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PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 5-week short foot eccentric endurance training program on the foot center of pressure measures in healthy university graduate students.METHODS: Eleven healthy students between the ages of 18 and 35 years (n=11, 3 males, 8 females; mean age 26.5±2.5 years; BMI 23.9±2.6 kg/m2) were included in the study. The participants volunteered in a 5-week progressive eccentric contraction short foot exercise program performed three times per week. The main outcome pressure measurements pre- and post-intervention in static double leg stance were measured using a MatScan® Pressure Mapping System.RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in the base of support (p=.002, ES=2.59), time to boundary (p=.024, ES=1.63), and overall minima measures (p=.05, ES=1.36) pre- and post-intervention.CONCLUSIONS: A 5-week progressive eccentric contraction short foot exercise program significantly decreased the center of pressure excursion measures, demonstrating improved postural control.

Clinical Scenario: Deformation of the arch, as measured by navicular drop (ND), is linked to lower-extremity musculoskeletal injuries. The short foot exercise (SFE) has been used to strengthen the intrinsic foot muscles that support the arch. Clinical Question: Does the SFE decrease ND in healthy adults? Summary of Key Findings: Three studies that examined the use of the SFE on ND were included. A randomized control trial that compared the SFE to a towel-curl exercise and a control group found no significant differences between the 3 groups. A randomized control trial compared the SFE to the use of arch support insoles in individuals with a flexible flatfoot and found a significant improvement in the SFE group. A prospective cohort study, without a control group, reported a significant decrease in ND following a 4-week SFE intervention without a regression at an 8-week follow-up. Overall, two of the three studies reported a significant reduction in ND following an SFE. Clinical Bottom Line: There is preliminary data supporting the use of the SFE to decrease ND—particularly in individuals with a flexible flatfoot. However, issues with the study designs make it difficult to interpret the data. Strength of Recommendation: Due to limited evidence, there is grade B evidence to support the use of the SFE to decrease ND.

Background: Flexible flat foot is that the medial longitudinal arch collapses in weight bearing and returns normal arch when weight is removed and the weight bearing shifts toward medial part of the foot, which can cause patho­logical problems in the alignment of the lower extremities and the entire body. Objective: To compare the foot pressure for adults with flexible flat foot. Design: Quasi-Experimental Study Methods: 24 participants with flexible flat foot were recruited and were ran­domly divided into Visual feedback Short Foot Exercise (VSFE) group and Short Foot Exercise (SFE) group. To compare changes of foot pressure about pre and post intervention, the contact pressure measurement was conducted. Results: In the VSFE, significant differences were observed for the foot pres­sure of the 1st toe, 1st, 3rd and 4-5th metatarsal, midfoot, medial and lateral heel (p

Effective balance rehabilitation is essential to address flat foot (pes planus) which is closely associated with reduced postural stability. Although sensorimotor training (SMT) and short-foot exercise (SFE) have been effective for improving postural stability, the combined effects of SMT with SFE have not been evaluated in previous studies. The aim of this study was to compare the lone versus combined effects of SMT with SFE on postural stability among participants with flat foot. This was a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. A total of 32 flat-footed participants were included in the study (14 males and 18 females) and assigned to the SMT combined with SFE group and SMT alone group. All participants underwent 18 sessions of the SMT program three times a week for six weeks. Static balance, dynamic balance, and the Hmax/Mmax ratio were compared before and after the interventions. Static and dynamic balance significantly increased in the SMT combined with SFE group compared with the SMT alone group. However, the Hmax/Mmax ratio was not significantly different between the two groups. Therefore, this study confirms that the combination of SMT and SFE is superior to SMT alone to improve postural balance control in flat-footed patients in clinical settings.

BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common knee problem. The foot posture in a relaxed stance is reported as a distal factor of PFP. However, the effects of short foot exercise (SFE) on the knee and functional factors have not yet been investigated in patients with PFP. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the additional effects of SFE on knee pain, foot biomechanics, and lower extremity muscle strength in patients with PFP following a standard exercise program. METHODS: Thirty patients with a ‘weak and pronated’ foot subgroup of PFP were randomized into a control group (ConG, n= 15) and a short foot exercise group (SFEG, n= 15) with concealed allocation and blinded to the group assignment. The program of ConG consisted of hip and knee strengthening and stretching exercises. SFEG program consisted of additional SFE. Both groups performed the supervised training protocol two times per week for 6 weeks. Assessment measures were pain visual analog scale (pVAS), Kujala Patellofemoral Score (KPS), navicular drop test (NDT), rearfoot angle (RA), foot posture index (FPI), and strength tests of the lower extremity muscles. RESULTS: Both groups displayed decreases in pVAS scores, but it was only significant in favor of SFEG. NDT, RA, and FPI scores decreased in SFEG whereas they increased in ConG. There was a significant group-by-time interaction effect in hip extensor strength and between-group difference was found to be significantly in favor of SFEG. CONCLUSIONS: An intervention program consisting of additional SFE had positive effects on knee pain, navicular position, and rearfoot posture. An increase in the strength of the hip extensors may also be associated with improved stabilization by SFE.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of plantar short foot muscles exercises on the performance of lower extremities in long-distance runners. 47 long-distance runners aged 21-45 years took part in this study. The participants were divided into two groups based on baseline measurement of Foot Posture Index: Group 1 (n=27) with neutral foot and Group 2 (n=20) with slight and increased pronation. The participants performed the exercises daily for 6 weeks. The knee flexors and extensors torque, work, and power on Isokinetic Dynamometer and Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) were checked at baseline and after 6 weeks of exercises. Higher values of peak torque of knee flexors were observed. This change was statistically significant at high load with angular velocity 90°/s (73.55 Nm at baseline and 89.05 Nm after 6 weeks) and 160°/s (69.40 Nm at baseline and 79.00 Nm after 6 weeks) in Group 2. In both groups higher values of maximum power were noted. Participants in Group 2 achieved lower values in each 35-metre run time and higher values of power. In Group 2 there was significant improvement of total time (35.26 s at baseline and 34.79 s after 6 weeks) compared to Group 1 (37.33 s at baseline and 37.56 s after 6 weeks). Exercises strengthening short foot muscles may improve energy transfer through body segments and increase strength and values of generated power. They should be included as a part of daily training programme of runners. This study was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Registration number: ACTRN12615001200572.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analysis the effective short foot exercise methods and verify the effect of short foot exercise (SFE) on medial longitudinal arch (MLA) and balance in order to utilize it as foundation data for clinical fields. METHODS In this study, research papers were collected by using RISS, KISS and PubMed as a search term for SFE, foot intrinsic muscle exercise (FIME) and MLA. RESULTS A total of 30 research were gathered, and 16 papers of data were related effect of SFE, and 9 papers was related to effective exercise methods, and 5 papers was related to a comparison with other FIME. The collected data were classified into the influence of SFE on the MLA, balance, and the efficient exercise methods. CONCLUSIONS The result of this study confirmed that SFE was very effective to maintain MLA and improve foot stability, dynamic balance and gait. In addition to, imagery training and biofeedback with SFE was efficient methods, and SFE applied with weight bearing, or windlass effect, or 30° ankle dorsiflexion strengthened abductor halluces muscle effectively. Therefore, SFE will be useful for rehabilitation of pes planus patients or athletes.

Background: In recent years, a three-dimensional ankle exercise has been proposed as a practice for strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles, however this topic still requires further research. This study aimed to compare the activities of the intrinsic muscles in healthy participants during 3D foot&ndash, ankle exercises, namely, short foot (SF), and toe spread out (TSO). Methods: Prior to the experiment, 16 healthy adults were trained on how to perform SF, TSO, and 3D foot&ndash, ankle exercises for an hour. Once all participants passed the foot&ndash, ankle exercise performance test, we randomly measured the activity of the intrinsic foot muscles using electromyography while the patients were performing foot&ndash, ankle exercises. Results: The abductor hallucis (AbH), extensor hallucis longus (EHL), and flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) activities showed significant differences among the exercises for intrinsic foot muscle strengthening (p &lt, 0.01). Additionally, the AbH/AdH (adductor hallucis) ratio showed significant differences among the exercises for strengthening the intrinsic foot muscles (p &lt, 0.01). Conclusions: Our results showed that the 3D extension exercise is as effective as the therapeutic exercise in terms of the AbH and FHB activities, and the AbH/AdH ratio. On the contrary, the 3D flexion exercise showed superiority in terms of the EHL activity.

The flexibility and proper functioning of all myofascial chains are crucial for athletes, especially for long-distance runners. Due to the continuity of the myofascial structures, restrictions in one part of the body may cause excessive tension in others. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of short foot muscle exercises on muscle flexibility and the quality of movement patterns in amateur runners. Eighty long-distance runners, aged 20&ndash, 45, were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 (n = 48) and Group 2 (n = 32). Participants in Group 1 performed foot exercises daily for six weeks. Subjects in Group 2 were without any intervention. At baseline and after six weeks, the quality of movement patterns with the Functional Movement Screen and muscle flexibility was evaluated. In Group 1, significantly higher Functional Movement Screen values in individual tasks and in the total score were noted after six weeks. The total score increased from 17 to 18 points (Median (Me) &plusmn, half of interquartile range (IQR/2) (Standard Error of Measurement - SEM) 17 &plusmn, 1.5 (0.23) at baseline and 18 &plusmn, 1.5 (0.24) after six weeks) (p &lt, 0.01), whereas in Group 2, its level remained at 16 points (Me &plusmn, IQR/2 (SEM) 16 &plusmn, 1.5 (0.31) at baseline and 16 &plusmn, 1.25 (0.31) after six weeks). In Group 1, the significant improvement in muscle flexibility was noted (e.g., results for external rotation muscles: (Mean &plusmn, SD (SEM) 60.3 &plusmn, 0.4 (1.50) at baseline and 62.4 &plusmn, 10.3 (1.49) after six weeks) (p = 0.005). In Group 2, significant improvement was observed only for one task in the Active straight leg raise test (p = 0.005 and 0.02). During the measurement of external rotation muscles, a significant decrease in flexibility was observed (Mean &plusmn, SD (SEM) 60.1 &plusmn, 9.0 (1.60) at baseline and 58.0 &plusmn, 8.5 (1.51) after six weeks) (p = 0.001). Plantar short foot muscle exercises may improve muscle flexibility in the upper parts of the body within myofascial chains and influence the quality of fundamental movement patterns. Such exercises may be beneficial for all physically active people and can be performed as part of overall fitness programmes. Moreover, including such exercises in daily training routines of long-distance runners, as well as by athletes in other sport disciplines is also recommended.

Background: Flexible flat foot is a condition of foot in which the medial longitudinal arch is lowered which is visible in weight bearing foot. This condition may be asymptomatic and needs to be treated to prevent further overuse injuries. Many of the literature suggest that individuals with flexible flat foot shows imbalances in the strength of IFM like abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis and interosseous muscles which plays major role in maintaining stability. The dynamic balance is found to be more affected in flexible flat foot which needs to be treated by strengthening the IFM. Strengthening IFM with greater efficacy can improve the dynamic balance and also have impact on foot posture of individuals with flexible flat foot. Objective: to find the effect of 2 different types of IFM strengthening on dynamic balance Material and Method: In this pre-post intervention study 40 individuals with flexible flat foot were included. They were randomly divided into 2 groups with 20 individuals in each group. Group A was instructed to perform short foot exercises and Group B was instructed to perform towel curl exercise for four weeks. After pre-post assessment, data was analysed with help of appropriate statistical methods. Results: According to result the in Group A and Group B there is significant increase in both right and left anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions with p value < 0.0001. Conclusion: Both short foot exercise and towel curl exercise are found to be equally effective in improving the dynamic balance in individuals with flexible flat foot. The impact of these exercises on foot posture needs to be taken into consideration.

Background: There is little scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of strengthening exercises on the foot&rsquo, s intrinsic musculature in improving the lower limb on the statics and dynamics in healthy individuals. Method: To evaluate the effect on foot posture with regard to the reinforcement of the short foot exercise (SFE) compared to another without a recognized biomechanical action, which we called the &ldquo, non-biomechanical function&rdquo, (NBF) exercise. A randomized clinical trial was carried out with 85 asymptomatic participants with a bilateral Foot Posture Index (FPI) greater than 6 points. An experimental group (n = 42) did SFE training and a control group (n = 43) carried out NBF exercises. The foot posture was evaluated twice via the navicular drop (ND) test, and the FPI was assessed on the day of inclusion in the study (pre-intervention) and after four weeks of training (post-intervention). Results: Statistically significant values were not found in foot posture between the experimental and the control groups when comparing before and after the training. However, the foot posture was modified in both groups with respect to its initial state, and the ND value decreased. Conclusions: SFE could be considered a useful tool to deal with pathologies whose etiology includes excessive pronation of the foot.

Background: The MLA is supported by both the abductor hallucis (ABH) and the extrinsic muscles. Insufficient muscular support may lower the MLA when...

Virtual reality exercises (VRE) offers functional, multipurpose usage with a motivational approach. This study aimed to compare VRE and short foot exercises (SFE) in individuals with flexible pes planus.Forty participants with pes planus were assigned to the SFE group (n = 20) or VR exercise group (n = 20). Both groups performed exercises three times a week for four weeks. The groups were assessed with a navicular drop test for the height of the medial longitudinal arch, craig Test for femoral anteversion, Star Excursion Test for balance,10 step test for performance.For two groups there is a statistically significant difference between before and after treatments(p0.05). There is no difference between VRE and SFE groups after treatments for all parameters(p0.05).Two different 4-week-exercise programs for pes planus have a similar effect on performance, balance, and navicular drop values in both groups. It was considered that the practice of VR exercises like short foot exercises could also address rehabilitation goals, which included improving balance, performance, and foot posture. CLINICALTRIALS.NCT04283357.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of exercises of plantar short foot muscles on foot posture and gait parameters in long-distance runners. Basic procedures: The study involved 48 long-distance runners aged 21-45 years. The runners performed the short foot muscle exercises daily for 6 weeks. The Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) and gait parameters (G-walk) were measured twice: at baseline and after 6 weeks of exercises. Results: Lower values of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) were observed. In the assessment of gait parameters runners obtained lower cadence, walking speed, stride length and % stride length/height. Gait cycle duration was increased. Conclusions: Exercises strengthening short foot muscles have beneficial effect on foot alignment by change of foot posture from a slight pronation towards a neutral foot. Change of gait parameters may indicate on improvement of motor control and shift natural and comfortable walking speed towards lower values. The short foot muscle exercises should be included as a part of daily training programme of runners.

Objectives Flatfoot, or low medial longitudinal arch, contributes to back and lower extremity injuries and is caused by weak abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short foot exercise (SFE) alone or with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on navicular height, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the AbdH muscle, and AbdH muscle activity in flexible flatfoot. Methods Thirty-six otherwise healthy people with flexible flatfoot were randomly assigned to a group that received SFE with placebo NMES treatment (the control group) or a group that received both SFE and NMES treatment (the experimental group). Each group received 4 weeks of treatment (SFE alone or SFE with NMES). Navicular height, the CSA of the AbdH muscle, and AbdH muscle activity were assessed before and after the intervention. Results No significant differences were found in navicular height or the CSA of the AbdH muscle between the control and experimental groups, while AbdH muscle activity showed a statistically significant difference between the groups (SFE=73.9±11.0% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; SFE with NMES=81.4±8.3% of MVIC; pl0.05). Moreover, the CSA of the AbdH muscle showed a statistically significant increase after treatment in the SFE with NMES group (pre-treatment=218.6±53.2 mm2; post-treatment=256.9±70.5 mm2; pl0.05). Conclusions SFE with NMES was more effective than SFE alone in increasing AbdH muscle activity. Therefore, SFE with NMES should be recommended to correct or prevent abnormalities in people with flexible flatfoot by a physiotherapist or medical care team.

Background The short foot (SF) exercise is a strengthening exercise for the intrinsic foot muscles that is difficult to master. Objective To examine the effect of three different electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback methods on learning the SF exercise. Methods Thirty-six healthy subjects were randomly allocated to the control group (CTG), EMG-controlled electrical stimulation group (ESG), visual EMG biofeedback group (VSG), and combination EMG-controlled electrical stimulation with visual EMG biofeedback group (CBG). The CTG practiced the SF exercise for 5 minutes using the conventional method. The other groups each used the EMG biofeedback method and the conventional method. The EMG activity of the abductor hallucis (ABH), the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle, and the foot length during the SF exercise were measured before and after 5 minutes of practice. Results The EMG activity of the ABH in the VSG and CBG was significantly higher than that before practice. There were no intergroup differences in MLA morphology. Conclusions These results suggest that visual EMG biofeedback is an effective method of increasing the EMG activity of the ABH during the SF exercise in a short practice time.

Context: Pes planus is a prevalent chronic condition that causes foot pain, disability, and impaired plantar load distribution. Short-foot exercises are often recommended to strengthen intrinsic foot muscles and to prevent excessive decrease of medial longitudinal arch height. Objective: To investigate the effects of short-foot exercises on navicular drop, foot posture, pain, disability, and plantar pressures in pes planus. Design: Quasi-experimental study. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: A total of 41 participants with pes planus were assigned to the short-foot exercises group (n = 21) or the control group (n = 20). Intervention: Both groups were informed about pes planus, usual foot care, and appropriate footwear. Short-foot exercises group performed the exercises daily for 6 weeks. Main Outcome Measures: Navicular drop, Foot Posture Index, foot pain, disability, and plantar pressures were assessed at the baseline and at the end of 6 weeks. Results: Navicular drop, Foot Posture Index, pain, and disability scores were significantly decreased; maximum plantar force of midfoot was significantly increased in short-foot exercises group over 6 weeks (P P > .05). Conclusions: Six-week short-foot exercises provided a reduction in navicular drop, foot pronation, foot pain, and disability and increment in plantar force of medial midfoot in pes planus.

Background: Flexible flatfoot is a condition characterized by the deformations of the foot where the calcaneus is pronated by weight support. Flat feet can affect balance and the entire chain of motion, causing indirect problems in adjacent joints. We investigated the effects of short foot exercise (SFE) using visual feedback on the static balance and function of proximal joints in subjects with flexible flat feet. Method and analysis: This study involved 30 participants who were assigned to either of the 2 groups: the flexible flatfoot group (n = 15, 8 men and 7 women, aged 22.00 ± 2.07 years) and normal foot group (n = 15, 7 men and 8 women, aged 22.13 ± 1.55 years). All subjects performed the SFE with visual feedback. SFE programs were performed 20 minutes a day, 5 times a week, for a total of 5 weeks. The static balance and accuracy of knee joint motions were compared before and after training. Results: There was a significant difference in static balance pre- and post-exercise in the flatfoot group but not in the normal foot group. Moreover, in the flatfoot group, the accuracy of knee joint motions was significantly different between pre- and post-exercise in the closed chain but not in the open chain. Conclusion: This study examined the influence of SFE using visual feedback on the balance and accuracy of knee joint movements in subjects with flatfoot and demonstrated that this exercise, using visual feedback, improved the balance and accuracy of knee movement.

The relation between the duration of time spend on the foot prosodies of Kurdish Classic poems and music is a direct relation, so any increase and decrease in the time ,due to prosody rules, will create upset, slowdown in rhythm and music of a line in a poem(verse). The change in time depends on a set of rules. These rules in the science of poetic meters (prosody) are called prosody changes and this paper will look at examples found in Zihaf and Ellals. It will discuss the change in the duration of time spent on foot prosodies and consists of an introduction, two parts and a conclusion. In the first part, prosody as a concept has been outlined. The number of foots, essentials of prosody, number of syllables, and arrangements of long and short foot prosody syllables are discussed. Furthermore, a short summary is provided on Zihaf and Ellals as well as their impacts. Moreover, by using “prat,” a software program to measure sound, after recording ten different readings and saving them in ten sound format files, the program managed to scientifically read the duration of time spent on the foots in addition to taking pictures of all essentials, Kurdish classic foots and high and low sound waves. In the second section of this article, the effects of types of Zihaf (Khubn, Tae, Qabz and kaf) and bauble Zihaf on the duration of time spend on foot prosody and their effect on the high and low of sound waves, slowing down of rhythm and music of foots are discussed.

A fall during walking is a common problem in diabetic patients due to neuromuscular complications of the foot, especially intrinsic foot muscles (IFMs). Short-foot exercise (SFE) has been reported to strengthen IFMs in healthy individuals. This present study was aimed to investigate effects of SFE on medial longitudinal arch integrity (navicular drop test, NDT) and dynamic postural control (star excursion balance test, SEBT). The SEBT values were measured on single-leg standing in 8 directions (anterior, anteromedial, medial, posteromedial, posterior, posterolateral, lateral, and anterolateral) at baseline, week 4, 8, and 12 (follow up) in 15 diabetic patients: control group (n = 7) and SFE group (n = 8). Results showed that NDT was reduced in SFE group compared to control at week 8 and follow up. The normalized SEBT values in SFE group was significantly higher than baseline only in medial direction and increased from baselines in anteromedial, medial, and posteromedial directions at week 4 and 8, respectively. At the follow-up point, only posteromedial direction showed an improvement of normalized SEBT in SFE group. In conclusion, 8-week SFE reduced foot pronation and improved dynamic postural control in a single-leg standing phase of diabetic foot. The SFE should be continuously applied to diabetic foot since the benefits were not well persistent in the follow-up phase.

[Purpose] The purpose of the present study is to apply short foot exercises and arch support insoles in order to improve the medial longitudinal arch of flatfoot and compare the results to identify the effects of the foregoing exercises on the dynamic balance of the feet and the lower limbs. [Subjects and Methods] Fourteen university students with flexible flatfoot were selected by conducting navicular drop tests and randomly assigned to a short foot exercise group of seven subjects and an arch support insoles group of seven subjects. The intervention in the experiment was implemented for 30 minutes per time, three times per week for five weeks in total. [Results] In inter-group comparison conducted through navicular drop tests and Y-balance tests, the short foot exercise group showed significant differences. Among intra-group comparisons, in navicular drop tests, the short foot exercise group showed significant decreases. In Y-balance tests, both the short foot exercise group and the arch support insoles group showed significant increases. [Conclusion] In the present study, it could be seen that to improve flatfoot, applying short foot exercises was more effective than applying arch support insoles in terms of medial longitudinal arch improvement and dynamic balance ability.

Introduction/Background This study examined the effects of a 5-week short foot exercise (SFE) program with visual feedback on the balance and knee joint function in flexible flatfeet and compared the measures between a flexible flatfoot and normal foot. Material and method A total of 30 subjects participated in this study (15 subjects with a flexible flatfoot, 15 subjects with a normal foot). The subjects were divided through the Navicular Drop Test (NDT). The flexible flatfoot group included subjects with an NDT greater than 10 mm. The normal foot group included subjects with an NDT of 5–9 mm. The subject group performed SFE with visual feedback. SFE programs were completed 20 minutes a day, five times a week for 5 weeks. Results A significant difference in the static balance area was observed between the flatfoot group and normal foot group on the pre-test (P Conclusion The balance and knee joint motions accuracy was different in the flat foot group and normal foot group. The SFT program with visual feedback was effective in improving the balance and knee joint motions accuracy.

Objective. Among the fetal skin disorders, harlequin ichthyosis is the one that has specific sonographic features in the antenatal period. A few cases of antenatal diagnosis of harlequin ichthyosis with typical facial features of ectropion and eclabium have been described. The manifestation of the phenotype is usually in the third trimester. Fetal skin biopsy can be done in the late second trimester for diagnosing fetal skin disorders. We aimed to see whether a short foot length could be a pointer for the diagnosis of harlequin ichthyosis in the second trimester before the full phenotypic manifestation, which is usually seen in the third trimester. Methods. We report 3 cases of harlequin ichthyosis, 2 of them diagnosed in the third trimester with abnormal facial features and another second-trimester sonographic diagnosis based on short foot length, without eclabium and ectropion. Results. In all 3 cases, the foot length was considerably smaller than the femur length, especially in the third case, in which the foot length was smaller than the femur length before the manifestation of the typical features of harlequin ichthyosis. Conclusions. Fetal foot length may be an important and probably the first marker seen in the second trimester for the diagnosis of harlequin ichthyosis.

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the immediate effect of short-foot exercise (SFE) on the dynamic balance of subjects with excessively pronated feet. [Subjects] This study included 18 subjects with excessively pronated feet (navicular drop ≥ 10 mm) selected using the navicular drop test. [Methods] The limit of stability (LOS) was measured to determine the changes in the dynamic balance from before and after SFE in the standing and sitting positions. [Result] After the SFE, LOS increased significantly in all areas, namely, the left, right, front, back, and overall. [Conclusion] SFE immediately improved the dynamic balance of subjects with excessively pronated feet. Subsequent studies will be conducted to examine the effects of SFE performed over the long term on postural stability.

BACKGROUND:The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of two kinds of plantar short foot muscles exercise on foot posture and fundamental movement patterns in long-distance runners. DESIGN:A parallel group non-blinded trial with 6-week follow-up. METHODS:Twenty five long-distance runners aged 22-35 years. They were divided into two groups. In group 1 (n = 13) subjects performed the exercise "Vele's Forward Lean" and "Reverse Tandem Gait" and in Group 2 (n = 12) the "Short Foot Exercise." The runners performed the exercises daily for 6 weeks. The Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) and The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) tests were performed twice: at baseline and after 6 weeks of the exercise. RESULTS:A significant improvement was observed in FPI -6 (talar head palpation in Group 1, and inversion/eversion of the calcaneus in Group 2). Also in Group 1 a significant improvement was noted in FMS tests: deep squat, active straight leg raise and in total score. CONCLUSIONS:Short foot muscles strengthening exercises have beneficial effect on functional movement patterns and on foot posture, therefore they should be included as a part of daily training program of runners. TRIAL REGISTRATION:Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12615001200572.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an inclined ankle on the activation of the abductor hallucis muscle during short foot exercises. [Subjects] We recruited 14 healthy volunteers who were free of pain, and did not suffer from arthritis or osteomuscular problems related to the foot or ankle. [Methods] The subjects performed short foot exercises and short inclined foot exercises with 30° passive ankle dorsiflexion. [Results] The exercise with an inclined foot showed a significantly larger activation of the abductor hallucis than that shown during the neutral short foot exercises. [Conclusion] These results suggest that passive ankle dorsiflexion during short foot exercise for strengthening the abductor hallucis is a more effective clinical treatment exercise.

To compare the muscle activity of the abductor hallucis (AbdH) and the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle during toe curl (TC) and short foot (SF) exercises while sitting or in one-leg standing position.Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of exercise type and position on the muscle activity of the AbdH and the MLA angle.Twenty subjects with normal feet participated in this study.The muscle activity of the AbdH and the MLA angle were measured during TC and SF exercises while sitting or in one-leg standing position.The EMG activity of AbdH in SF exercise was significantly greater than during TC exercise in both exercise postural positions (p0.001). During the SF exercise, the EMG activity of the AbdH in the one-leg standing position was significantly higher than that while sitting (p0.001). The MLA angle in SF exercise was significantly smaller than during TC exercise in both postural positions (p0.001).These results suggest that SF exercise is a more useful strengthening exercise than TC exercise in activating the AbdH muscle.

The transmetatarsal amputation has been performed for over 40 years as a limb salvage procedure, in diabetic patients with nonhealing ulcerations or nonreconstructible ischemia. It is generally believed that the transmetatarsal amputation provides a better walking extremity than a more proximal amputation and is more energy efficient. A review of the literature reveals little regarding the biomechanics of the "short foot." The authors will review the functions of the myofascial structures in both the normal foot and the transmetatarsal amputation and discuss the influence of mechanics on transmetatarsal amputation lesions.

Equity is A Roguish thing, for Law wee have a measure know what to trust too. Equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is larger or narrower soe is equity. Tis all one as if they should make the Standard for the measure wee call A foot, to be the Chancellors foot; what an uncertain measure would this be; One Chancellor has a long foot another A short foot a third an indifferent foot; tis the same thing in the Chancellors Conscience.2

The vast majority of bleeding episodes in hemophilia occur in the muscu loskeletal system. When bleeding occurs, within a closed compartment, the pos sibility of neurovascular compromise must be suspected. We present an interesting case where this danger was overlooked in a young hemophiliac boy and resulted in bone growth retardation and permanent deformity.