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We examined TikTok user engagement when parents post videos engaging in psychological maltreatment (PM) behaviors towards their children, using the APSAC-endorsed definition of PM. A new TikTok account was created and seeded with PM behavior videos identified previously; similar videos then appeared on the new account's "For You Page" (an algorithmic feed curated by TikTok). Researchers identified 35 creators who had posted at least one PM behavior video, resulting in their full profile being coded (N = 2684 videos) for five engagement metrics, presence of children, and presence of PM behavior. Non-parametric paired comparisons (Mann-Whitney tests) were made within individual creators for: (1) engagement metrics before and after the first PM behavior video, (2) engagement metrics for PM behavior videos versus non-PM videos, (3) engagement metrics for child videos versus non-child videos, and (4) proportion of videos containing children before and after the first PM video. All but one analysis was significant (effect sizes from.28 to.59, average r =.46). We discuss directions for future research, as well as how child welfare and content moderation policy can be updated to change social norms around sharenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sharenting, the practice of parents publicly sharing information about their children on social media, has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review in order to evaluate existing publications that have empirically investigated the sharenting phenomenon and conceptualized its characteristics and possible consequences. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis guidelines, 61 studies were reviewed. Based on the point of view and focus of the studies, six themes emerged: characteristics of sharenting, children's privacy, professional sharenting, children's perspectives, factors affecting sharenting, and social media dilemmas. The review highlights the growing prevalence of sharenting and provides a comprehensive overview of the empirical investigations and conceptualizations of the phenomenon. The findings have implications for parents, professionals, and policymakers, and opportunities for future research to further understand the complex and multifaceted nature of sharenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharenting – parents’ content sharing about their children on social media in the form of text, image, or video – is a widespread phenomenon internationally. However, research on sharenting is scarce in a Nordic context, especially from the perspective of children and adolescents. The objectives of this paper are to analyze sharenting practices in Norway, how sharenting-related tensions between parents and children manifest, and potential strategies for reducing tensions. The article draws on impression management and communication privacy management theory to analyze these objectives. To gain a profound insight into the complexities of parent-child perspectives related to sharenting, we conducted three focus group interviews with children, adolescents, and parents, alongside a workshop with five parents and their children. The findings show that the quality and quantity of content, as well as parents sharing without consent, are the main causes of tensions. In order to control their digital identities, children and adolescents wish to be asked for consent, while their parents do not always understand the importance of this. Finally, the article discusses children’s and adolescents’ suggestions on how to improve parents’ sharenting practices to ensure a better digital everyday life.

Abstract Background This pilot study examines the widespread phenomenon of “sharenting” and how it is perceived by parents. Given the increasing prevalence of this practice, the study aims to explore parental awareness of its potential risks and assess whether it is perceived as a form of child abuse, particularly regarding the violation of children’s privacy. While traditional forms of child abuse inflict direct harm on the child, sharenting can damage the child’s image and pose risks to their well-being, both in the present and the future. We evaluated the potential correlation between specific demographic characteristics and parents’ social media usage. The study aimed to assess the possibility of expanding the research by involving European pediatric societies to obtain comparable data and develop family education programs with the goal of limiting this phenomenon. It also emphasizes the important role that pediatricians and schools can play in these programs. Methods The study was designed using a survey model, one of the recognized quantitative research methods described in the literature and was conducted by the Pediatric Department of the University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico in Rome between November 2023 and January 2024. Results Data from this study indicate that gender, age, education level, number of children, and number of social media accounts were not associated with sharenting phenomenon and suggest that the frequency and the onset time of sharenting were the main influencing variables in the perception of sharenting phenomenon as neglect and abuse. Conclusions Preventive interventions, such as counseling and parental education, are essential to safeguard children’s well-being and prioritize their best interests, including their privacy and identity. Moreover, while the data from this study are limited, they underscore the importance of expanding data collection efforts across different countries. Establishing a comprehensive database could be beneficial for local and European governments in developing policies and educational programs aimed at mitigating potential risks associated with the improper exploitation of personal data, thus safeguarding children in both the short and long term.

Objectives The aim of the article is to draw attention to the insufficient protection of a child’s privacy when parents share information, photos or videos with their child on the Internet. Material and methods The work was based on the analysis of literature in the field of sociology and law regarding the phenomenon of sharenting, including its cause and the threats it carries. The work analyzed legal regulation regarding the scope of parental interference in the personal rights of the child. Results The considerations carried out lead to the conclusion that the existing legal regulations do not sufficiently protect the child against violation of personal rights by parents, in particular in the context of parents sharing photos or videos of the child on social networks. Conclusions It was proposed to supplement the regulations of the Family and Guardianship Code with a clear indication that the obligation of the parent or guardian, as part of the exercise of parental authority, is also to protect the privacy and image of the child.

Abstract Background The term “sharenting” describes the increasingly popular habit of parents to share photos, videos, or other information regarding their children on their social profiles, through online platforms. It is highly likely that many parents are posting content about their underage children online with little knowledge of the risks associated with this practice. This study aims to investigate whether variables such as parents’ age, gender, marital status, occupation and educational level influence the practice of sharing child-related content and the degree of awareness. Methods We performed a pilot cross-sectional study, based on an anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to parents of underage children attending the pediatric outpatient clinic of the Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, in Rome, Italy, by researchers, through the google forms platform; qualitative variables were generated on excel sheets and a statistical analysis was performed on SPSS Ibm-statistics using the chi-square test. Results Two hundred twenty-eight parents of children under 18 years of age completed the questionnaire (82% mothers, 18% fathers); 98% of the respondents used social media and 75% of them published their children’s related content online. Thirty-one percent of the compilers started their practice of sharenting in the first 6 months of life of their child. Our analysis showed that compared to parents who do not post online, parents who usually post online their children are significantly more likely to be partial employees or unemployed (p = 0,002), with lower educational level (p = 0,05), younger (less than 35 years of age (p = 0,01)) and have a higher number of followers (p

Objective: to determine the legal consequences of sharenting as an activity that threatens the fundamental rights of minors, putting their privacy at risk.Methods: the study is based primarily on the analysis of European and American experience of legislative regulation, which is presented in a comparative-legal aspect, using doctrinal approaches and concepts reflected in scientific publications on the topic. This contributed, among other things, to the critical understanding of the identified risks and helped to describe the existing legal approaches and formulate proposals aimed at protecting the minors’ privacy in social networks.Results: the impact of social networks on the rights of minors was studied, in terms of their negative influence, possible risks and the spread of social conflicts. The main provisions of the legislation of Spain, France and the USA were analyzed in order to identify the key points regarding the activities of minors in social networks and the Internet, the need for them to express their consent to the publication of personal information. The most common conflicts caused by sharenting were described, as well as possible flexible legislative solutions to disputes concerning family relations and social networking activities. Suggestions were formulated for resolving conflict situations and digital identity issues arising in abusive sharenting.Scientific novelty: the study summarizes various scientific opinions and legal approaches to sharenting as a new phenomenon, which is rapidly developing due to the wide popularity of social networks and Internet activity of children and their parents, generating socio-legal conflicts.Practical significance: the research shows that minors are particularly vulnerable in the information and telecommunication environment. In many cases, excessive disclosure of their personal data occurs not only because of their own actions, but also because of the actions of their family members, usually parents. A comparative legal study of the adopted legislative measures and their interpretations in the legal doctrine allows characterizing the current legal situation with regard to minors in the digital space as fragmentary and proposing legislative approaches and solutions to avoid or minimize possible conflict situations and risks, such as digital harassment or privacy violation, which may arise in the process of further technological development and the spread of sharenting.

Background: The term "sharenting" describes the increasingly popular habit of parents to share photos, videos, or other information regarding their children on their social profiles, through online platforms. It is highly likely that many parents are posting content about their underage children online with little knowledge of the risks associated with this practice. This study aims to investigate whether variables such as parents' age, gender, marital status, occupation and educational level influence the practice of sharing child-related content and the degree of awareness. Methods: We performed a pilot cross-sectional study, based on an anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to parents of underage children attending the pediatric outpatient clinic of the Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, in Rome, Italy, by researchers, through the google forms platform; qualitative variables were generated on excel sheets and a statistical analysis was performed on SPSS Ibm-statistics using the chi-square test. Results: Two hundred twenty-eight parents of children under 18 years of age completed the questionnaire (82% mothers, 18% fathers); 98% of the respondents used social media and 75% of them published their children's related content online. Thirty-one percent of the compilers started their practice of sharenting in the first 6 months of life of their child. Our analysis showed that compared to parents who do not post online, parents who usually post online their children are significantly more likely to be partial employees or unemployed (p = 0,002), with lower educational level (p = 0,05), younger (less than 35 years of age (p = 0,01)) and have a higher number of followers (p < 0,001). Finally, 93% of the compilers were not aware of the current legislation and of the risks related to the practice of sharenting. Conclusions: Pediatricians, healthcare assistants and preventive healthcare professionals should play a central role in alerting parents and families to the risks of sharenting; the results of our study could draw their attention to the increasing practice of sharenting and make healthcare professionals active part in the protection of children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente trabajo problematiza las interacciones parentofiliales en el contexto de un fenómeno que denominamos parentalidad digital: un ejercicio que no solo comprende la mediación educativa parental con dispositivos y plataformas, sino que se desarrolla también en ambientes digitales. A partir de un diseño cualitativo de teoría fundamentada, se concretan seis grupos focales con madres y padres de adolescentes de entre 11 y 17 años. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron con la asistencia de ATLAS.ti. Entre los hallazgos, la privacidad de niñas y niños surge como una categoría crítica en doble tensión. Por un lado, tensiona con un control parental que se despliega por medio de múltiples estrategias. Por el otro, colisiona con ciertas prácticas extendidas como el sharenting, que entraña una pérdida de la intimidad personal y familiar. Una paradoja que nos proponemos hacer visible en este estudio.

This study examines parental social media sharing, or 'sharenting', about their young children by extending the antecedents-privacy concerns-outcomes (APCO) framework. Using a large, international sample of parents to children born during the COVID-19 pandemic, we reveal how parenting styles and privacy concerns impact parents' decisions to disclose information about their children on social media. Parents who exhibited discipline, anxiety, and involvement parenting styles (i.e. authoritarian and authoritative) reported greater concerns for their child's online privacy with respect to others in their social network and government but not in relation to commercial entities (e.g. Facebook, Google). Subsequently, social privacy concerns and, to a lesser extent, commercial privacy concerns were associated with fewer disclosures about their children's information on social media. Governmental privacy concerns were unrelated to parental posting behaviours. Study findings are discussed as part of a new concept called privacy custodianship, which refers to the responsibility of thoughtfully protecting another person's online presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Sharenting” refers to parents or relatives sharing images/information of young family members on social media, which can negatively affect children. Previous studies lacked standardized measures, except for the Sharenting Evaluation Scale (SES) validated in Spain. This study aimed to validate the SES in an Argentinian sample (255 adults), test its factor structure, and explore associations with sociodemographic factors. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed the model’s adequacy with satisfactory internal consistency, and cross-validation and invariance revealed similar results. Associations were found with age, number of social networks used, and gender. Findings support the use of the SES to assess Sharenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exposure of minors on social media by influencer mothers and fathers is becoming an increasingly common practice, especially on Instagram. Sharenting (a combination of "share" and "parenting"), understood as the sharing of information and photos of children on social media, raises numerous ethical, legal, and advertising-related questions. The digital footprint of minors and its potential effects are intertwined with the practice of influencer parents who use their children's images to promote brands and products. The objective of this study is to contribute to the research on sharenting in connection with influencer marketing, specifically focusing on mothers and fathers who use their children to create advertising content. The study aims to verify the presence of brands targeting minors in their parents' posts, analyze the use of minors' rights to image and privacy by their parents, and determine whether it complies with legal spanish advertising regulations. The presence of minors and brands in a sample of 89 influencer mothers and fathers on Instagram is analyzed through content analysis (363 posts from August 20th to September 20th, 2023, and 295 stories). The results indicate an extremely high presence of minors in posts by influencer mothers and fathers, and they often serve as vehicles for brands (with 96.71% of mothers' posts featuring brands), although fewer than 15% of these are identified as advertisements. The conclusions highlight the misuse of minors' images and privacy on Instagram by their influencer parents for advertising purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelen, miten lasten toimijuus rakentuu diskursiivisesti lasten kuvien jakamista käsittelevissä uutis- ja blogiteksteissä. Lähestyn lapsuutta sosiologisen lapsuudentutkimuksen näkökulmasta, joka painottaa lasten toimijuutta ja osallisuutta yhteiskunnassa. Artikkelin aineisto koostuu yhteensä 95 suomenkielisestä uutis- ja blogijutusta, joissa käsitellään niin sanottua sharenting-ilmiötä eli vanhempien tapaa jakaa lapsistaan kuvia ja tietoa sosiaalisen median alustoilla. Multimodaalisen kriittisen diskurssianalyysin (MCDA) avulla olen tunnistanut aineistosta kolme lasten toimijuutta määrittävää diskurssia: 1) kontrollin diskurssi, 2) ajan diskurssi sekä 3) erityislaatuisuuden diskurssi. Esitän, että sharenting-ilmiöstä käytävä julkinen keskustelu toisintaa tapaa representoida lapsuuttaikuisten toimesta ja aikuisia varten. Lasten näkemyksiä kuullaan keskustelussa vain harvoin.Keskustelua luonnehtii myös odotuksen tila, jossa aikuisten näkemykset kiinnittyvät lasten kasvuun ja kehitykseen sekä yhteiskunnallisen sääntelyn mahdollisiin muutoksiin.

Abstract Background The term “sharenting”, defining the practice of sharing children’s photos on social media, has become widespread globally. This phenomenon introduces new risks for children, often overlooked by parents lacking experience or caution in protecting their children from potential harms. Main body Parents share multimedia contents with positive intentions, but the lack of immediate risk perception prevails. An Italian study revealed that a significant percentage of parents (68%) frequently share their children’s photos on social platforms, often without considering potential risks. Pediatricians play a crucial role in raising awareness among parents regarding the dangers associated with online sharing and must empower families with defensive strategies to safeguard children’s privacy. Conclusions The commentary emphasizes the need for increased parental assistance in comprehending the risks of sharenting and using social media prudently. Pediatricians are pivotal in guiding parents, striking a balance between the natural urge to share children’s progress and an awareness of associated risks. Immediate action by scientific societies involves training and informing parents through various digital and print resources. A concrete regulation of this phenomenon is needed to protect children’s rights, but prioritizing digital awareness and education seems pivotal in mitigating sharenting-related risks.

With the rise of social networks, parents are increasingly showing off their children, which is called Sharenting. On the one hand, parents lack awareness of prevention; on the other hand, Sharenting has become the currency of interpersonal transactions, and parents have a serious mentality of following the herd. In this context, children’s rights are ignored and their voices are not listened to. This study takes the phenomenon of Sharenting as an entry point to discover the current difficulties in technical, social self-awareness, and legal to protect in children’s right to online privacy. This paper combines the United Nations’ protective measure of children’s rights with national practices to explore multiple paths to improving the protection of children’s online privacy. In this way, the legitimate rights of children can be safeguarded form families and schools, internet industry self-regulation, legal policy, and government propaganda, and it can also prevent illegal infringement caused by privacy leak.

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many privacy concerns are related to influencer sharenting, or the practice of influencers sharing content about their children on social media. This study uncovers how momfluencers (i.e., mothers who collected a large following on their social media channels by sharing insights of their motherhood experiences) reflect on these privacy concerns and examines how these concerns rationally and/or biasedly impact their sharenting behaviour. By conducting in-depth interviews with 20 Flemish momfluencers on Instagram, this study reveals that, while they are concerned about their child(ren)'s privacy and take some privacy-related measures to protect it, cognitive biases (unconsciously) reduce their risk perceptions. As such, privacy risks are perceived as relatively abstract and distant because the majority of them have not (yet) personally experienced them. Additionally, a privacy-openness paradox occurs in which mothers tend to lose the explicit and immediate benefits of influencer sharenting when protecting their child(ren)'s privacy, further stimulating them to disclose personal details. These results show that children derive little to no benefits from their mothers' influencer activities, yet are the ones carrying the potential privacy risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharenting, as a phenomenon involving parents sharing their child's image on social media, is becoming increasingly prevalent in Poland and around the world. More and more children have their first digital footprint before birth or before turning 6 months old. Many parents see no harm in showcasing the image and data related to their child on the internet. In this context, it is important to draw attention to the potential consequences and threats associated with publicizing photos and posts related to children. This article attempts to present the phenomenon of sharenting among Polish parents and the potential risks associated with it. It is based on research conducted in 2023 on a sample of 80 posts shared by parents on Instagram and Facebook, as well as an analysis of available research results on sharenting and the resulting threats. In the article, by showcasing various aspects of a child's life and functioning displayed on social media by Polish parents, we aim to indicate how sharing a child's image can pose a threat to their physical and psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we demonstrate how social media technologies can co-produce data-related harms unless preventative measures are instituted. To this end, we draw on a passive ethnography of a public Facebook group in the UK practicing sharenting which occurs when parents and guardians post sensitive and identifying information about children in their care on social media. Theoretically, we draw on the 'harm translation' concept from digital criminology and the 'seductions of crime' perspective from cultural criminology. Further we analyse documents on the operations of Facebook's content filtering algorithms published by Meta (Facebook's parent company). With insights from these sources, we demonstrate how platform technologies go beyond facilitation to the inadvertent co-production of harm via embedded mediative properties that shape user perception and action. We show that, in the specific context of sharenting, the properties invite rather than simply facilitate the practice and can also invite subsequent misuses of child-centric data. Through our analysis of these dynamics, we set out an empirical basis for challenging reductive depictions of social media technologies as solely facilitative of human action including harmful conduct. We also outline our vision to integrate insights from the analysis into a new sociotechnical harm prevention framework informed by Natural Language Processing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharenting is an emerging trend in social network sites, where parents share identifiable information about their children online. Studies related to the phenomenon of sharenting are predominantly focused on the context of Western countries. However, little is known about the sharenting practices of different demographics, including Middle Eastern parents. To bridge this gap, the current study aims to investigate the sharenting practices of Iranian parents on Instagram through netnography and semi-structured interviews. The findings indicate that parents develop their social and family relationships by disclosing their child's personal information. In addition, the findings show that some participants' concerns regarding the drawbacks of sharenting are rooted in the cultural manifestation of the 'evil eye'. Regarding protection strategies, parents have difficulty defining online privacy boundaries and use poor strategies to manage their sharenting behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study examines the psychometric properties of the online version of the sharenting evaluation scale (SES) with a sample of Iranian parents. Methods: A sample population of 240 parents (25% fathers and 75% mothers) with an average age of 39.63 (standard deviation = 10.41) were selected by convenience sampling method and completed the Persian version of the SES online. Results: Findings showed that concurrent validity of the SES with social comparison and social well being was within the acceptable range. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the SES was 0.92, and for the subscales of self‐control, social behavior, and implications were, respectively, 0.84, 0.71, and 0.70, which indicated good internal consistency between the items. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the Persian version of this scale same as the English version. The Persian version of the SES demonstrated psychometric properties of validity and reliability within the acceptable range (α =.70 and.84). In the present study, the results of convergent validity showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between sharing and constructs, such as social comparison, self‐control, implications, and social behaviors, but no significant relationship was found between social well being and sharing. Conclusions: Persian version of the SES is a suitable scale to measure the degree to which parents share their children's sensitive content on the Internet and social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons parents choose social media as a sharenting medium and medium for digital documentation of children's growth and development. How is the topic of sharenting seen in the perspective of communication, technology, industry, society and the future. This research approach is qualitative. The data collection method was carried out by interviewing parents who have children aged 0-19 years and actively using social media platforms, and doing sharenting in their accounts virtually. The results show that social media has the advantage of doing sharenting and as a digital documentation medium compared to analog or conventional methods. The conclusion is documentation of child growth and development has shifted from physical to digital media due to technological developments, on consideration of storage memory capacity, ease of access, ability to maintain the quality of stored photos and videos, also as the main function of social media, which is to share.

Perkataan sharenting pada asasnya ialah gabungan daripada dua perkataan bahasa Inggeris iaitu sharing dan parenting. Istilah sharenting merujuk kepada fenomena perkongsian foto dan video anak-anak serta maklumat pengenalan diri yang lain oleh ibu bapa pada akaun media sosial mereka sendiri. Penggunaan lazim media sosial sebagai platform untuk perkongsian yang kebiasaannya mempunyai perlindungan privasi yang sangat minimum, telah mewujudkan kebimbangan dalam masyarakat. Sepanjang tempoh Perintah Kawalan Pergerakan (PKP) yang dikuatkuasakan kerana penularan wabak COVID-19, penggunaan media sosial sebagai medium penyebaran maklumat dan perkongsian bukanlah sesuatu yang asing. Ia menjadi sebahagian daripada norma baharu kehidupan apabila pertemuan bersemuka menjadi sukar atau mustahil disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Ditambah pula dengan kewujudan pelbagai aplikasi yang kebanyakannya dapat diakses secara percuma melalui capaian Internet dan telefon pintar mudah alih. Percambahan perkongsian tentang kehidupan seharian termasuk aktiviti sharenting berlaku secara berleluasa tanpa sekatan. Di sebalik kesan positif daripada perkongsian ini, wujud implikasi negatif kepada fizikal, mental dan spiritual kanak-kanak. Bertunjangkan kepada mengawal impak negatif sharenting terhadap kanak-kanak, artikel ini memfokuskan peruntukan undang-undang sedia ada yang melindungi kanak-kanak di Malaysia selain mengenal pasti peranan agensi kerajaan dan badan bukan kerajaan (NGO) di Malaysia dalam menangani isu sharenting. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif bagi menghuraikan peranan agensi kerajaan dan NGO dalam membendung kesan buruk daripada perbuatan sharenting. Analisis data dibuat melalui kaedah penelitian terhadap beberapa dokumen statut utama seperti Akta Kanak-Kanak 2001; Akta Kesalahan-Kesalahan Seksual terhadap Kanak-kanak 2017; dan Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998 di samping hasil temu bual yang dijalankan dengan beberapa orang responden untuk menghalusi isu ini dengan lebih mendalam dan praktikal. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahawa mekanisme kawalan perlulah mengimbangi hak ibu bapa terhadap anak-anak tanpa meminggirkan hak anak-anak. Dalam keadaan konflik antara hak- hak tersebut, kebajikan anak-anak perlulah diberikan keutamaan. Oleh itu, kerjasama daripada pelbagai pihak termasuk agensi kerajaan dan NGO amat diperlukan kerana peranan yang dimainkan oleh setiap pihak adalah berbeza-beza demi mengurangkan impak negatif daripada perbuatan sharenting. Abstract Sharenting is a combination of sharing and parenting. The term ‘sharenting’ refers to the growing phenomenon of parents sharing photos and videos of their children, as well as other identifying information, on their own social media accounts. It is the habitual use of these platforms, which often have minimal privacy protection, causing concern in the community. Throughout the implementation of Movement Control Order (MCO) due to the spread of COVID-19, the use of social media as a medium of dissemination of information and sharing is not uncommon. It became part of the new norm of life when face-to-face encounters become difficult or impossible due to several factors, coupled with the existence of a variety of apps that are mostly accessible for free with the availability of Internet access and smartphones, the proliferation of sharing about everyday life including sharenting activities taking place without restrictions. Despite the positive effects of sharing, there are negative physical, mental and spiritual implications for children. Focusing on controlling the negative impacts of sharenting on children, this study focuses on the provisions of existing laws that protect children in Malaysia and identify the role of government agencies and NGOs in Malaysia in addressing this sharenting issue. Using qualitative research methods, this study describes the role of government and NGOs in curbing the adverse effects of these sharenting acts. Data were analysed using the content analysis method to several statutes such as the Child Act 2001, Sexual Offences against Children Act 2017 and Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 and findings from interviews with several respondents to further refine this issue. This article concludes that control mechanisms must be balanced between parental rights towards children without marginalizing children’s rights. In the event of a conflict between these rights, the welfare of children should be given priority. Therefore, the cooperation of various parties including government agencies and NGOs, is needed to mitigate the negative impact of the sharenting act by acknowledging the different roles played by each party. Keywords: sharenting, laws, government agencies, NGOs, children’s rights.

Sharenting has been analyzed from different perspectives, introducing insights into the risks and opportunities of presenting children’s lives on social media. Researchers have addressed how this phenomenon impacts the lives of influencers, children, youth, and parents who engage in sharenting on YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok. From the perspective of “sharenters”, there is a common assumption that sharenting is not problematic, as they control and ensure the safety of children. However, some studies highlight the threats and consequences of this practice to the integrity of minors on the internet. In this paper, we analyze the perception of parents who are unfamiliar with the phenomenon of influencer sharenting on YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok, to understand their ethical concerns as seen from outside the communities of celebrity practices and their followers. Through a survey of 350 Ibero-American parents, we explored their opinions of this phenomenon, the reasons why they think influencers share their children’s lives, the potential risks, and whether there is a correlation between their use of social media and sharenting. Parents argued that there was a lack of moral integrity among influencers, and emphasized the importance of protecting children to avoid transforming them into promotional assets. We conclude that beyond the privacy policies of these platforms, further research should address how the unique affordances of these platforms impact children’s safety on the internet.

Abstract Introduction This study examines the psychometric properties of the online version of the sharenting evaluation scale (SES) with a sample of Iranian parents. Methods A sample population of 240 parents (25% fathers and 75% mothers) with an average age of 39.63 (standard deviation = 10.41) were selected by convenience sampling method and completed the Persian version of the SES online. Results Findings showed that concurrent validity of the SES with social comparison and social well being was within the acceptable range. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the SES was 0.92, and for the subscales of self‐control, social behavior, and implications were, respectively, 0.84, 0.71, and 0.70, which indicated good internal consistency between the items. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the Persian version of this scale same as the English version. The Persian version of the SES demonstrated psychometric properties of validity and reliability within the acceptable range (α = .70 and .84). In the present study, the results of convergent validity showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between sharing and constructs, such as social comparison, self‐control, implications, and social behaviors, but no significant relationship was found between social well being and sharing. Conclusions Persian version of the SES is a suitable scale to measure the degree to which parents share their children's sensitive content on the Internet and social media.

Sharenting – the digital sharing of sensitive information of minors by parents or guardians – has not yet been investigated from a criminological perspective. However, there are reported concerns regarding its criminogenic potential amidst fast-growing media interest in sharenting practices, particularly in relation to the perceived crime risks. This article offers an exploratory analysis of cases where such practices led to the victimisation of minors, evidencing the gap between media reports about crime risks and actual victimisation. The paper also demonstrates that sharenting is a more complex phenomenon than generally recognised. By exploring these issues, the paper advances criminological understanding of the practice and demonstrates the divergences between media-reported crime risks and victimisation associated with sharenting. Although the paper highlights media exaggerations of such crime victimisation which can heighten public fear and anxiety, the article also provides new insights on the nature of actual victimisation, to raise awareness and aid preventative intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharenting refers to parents sharing private information about their children online. While satisfying important needs among parents, sharenting poses privacy risks to children and may interfere with children's autonomy in constructing their own online identity. Drawing on the concept of psychological ownership in organizational psychology and applying it to the Communication Privacy Management (CPM) framework, this study examines the interrelationships among parents' psychological ownership of their children's private information, their motivations for sharenting, and the frequency and types of sharenting behaviors they engage in. An online survey was administered to 429 parents who reported having ever shared private information about their underage children on social media. Based on previous research, two potential dimensions of psychological ownership (possession and responsibility) were proposed and their relationships with each other and with sharenting behavior and motivations were examined. The findings showed a modest correlation between possession and responsibility. Both demonstrated significant relationships with sharenting behavior and motivations, but not always in the same direction. The findings suggest value of adding psychological ownership to the CPM framework. Practical implications for parents, educators, and advocates are discussed. Prior state of knowledge: Parents are actively sharing private information about their children on social media (sharenting). It poses risks to children's privacy and interferes with children's construction of their own identity. Novel contributions: This is the first study to apply the concept of psychological ownership in organizational psychology to the communication privacy management theory (CPM). This advances both the CPM theory and understanding of the sharenting behavior. Practical implications: The findings have practical implications for parents, educators, and advocates who are concerned about children's identity and privacy online. Greater efforts should be dedicated to educating parents about being good stewards of their children's private information online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Sharenting, the act of parents sharing content related to their children on social media, has become a prevalent practice in today's digital age. However, concerns have been raised about the potential privacy violations and risks that this behavior may expose children to. This study aimed to investigate sharenting behaviors among Turkish parents and validate the Turkish version of the Sharenting Evaluation Scale (SES). Materials and Methods: Following World Health Organization guidelines, the original SES was translated into Turkish. The scale's content validity was evaluated by experts before being administered to 276 Turkish parents. Results: The overall reliability of the scale was determined to be 0.855, which indicates its strong reliability. To further enhance the scale's reliability, the tenth item was removed after examining item-total statistics, resulting in an improved Cronbach's alpha of 0.87 for the total scale. Subscale reliability was also satisfactory, with values of 0.92 for implications, 0.64 for social behavior, and 0.68 for self-control. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was employed to assess the construct validity of the scale. The chi-square test indicated a significant fit (p<0.001, chi-square/df = 241.1/100 = 2.411), supporting the scale's reliability and measurement ability. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the 16-item SES demonstrated good reliability and validity, making it a valuable tool for assessing sharenting behaviors among Turkish parents. By utilizing this scale, healthcare professionals and researchers can gain crucial insights into parental sharing practices on social media and better understand the potential risks and implications for children's privacy and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharenting – a new term emerged over the past 10 years – refers to the practice of sharing textual and audiovisual contents concerning children online by their parents or guardians, potentially impacting the construction of children's digital identity before they can reach the age of consent. Based on a passive virtual ethnography carried out comparatively in Italian-speaking and English-speaking virtual communities focusing on children's wellbeing and health, this paper offers an empirical contribution to the study of sharenting. While contributing to the wider debates on the practices and discourses about sharing in digital media, this paper provides an analysis of how online and offline parenting cultures affect sharenting practices; how the consequences of sharenting are addressed in online communities; and how the privacy vs openness tension about sharing contents is negotiated by parents with regards to their own and children needs even in terms of digital security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of sharenting, meaning the sharing of content about their children by parents on the internet. Its emergence is associated with the development and popularization of social media, which have become an integral part of the modern world. A part of society, especially young people, can see sharenting as one of the dimensions of modern parenting. On the other hand, the phenomenon of parents publishing children's images and other information about them online has many potential negative consequences. The article presents the essence and scale of sharenting as well as its causes and consequences. The author attempted to answer the question: should sharenting be viewed in terms of a threat to children's privacy or as one of the sides of modern parenting? The article points out that sharenting is one of the significant problems of the current reality, in which considerable activity of parents is observed in social media. It also suggests some measures that could reduce the negative effects of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting the privacy of young children should be considered crucial since they are inexperienced. However, despite potential negative consequences, many Thai parents still engage in the act of "sharenting"--the disclosure of personal information about children on social media. In this research the aim was to investigate the level of awareness among Thai parents regarding child privacy, with a focus on identifying areas that required improvement. A survey utilizing a four-point Likert scale questionnaire was administered to 96 Thai parents. The results revealed that respondents displayed a moderate level of awareness concerning the negative effects of sharenting, while demonstrating a high level of awareness regarding laws and regulations pertaining to child privacy. It is suggested that the moderate awareness of negative effects may stem from parents' belief in their right to freedom of speech when discussing their children on social media. Furthermore, the high awareness of laws and regulations might be influenced by the lack of specific child privacy laws in Thailand, leading parents to perceive the necessity for more explicit legal provisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sharenting, a behaviour that parents share children's personal information online, has brought about multiple privacy concerns and risks. Parents are criticised for violating children's privacy and putting their identities at risk of being stolen. Existing sharenting studies tried to explain the sharenting behaviour based on the assumption that shared content is solely owned by children. This study, adopting a multiparty privacy perspective, proposed that sharenting content includes information owned solely by children and co-owned by parents and children, emphasizing the importance of recognizing information co-ownership by parents. By conducting 16 in-depth interviews, the current study investigated parents' perceptions of sharenting content and explored factors that may influence sharenting behaviours. Results indicated that parents have a misunderstanding of information ownership and are unaware of children's rights to co-owned information. Also, the sharenting behaviours are also influenced by audiences' comments, family members' privacy perceptions, cultural values, and exposure to negative news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Sharenting, parents’ sharing of personal information about children on social media is becoming increasingly controversial. Its potential risks have drawn some parents to engage in mindful sharenting: parents’ application of strategies to reduce the potentially negative effects of sharenting, as they are aware of the impact sharenting can have on the child’s privacy. Objective: This study aims to investigate parents’ motives for engaging in mindful sharenting, the strategies they implement and how relatives and acquaintances react. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with eight mother–father dyads in Belgium. At least one of both respondents had to be born between 1980 and 2000 (i.e., millennial parents), having a child aged between 0 and 6 years. Conversations were transcribed ad verbatim, coded in Nvivo, and were analyzed thematically. Results: The reasons leading parents to engage in mindful sharenting were previous negative experiences they encountered or heard of from acquaintances. In addition, parents aimed to safeguard their child’s privacy and prevent any misuse of their identity or any other forms of aggression. Furthermore, certain parents wish to grant their children the freedom to choose which media content about them is shared online at a later stage in life. As parents are aware of potential benefits of sharenting, they employ strategies to ensure their child’s privacy, while still enjoying the benefits sharenting offers them. These strategies include photographing the child from a distance, the child looking away from the camera, focusing only on a body part, covering the face with an emoticon, blurring the face, or cutting recognizable parts from the photo. However, parents engaging in mindful sharenting are also confronted with questions and negative comments from family members and acquaintances. This makes them feel like they must justify their decision. Moreover, they are sometimes confronted with family members posting identifiable pictures of their child, which leads to privacy turbulence, and parents having to clarify and renegotiate the privacy boundaries concerning image sharing. Conclusion: Parents deciding to engage in mindful sharenting engage in several strategies to balance between the opportunities sharenting can offer them, the social pressure they experience to post child-related updates, and their objective to protect their child’s privacy. However, some parents face criticism, making them feel pressured to justify their decision and having to clearly explain to family members not to make identifiable pictures of their child available online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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After a brief introduction on the origins, foundation and evolution of the right to privacy in Italian legal system, the article examines the issue of children's right to privacy in the context of family relations. In particular, the study dwells on the powers/duties of protection, or rather, of vigilance, connected to the correct exercise of the educational function of parents in the digital context, which may also allow/require access to the digital data of minor children. The paper then addresses other topics related to parental responsibility: the civil liability of parents for online offences committed by their minor children; the qualification of the behaviour of parents who inappropriately or carelessly dispose of their children's personal data (so-called sharenting); and the privacy of minors in relation to health decisions that minors are entitled to take independently. Dopo una breve introduzione sulle origini, il fondamento e l'evoluzione del diritto alla riservatezza nell'ordinamento giuridico italiano, l'articolo esamina il tema del diritto alla privacy dei minori nel contesto delle relazioni familiari. In particolare, lo studio si sofferma sui poteri/doveri di vigilanza relativi al corretto esercizio della funzione educativa dei genitori nel contesto digitale, che può anche consentire/richiedere l'accesso ai dati digitali dei figli. L'articolo affronta inoltre altri temi legati alla responsabilità genitoriale: la responsabilità civile dei genitori per gli illeciti online commessi dai figli minorenni; la qualificazione del comportamento dei genitori che dispongono in modo improprio o incauto dei dati personali dei figli (il cosiddetto sharenting); la privacy dei minori in relazione alle decisioni sulla salute che i minori hanno diritto di prendere in autonomia.

There has been limited number of studies on sharenting which has occured as a new concept related to parenting due to parent’s extensive sharing of information about their children on social media. The aim of the present study was to examine mothers’ and fathers’ sharing of their children’s photos on Instagram as a sharenting behavior with its predictors. Thus, the relationship of the frequency of sharing children’s photos with the demographic (gender, age, education level and perceived financial status), social network structure-related (online: number of Instagram followers, ratio of followers liking and commenting on children’s photos; offline: perceived social support), and Instagram-use-related (frequency of visiting account, duration of having an account and frequency of general sharing) factors was analyzed. Six hundred seventy three parents using Instagram completed the demographic information form, the use of social media form, and the perceived offline social support scale. Five hundred thirty seven (300 mothers) parents reported to have shared at least one photo of their children on Instagram. Mothers and fathers did not differ in the frequency of sharing photos and the analysis of the contents of shared photos demonstrated that special events, trips and holidays with children, and times with family and friends were the most frequently reported contents. Regression analysis showed that the frequency of sharing children’s photos was predicted negatively by parents’ age; and positively by the frequency of general sharing, the ratio of followers liking children’ photos, and the perceived offline social support.

In a contemporary era, strongly characterized by digital omnipresence, celebrities share, via their social media accounts, experiences related to parenthood or, in other words, adopt sharenting practices. This article focuses on the visual and textual representation of the children of six Portuguese female and male celebrities active on Instagram in 2020. The study aimed to explore whether the narratives and content strategies conveyed by celebrities about their children are integrated into authentic and advertising content, and how these vary according to the celebrity’s gender. A quantitative and qualitative content analysis was carried out, on a corpus of 1116 pieces of content related to children, in the four Instagram formats—Post, Instastory, IGTV, and Reels. The results showed that children are mostly depicted in spontaneous moments of everyday life that are often perceived as intimate and exclusive moments. While content explicitly identifying advertising or partnerships is infrequent, in many of these contents there was some sort of commercial presence, e.g., through brands identified in children’s content. There were also substantial differences in the themes of the content posted by mothers, in contrast to fathers. These differences were especially evident, on the one hand, regarding the categories of the identified brands—male celebrities are associated with outdoor activities and tend to fall into the categories “Leisure” and “Food and Drinks”, while the brand categories most often identified by female celebrities are associated with “Clothing and Footwear” and “Childcare and Health”, categories that are related to the daily care of children. On the other hand, as for the speech, we found that not only the gender but also the celebrity’s persona is relevant when considering the sharenting they do. Generally, the study found that celebrity sharenting is associated with demonstrations of affection towards children, regardless of gender, a fact that highlights the importance of family ties and parental values in a pandemic context.

Background: The use of social media is on the rise, and posts about anything can be shared these days, whether it be clothes, jewelry, shoes, books, or food and beverages. Some parents even use their children as objects of sharing, and post about their children continuously. Parents who use social media share important moments before and after their children are born on their social network sites accounts. Sharenting refers to the practice of parents, caregivers or relatives sharing information about their children (underage) online, typically on some online platforms. This can include photos, videos, personal stories, and other updates about the child's life. The study aimed to examine the phenomenon of sharenting syndrome in terms of its potential to cause child abuse and neglect. In addition, the aim of this study is to explore the factors associated with and predicting sharenting syndrome by evaluating it through the lens of child abuse and neglect. Methods: This study was designed with a survey model among quantitative research methods. Data were collected through social network sites with snowball sampling method. The sample consisted of people aged 18 years and over from Turkey (n = 427). Results: A total of 86.9% of the participants stated that sharing children's photos and videos on social media platforms by parents, relatives and caregivers can be evaluated as child neglect and abuse. The variables of "gender" and "the impact of sharing on children" are factors that are associated with determining whether the sharenting syndrome is classified as abuse or not. Gender is a negative predictor of the classification of sharenting on social media as a type of child abuse and neglect. Conclusions: Since the use of social media by people is increasing, there should be measures to protect children from sharenting syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the issue of sharenting from the perspective of European law. To this end, it first defines the concept of sharenting and summarises the impacts and potential risks for minors associated with this practice. It then analyses the relevant EU legislation and addresses the question of whether content shared through sharenting is content falling under the concept of the right to private and family life within the meaning of Article 7 of the EU Charter or personal data within the meaning of Article 8 of the EU Charter or the GDPR. In the next section, it examines the approach of Article 8 ECHR and the relevant caselaw of the ECtHR, from which it draws general principles and considers the direction of the ECtHR's reasoning in the case of sharenting-related disputes. In the last part, the article presents some examples for the protection of privacy and personal data of minors of advanced legislation of EU Member States and outlines so-called good practices that could serve as inspiration for legislators in the process of strengthening safeguards for minors to protect their rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]