) is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug widely used in the veterinary field. Its use in food-producing animals may cause accumulation of its residues into the animal tissues that find their way into the food products, such as milk, and poses a health hazard to the consumer. In this study, a total of 60 samples of raw milk intended for human consumption, collected from retail markets in Menoufia Governorate Egypt, were screened for the presence of IVM residues by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that 18.3% (11/60) of the examined Raw milk samples were contaminated with IVM residues with variable concentrations. Contaminated samples were exposed to some technological processes as boiling, fermentation, and skimming in a trial to reduce IVM residues concentration. Among these technological processes, skimming was found to have a significant effect on the reduction of IVM residues concentration. Monitoring of IVM residues in milk by accurate methods such as HPLC is required to safeguard milk consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this digital era, events based video summarization has become an emerging topic in the field of computer vision which finds its applications in video data management, highlights of a game, video surveillance, etc. In this work, we propose a novel network-based approach for event summarization. First, the scale-free network is mapped to a neural network, and then dynamics of a complex video are determined by Chiavlo maps of the network. Second, we declare the neurons as hubs that are exceedingly well linked up as opposed to a majority who receive very short connections. Eventually, these hubs assume as the key-figures of the outcomes; then hubs and all its associated neurons counted for the issue summaries. Experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms the previous existing approaches on Precision and F-measure. The computing cost shows that the proposed model meets the criteria for real-time applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading is one of the main four language skills that a learner needs to master in order to ensure success in learning English. To facilitate students in comprehending a text, the effective strategies should be used. One of the strategies is Meta-cognitive strategies. The objectives of the research are to identify students’ responses during learned process by using Meta-cognitive strategies and to investigate how high students’ improvement of skimming and scanning reading skill after learned by using Meta-cognitive strategies in recount text. Meta-cognitive strategies improve students to reflect on thought processes and to plan, monitor, and evaluate aspects of their learning. The participants were third semester of English department students of Islamic Education and Teacher Training Faculty of Walisongo State Islamic University.The reserch design was Classroom Action Research with 1 preliminary cycle and 2 cycles. This research was conducted from March, 2th 2015 until March, 21th 2015. Data collection technique was tests. Observations were done in each cycle. Tests form was given the students, they should answer 20 questions of multiple choice test. Then, the data were analyzed using mean (descriptive statistics) to find out the improvements. Meta-cognitive strategies were applied in the teaching learning process by giving plan (giving task for students), monitoring, evaluating, and problem solving to the students. After collecting the data, the result showed the improvements of the students. Students’ average score in pre cycle test was 60. In the first cycle, the average score increased became 70. This score hadn’t met the minimum standard score yet 75. Therefore, second cycle was conducted. Students’ average score increased became 82.16. Students’ engagements also increased since the first cycle. Consequently, the objectives were reached. Based on the result, it could be concluded that Meta-cognitive strategy can improve the students’ skimming reading comprehension of recount text.

This paper deals with training methods of professionally-oriented reading on the basis of Russian State Standards for higher vocational education. The criteria for selection of text material are listed, the efficiency of their use is considered in the frame- work of the most popular types of reading - skimming and scanning. Goals and tasks of professionally-oriented reading training on the first stage of higher education are to teach students to work quickly and effectively with a variety of information sources, to determine whether they are relevant or not and to extract the necessary data. Based on the defined goals and tasks exemplary exercises are given that can be used to form a variety of language skills. Mentioned sample exercises take into account the three stages of working with text. From the authors’ point of view these types of exercises reflect the content of language education in the system of higher education in accord- ance with Russian State Standards. At the end of the paper the authors conclude that the exercises described will not only train professionally-oriented reading, but also serve as a basis for further self-development of an existing level of foreign language and its application in real-life communication (professional as well as living.

Human milk microbiota is a unique bacterial community playing a relevant role in infant health, but its composition depends on different factors (woman health, lactation stage, and geographical lactation). However, information is lacking regarding some other factors that may affect the bacterial community of human milk. In this study we aimed to study the impact of the sample collection method and the skimming procedure using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques to study the human milk microbial profile. One set of milk samples was provided by women (n = 10) in two consecutive days; half of the samples were collected the first day by manual expression and the other half on the second day by pumping. The rest of the participants (n = 17) provided milk samples that were fractionated by centrifugation; the bacterial profiles of whole milk and skimmed milk were compared by culture techniques in 10 milk samples, while those of whole milk, fat and skimmed milk were subjected to metataxonomic analysis in seven samples. Globally, the results obtained revealed high interindividual variability but that neither the use of single-use sterile devices to collect the sample nor the skimming procedure have a significant impact of the microbial profile of human samples.

Several newspaper based reading comprehension sessions for pre-intermediate learners were conducted at the foreign languages center at Arab International University. Using newspapers was a first in remedial English courses at the FLC. The learners were excited to explore newspapers with their different sections. They were required to apply their reading comprehension skills while attempting to read a newspaper article: skimming, scanning and summarizing. The learners ability to cut through the challenging task was measured by a written assessment as they were required to present a summary of the main ideas of a chosen article in addition to expressing their own personal opinion. The learners were judged according to four points: the linguistic structure, dependence on the original text, the number of ideas presented, and expressing their personal opinion. Finally, the learners' feedback on the current experience was collected via a questionnaire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a methanol-fluorescence-based HPLC method was validated for its use to quantify α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol in raw milk, whole UHT milk, partially skimmed UHT milk, whole pasteurized milk, and partially skimmed pasteurized milk. Repeatability and reproducibility, calculated as relative standard deviation of 10 measurements within the same day and 30 measurements across 3 d, respectively, were always below 5% for both tocopherols concentrations and retention times. Recovery was assessed through 3 spiking levels and it ranged from 89 to 107%. The method was able to detect the expected declines in tocopherols in milk exposed to UHT or skimming treatments. Vitamin E, calculated as the sum of α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol, was similar in whole pasteurized and raw milk, averaging 1.57 and 1.56 mg/L, respectively, followed by whole UHT (1.33 mg/L), partially skimmed pasteurized (0.77 mg/L), and partially skimmed UHT milk (0.61 mg/L). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment, raw milk and commercially available full-cream UHT milk, semi-skimmed UHT milk, skimmed UHT milk, full-cream pasteurized milk, semi-skimmed pasteurized milk and infant formulas for babies between 6 and 12 months of age were analyzed by RIA, with a method using an antibody directed against human leptin and human leptin as reference standard. Raw milk and full-cream UHT milk did not differ for human-like leptin. Leptin content of full-cream pasteurized milk was not different to that of full-cream UHT milk, but it was 14% lower (p < 0.05) than that observed in raw milk. Human-like leptin level of semi-skimmed UHT milk was not different to that of semi-skimmed pasteurized milk, but it was 30% lower (p < 0.0001) than those of full-cream UHT and full-cream pasteurized milks. In skimmed UHT milk, leptin was 40% lower (p < 0.0001) than in full-cream UHT milk. Leptin was correlated (p < 0.001) with lipid content. Leptin level of infant formulas was not different to that of skimmed milks. Results suggest that the heat treatment (pasteurization or UHT) is not a modifier of human-like leptin content of edible commercial bovine milks, whereas the skimming process significantly reduces milk leptin level.

Eye movements during regular reading, thorough reading, skimming, and spell checking of single pages of text were measured, to investigate how high-level reading tasks elicited by instructions affect reading behavior. Word frequency and word length effects were found. All results were compared to regular reading. Thorough reading involved longer total reading times and more rereading, and resulted in higher comprehension scores. Skimming involved longer saccades, shorter average fixation durations, more word skipping, shorter total reading times evenly distributed across the page, and resulted in lower comprehension scores. Spell checking involved shorter saccades, longer average fixation durations, less word skipping, longer total reading times evenly distributed across the entire page, and resulted in lower comprehension scores. Replicating local effects shows that paragraphs maintain sufficient experimental rigor, while also enabling reading analyses from a global perspective. Compared to regular reading, thorough reading was more elaborate and less uniform, skimming was faster and more uniform, and spell checking was slower and more uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of antibiotics in raw milk and milk derivatives poses a threat to human health and can negatively affect the dairy industry. Therefore, the main object of this study was to investigate the transfer of oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and doxycycline (DC) from raw, experimental milk contaminated with tetracyclines (TCs) to different dairy products: cream, butter, buttermilk, sour milk, whey, curd and cheese. Additionally the effect of the skimming process on TCs concentrations was tested, as well as the influence of lowtemperature long-time pasteurisation. The analyses of TCs in milk and dairy products were performed by an LC-MS/MS method. In order to determine TCs residues in dairy products, an analytical method was developed with the same extraction step for all matrices. TCs molecules were inhomogenously distributed between the milk derivative fractions. The highest concentrations were determined in curd and cheese in the ranges 320-482 µg/kg and 280-561 µg/kg, respectively. Low levels of TCs in butter and whey were observed (11.8-41.2 µg/kg). TCs were found in sour milk (66.0-111 µg/kg), cream (85.0-115 µg/kg) and buttermilk (196-221 µg/kg) at much higher levels than in butter and whey, but lower than in curd and cheese. During the skimming process, the highest yield of cream was obtained after the raw milk was held at 2-8°C for 24 h. The differences in concentrations of TCs between whole milk and skimmed milk, expressed as percentages of recovery, were below 19% (recoveries in excess of 81%). The highest content was observed in milk and cream skimmed at 2-8°C. The degradation percentages for TCs during the pasteurisation process (63°C for 30 min) were below 19%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of flooding on an originally skimming body in shallow water are analysed. A two-dimensional flow model is presented which is based on mass flux, momentum, a stream-wise pressure jump across the leading edge of the body and an equi-pressure condition at the trailing edge. Linearised and numerical analyses are performed over a wide range of model parameters; the conditions under which a body is able to either emerge from or sink deeper into water are examined, with particular respect to the body's incident angle, rotation, scaled gravity and buoyancy. The findings here enlarge the existing skimming theory and give a first mathematical account of the complete life cycle of a skimming or sinking body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]