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Nos últimos anos, vários países vêm dialogando sobre os caminhos do mercado, da economia, de recursos naturais e de como a população mundial irá se alimentar. Da mesma forma com que foi ditada, pela globalização, a maneira do acesso, consumo e produção de forma verticalizada e global, existe uma urgência em se modificar e ou até mesmo resgatar uma produção e consumo sustentável a partir do fortalecimento da cultura local. Diante deste contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de estabelecer possíveis contribuições do aporte analítico e conceitual sobre consumo alimentar sustentável e sistema agroalimentares para a discussão na abordagem local. A estrutura do trabalho está organizada em quatro seções, a primeira seção traz o debate do conceito de produção de alimentos e seu processo dentro da ruralidade. A segunda seção debate-se sobre o consumo sustentável e sua função no desenvolvimento territorial. Na terceira seção analisa-se e discute-se a comercialização, e por fim, na última seção um debate onde se discute possíveis contribuições para o desenvolvimento territorial local. Nas últimas décadas a população mundial vem passando por transições nutricionais, epidemiológica, demográfica e tecnológica, o que contribui na mudança de comportamento e de acesso às informações. As escolhas por alimentos minimamente processados e in natura, como promoção da saúde e prevenção de doenças, orientados pelo Guia Alimentar da População Brasileira (2014), faz com que as pessoas sejam orientadas a preparar e consumir alimentos produzidos em sua região, fortalecendo a cultura e o desenvolvimento local

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El uso de indicadores que permitan inferir el cumplimiento de los procesos involucrados en la estabilidad y resiliencia constituye una muy buena herramienta de diagnóstico de los agroecosistemas. Se estudió el ensamble de carábidos (Coleoptera) en un agroecosistema vitivinícola de terrenos altos, no inundables de Berisso, Buenos Aires, como un instrumento para estimar su funcionamiento y sustentabilidad. Los carábidos se recolectaron con trampas pitfall. Su riqueza representó el 12,38% del total de estos insectos del partido de Berisso y el 7,38% de la propia provincia de Buenos Aires, lo cual representa mucha de la diversidad de la región. Se encontró una estructura bastante simple de la dominancia específica, con el dominio de unas pocas especies por sobre las restantes. Hubo diferencias en la abundancia y riqueza de carábidos entre ambientes y años. Tanto el elenco como las preferencias de hábitats de las especies integrantes reflejan cierto grado de homogeneidad microambiental local. Durante la totalidad del período muestreado, las especies dominantes y eudominantes se mantuvieron. Estas especies y gran parte de las restantes manson eurítopas, ubicuistas y sinantrópicas, o sea generalistas de hábitat, de amplia distribución geográfica y abundantes en sistemas con disturbio antrópico y baja complejidad ambiental. Por sus características bioecológicas, las especies particulares y el ensamble en su conjunto, respondieron positivamente a variables ambientales y de disturbio, actuando como eficaces bioindicadores del funcionamiento del agroecosistema.

Copyright of Revista Cubana de Ciencias Informáticas is the property of Universidad de las Ciencias Informaticas (UCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Sociología is the property of Federacion Espanola de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mediante entrevistas a personas jóvenes del sur del Estado de México, se construyeron sus trayectorias laborales, resaltando las limitantes y motivaciones que las condujeron a llevar a cabo actividades agrícolas. El objetivo es evidenciar los puntos de inflexión en su vida productiva que culminó en la realización de una actividad agropecuaria. La presente investigación contiene cuatro secciones que detallan conceptos como juventudes rurales y agricultura familiar, mostrar el vínculo de las juventudes y el agro, así como debatir los retos y oportunidades de este bloque poblacional en las labores agrarias. Los principales resultados muestran dos vertientes que limitan la participación juvenil en el campo: tenencia de la tierra y una ruptura en el relevo generacional. La conclusión gira en torno a debatir la capacidad de agencia de las juventudes rurales al elegir estrategias de sustento, haciendo uso de nuevas tecnologías y quitando los estigmas respecto al trabajo agrícola.

Objective: To offer an overview of managerial equity and its influence on the social aspect of corporate social responsibility, which has been incorporated in the processes of organizations through the principle of sustainable development. Methodology: The systematic review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Further, the inclusion criteria for papers were (i) being written in either English or Spanish, (ii) being published in a scholarly peer-reviewed journal, and (iii) focusing on issues related to social sustainability and its relevance in agricultural systems. Results: Seven studies fulfill the inclusion criteria and therefore they were analyzed. Limitations: The number of articles found in four databases (ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer and JStore). Conclusions: Managerial equity influences corporate social responsibility in agricultural systems by the incorporating the ethical principle of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, conventional agriculture is seen as greenhouse gases (GHG) emitter. Conservation agriculture is capable of GHG mitigating and potentially carbon credits generating. This study aimed to analyze the normative aspects and perspectives for Brazilian agricultural carbon market regulation, through scientific and governmental databases. It was concluded that Brazil, despite the participation in international discussions and significant institutional and regulatory advances, lacks application and greater rigor in complying with environmental legislation related to GHG mitigation. Thus, the country has favorable conditions for an agricultural carbon market implementation. However, for this to become reality, it is necessary to increase public-private partnerships and more comprehensive regulatory policies for the various sector segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To carry out this work, interviews were conducted with young people from the south of the State of Mexico. The labor trajectories of the individuals were constructed, with emphasis on the limitations and motivations that led them to carry out agricultural activities. The objective was to evidence the milestones that marked a turning point in their labor trajectory that culminated in the realization of an agricultural activity. This research contains four sections explaining concepts such as rural youth, family agriculture, illustrating the link between youth and agriculture, as well it discusses the challenges and opportunities of this population group in agricultural work. The main results show two aspects that limit youth participation in agriculture: land tenure and a rupture in the generational relay. The conclusion revolves around debating the agency capacity of rural youth in choosing livelihood strategies via new technologies and removing the stigmas of agricultural work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los suelos aluviales son importantes y productivos, a la vez poco conocidos en relación a sus características, rentabilidad, incertidumbres y condiciones económicas en las comunidades nativas amazónicas. En este trabajo caracterizamos los elementos de los sistemas agrícolas en suelos aluviales y su influencia en la economía de comunidades shipibo-konibo de Ucayali. El estudio se realizó en cuatro comunidades seleccionadas por su ubicación en los suelos aluviales y sus actividades económicas, en base de entrevistas (n=34), observación participante y estudio de caso. La información de campo fue analizada por medio de estadística descriptiva y análisis de clúster. Cuatro sistemas de producción fueron identificados, agrupados por área cultivada, agroecosistemas utilizados, crianzas y diversidad de plantas cultivadas. Los cultivos que cubren la seguridad alimentaria y generan ingresos económicos fueron plátano (Musa sp.) y maíz (Zea mays). Se cuestiona la rentabilidad de estos sistemas por los bajos precios e incertidumbres, por consiguiente, las comunidades no mejoran sus condiciones económicas; a fin de apoyar su subsistencia realizan la pesca y caza que están sobreexplotados. Los agroecosistemas aluviales son determinantes para la vida de los shipibo-konibo, la cual es necesario fortalecer con programas de desarrollo en un contexto de agricultura familiar

Las evaluaciones de sostenibilidad son el mecanismo más adecuado para determinar si un método, alternativa o tendencia de producción de cultivos es viable desde el punto de vista ambiental, económico y social. Estas evaluaciones se realizan por medio de herramientas basadas en indicadores, algunos asociados con las propiedades, la composición, los procesos y el manejo del suelo. En esta revisión se ofrece una visión global del efecto de las actividades de manejo del suelo sobre la sostenibilidad de los sistemas de producción agrícola y se hace una descripción general de los indicadores de suelo que se han utilizado en evaluaciones de sostenibilidad agrícola. Se han utilizado 28 indicadores, agrupados en indicadores inherentes al suelo (16) e indicadores de procesos relacionados con los sistemas suelo-agua (3), suelo-atmósfera (5) y suelo-planta (4). Se sugiere la medición de al menos un indicador por cada grupo de indicadores asociados a propiedades y procesos del suelo, la inclusión de indicadores que tengan en cuenta escenarios futuros de cambio climático, así como la adaptación de las herramientas actuales para evaluar la sostenibilidad de diversas alternativas de producción.

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The objective of this research was to determine the resilience capacity of Musaceae production systems in the Ecuadorian tropics. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with three replications, two locations (El Carmen and La Mana), two production systems (mixed and monoculture). According to the results of the studies, the mixed system of musaceae production was the one with the highest presence of arthropods, the Collembola order being the most diverse, which gives us the guideline to say that this order is associated with the quality of the soils. In the mixed systems, La Maná and El Carmen, there was a higher quantity of worms and microorganisms and a lower rate of infection of pests and diseases compared to the monoculture systems. The infection rates of black Sigatoka, the population of phytopathogenic nematodes and the severity of the black weevil attack are higher in plots with monoculture than when there is a mixture with cultivars that have tolerance to these biotic stresses. From this study we can conclude that mixed cropping systems are more productive, have greater biodiversity and are more resilient to being attacked by pests and diseases than agricultural systems based on monoculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En los últimos años, la agricultura de los Andes ha mostrado mayor sensibilidad al cambio climático, favoreciendo procesos de erosión del suelo, retroceso de glaciares, pérdida de cobertura vegetal, incremento en la intensidad de lluvias y alteración en la dinámica de los cultivos de la región como: papa, quinua, maíz, entre otros. Lo que motivó que, muchos autores desarrollen simulaciones de modelos regionales para estimar el índice de vulnerabilidad de estos sistemas agrícolas ante estos eventos climáticos, permitiéndoles otorgar una data climatológica más confiable en presencia de vientos cálidos y secos. En el presente artículo de revisión, se detallan los principales aportes brindados por diversos investigadores respecto al impacto del cambio climático en la agricultura andina. Según los antecedentes recopilados se concluye que, el cambio climático en los Andes provocará que países como Brasil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana y Colombia, incrementen su temperatura local, potencial de evapotranspiración y escasez de agua, ocasionando la pérdida de cultivos importantes como el arroz. En contraste, países como Perú, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia y Uruguay registrarán temperaturas más bajas que afectarán su producción y rendimiento en cultivos como la quinua, papa, tarwi, entre otros.

Se describen las prácticas de conservación de suelo realizadas por nueve agricultores de Santa Cruz Moxolahuac, Puebla, México, a partir del modelo teórico transaccional (Holahan, 2006). Se aplicaron dos técnicas de investigación: observación sistematizada para medir los componentes ambiental y conductual, y encuesta para medir el componente psicológico. Los resultados son clasificados en tres tipos de incongruencias, las cuales provocan que no se alcance la resiliencia en los sistemas agrícolas. Por ello, la propuesta de intervención socioambiental sería lograr la correspondencia entre las necesidades ambientales que presenta el sistema agrícola y los conocimientos, las actitudes y los comportamientos cotidianos del agricultor respecto a sus prácticas de conservación de suelo.

This research focuses on describing the soil conservation practices of the nine farmers from Santa Cruz Moxolahuac, Puebla, Mexico. The transactional model theory (Holahan, 2006) is used to describe these practices. Two research techniques are used: systematic observation is used to measure both environmental and behavioral components, and a survey to measure the psychological component. The results are classified into three kinds of inconsistencies, which do not allow resilience to develop in the farming systems. Thus, the social – environmental intervention proposal for this investigation is to reach a coherent connection between the environmental needs of the farming systems and the farmer’s knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding their soil conservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, agriculture in the Andes has shown greater sensitivity to climate change, favoring processes of soil erosion, retreat of glaciers, loss of vegetation cover, increased intensity of rainfall and alteration in the dynamics of crops in the region such as: potato, quinoa, corn, among others. This motivated many authors to develop regional model simulations to estimate the vulnerability index of these agricultural systems to these climatic events, allowing them to provide a more reliable climatological data in the presence of hot and dry winds. In this review article, the main contributions provided by various researchers regarding the impact of climate change on Andean agriculture are detailed. According to the collected information, it is concluded that climate change in the Andes will cause countries such as Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana and Colombia, to increase their local temperature, potential for evapotranspiration and water scarcity, causing the loss of important crops such as rice. In contrast, countries such as Peru, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Uruguay will register lower temperatures that will affect their production and yield in crops such as quinoa, potatoes, tarwi, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economía Coyuntural, Revista de Temas de Coyuntura y Perspectivas is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Sociales Jose Ortiz Mercado (IIES-JOM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La evaluación de la sustentabilidad de los agroecosistemas requiere el desarrollo de indicadores que permitan inferir el cumplimiento de los procesos involucrados en su estabilidad y resiliencia. Se estudió el ensamble de carábidos (Coleoptera) en un agroecosistema vitivinícola de Berisso, Buenos Aires, como una herramienta estimativa de su funcionamiento y sustentabilidad. Los carábidos se recolectaron con trampas pitfall. Su riqueza representó el 16,6% del total de estos insectos del partido de Berisso y el 9,94 % de la propia de la provincia de Buenos Aires, lo cual representa mucha de la diversidad de la región. Se encontró una estructura con distribución escalonada de la dominancia específica. En la parcela de vid se observó una mayor riqueza y abundancia que en los ambientes aledaños. Tanto el elenco como las preferencias de hábitats de las especies integrantes reflejan un importante grado de heterogeneidad microambiental local. Las especies dominantes y eudominantes se mantuvieron en los períodos anuales muestreados y, estas especies y gran parte de las restantes, se asocian a bosques ribereños y/o ambientes hidrófilos, indicando condiciones de uniformidad ambiental generadas por las inundaciones. Por sus características bioecológicas, las especies particulares y el ensamble en su conjunto, respondieron positivamente a variables ambientales y de disturbio, actuando como eficaces bioindicadores del funcionamiento del agroecosistema. La complejidad microambiental vinculada a la biodiversidad dentro de estos agroecosistemas, favorece la presencia de organismos que contribuyen al cumplimiento de procesos ecológicos asociados con su sustentabilidad.

El análisis de cambios de uso de la tierra es esencial para comprender la condición actual y prospectar el estado del suelo toda vez que puede generar impactos en las condiciones del mismo, pero estas respuestas no han sido suficientemente caracterizadas en las condiciones de clima seco tropical. Mediante muestreo aleatorio estratificado, se recolectaron muestras de suelo (n=5) a dos profundidades y tres tipos de uso de la tierra (natural, agrícola y zonas verdes) en Santa Marta Colombia, para evaluar los efectos del uso sobre características físicas y químicas del suelo. Los resultados mostraron cambios significativos en el contenido de carbono, nitrógeno total, humedad, temperatura, densidad aparente, porosidad total y CIC. El análisis de componentes principales logró separar las características edáficas por uso donde los mayores contenidos de carbono se asociaron a las zonas verdes, los de porosidad a la zona de bosque y los mayores valores en conductividad, pH y humedad se encontraron en la zona agrícola, demostrando que el uso del suelo influye sobre las características físicas y químicas, por lo que se requiere seguimiento para un manejo sostenible del recurso.

The agricultural and livestock sector has caused approximately 24% of total greenhouse gas emissions (GEE) in Brazil in 2017. In 2009, the Brazilian administration established sectorial plans for the mitigation of climatic changes. The Agricultural Plan for Low Carbon (ABC) and the ABC Program are responsible for target projections to mitigate climatic changes and financial incentives for their implementation. Current paper investigates whether available credit for this public policy is being used in technological processes with great potential for the mitigation of GEEs. Secondary sources of data on the amount of credit of ABC program and GEE emissions have been researched. The historical series of emissions revealed that, within agricultural activities, enteric fermentation of animals and the use of agricultural soil are the main causes of GEEs, with almost 86% of emissions. Results also demonstrated that, within seven priority areas, one has specially received highest investment rates, or rather, the recovery of degraded pastureland, with approximately 30% of investments. Further, 15% of amounts initially projected by the ABN program have been available and only 9% have been effectively spent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Beilschmiedia berteroana (Lauraceae) es un árbol endémico y en peligro de extinción, escasamente distribuido desde la Región Metropolitana (33°49’S y 70°35’W) hasta la Región del Biobío (36°46’S y 77°22’W) de Chile central. Históricamente, su área de ocupación ha mantenido una prolongada e intensa actividad silvoagropecuaria y concentra el 23% de las plantas amenazadas del país. Esta situación implicaría revisar y ajustar las estrategias o métodos de conservación para este tipo de paisaje. El trabajo tiene por objetivo contribuir al conocimiento y conservación de una población de B. berteroana inserta en un sistema agrícola y ubicada en la Depresión Intermedia de Chile central. Para ello se propone: a) describir demográficamente la población de B. berteroana y flora vascular asociada y b) examinar las posibilidades de su conservación en un sistema agrícola. Se aplicó un censo a B. berteroana y un Sondeo Botánico Rápido (SBR) a la flora asociada. El censo detectó 37 individuos de B. berteroana con un total de 647 rebrotes, distribuyéndose el 13,5% en forma aislada y el 86,5% en pequeños grupos. El SBR reveló 27 especies de plantas vasculares, predominando los arbustos (37,0%), seguido por los árboles (33,3%), hierbas perennes (18,5%) y trepadoras leñosas (11,1%). El tipo ecológico de las especies se distribuye por el tipo mesófilo (55,6%), seguido por el esclerófilo (25,9%) e higrófilo (18,5%). Los mayores valores de importancia recaen en las especies nativas Colliguaja dombeyana (24,22) y Salix humboldtiana (17,61), seguido por la especie introducida Rubus ulmifolius (16,59). De acuerdo con el origen, el 51,9% de las especies son nativas, 29,6% endémicas y 18,5% introducidas. Adicionalmente, se informa el hallazgo de Tarasa reichei, un arbusto poco conocido y endémico de Chile central. La nueva localidad (Longaví) para T. reichei extiende el límite sur de la especie en 77 km y la desplaza por vez primera a la Depresión Intermedia. Se revisan las posibilidades de conservación para B. berteroana y T. reichei y se propone la conservación circa situm como método complementario.

Se caracterizan los modos de vida rurales desarrollados por los pobladores de Raíces, Zinacantepec, que se ubica dentro del perímetro del área de protección de flora y fauna Nevado de Toluca (APNT). Los datos mostrados fueron obtenidos a partir del uso de métodos cualitativos, de donde se analizaron 29 grupos domésticos seleccionados a partir de un muestreo no probabilístico. Se detectaron tres modos de vida en la región: modo de vida agrícola, del empleado en el sector servicios y jornalero agrícola. En conclusión, se requiere que el Estado desarrolle un plan de manejo integral que considere los tres modos de vida rurales detectados en el APNT, puesto que en el actual programa de manejo no se contemplan.

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The aim of the research was to characterize the rural livelihoods developed by people from Raíces, Zinacantepec; who are located in the perimeter of the Protected Area of Flora and Fauna Nevado de Toluca (APNT). Data were collected through qualitative methods from 29 domestic groups, which were selected with non-probabilistic sampling method. Three rural livelihoods were identified in the region such as: agricultural livelihood, employee sector services and agricultural day labourer. It is concluded that government policies require a holistic management plan that consider the three rural livelihoods identified in the APNT, since these are not considered into the current policy plan of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The native forest area in the Brazilian Cerrado has been replaced by agro-ecosystems and is considered the last agricultural frontier of the country. Thus, the use of sustainable agro-ecosystems can minimize damage to the environment. To assess the sustainability of these systems, there are several types of indicators, including physical, chemical, and biological. Among the biological indicators are nematodes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate nematodes as bio-indicators of disturbance during the establishment of a crop-livestock-forest integrated system (iCLF). Ten farming systems were evaluated (Forest, Crop, Livestock, Crop-Livestock, Livestock-Crop, Crop-Forest, Livestock-Forest, three different Crop-Livestock-Forest, Native Forest, and Spontaneous Vegetation). A native forested area and a spontaneous vegetation area were used as controls (stable environments). Samples were taken at the establishment of the systems and another during the crop season of the second year. The nematode communities were evaluated using total and relative abundance, Shannon-Weaver and Simpson's diversity indexes and evenness, a wealth index (D), a maturity index (MI), a modified maturity index (MMI), a 2-5 maturity index (MI2-5), and a plant parasite index (PPI). The data were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% (P <0.05) significance in order to identify the effects of treatments on the nematode community. Plant-parasitic nematodes dominated at both harvests. Fungivores and bacterivores were reduced after the implantation. A greater number of representative genera of predatory nematodes were observed in the sampling carried out in the second year of implantation of the systems. Omnivores were slightly reduced under the influence of the Crop-Livestock (CL), the three iCLF systems, and the native forest area. The largest Shannon-Weaver's diversity index and evenness were found in the Livestock-Forest (LF), the three iCLF systems, and the spontaneous vegetation area. The iCLF systems were the only systems in the second sampling that increased all diversity indexes, evenness and richness, unlike the Crop (C) system and the CL system. A lower MI value was found in the C system. The greatest MI values were observed in the CL, the three iCLF systems, and the spontaneous vegetation area. The maturity indices (MI and MI2-5), modified maturity index (MMI), and plant parasite index (PPI) indexes indicated that the spontaneous vegetation and native forest areas were reference areas with stable environments. In short, diversity measures and other indexes showed that the LF and iCLF systems generated less disturbance to the environment whereas the C system caused major disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Burrowing owl is a common raptor species in Pampean agrosystems of Argentina, that builds nests in burrows under the ground. Given the negative effect of expanding soybean crops on avian diversity, it is key to study that effect on habitat selection at multiples scales. We investigated the use of nesting habitat before and after the growing of soybean shoots and nesting site selection after the growing of soybean shoots, at three spatial scales: nest scale (habitat type where the nest was located), nesting site scale (a circle of 50 m radius centered on the nest) and home range (a circle of 600 m radius). Surveys were conducted on secondary roads, searching for nests, and 23 random points were established on the same roads to evaluate nest site selection. Habitat use changed with the spatial scale and stage of crop development. Before the soybean shooting, 63% of nests were located into livestock fields, whereas after the soybean shooting, 55% of nests were located in field edges. At the nesting site scale, the cover of habitat types and distance to fences were similar before and after soybean shooting. At the home range scale, Burrowing Owl nested in stubble area and in cropfields before and after soybean shooting, respectively. The Burrowing Owl selected field edges to locate the nest, avoided the proximity of roads and woodlots at the nesting site scale, and selected home ranges close to fences and avoiding trees. We recommend maintaining edges of cropfields with unmanaged vegetation to provide nesting habitat for burrowing owls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determinate the effect of increasing soil organic matter on fruit yield of mango trees under irrigated conditions, in Luvisols of Campeche State, Mexico. In every 48 commercial orchards and five sites under natural forest vegetation, soil samples were taken in order to determine physical and chemical properties. Furthermore, in orchards sites, leaf sampling was carried out, and data on orchard management practices and fruit yield also were registered. The collected data was analyzed using regression analysis. From soil organic matter content in continues sole maize cropping system under rainfed agriculture or irrigated vegetables, soil organic matter content in mango orchards increased from 3.26% in a period since 1 to 5 years to 5.66% after a period of 16 to 30 years. In soil under natural forest vegetation, organic matter content was 5.36%. Increasing soil organic matter content and tree age, fruit yield increased by 9.5 t/ha after 26 to 30 years under cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Psylloidea are small phytophagous hemipterans phloem feeders and they have high specificity for their hosts. In temperate regions are important pests in fruit trees, forestry, ornamentals and horticultural plants. The parasitoids are effective controllers of the psiloid populations. The current knowledge of this group in Argentina is scarce and fragmentary. The aim of this workis to expand the knowledge about diversity of the Psylloidea present in Argentina, its association with the agricultural systems and native vegetation, and the interactions with parasitoids and other natural enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo tiene como objeto estudiar la práctica sostenible y la función económica de la agrobiodiversidad en los ambientes más inestables de la várzea, las “playas” y “barreales”. El estudio fue realizado en siete comunidades del “Sector Muyuy” próximo a la ciudad de Iquitos en 2004. Este estudio también compara la agrobiodiversidad de una comunidad en 1999. La metodología usada es el mismo aplicado por el Proyecto “People, Land Management and Environmental Change” de la Universidad de las Naciones Unidas, que prioriza la experimentación, demostración y explicación de los sistemas agrícolas por los propios agricultores. Los resultados muestran que los sistemas agrícolas en playas y barreales varían según el tipo de sedimentación anual. En 2004 se promocionó el crédito agrícola para arroz. La agrobiodiversidad en playas y barreales fue constituida por 9 cultivos en 1999 y 2 cultivos en 2004. La diversidad aumenta con los cultivos inundados por el rio, generando ambientes de protección y alimentación de diferentes peces y la tortuga cupiso. Los sistemas agrícolas empleados contienen estrategias de minimización del riesgo sobre el “pulso del rio”, utilizándose generalmente cultivos de corto periodo vegetativo en las áreas de mayor riesgo de inundación. Finalmente, la función económica de la agrobiodiversidad está direccionada al consumo y a la comercialización. La diversidad acuática genera un complemento económico para los agricultores.

La reforma de la Política Agrícola Común (PAC) de la Agenda 2000, justifica la intervención pública como medio de consecución de dos objetivos fundamentales: potenciar la competitividad de la agricultura europea y defender su carácter multifuncional. Este artículo trata de analizar el grado de consecución del primero de estos objetivos, en su doble vertiente de adopción de nuevas tecnologías productivas y de reforma estructural. Para ello se han construido sendos modelos de programación matemática con los que se simulan los efectos de la adopción de diferentes innovaciones tecnológicas sobre explotaciones tipo de dos comarcas agrícolas españolas (Tierra de Campos de Valladolid y Campiña Baja de Córdoba). Junto con la Agenda 2000 y su situación previa, se estudian los efectos de otros tres escenarios alternativos de política agraria. Los resultados relativos de estos escenarios permiten evaluar el incentivo que cada sistema de intervención introduce sobre los procesos de adopción de nuevas tecnologías y de reforma estructural.

Brazilian agrarian issue, resumed especially in the 80s and 90s by rural social movements, has motivated several academic studies and governmental programs. The understanding of the mechanisms of income generation within productive units and life conditions of the settled farmers’ families is relevant for promoting the development of these families and the country. In this context, Tamarana, a town located in northern Paraná where 401 families of family farmers were settled in 17 rural settlements until 2008, stands out. The importance of family farmers settled in this town motivated the research presented in this work. The purposes of the study were to conduct a socioeconomic diagnosis in the seven rural settlements, contribute with the study of the agricultural production systems as well as of the farmers’ for the establishments of reference networks in rural settlements and provide information that contribute to the elaboration of public policies and plans of action of the rural area. The methodology, case study, used for the interviews and the dealing with the data was considered very useful for other cases. Primary data were obtained by means of personal interviews with 133 farmers’ families and the secondary data in several bibliographical sources. The data used in this work are part of the database of the Projeto Redes de Referências para Agricultura Familiar. The results of the research enabled the visualization of the social and economic characteristics of the settled families and the great variability of income and types of production systems and combinations within the systems. The families’ income come from several sources, especially the agricultural production, concentrated in production systems of the milk, grain and horticulture, the work carried out outside the settlement and the retirements. The families are satisfied for owning their own land, having a place to live and produce the food for survival.A questão agrária brasileira, retomada, principalmente, nos anos 80 e 90 pelos movimentos sociais rurais, tem motivado diversos estudos acadêmicos e programas governamentais. A compreensão dos mecanismos de geração de renda dentro das unidades produtivas e das condições de vida das famílias dos agricultores assentados é relevante para a promoção do desenvolvimento destas famílias e do país. Com destaque neste contexto, está o município de Tamarana, localizado no norte do estado do Paraná, onde foram assentadas, até o ano de 2008, 401 famílias de agricultores familiares em 17 assentamentos rurais. A importância dos agricultores familiares assentados neste município motivou a pesquisa apresentada neste trabalho. Os objetivos do estudo foram: realizar um diagnóstico socioeconômico nos sete assentamentos rurais; contribuir no estudo de sistemas de produção e de agricultores para a instalação de redes de referência; e contribuir para a elaboração de políticas públicas e planos de ação de extensão rural. A metodologia, estudo de caso, utilizada para as entrevistas e o tratamento dos dados se mostrou de grande utilidade para aplicação em outros casos. Os dados primários foram obtidos por meio de entrevista pessoal com 133 famílias de agricultores e os dados secundários em fontes bibliográficas. Os dados utilizados neste trabalho fazem parte da base de dados do Projeto Redes de Referências para Agricultura Familiar. Os resultados da pesquisa permitiram visualizar as características sociais e econômicas das famílias assentadas e a grande variabilidade de renda e tipos de sistemas de produção e de combinações dentro dos sistemas. As rendas das famílias são provenientes de várias fontes, principalmente da produção agropecuária, concentrada nos sistemas de produção de grãos, leite e olerícolas, do trabalho externo e de aposentadorias. As famílias estão satisfeitas por possuírem a terra, terem um local para habitação e produzirem o alimento para sobrevivência.

The resilience, ecological function and quality of both agricultural and natural systems were evaluated in the mountainous region of the Atlantic Rain Forest of Rio de Janeiro through Rapid Assessment Methods. For this goal new indicators were proposed, such as eco-volume, eco-height, bio-volume, volume efficiency, and resilience index. The following agricultural and natural systems have been compared according: (i) vegetables (leaf, fruit and mixed); (ii) citrus; (iii) ecological system; (iv) cattle, (v) silvo-pastoral system, (vi) forest fragment and (vii) forest in regeneration stage (1, 2 and 3 years old). An alternative measure (index) of resilience was proposed by considering the actual bio-volume as a function of the potential eco-volume. The objectives and hypotheses were fulfilled; it is shown that there does exist a high positive correlation between resilience index, biomass, energy efficiency and biodiversity. Cattle and vegetable systems have lowest resilience, whilst ecological and silvo-pastoral systems have greatest resilience. This new approach offers a rapid, though valuable assessment tool for ecological studies, agricultural development and landscape planning, particularly in tropical countries.Foram avaliadas, em região montanhosa da Mata Atlântica do Rio de Janeiro a resiliência, função ecológica e qualidade tanto do sistema agrícola como natural, através dos métodos de avaliação rápida ("rapid assessment methods"). Para este fim, foram propostos novos indicadores como eco-volume, eco-altura, bio-volume, eficiência volumétrica e índice de resiliência. Os seguintes sistemas agrícolas e naturais foram comparados: (i) hortaliças (folhas, frutos e mistos); (ii) citros; (iii) sistema ecológico; (iv) gado; (v) sistema silvo-pastoral; (vi) fragmento florestal; (vii) floresta em estágio de recuperação (1, 2 e 3 anos de idade). Uma forma alternativa de resiliência foi proposta considerando o bio-volume real como uma função do eco-volume potencial. Os objetivos e hipóteses foram alcançados; demonstrou-se que existe uma correlação altamente positiva entre índice de resiliência, energia da biomassa, eficiência energética e biodiversidade. Pecuária e sistemas de hortaliças apresentaram as mais baixas resiliências enquanto sistemas ecológico e silvo-pastoral tiveram maiores resiliências. Esta nova estratégia oferece uma rápida e valiosa ferramenta de avaliação para estudos ecológicos, desenvolvimento agrícola e planejamento paisagístico, especialmente em países tropicais.

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en las prospecciones realizadas durante los años 2006 y 2007, en el Valle de Ambato, Departamento de Ambato (Catamarca). El objetivo principal es describir y analizar los sistemas agrícolas que funcionaron en dicho valle, durante los siglos VI al XI d.C. Asimismo, se suman elementos para el estudio del uso del espacio agrícola en un contexto social desigualitario. La información reunida permite plantear que durante este período se practicó una agricultura predominantemente a secano, efectuada a través de una infraestructura orientada a reducir los riesgos de pérdida de producción y garantizar el abastecimiento de alimentos.The results obtained from surveys carried out in 2006 and 2007 in the Ambato Valley, Department of Ambato, Catamarca, are presented in this paper. The main objective is to describe and analyze the agricultural systems that functioned in this valley from the sixth through eleventh centuries AD. In addition, data for the study of the use of agricultural space in a context of social inequality are included. The data obtained confirm that unirrigated agriculture was mainly practiced during this period, made possible by an infrastructure designed to reduce the risks of production loss and guarantee food supplies.

A acidez é uma importante característica dos principais solos do cerrado, como os latossolos (56%) e as areias quartzosas (20%). O estudo foi conduzido na Fazenda Três Irmãos em Santa Helena (GO) com as culturas da soja, milho, arroz de terras altas e feijão, submetidas a quatro manejos do solo: 1) plantio direto; 2) escarificação profunda; 3) grade aradora e 4) aração profunda, e a três níveis de adubação: 1) fertilidade natural; 2) recomendação oficial e 3) equivalente à exportação pelos grãos. A distribuição do alumínio no solo foi influenciada pelos diferentes tipos de manejos em função das máquinas e implementos exigidos pelos diferentes sistemas. As áreas submetidas ao plantio direto apresentaram teor de alumínio mais elevado na camada superficial do solo após a primeira cultura. Ao contrário, os altos teores de alumínio na camada superficial, nas áreas submetidas á escarificação profunda foram observados após a última cultura. As áreas trabalhadas por grade aradora mostraram resultados mais próximos daquelas trabalhadas com arado de aiveca, porém em menor grau. Na área onde se realizou aração profunda, teores constantes de alumínio foram observados em todas as faixas de solo. Maiores valores do pH foram observados na camada superficial do solo submetido à aração profunda. O feno e o manganês foram mais uniformes nas camadas mais profundas onde o solo foi submetido à aração profunda. Nenhuma variação foi observada em relação à aplicação de fertilizantes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fertilidade do solo; micronutrientes; plantio direto; sistemas agrícolas. The acidity is an important characteristic of the main soils of Brazilian Savanna as Latosol (56%) and Quartzpsemment (20%). This study was carried out at Três Irmãos farm, in Santa Helena, state of Goiás, Brazil, with soybean, corn, rice and common bean crops under four soil management: 1) no-till; 2) deep moldboard plowing; 3) shallow harrow plowing and 4) deep stirring, using a chiseling plow and three levels of fertilization: 1) Check; 2) State recommendation and 3) Fertilizers to cover the nutrients extracted by grain exportation. The distribution of exchangeable aluminum was influenced by soil management in function of machines and implements demanded by each system. The areas submitted to no-till management presented higher aluminum concentration in the superficial layer after the first crop, but the same was observed in the areas submitted to deep stirring only after the last crop. The areas submitted to shallow harrow plowing showed similar results of those obtained by deep moldboard plowing , even so in smaller degree. In the area where deep moldboard plowing was used, aluminum concentration was similar in all soil layers. Higher pH values were observed on the superficial layer of soil submitted to deep moldboard plowing in relation to no-till shallow harrow plowing and deep stirring. Uniform distribution of iron and manganese was observed in areas submitted to deep moldboard plowing. No variation was observed in relation to fertilizer application. KEY-WORDS: Soil fertility; micronutrients; no-till; crop systems.