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Focuses on the humanist ideal of nobility and humanist views about the type of education that would produce noblemen. Details the life and education of William Cecil, also known as Viscount Cranborne, as it pertains to humanist education culture established in the 16th and 17th centuries. (KDR)

Explains the relationship between Spanish colonialism in Cuba, evangelization of the Indians, and the origins of Cuban culture, as well as the role the Jesuits played in this process of transculturation. Analyzes the first phase in the history of the educational work of the Jesuits in Cuba (1566-1574). (BT)

Discusses the historical foundations of memory and knowledge systems in sixteenth-century Europe and offers insights into the current situation and where our knowledge systems are bound. The development of hypersystems and a new approach to research librarianship are considered. (13 references) (MES)

Investigates the sociological backgrounds of German lawyers of the Holy Roman Empire through an analysis of the dissertations and disputations written during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Focuses on their university education, family circumstances, and careers. Creates an information data bank to carry out the project. Predicts further research possibilities for the study. (RW)

Examines the educational reconstruction attempted in Germany's Lutheran states in the sixteenth century. Describes the close collaboration of churchpersons and politicians in the Lutheran Reformation and discusses how schools were used as instruments of acculturation, intended to encourage young people to conform to approved patterns of evangelical and civic rectitude. (GEA)

Argues against Thomas O. Sloane's allegation that John Milton's "Artis Logicae," a commentary on Pierre de la Ramee's "Dialecticae libri duo," manifests antihumanism characteristics of Milton and Ramus. Reexamines Milton's account of probability, the links between Ramus and Cicero, and the roles Ramism played in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. (RAE)

Reviews sixteenth-and seventeenth-century writings by Rastell, More, Eden, Hakluyt, Peckham, Gray, Symonds, Johnson, Strachey, Purchas, Winthrop, and Cotton justifying English occupation of Indian lands through the Biblical Canaan analogy and the secular "vacant land" (vacuum domicilium) principle. Notes dissent by Crashaw, Williams, and others. Contains 95 references. (SV)

Illustrates the relationship between the technology of canal building and the development of national unity prior to the Revolutionary War. Examines George Washington's efforts to build the Potomac canal. Encourages students to consider the interrelationships among technology, resources, politics, and leadership. Includes two student handouts and study questions. (RW)

The ages of life portrayed in literature and the arts from the late Middle Ages up to the sixteenth century provide valuable information on how aging and old age were perceived in earlier times. Themes related to old age include ambivalence, decay, and age-appropriate behavior. (Author)

It is generally assumed that the memory of Edward V, king of England, was an important part of the politics and culture of the century following his disappearance and probable murder in 1483. This article considers the material culture associated with Edward and contributes to an understanding of his fate and how it was viewed in the reigns of Richard III, Henry VII, and beyond. In stark contrast to the experience of other elite figures in the period, Edward's memory was not promoted and supported through any of the potential lieux de mémoire which might have been preserved, created, or adapted for the purpose. The decades to the middle of the sixteenth century saw little if anything by way of an emerging tradition of visual presentations of the king. There was no indication of the emergence of physical locations in which his memory might be cultivated, and textual references remain sparse. A previously overlooked reference to Edward's chain, in the possession of the Capell family early in the sixteenth century, illustrates the remarkably limited interest in Edward as a personality and in his fate in the years after his disappearance. And while there is a clear possibility that the chain came to the Capell family in some neutral way, as the king's property was distributed in the aftermath of Edward's disappearance, there is also the possibility that it came as a result of his murder – and through the Capells’ connection with the alleged murderer, Sir James Tyrell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The links between exile and innovation have often been studied in the case of the twentieth century, but much less in the case of early modern Europe – an age of some political exiles and many religious ones. This essay focuses on what has been called ‘the Reformation of the Refugees’ in the early sixteenth century. Were these exiles innovators? At a time when novelty was frequently condemned, these early Protestants were certainly accused of innovation, though they replied that all they wanted was to return to the practices of the ‘primitive church’. I argue that they did innovate, and in this survey I assess the scope of this innovation. The radicalization of individual refugees has often been discussed, but overviews are less common, including the emphasis on the role of cities in this process. The cities in which these exiles found a refuge, especially Strasbourg and Basel, encouraged debates in which new ideas were forged, exemplifying the way in which displacement could lead to changes of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative case study takes up the examples of two Twelver lettrists, who together became two of the most important occultist authorities of the high Safavid period: al-Ḥāfiẓ Rajab al-Bursī (d. after 1410) and Maḥmūd Dihdār Shīrāzī (fl. 1576). Their projects are intimately connected, and can only be historiographically explained in tandem. Yet the first has been celebrated in the literature as a passionate, semi-extremist Twelver mystic, and the second—a sober, experimentalist Twelver occult scientist—totally elided. Nor has any study to date identified both authors' primary point of scholarly reference: the New Brethren of Purity network of imperial Timurid and Ottoman Pythagoreanizing occultists radiating from late Mamluk Cairo, capital of the lettrist renaissance to which they were consciously heir. To correct such elisions and imbalances, we must forswear the persistent scientistic-cum-religionist dogma that vanishes lettrism and other mainstream occult sciences into the wastebasket, apolitical category that is 'mysticism,' thus exiling much of Safavid intellection from early modern history of philosophy, of science and of empire. For al-Bursī, taking a page from his contemporaries the New Brethren, is the first Shiʿi author to draw directly on Ibn ʿArabī (d. 1240) and Aḥmad al-Būnī (d. btw. 1225–33) both, the two foremost Sunni lettrists of the later Islamicate scholarly tradition, representing lettrist theory and lettrist praxis respectively; and Dihdār—the most prolific Persian author on practical Būnian lettrism of the sixteenth century, and hence immediate inspiration for the al-Bursī cult of the next—provides us an invaluable window onto how Safavid philosophy was actually imperially, occult-scientifically practiced, as well as the evolution of the Western grimoire tradition as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay will explore new understandings of time in daily life coincident with the onset of urbanization and availability of medical treatment in urban areas in late sixteenth century Japan, focusing on the cities of Ōsaka and Kyoto. The primary source for the essay is a contemporary diary (Tokitsune kyōki) that provides a near-daily record of activity over a period of twenty years. The essay will explore such topics as: reporting of medical symptoms, keeping track of the progress of ailments, the keeping by patients of longer-term records of medicines and their use; times reported for physician – patient interactions, which shed light on activity time in daily life; references to, and speculation on the need to note, time of arrival and departure for trips or attendance at events; and the apparent new rhythms of time consciousness associated with regular medicinal ingestion as part of a long-term health maintenance regimen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the perception of prostitution in the Spanish army in the sixteenth century. It shows how many authors and military men perceived prostitution as an essential part of the army, but one that must always be kept under strict control and supervision. Likewise, prostitution was shown as a morally and religiously superior option to concubinage (amancebamiento), and for most authors even preferable to soldiers' marriages. The presence of women involved in prostitution was discussed in the context of the practical needs of the army, religious discourse and the creation of the ideal model of the Catholic soldier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the socioeconomic image of China developed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by Spanish travelers and historians, differentiating between the idealized "Iberian view" and the more nuanced and critical Jesuit perspective. What were thought to be the main reasons behind China's wealth that impressed Europeans so much is relevant for a better understanding of the seventeenth-century debate on the causes of the decline of Castile, the heart of the Spanish Empire. On the one hand, the contrast between the increasingly battered Hispanic monarchy and the image of prosperity—more or less nuanced—conveyed by both visions of China made clearer the situation of socioeconomic decline of the Spanish Empire. In fact, from both visions could be implicitly derived diverse criticisms of the Spain of the last Habsburgs. On the other hand, it is paradoxical and surprising that the protagonists of the debate on the Castilian decline, the arbitristas, were not aware of the writings on China of their contemporaries, which reduced the potential of their analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga (1760–1818) was one of the earliest scholars to propose a trans-Pacific contact theory in his Historia de las Islas Philipinas. Although his 1803 publication contains the earliest-known theory establishing linguistic comparisons between the Mapuche language of Chile and Tagalog (the Philippines), his ideas and evidence have not been fully explored. This article argues that while Martínez de Zúñiga’s ideas were novel and set some scientific grounds for one of the most resilient debates in the history of archaeology, his evidence was scarce. Furthermore, his attribution as one of the earliest individuals to propose a trans-Pacific contact theory is arguably inaccurate, as similar ideas were pondered as early as the 16th century. This article investigates supporting and opposing ideas proposed by Martínez de Zúñiga and his contemporaries, which were either produced in Spanish and British colonies, or shaped by knowledge about them with a colonial bias. These scholars’ hypotheses were predominantly based on linguistic and anthropological grounds, on the direction of sea currents and winds, and on the numerous islands across the Pacific that could facilitate long-distance voyages. Similar ideas continue to feed into the pre-Columbian trans-Pacific contact debate today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Dutch Republic heavily relied on imported timber for the construction of its cities, dikes, and ships. This timber originated from the Baltic Sea, the German Rhineland, and the "Little East," but primarily from the coastal areas of southern Norway. This article examines the archaeological remains of the timber trade between the Dutch Republic and Norway, emphasizing the study of material culture recovered from archaeological excavations and dendrochronology to complement historical sources from the era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the practice of hand colouring illustrated Luther Bibles in the sixteenth century. It is based on analysis from over 120 copies of various editions of Luther's translation of the Bible. The most well‐known examples are Hans Lufft's editions printed on parchment in 1541 and 1560, illuminated by Lucas Cranach the Younger. However, these copies represent only the very top of the market; the research presented in this article demonstrates that hand colouring was a widespread practice that began with the very first edition of Luther's New Testament in 1522, and continued throughout the sixteenth century and beyond, across the German‐speaking lands, in all formats, and for all levels of the market. This article argues that the hand colouring served an aesthetic purpose, making the complex illustrations more vivacious and legible for the viewer. The colouring also transformed a mass‐produced object into a unique work of art that reflected its spiritual significance, an understudied feature of Lutheran material culture, and one which transcended confessional divides in sixteenth‐century Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution intends to examine the impact of Conciliarism (1414–1439) on the Christian vision of Islam in the Quattrocento. The analysis of the thought of bishops such as Nicholas of Cusa (d. 1464) and John of Segovia (d. 1458) is understandable only through the evolution of the Latin world with regard to Islam, moving from the Corpus Toletanum (12th century) and the impact of the Crusades in the Levant (1096–1291) and in Europe. This forwardness is rooted in the process of "Islamic Christianization," an analytical operation lasting three centuries, during which Koranic Christology was to play a primary role. It will be through this "Christ-centric" process that from the Renaissance, the Ottoman empire, the great enemy of Western Christianity, will be appreciated for some of its peculiar facets. The weakening of the concept of heresy and of Catholic ecclesiastical authoritarianism in decreeing what heresy was probably one of the "indirect" outcomes of that dialogical "Moment of Vision" between Christianity and Islam. The further fragmentation of the Church of Rome, after the failure of Conciliarism and the outgrowth of the reformed Churches in the 16th century, favored a preliminary different understanding of the religiosity of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the 16th and 17th centuries, the conservative characteristic of rural environments and mountain communities represented one of the main worries of the Larian Church, which, despite the work of reform of religious customs undertaken by the order of preachers in the late Middle Ages (not unrelated to the genesis of the accusation of diabolic witchcraft), it found itself confronted with the shortcomings (from the interference of the laity in religious life to suspicious devotions via the mixture of the sacred and magical animistic legacies) originating from decades of neglect in the management of valley parishes and the laxity of the secular clergy. This concern had to be reconciled, from the first decades of the sixteenth century onward, with the need to counter the Protestant presence. The "singular" way in which diocesan ordinaries sought in the aftermath of the Tridentine Council to re-establish orthopraxy in the only diocese in the peninsula subject to secular authorities of the Reformed faith, and in which an Italophone Protestant community was permanently present for several decades, represents an important case study for understanding the anomaly of the local bishop's courts (and the inquisition) transformed during this time from bitter enemies of the secta strigiarum into "witch lawyers", and for illuminating the deeper reasons for the limits of the fight against superstitions in the entire peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The closure of religious communities throughout England, commonly known as the 'dissolution of the monasteries', was commenced in 1536 and completed to all intents and purposes by 1540, resulting in what one commentator has recently described as 'the greatest dislocation of people, property and daily life since the Norman Conquest'. This was an important part of Henry VIII's break with Rome and served as a means not only of further establishing his new authority as supreme head of the Church of England but also as a fundraising mechanism. Ireland's religious communities, as part of the Tudor kingdoms, now also fell (in theory, at least) under the control of the Crown and were therefore due for closure from the mid-1530s onwards. But in reality, due to the limited power held by the Crown throughout much of Ireland, the only religious houses to be dissolved were those in the Pale, the most English part of Ireland (inter Anglicos, encompassing mainly Counties Dublin, Meath, Tipperary and Kildare, as well as some other areas). In the Gaelic part of Ireland (inter Hibernicos), the king's writ, which in theory was law, did not actually run, so much so that in one case, the commissioners appointed to inspect a religious house in Granard, County Longford, merely noted that they did not do so, 'for fear of the wild Irish'. The dissolution process in Ireland was drawn out and took place in two stages, with a second wave of monastic dissolutions in the 1570s and 1580s, long into Elizabeth's reign. This was just one arm of the queen's expansionist movement into parts of the island hitherto out of the reach of Tudor administration. Although the Reformation process in Ireland as a whole can ultimately be said to have been a failure, the dissolution process (in parts of the island, at least) was a success, one of the very few triumphs of Henry's Irish Reformation programme. Vast tracts of property and land exchanged hands, a land grab that was facilitated by characters such as William Brabazon, the Irish vice-treasurer whose corruption was notorious. Despite this, a small number of communities managed to escape closure and continued on, protected by their local communities and gentry. Since the early 1970s, Brendan Bradshaw and others have written of the Henrician 'first wave' of dissolutions, but little consideration has been given to the later wave of closures that took place in parts of Gaelic Ireland that had previously been out of the Crown's reach. This essay will survey the closures of the 1530s before discussing the dissolutions that took place in the later sixteenth century, and by doing so, it is hoped, will present a new consideration of these events that irrevocably altered Ireland's landscape and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Reform movement on the ecclesiastical censorship of science, philosophy and magic has been an enduring theme in the historiography of early modern Italy. In this paper, I consider how the Church's desire to defend the truth of miracles from Protestant criticisms on the one hand and their efforts to centralise the process of verifying miracles on the other affected the investigation of philosophical works. Taking the case of Girolamo Cardano, whose works were the subject of intensive investigation by the Catholic Church from the 1570s, I examine the issues that censors flagged as points of concern. One recurring theme was the fact that his accounts of the cosmos appeared to offer natural explanations for miracles and the actions of the martyrs. Although the intellectual problems raised by Cardano's work were far from new, I suggest that the events of the sixteenth century raised their salience with Church authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between natural history, natural philosophy, and the metaphysics of nature in the early modern period up to the mid-eighteenth century. It examines how observation and experiment gained importance among experimental philosophers, and how natural history became a foundation for natural philosophy. The article also discusses the tension between the role of metaphysical principles and empirical methodologies in the study of nature, and explores the writings of various philosophers such as Maupertuis, d'Alembert, and Kant. The collected papers in this special issue shed light on the evolving boundaries of natural history and natural philosophy, and their relationship to hermeneutics and aesthetics. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the relationship between skin, materiality and medicine in the early modern German-speaking lands. It focuses on the understudied artwork of the Munich-born artist Johann Rottenhammer (1564–1625), demonstrating that his painted bodies were related to medical understandings of skin. Skin was a mediating boundary between inside and outside: the colour and texture of skin carried meanings about the internal state of the body. In this period, 'exploration' beyond Europe was destabilizing the definition of 'good' or 'normative' skin. The appearance of healthy or unhealthy skin was expressed in contemporary northern European artistic theory, for example in Karel van Mander's Book on Painting. This article contributes to the growing literature on materiality and medicine by demonstrating their indelible impact on the artist's project. Medical histories of the sixteenth century have traditionally positioned the Galenic and Paracelsian medical traditions as diametrically opposed. This article observes, however, key areas of similarity—the origin of curative materials, and the relationship between the internal body and the external natural world—and considers how they were present in early modern German understandings of skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the trade in and cultivation of exotic plant life proliferated at a rapid rate. Horticulturalists analogized plant acclimatization to human travel and acculturation, arguing that transplantation could ameliorate both species. Despite anxieties surrounding the influence of foreign environments, unfamiliar soil was thought to bring about "civility" and provoke both plants and humans to shed their "ill qualit[ies]." As I show, horticulturalists, such as John Parkinson and John Evelyn, distinguish plants that embody this myth from those that resist foreign soil, attributing their decline to their affective dispositions, their "peevish" or "impatient" temperaments, for example. Not only does this anthropomorphic impulse ignore the harsh climatological conditions to which plants were exposed, but it also contributes to an emerging racial discourse that differentiates human populations by their perceived cultivability, whether or not they can become more "civil." I argue that English polemicists, writing on the supposed savagery of the Irish, reappropriate this fantasy to authorize subjugation and forcible displacement. In drawing attention to the horticultural rhetoric that justified these imperial ventures, this essay proffers new avenues for examining the ideologies that underwrote colonial violence in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Americas. [R.B.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modern user of a printed encyclopedia expects to find concise entries on a wide range of subjects organised alphabetically for ease of reference. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries a number of scholarly texts of a particularly long and wide‐ranging character were essentially 'encyclopedized' through the provision of compendious subject indexes, appearing before the start of the text in some printed editions, to facilitate reference use. Two such texts that enjoyed a particular spike in Italian printed editions in the decades either side of 1501 were Niccolo Perotti's Cornucopiae, and the Aristotelian (or rather pseudo‐Aristotelian) Problemata, which was sometimes packaged together with Problemata by Alexander of Aphrodisias and Plutarch. Working with 1501 'encyclopedized' editions of both texts, this essay asks a simple question: what would a reader learn by looking up music‐related terms in the indexes? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on two manors, Kumo in Finland and Duvnäs in Sweden, through early sixteenth-century written sources and material remains. Both were, one after the other, in the custody of Olof Svart (obiit 1547), who was one of Gustav I's earliest administrators. Through a combination of historical and archaeological methods, including map studies, a successful career in the service of Sweden's first Early Modern king is traced and placed in the cultural landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the thirteenth to sixteenth centuries, the territory of western Somaliland was integrated into a series of Muslim states which controlled large areas of the southeastern Horn of Africa. One of the ways this control manifested itself was in the emergence of a network of permanent settlements on the westernmost side of Somaliland and the neighboring Ethiopian region. Although 20 of these sites have been identified so far, our information about most of them is fragmentary at best. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the material, architectural and territorial context of three of these medieval sites: Abasa (Darbiyah Kola), Hasadinle, and Iskudarka. This paper analyzes the information they provide us for understanding some of the key themes of the history of the region, such as the strategies of state control, the process of Islamization, the relationships between nomads and urban dwellers, and the material expressions of hierarchization and social inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The east end of Winchester Cathedral was altered in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, with the Lady Chapel substantially refurbished. The Guardian Angels Chapel, on the north, was left largely untouched. To the south, the death of Bishop Thomas Langton provided the opportunity to rebuild the chapel there as a chantry within which he was buried. The vault above is peppered with his initials, heraldic devices and rebus. The Langton Chapel remained largely disused down subsequent centuries, a dusty corner in the furthermost reaches of a busy cathedral. In the mid-20th century, a remarkable man, Harry Altham, took an interest in Langton's chapel and, in light of this, the Dean and Chapter of Winchester agreed that the restoration of the chapel would form a fitting memorial to him. In the process of researching the details of that restoration, new information has come to light regarding the early introduction of all'antica work into the cathedral, suggesting that the Renaissance style was first introduced to England at Winchester, not in Westminster Abbey as is widely supposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper interprets the interaction between Protestantism and commercial spirit in David Hume's account of English development, mostly drawing from The History of England. Hume saw Protestant theology—especially the more enthusiastic strains of English Puritanism—as having fortuitously shifted the landscape of political and economic sensibilities in England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries by affecting believers' political, social, and economic psychologies. Those shifting psychologies exhibited affinities with concurrent developments, especially the decline of feudalism, the rise of consumerism, and the creation of an independent middle class of merchants. The peculiar synergy between such changes and Protestant theological innovations led to the emergence of England, by the eighteenth century, as a polite and commercial people—a people for whom commerce became, Hume claimed, more honorable than in any other nation. Hume, like Max Weber, saw a distinctive Protestant spirit as having contributed to the modern commercial order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study applies House's (1996, 2005) dimensions of cross-cultural differences as a diagnostic tool to investigate regional variation regarding two pragmalinguistic requestive patterns with may in Scottish and English non-private letters (1500 to 1700). The dimensional scheme proves a useful tool for explaining similarities and differences in the requestive behaviour in the two varieties. It is shown that, in the sixteenth century, grounders with may are part of a set of downgrading devices employed by letter-writers to counteract the directness and self-orientation particularly of performative requests in both the Scottish and the English correspondence. Moreover, the dimensional analysis explicates the cross-varietal differences regarding may in the seventeenth century correspondence by linking the rise of mitigating may in performative requests in the Scottish letters to the increased self-orientation towards the letter-writer, which is not counter-balanced by other downgraders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research deals with an interesting interdisciplinary case study for the knowledge and dissemination of masonry sail vaults in Malta between the 16th and the 17th centuries. In particular, it focuses on the sail vaults of the Magistral Palace, which have a distinctive structure. Based on a digital survey, the necessary data was extrapolated to critically analyse the geometry, through drawing and three-dimensional modelling. The paper, therefore, presents graphical and geometric investigations, which complement the study of the history of the Magistral Palace. Comparisons with the Maltese architectural context between the 16th and 17th centuries show the use of different solutions for the construction of sail vaults, according to different geometries. This implies knowledge of the international debate on the theory of stonecutting at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yearbook for Dutch Book History / Jaarboek voor Nederlandse Boekgeschiedenis is the property of Amsterdam University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the literature of the last century, there was the recurrent claim that an orchid called amatzauhtli was used as an adhesive in the manufacture and repair of indigenous Mexican handmade paper or amate—an attestation some scholars still repeat even today. Here, we describe the present use of the orchid Cyrtopodium macrobulbon in the final step of amate papermaking in the village of San Pablito, Puebla. After amate sheets are dried on and subsequently peeled from wooden boards, the pseudobulbs of the orchid are cut and used as an adhesive to patch over any holes or other imperfections that remain on the paper. Cyrtopodium macrobulbon is locally called küiä by Otomí papermakers, which they translate to Spanish as "pegamento" (glue). We also suggest that the amatzauhtli described in the sixteenth century by Hernández—widely reported as Epidendrum pastoris—actually refers to a very different species, Trichocentrum pachyphyllum, and we discuss the putative use of this and other orchids in pre-Hispanic amate making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Journal of Cultural Studies / Kultur Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the work of François de Foix de Candalle and its importance for the early modern Euclidean tradition. It provides an outline of Foix's life, education and career, and it describes in particular his editions of the Elements published in 1566 and 1578. Those editions made substantial additions to the text, increasing the number of ‘books' from fifteen to eighteen: by far the largest addition to the Euclidean text since late antiquity. The article goes on to discuss Foix's intentions and his practices as an editor, and the reception of Foix's Elements. His book XVI remained in print in various languages well into the eighteenth century, making Foix an important and influential contributor to the early modern tradition of the Elements, whose work helps to illustrate the fluidity of that tradition as well as the character of early modern mathematical editorship more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that around ten million pairs of knitted stockings were needed annually by the population of England at the end of the sixteenth century, and further pairs were exported abroad. This paper examines the evidence for the production of, and mechanics of trade in, English knitted wool stockings. It draws on a wide range of sources, ranging from personal papers to official archives. It provides evidence to expand our knowledge of the production process and trade, and quantitative data for the mechanics of distribution, especially the export trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The renowned Moors and Christians celebrations held in Alicante (specifically in Villajoyosa), are widely appreciated for their authentic recreations of historical events and battles that took place during the sixteenth century. Moreover, Villajoyosa is famous for its excellent state of conservation of architectonic elements such as walls, facades, watchtowers, churches, or fortifications. However, due to the poor information, these events have been moved to different places to the ones where the original battles happened. Hence, this study presents a practical examination aimed at cataloging and characterizing the impact of pyrotechnics and firing weapons in close proximity to these architectural elements. In order to gather these data, multiple sound‐level meters and accelerometers were strategically positioned on the building. Six arquebusiers fire their weapons to emulate the effect of this festival. Thanks to the obtained results, we have been able to propose some recommendations to move these events to the original emplacement at the time of protecting our heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguably the most famous principle of toxicology is "The dose makes the poison" formulated by Paracelsus in the 16th century. Application of the Paracelsus's principle to mechanistic toxicology may be challenging as one compound may affect many molecular pathways at different doses with different and often nonlinear dose-response relationships. As a result, many mechanistic studies of environmental and occupational compounds use high doses of xenobiotics motivated by the need to see a clear signal indicating disruption of a particular molecular pathway. This approach ignores the possibility that the same xenobiotic may affect different molecular mechanism(s) at much lower doses relevant to human exposures. To amend mechanistic toxicology with a simple and concise guiding principle, I suggest recontextualization of Paracelsus's following its letter and spirit: "The dose disrupts the pathway". Justification of this statement includes observations that many environmental and occupational xenobiotics affect a broad range of molecular cascades, that most molecular pathways are sensitive to chemical exposures, and that different molecular pathways are sensitive to different doses of a chemical compound. I suggest that this statement may become a useful guidance and educational tool in a range of toxicological applications, including experimental design, comparative analysis of mechanistic hypotheses, evaluation of the quality of toxicological studies, and risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]