Search

Brands invest tremendous resources into building engagement with their customers on social media. But considerably less focus is placed on addressing disengagement, when users actively choose to distance themselves from the brand through reduced posting or even unfollowing. The authors find that the same self–brand connections that lead individuals to defensively protect the brand can also lead them to experience shame vicariously when others mention the brand in socially unacceptable ways. Experiencing vicarious shame motivates them to distance themselves from the brand, driving disengagement. Three mixed-method studies show that a socially unacceptable behavior—using profanity while mentioning the brand—leads highly connected consumers to experience vicarious shame, prompting disengagement motivations and ultimately leading to real-world unfollowing behaviors on social media. The authors also show that proactive moderation behaviors by the brand can attenuate these responses. These results provide insight into the process by which self–brand connection interacts with socially unacceptable brand mentions and suggest a limitation to the insulating effects of strong self–brand connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Grounded in Control-Value Theory, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between emotional antecedents (control-value beliefs) and emotions with students' perceived self-esteem and physical activity intention. In addition, the potential differences in antecedents, emotions, and outcomes by gender were explored. Method: Multivariate analysis of variance and multiple hierarchical regressions were used to explore self-reported responses from middle school students (N = 247; 51% male, 49% female). Results: Preliminary analysis showed males reporting higher levels of intrinsic value, enjoyment, and self-esteem, while females reported more boredom and shame in PE. Control beliefs and intrinsic value were maintained as positive significant predictors (p <.05) of self-esteem and physical activity intention. Emotions of boredom and shame were significant predictors above any positive reported emotions for negatively impacting self-esteem and physical activity intention. Discussion/Conclusion: Emotions and their antecedents need consideration for understanding student motivation, particularly for female students who are more vulnerable to negative PE experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a proposed mediator between stigma-related stressors and negative mental health outcomes, HIV-related shame has been predictive of increased rates of substance use and difficulties adhering to antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV. These downstream manifestations have ultimately impeded progress toward national goals to End the HIV Epidemic, in part due to limited success of conventional psychotherapies in addressing HIV-related shame. In a pilot clinical trial (N = 12), receipt of psilocybin-assisted group therapy was associated with a large pre-post decrease in HIV-related shame as measured by the HIV and Abuse Related Shame Inventory, with a median (IQR) change of - 5.5 (- 6.5, - 3.5) points from baseline to 3-months follow-up (Z = - 2.6, p = 0.009, r = - 0.75). A paradoxical exacerbation of sexual abuse-related shame experienced by two participants following receipt of psilocybin raises critical questions regarding the use of psilocybin therapy among patients with trauma. These preliminary findings carry potential significance for the future of HIV care.

ObjectiveTransgender and gender diverse (TGD) people experience higher levels of stigma, discrimination, and interpersonal violence due to their gender identity and/or expression, particularly TGD people with a migration background. This study aimed to conduct and evaluate group psychotherapy for TGD migrants to provide opportunities for exploring and developing interpersonal skills and relationships.MethodThe group therapy included five individuals who identified as TGD and originated from the Middle East. The TGD group therapy consisted of 12 weekly sessions of 90 minutes each and was facilitated by a psychiatrist. All sessions were conducted online and in Turkish. The sessions were guided by the group process and discussions.ResultsAfter completing 12 group therapy sessions, members of the group reported benefiting from observing and emulating others who shared their problem constellation. Through the interpersonal skills that they built up throughout the sessions, they became more open to share their feelings experiencing fewer social barriers, and reduced anxiety.ConclusionThis observational study indicates the significance of offering group-based psychotherapy to enhance affirmation and social connection within gender minority groups and emphasizes the need to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of group psychotherapy with TGD individuals, with special attention to the unique needs of TGD migrants.

This study explored the differences in shame, perception of performance, the need to present a perfect body image, and disordered eating among 223 female athletes from esthetic (n = 114; Mage = 14.30; SDage = 1.65; Myearsofpractice = 6.62) and nonesthetic (n = 109; Mage = 14.75; SDage = 1.87; Myearsofpractice = 4.56) individual sports. Descriptive, t test, and correlational analyses were performed. Moreover, path analyses were conducted to examine the link between the variables. The two groups did not present significant differences in variables, except in perception of performance. The path model analyses explained 47% of disordered eating. Results suggested that individual characteristic of sports practice seems relevant in shame. This study suggests that female athletes from individual sports who experience inferiority tend to adopt perfectionist defensive strategies and engage in disordered eating behaviors. This study highlights the relevance of intervention and educational programs that promote more adaptative emotional regulation strategies in female athletes from individual sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship between perceived parental conflict, self‐compassion, shame, and social anxiety and its internal mechanisms through two studies. Study 1 took 612 middle school students (285 women, 327 men, M = 14.18 years, SD = 1.72) as participants, and the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale, Self‐compassion scale (SCS), shame scale (SS), and Social Anxiety Scale were used for testing. The results showed that perceived parental conflict was significantly correlated with self‐compassion, shame, and social anxiety. Perceived parental conflict affects middle school students' social anxiety through feelings of self‐compassion and shame. In study 2, 106 middle school students (76 women, 30 men, M = 15.47 years, SD = 0.62) were randomly assigned to the self‐compassion group and control group, and students were asked to complete different literacy tasks, and then fill out the SCS, SS and adolescent social anxiety scale in turn. The results found that in the context of parental conflict, inducing the self‐compassion of middle school students can reduce the level of shame and social anxiety. The introduction of the concept of self‐compassion into the field of middle school students' mental health reveals the function of self‐compassion. It expands the relevant research on the intermediary role of self‐compassion, and also provides innovative ideas for the future research of mental health education in primary and secondary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Pregnant and parenting people (PPP) experience complex challenges when seeking recovery from substance use disorders (SUD). Using a community‐based participatory research approach, researchers partnered with PPP seeking recovery from SUD to explore supports needed in their communities. Findings are reported in adherence with the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research. Thirty PPP were recruited from a residential drug recovery facility in the Southeastern United States. Participant interviews were conducted in‐person or virtually. PPP were asked to identify existing and needed parenting and recovery supports in their communities. Interviews were transcribed, verified for accuracy and coded using NVIVO software. Thematic analysis was framed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) eight dimensions of wellness, which reflect wellness standards across life domains. Participants identified internal and external challenges including feelings of guilt and shame, treatment access issues, lack of recovery support, grief and loss and inadequate instrumental support. Needed supports were broadly categorised as parenting resources, childcare resources, housing supports, recovery supports, occupational training and assistance and spirituality resources, and then evaluated and sorted based on appropriate fit within the SAMHSA's eight dimensions of wellness. Highest perceived needs fit within Intellectual, Emotional, Spiritual and Environmental wellness dimensions, respectively. Healthcare providers promoting recovery for PPP should focus on support needs within SAMHSA's dimensions of wellness and develop strategies that address the full range of these critical wellness dimensions. Intellectual, emotional and tangible environmental supports including parenting and recovery skills training, accessible mental health care and residential housing with childcare availability are essential for long‐term recovery and positive parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the potential benefits and costs of believing one can change their weight (i.e. growth mindset) in the context of a digital weight management program. We investigated mechanisms by which growth mindsets relate to weight loss achievement and body shame. Among participants seeking to lose weight (N = 1626; 74.7% female; 77.9% White; M age = 45.7), stronger growth mindsets indirectly predicted greater weight loss achievement through positive offset expectations and subsequent increased program engagement. Additionally, stronger growth mindsets predicted less body shame through positive offset expectations but predicted more body shame through increased onset responsibility, replicating the double-edged sword model of growth mindsets. We conclude with applications that leverage growth mindsets for optimal behavior change while mitigating costs such as body shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex guilt refers to a feeling of shame or anxiety induced by sexual behavior due to the inconsistency between a person's value and their sexuality. Sex guilt often stems from traditional, gender stereotypical sexual views and attitudes. In this study, we inquired what factors could be predicting sex guilt. Negative sexual messaging (NSM) refers to the promotion of abstinence and the glorification of virginity, representing a set of sex‐negatives views. We evaluated the relationships between NSM in childhood and sex guilt in adulthood. We include childhood sexual abuse as an alternative predictor of sex guilt to anchor our results with NSM. Participants were recruited through undergraduate groups and online platforms (total N = 1322) and completed an online survey regarding about their sexual experience. We found that NSM was a strong, persistent predictor of sex guilt. Those who experienced more NSM reported higher sex guilt. Our findings could be particularly informative for educators and policy maker who creates sex education curricula. Further study is needed to clarify the mechanisms through which NSM are associated with sex guilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transactional sexual relationships (TSRs) take varied forms, with research emphasizing TSRs' inherent risks, primarily to women. In South Africa, Blessed relationships have emerged as a prominent type of TSR. Blessers have become coveted male partners due to their relative wealth and willingness to 'bless' female partners with financial and material gifts, as well as the improved social status that accompanies such partnerships. Given the limited literature on Blesser partnerships, we investigated women's implicit and explicit negotiated rewards and their perceived risk and ability to employ risk mitigation strategies, utilizing risk as a sociological concept to enhance understanding of risks women assume, and subsequent gendered implications. This qualitative study was conducted in 2017-2018 in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province, South Africa, a high HIV prevalence setting, with 22 women, using purposive and snowball sampling methods. We found that women in relationships with a Blesser recognize and navigate a number of risks, including: the threat of HIV acquisition, falling pregnant, experiencing an emotional void following a TSR, and expressed feelings of guilt and shame, as segments of South African society remain judgmental of TSRs. These risks are then weighed against the pursuit of sustained financial and social rewards achieved through such relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stigma is a complex construct and its association with help-seeking among those experiencing eating disorders is not well understood. Rates of help-seeking are low for those with eating disorder symptoms and, therefore, determining the role of stigma and shame in this relationship is needed to help inform effective awareness campaigns aimed at improving prognostic outcomes. The current study examined the associations between perceived stigma, self-stigma, shame, and help-seeking behaviour in a community sample of individuals with elevated eating disorder symptoms. Methods: Participants completed an online survey that included measures of stigma and shame as perceived barriers to help-seeking for individuals with eating disorders. Those with elevated eating disorder symptoms and high clinical impairment were included in the study (N = 333). Results: Using binary logistic regression models controlling for age and gender, results showed that perceived stigma, self-stigma, and shame predicted 64% of help-seeking behaviour (p =.005). The only significant unique predictor of formal help-seeking was "Being concerned that other people believe eating disorders are not real illnesses". No other stigma or shame items were found to significantly predict help-seeking. Conclusions: The present findings suggest that while stigma plays an important role in help-seeking, it might not be the primary reason preventing individuals with eating disorders from accessing care. The field is encouraged to investigate these factors to promote help-seeking effectively. Plain english summary: Eating disorders are highly prevalent worldwide and have severe mental health and medical consequences. While effective treatments for eating disorders exist, many of those who experience eating disorder symptoms do not reach out for help. Delays in help-seeking are associated with negative outcomes for affected individuals but also their families, caregivers, and the broader healthcare system. To better understand the factors preventing individuals with eating disorders from seeking help, we investigated the role of stigma and shame in this relationship. Participants completed a survey assessing their eating disorder symptoms, help-seeking behaviour, and barriers to seeking help. Those with elevated eating disorder symptoms (e.g., disordered eating and/or high weight and shape concerns negatively affecting their life) were included in the study. Participants reported that stigma and shame, specifically, "Being concerned that other people believe eating disorders are not real illnesses", prevented them from seeking help. Our results help to clarify the types of stigma most relevant to help-seeking, which may be targeted in awareness campaigns to improve access to care for people with eating disorders. It would be beneficial for future studies to explore other prominent help-seeking barriers to improve clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does human rights advocacy make a difference? Many are skeptical. Studies often find that advocates have an impact only under limited circumstances. I argue that these underwhelming results are a by-product of an identification problem. Research so far has effectively focused on whether shaming campaigns reduce ongoing abuse. But such cases are only part of the story. Another big aspect of advocacy is preventing abuse from ever starting. We must then pay attention to the deterred, those who chose not to violate human rights because of the threat of shaming. These cases do not repress and are never shamed. They are easy to miss because they look the same as those who never considered abuse in the first place. However, identifying deterred cases is crucial for judging the effectiveness of advocacy. I argue that we can resolve this issue by focusing on the degree of human rights monitoring in a country. Doing so allows researchers to recognize those under the scrutiny of advocates, and hence those that could have been deterred even if they were never shamed. Once we do this analytical refocus it is easy to see the positive effect of human rights advocacy. Human rights monitoring reduces abuse, and it does so in most countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Client violence towards social workers is a phenomenon with serious consequences that affect the professional, service and organisation. However, it is not known what effect such violence has on each. A systematic review of 26 studies found that the consequences have an impact on the social worker, the service and the organisation. In particular, it affects the health of the social worker, the professional relationship the professional relationship with the client and organisational functioning. It is stressed that prevention measures should be holistic and comprehensive to reduce violence, focusing on actions involving the professional and influencing organisational and contextual policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Feelings of shame are linked to increased risk for depression. Little is known about protective factors that may buffer this effect, particularly in men. Using prospective data from a community sample of Australian men, we examine the extent to which shame is associated with depressive symptoms, and the protective role of psychological wellbeing, specifically environmental mastery and purpose in life. Methods: Participants (n = 448) were from the longitudinal Men and Parenting Pathways (MAPP) Study. Measures were the Event Related Shame and Guilt Scale for shame, the DASS-21 for depressive symptoms and Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being for environmental mastery and purpose in life. Linear regressions were used to test associations between shame and depressive symptoms concurrently and 1-year later, and the moderating effects of mastery and purpose in life. Results: Shame was strongly associated with concurrent depressive symptoms (βunadj =.76, p <.001; βadj =.63, p <.001). This effect was weaker in men with high compared to low environmental mastery (β+1 SD =.46, p <.001; β−1 SD =.55, p <.001) and purpose in life (β+1 SD =.48, p <.001; β−1 SD =.62, p <.001). Shame also predicted subsequent depressive symptoms after adjustment for prior depressive symptoms (βunadj =.59, p =.001; βadj =.34, p =.004), although environmental mastery or purpose in life did not moderate these associations. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that promoting a sense of psychological wellbeing in men may confer protective proximal effects in the context of shame, potentially attenuating depression severity. The current study aligns with calls for strength-based approaches to reducing mental health problems in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of four studies systematically investigated the boundary conditions of the shame–concealment/pride–exposure relationship through an experimental paradigm. Experiment 1 developed an experimental procedure to assess the shame/pride–concealment/exposure relationship. Shame and pride were induced by randomly assigning participants to either low or high fictitious IQ score conditions, followed by an assessment of concealment and exposure behaviors. The results suggested a strong relationship between failure and concealment, as well as between success and exposure behaviors, a finding that was replicated in the subsequent three experiments. Experiment 2 examined the sensitivity of the shame–concealment relationship to changes in social status by manipulating the relevance of those to whom IQ scores would be disclosed. The results suggested weak to moderate evidence for the effect of status relevance on the shame–concealment relationship. Experiment 3 investigated whether concealment was specific to IQ scores or generalized to other types of information. Moderate evidence was found for the generalization of concealment beyond IQ scores. Experiment 4 distinguished between the effects of receiving a low/high score, the disclosure of the score, and the anticipation of its disclosure on shame feelings and concealment behavior. Results suggested moderate support for the effect of receiving the score on the elicitation of shame and concealment, with inconclusive support for the effect of disclosure compared to anticipated disclosure. The relevance of these results to theories of shame and pride, intra- and interpersonal determinants, and a functional perspective on emotions is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men and women are well aware of the gender pay gap. The present study involved four experiments (N = 341, student sample, N = 203 general population sample) in which we indirectly measured empathy by asking participants to rate the non-complex and complex emotions they felt when reading a scenario in which a woman described her pay situation. Experiments 1 (equal pay vs. unequal pay) and 2, 3 & 4 (angry vs. depressed reaction to pay inequality) investigate differences in empathy arousal between men and women by assessing their emotions. Globally, both men and women identified correctly emotions expressed by the women victim of pay inequity. On complex emotions, women express more other suffering emotions than men, only in Experiment 4. Coupled with expression of guilt/shame for men only, these results are discussed in the perspective of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les liens qui existent entre image du corps, estime de soi et honte corporelle (variables dépendantes) chez les patients atteints par le VIH, en fonction de l'âge, du sexe, du niveau d'étude, du statut sérologique et de l'année de dépistage. Nous voulions voir aussi comment ces variables indépendantes (genre et âge) influent sur l'estime de soi, l'image du corps et la honte corporelle. Les participants étaient 158 patients VIH (hommes et femmes) qui ont rempli une batterie de mesures d'autoévaluation : échelle d'estime de soi de Rosenberg (1965), échelle de l'image corporelle (QIC) de Bruchon-Schweitzer (1990) et la sous-échelle de honte corporelle de l'échelle d'expérience de la honte (ESS) d'Andrews et al. (2002). La première hypothèse qui teste le lien entre estime de soi, image du corps et honte corporelle et les variables sociodémographiques (âge, sexe, niveau d'étude, statut sérologique et année de dépistage) montrent un lien significatif chez les patients VIH gabonais. La seconde hypothèse qui évalue l'influence de l'âge et le genre sur toutes nos variables dépendantes (estime de soi, image du corps et honte corporelle) montre que les femmes n'expriment pas davantage une insatisfaction corporelle et de la honte par rapport à leur corps et que leur niveau d'estime de soi n'est pas moins élevé que celui des hommes. Pour finir, les résultats montrent qu'en s'appuyant sur la comparaison intergroupes, l'estime de soi est plus faible chez les jeunes dans certains groupes d'âge. Il existe des liens significatifs entre estime de soi, image du corps et honte corporelle. Aussi, l'estime de soi est plus faible chez les jeunes patients VIH. Pour les cliniciens engagés dans la prise en charge des patients VIH, la connaissance du niveau d'estime de soi, d'insatisfaction corporelle et de honte corporelle permettrait d'élaborer des prises en charge adaptées et des objectifs d'interventions thérapeutiques appropriés (groupe thérapeutique, groupe ponctuel pour accroître efficacité personnelle). The study proposes the analysis of the relationship between body image, self-esteem and body shame (dependent variables) in HIV patients according to their age, gender, level of education, HIV status and year of their HIV screening. We also wanted to see how independent variables (gender and age) affect self-esteem, body image and body shame. Participants included 158 HIV patients (men and women) who completed a battery of self-report measures: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965), the Bruchon-Schweitzer Body Image Scale (BIS) (1990), and the body shame subscale from the Shame Experience Scale (ESS) by Andrews et al. (2002). The first hypothesis, which tests the link between self-esteem, body image and body shame and the sociodemographic variables (age, gender, level of education, HIV status and year of screening), showed a significant relationship among Gabonese HIV patients. The second hypothesis, which evaluates the influence of age and gender on all our dependent variables (self-esteem, body image and body shame), indicated that women are no more likely to express more body dissatisfaction and shame about their bodies and their level of self-esteem is no lower than that of men. Finally, an intergroup comparison demonstrated that self-esteem is lower among youth in certain age groups. There are significant links between self-esteem, body image and body shame with a lower level of self-esteem in young HIV patients. For clinicians involved in the management of HIV patients, knowledge of the level of self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and body shame would allow for the development of appropriate care and therapeutic intervention goals (therapeutic group, self-efficacy group). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides empirical insights into "other letters" (OLs) issued by the UN Special Procedures, a unique tool of policy-specific human rights shaming. By analyzing criticized laws, recipients, state responses, and impact, the study reveals that OLs are predominantly targeted at cooperative states. Despite better human rights records, democracies receive more OLs and they are more likely to implement the recommendations. Authoritarian states receive fewer OLs and tend to reject the allegations. The study highlights the intricate dynamics shaping interactions between UN human rights mechanisms and states, emphasizing democratic responsiveness while underscoring the challenges of addressing abuses in nondemocratic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the concept of moral injury and its relationship to reparations. The authors argue that reparations can help individuals and communities heal from moral injury by acknowledging past wrongs and seeking material redress. They emphasize the importance of recognition and restoring broken bonds in the healing process. The article also discusses the challenges of acknowledging moral injury and seeking reparations, including the psychological dynamics of being a perpetrator or a failed witness. The authors suggest that establishing a sense of the moral Third, which involves acknowledging and repairing harm, can serve as a remedy for moral injury. The text also addresses the challenges of confronting white moral injury in the United States, including the presence of violent militias and the need to confront denied history. It highlights the connection between moral injury, racism, and white supremacy, emphasizing the psychological aspects of harming others and the importance of recognizing the humanity of those who have been subjugated. The article concludes by emphasizing that reparations are not only a healing process for the oppressed but also for the oppressors, and that they can contribute to the restoration of the moral community. [Extracted from the article]

This paper is a multifaceted exploration of white subjectivity and the social phenomena of whiteness, about which there is a considerable body of psychoanalytic literature spanning decades. Hazel White's "unwound sonnet late on the tide" explores themes of traumatic legacies, family, shame, and mourning. Critical poetic inquiry is used to consider these themes and make links between the poetics of psychoanalytic processes and the psychoanalysis of poetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. citizens are debating whether slavery and white supremacy are core constituents of the United States, whether white children should be troubled by learning the brutalities of slavery and life under Jim Crow laws, and whether racial reparations are due to African Americans for the centuries of economic, political, and social oppression they have endured. While many white folks prefer to ignore or demean calls for reparations, others have turned to reparative genealogy. They are inquiring deeply into their ancestors' relationships to chattel slavery and white supremacy, committed to reckoning with their own and their ancestors' racial debts. They seek to develop what sociologist W. E. Du Bois called "double consciousness." In order to protect themselves, African Americans had to try and see through the eyes of white people, as well as their own. But white folks too rarely attempt to see themselves through the eyes of Black people. During slavery, how were whites seen by Blacks? Philosopher George Yancy urges white people to engage in the work of developing double consciousness so they can see, as most people of color do, the pernicious white and class advantages that haunt us. My ancestors were enslavers in North Carolina. I turned to slave narratives from Black North Carolinians to distill what they observed about white people. Their descriptions point to individual and cultural pathologies: dehumanizing, pathological narcissism, authoritarian character, greed, cruelty, sadism, the policing of racial borders, paranoia, absence of deserved shame and moral injury. These understandings underline some of the psychosocial tasks before us as white people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La clinique révèle la fréquente absence de honte chez les auteurs de violences sexuelles comme un négatif de la honte éprouvée par les victimes. Nous avons cherché à comprendre ce paradoxe en analysant les dynamiques de l'introjection de la honte dans l'identification à l'agresseur chez la victime et l'injection de la honte dans l'identification projective de l'agresseur sur sa victime. Nous nous sommes intéressés à Louis, un prêtre destitué, condamné pour comportements pédocriminels. Cette étude fait partie d'une recherche doctorale qualitative menée auprès d'une population de sujets incarcérés à partir d'entretiens de recherche structurés autour du récit de vie. Nous observons chez Louis, comme souvent chez nos sujets de recherche auteurs de violences sexuelles, que derrière l'apparente absence de honte, se dessine une grande honte inconsciente, tout d'abord introjectée dans les abus subis, puis retournée et injectée dans la relation intersubjective et dans les abus commis, comme moyen de décharge d'une honte insupportable. L'introjection de la honte de l'agresseur par sa victime dans la dynamique de l'identification à l'agresseur décrite par Ferenczi apparaît comme la réciproque de l'injection de la honte par l'agresseur à sa victime dans la dynamique de l'identification projective : une identification projective ordinaire sous la forme d'un retournement projectif de la honte et une identification projective opératoire sous la forme de comportements violents et pervers. Le mécanisme des vases communicants psychiques de la honte chez les auteurs et victimes de violences sexuelles, entre injection et introjection, permet de mieux comprendre le caractère contagieux de cet affect dans l'étiologie des violences sexuelles. Forensic clinical investigation frequently reveals the absence of shame in perpetrators of sexual violence while simultaneously victims seem overwhelmed by shame. We sought to understand this paradox by analyzing the dynamics of the introjection of shame in victims' identification with the aggressor and of the injection of shame in the aggressor's projective identification with his victim. We focused on the case of Louis, a dismissed priest, sentenced for pedocriminal behavior. This case is part of a qualitative research project conducted on a population of 14 inmates of a Parisian prison and based on interviews structured around the individual's life story and analyzed with the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodology. We observe that behind Louis's apparent absence of shame, as with many of our research subjects guilty of sexual violence, there is, in fact, a great deal of unconscious shame, first introjected by the victim in the abuse suffered, and later injected in the victim in the abuse committed as a means to unload an unbearable shame. The introjection of the shame of the aggressor by his victim in the dynamic of Ferenczi's identification with the aggressor appears as a complement to the injection of shame by the aggressor into his victim through the dynamic of projective identification: both an ordinary projective identification in the form of a projective reversal of shame, and an operative projective identification in the form of perverse behaviors. The communicating vessels of shame among perpetrators and victims of sexual violence, between injection and introjection, help us better understand the contagious characteristics of shame in the etiology of sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has linked individuals' dispositional guilt and shame to their interpersonal processes. Although caregivers' guilt and shame proneness in the parenting context likely have important implications for their mental health and parenting, there is a lack of validated measures for such dispositions. In three studies with Chinese parents, we developed and validated the Parental Guilt and Shame Proneness scale (PGASP), which was based on the Guilt and Shame Proneness scale (GASP). The PGASP comprises two guilt subscales—negative behavior-evaluations (guilt-NBE) and repair action tendencies (guilt-repair)—and two shame subscales—negative self-evaluations (shame-NSE) and withdrawal action tendencies (shame-withdraw). Study 1 (N = 604) provided support for the four-factor structure of the PGASP, which was replicated in Study 2 (N = 451). The concurrent validity of the PGASP was examined in Study 2 and Study 3 (N = 455). The two guilt subscales were associated with better mental health and more positive parenting, whereas parents' shame-withdraw exhibited the opposite pattern; weak or no relations were found for shame-NSE. Findings highlight the need to differentiate between parents' shame-NSE and shame-withdraw. PGASP may be a useful tool for identifying parents at risk of engaging in negative parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study examined client profiles in observed emotion to explore possible subgroups among clients given that there is substantial heterogeneity in clients' expression of emotion in therapy. Subgroups were identified using the sequential model of emotional processing, which posits that global distress, shame/fear and rejecting anger represent 'early expressions of distress', whereas assertive anger, self‐compassion and grief/hurt are conceptualised to be 'adaptive states' that predict good outcomes. The present study also offers a unique strategy for studying differences in clients' emotional presentation with implications for within‐session assessment by therapists. Method: Sections of videotaped therapy sessions for 34 participants in emotion‐focussed therapy were coded for each emotional state. Through cluster analysis, participants were grouped based on the relative magnitude of each emotion state in the model. Results: In the first set of analyses, two naturalistic groups were formed: Cluster 2 had higher levels of adaptive emotion and rejecting anger than Cluster 1. There was a significantly greater proportion of good within‐session outcomes in Cluster 2 than in Cluster 1. In the second set of analyses, a separate cluster analysis categorised participants based on their early expressions of distress. Four groups were described as follows: Distressed, Protesters, Fearful & Ashamed and Minimally Distressed. Only the Minimally Distressed group showed significantly higher rates of good within‐session outcome. Discussion: These findings provide support for the emotional processing model by using novel methods and analyses. Although the findings are preliminary, they have implications for clinicians' assessments of clients' emotional needs and characteristic presentations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Recovery from sexual trauma can be complex and multi‐faceted. Most current psychological treatment protocols for trauma use a cognitive model of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, sexual trauma may include specific complexities beyond that of a cognitive model of PTSD, such as relational factors. The distress experienced after sexual abuse may involve variables not exclusive to a PTSD model. Compassion focused therapy (CFT) is an approach that incorporates evolutionary, relational and social perspectives. This study explored the relationships between variables associated with CFT, PTSD and distress in survivors of sexual abuse to determine the role of CFT‐related variables. Methods: 155 adults who had experienced sexual abuse or any unwanted sexual experience at any point in their lives completed online questionnaires pertaining to various CFT variables (self‐compassion, receiving compassion from others, having a fear of compassion from others, having a fear of compassion from the self, shame and self‐criticism) and questionnaires measuring global distress as the outcome of sexual abuse and PTSD symptoms. Results: An exploratory model involving CFT‐related variables explained significantly more of the variance (4.4%) in global distress than PTSD symptomology alone. Self‐criticism was found to be the variable with significant contribution. Conclusions: That CFT treatments, targeting self‐criticism, should be developed alongside the standard cognitive model of PTSD based treatments for survivors of sexual abuse was supported. Future research may explore experimental designs utilizing CFT in this population, as well as further investigations on the roles of these specific CFT variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nietzsche - Studien is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although Orson Welles's 1958 Touch of Evil is the most critically and commercially recognised film within the border noir submode, this essay instead examines Robert Montgomery's often overlooked 1947 film noir Ride the Pink Horse because of its close attention to the borderland setting. The article utilises a psychoanalytic understanding of affect and a border-influenced reverse anthropology to examine how the deterritorialised effect of the border zone and the uncanny atmosphere of the carnival environment in the film distresses the traditional noir antihero. Specifically examined is the relationship between two major manifestations of anxiety, two major affects: guilt and shame. This attention illustrates how the relocating of the noir universe out of the confines of the conventional dark urban streets to the liminal border zone uncannily transforms the guilt usually associated with the noir protagonist into a type of shame and a stronger encounter with anxiety as, appropriately, a borderless enigma. While guilt usually provides a distance from this enigma for the conventional noir antihero, shame produces a flight into being, as illustrated in the film's narrative details. Ultimately, Montgomery's cocksure character (Lucky Gagin), through his encounter with the deterritorialisation of the uncanny border zone, is transported from the conventional noir hero's masculine position (psychoanalytically conceived) into an abject position that aligns more precisely with the feminine discursive position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research investigating potential pathways from Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) to later self-harming and offending behaviours has inconsistent findings. Past research, however, has not fully explored the interplay between ACEs and modifiable psychological factors, such as shame and self-compassion. The present study explored the relationship between ACE, shame, and self-compassion to identify their role in explaining the variance in later harm in a sample of individuals who have committed sexual offences. Two hundred and fifty adults incarcerated for sexual offences participated. Multiple Regression and Mediation Analyses were applied to establish if ACE, shame and self-compassion explained the variance in harm and explore potential psychological pathways between ACE and harm, with shame and self-compassion as potential modifiable mediators. ACE, shame and self-compassion explained 55% of self-harm and 52% of psychological and physical harm variance. A more complex relationship was indicated for sexual harm, with only 19% of the variance explained by the model. The study increases our understanding of the relationship between variables and potential modifiable pathways between ACEs and later harming behaviours in a sample of individuals with sexual convictions. These modifiable psychological factors could be targeted to increase resilience, post-traumatic growth and reduce the risk of harm in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guilt and shame are emotions that, albeit subjectively negative, help humans adapt to their social environment. However, in some cases, there are pathogenic beliefs, shaped over the lifespan that sustain them and make them a source of psychopathological suffering. In this paper we will first briefly show how Control‐Mastery Theory (CMT) considers several types of pathogenic beliefs shaped by traumatic experiences that underly chronic feelings of guilt and shame. We then focus on a clinical case of Livia, a 28 year‐old woman with relational and academic problems suffering mainly from two such types of pathogenic beliefs: burdening guilt and disloyalty guilt. We describe how a) Livia was driven by adverse and traumatic experiences to form some of these pathogenic beliefs, b) how she tested the therapist in order to discover whether he would disconfirm these beliefs, and c) how the therapist was able to successfully pass these tests and provide her with new and healthier interpersonal experiences. The case of Livia will highlight therapists' ability to accurately formulate patients' goals, pathogenic beliefs—including types of guilt‐ and shame‐related beliefs—and traumas. Moreover, the case will illustrate how therapists can pass patients' tests and adopt the right attitude to help patients disprove their pathogenic beliefs and overcome problematic experiences of guilt and shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alcohol-involved sexual assault (AISA) survivors who were drinking at the time of the assault may be at risk of internalizing victim-blaming myths and stigma. Cognitive-behavioral models posit the link between AISA and negative emotional outcomes may be explained through maladaptive appraisals and coping - i.e., characterological and behavioral self-blame, shame, low self-compassion (i.e., high self-coldness, low self-caring), and fear of selfcompassion. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design and community sample of younger adults (N = 409 Canadians, M = 28.2 years old, 51.3% women), we examined these mechanisms' unique effects in mediating the associations between AISA and posttraumatic stress, general anxiety, and depressive symptoms, respectively. Results: In terms of gender differences, AISA was more common, self-coldness higher, and general anxiety symptoms more frequent in women, and fear of self-compassion was higher in men. Using structural equation modeling that controlled for gender and the overlap between outcomes, shame emerged as the strongest mediator linking AISA with all emotional outcomes. Fear of selfcompassion also partially mediated the AISA-posttraumatic stress symptom association, self-coldness partially mediated the AISA-general anxiety symptom association, and characterological self-blame fully mediated the AISA-depressive symptom association. Conclusion: Avoidance-based processes, ruminative/worry-based cognitions, and negative self-evaluative cognitions may be distinctly relevant for AISArelated posttraumatic stress, general anxiety, and depressive symptoms, respectively, after accounting for the overarching mediation through shame. These internalized stigma-related mechanisms may be useful to prioritize in treatment to potentially reduce AISA-related negative emotional outcomes, particularly for AISA survivors with posttraumatic stress, general anxiety, and/or depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractExamples of responses to killing are provided from three groups of state-sanctioned killers: executioners, perpetrators of genocide, and members of the armed forces; as well as violent offenders. The extent to which such individuals experience guilt and shame is related, from a personal construct theory perspective, to the degree to which their actions are consistent with their core roles as construed by themselves and others. Drawing upon examples from situations of warfare, it is argued that one mechanism for the avoidance of guilt and shame may be hostile extortion of evidence that the individual’s actions are ultimately the responsibility of another, and that cycles of hostility may foment and perpetuate the conflicts concerned. Other such mechanisms that are discussed are reduction of permeability of moral constructs, depersonalization of killing, and dehumanization of victims. By contrast, guilt and shame are likely to be more fully experienced, and possibly to lead to reconstruction, when the individual’s encounter with their victim is one that engenders both commonality and sociality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a book review of "Anxiety and wonder: On being human" by Maria Balaska. The book explores the role of emotions and moods, particularly anxiety, in our lives. Balaska draws on the works of Freud, Heidegger, Kierkegaard, and Wittgenstein to discuss the enigmatic nature of human existence and how anxiety and wonder shape our ambivalence towards it. The book argues that anxiety leads to "ontological insight" and enriches our lives as thinking beings. It also explores the relationship between anxiety, wonder, and the open-endedness of human existence. Overall, the book offers a philosophical perspective on the experience and place of anxiety and wonder in our lives. [Extracted from the article]

This paper explores the deliberate use of temporal ambiguities and discrepancies in Defoe’s The Fortunate Mistress to convey the disturbed retrospections of a guilt/shame-ridden narrator and the relationship between moral injury and temporal narrative techniques, highlighting the gendered nature of the fictional narrator’s moral injury. Drawing on Pederson’s model of moral injury in literature, which deals with perpetrator trauma, it argues that the narrator’s moral injury and its temporal reflexes in the narrative serve to reinforce the thematic and narratorial (re)iterations of female trauma and subsequent moral injury. Ultimately, this analysis provides compelling evidence of Defoe’s astute understanding of the psychology of shame, guilt, and narration, as well as his preference for psychological realism over traditional sequential narration, as he crafts stories that explore the human and psychological consequences of traumatic experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in valenced self‐evaluation refer to positive and negative coexistence in the process of self‐evaluation, while there is a clear difference in cognitive processes. The present study aimed to uncover the differences in the latent cognitive parameters (e.g., processing speed) in valenced self‐evaluation using the hierarchical drift‐diffusion model in two independent experiments. A self‐referential decision‐making task was applied in both experiments, and a self‐descriptiveness task plus the rating of related emotions (e.g., pride and shame) were also used but only in Experiment 2. Results of Experiments 1 & 2 showed a faster processing speed for accepting positive attributes and longer times for encoding and response execution in negative self‐evaluation. Moreover, Experiment 2 found cognitive parameters had predictive effects on subsequent decisional outcomes such as self‐descriptiveness and self‐related emotions via Bayesian inference. The current study provided findings that help to understand the cognitive mechanism behind self‐positivity and self‐accuracy biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Problematic anger, characterized by excessive frequency, intensity, and duration of anger which causes substantial emotional distress and functional interference, poses a marked challenge in military populations. Despite its importance, research on this topic is limited. This study contributes to the literature by exploring problematic anger in a large sample of Norwegian military personnel who served in NATO missions in Afghanistan. Methods: All Norwegian military personnel who deployed to Afghanistan between 2001 and 2020 were sent a link to a cross-sectional web-based survey by the Joint Medical Services of the Norwegian Armed Forces in 2020. A total of 6205 individuals (response rate: 67.7%) participated. The cross-sectional survey assessed problematic anger, mental and physical health, war zone stressor exposure, and quality of life. Results: Overall, 8.4% of participants reported problematic anger. Mental health disorders, deployment-related shame and guilt, chronic pain, and challenges with the military-to-civilian transition were independently associated with problematic anger. Both staying in service and maintaining a part-time connection with the military as a reservist mitigated the risk of problematic anger after deployment, compared to complete separation from military service. Conclusion: Findings demonstrate a sizeable prevalence of problematic anger among veterans of combat deployments. Given the associations between problematic anger and mental health disorders, chronic pain, and transition challenges, interventions designed to mitigate problematic anger need to be multi-faceted, including the possibility of maintaining an ongoing connection to military service. By reducing the risk of problematic anger, occupational, interpersonal and health outcomes may be improved for service members. Future research should examine the impact of problematic anger on adjustment over time, prevention strategies, and problematic anger in other high-risk occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between shame proneness and cooperation in Chinese adolescents, and the role of interpersonal trust and cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERSs). A total of 783 students (355 boys and 374 girls; Mage = 13.85, SD = 1.88 years) completed questionnaires measuring shame proneness, interpersonal relationships, CERSs, cooperative tendency, and cooperative behavior. The findings indicated that adolescents' shame proneness negatively predicted cooperative behavior; however, it negatively predicted cooperative tendency only partially, and only affected the dimension of gregariousness. Adolescents' shame proneness weakened their interpersonal trust, thus reducing their gregariousness and cooperative behavior. A preference for negative CERSs strengthened this negative relationship, whereas a preference for positive CERSs weakened the relationship. These findings suggest that we should teach adolescents positive emotion regulation strategies and guide them to adopt reasonable adjustment strategies to cope with negative events and improve their emotional regulation and social adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodResultsConclusionsThis study aimed to investigate the emotional experiences and beliefs of individuals who engage in self-harm by analyzing data from an online self-harm forum. Emphasis was placed on understanding how these individuals describe and evaluate their emotions (emotion beliefs) and the role these beliefs play in their emotion regulation and self-harming behaviors.A total of 119 posts from a self-harm discussion board on the forum were analyzed. Thematic analysis, following a critical realist perspective, was employed to identify and interpret recurring patterns in how posters articulated their emotion beliefs.Four themes were created during analysis: "My emotions are too much," "Self-harm as control or controlled by self-harm," "Suppression is better than expression," and "Self-harm helps me escape my emotional pain." Posters described experiencing overwhelming, uncontrollable, and unacceptable emotions, resulting in a desire to suppress or escape them through self-harm.Individuals struggling with self-harm hold negative beliefs about their emotions, which intensify emotional experiences and contribute to feelings of shame and guilt. The findings highlight the necessity of interventions targeting these negative emotion-related beliefs to foster alternative emotional regulation strategies and reduce reliance on self-harm, as well as the importance of increased education on these emotional beliefs for those who support them, in order to reduce stigma. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the potential of online forums in gaining valuable insights into sensitive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Approximately 15% of women in low-and middle-income countries experience common perinatal mental disorders. Yet, many women, even if diagnosed with mental health conditions, are untreated due to poor quality care, limited accessibility, limited knowledge, and stigma. This paper describes how mental health-related stigma influences pregnant women's decisions not to disclose their conditions and to seek treatment in Vietnam, all of which exacerbate inequitable access to maternal mental healthcare. Methods: A mixed-method realist study was conducted, comprising 22 in-depth interviews, four focus group discussions (total participants n = 44), and a self-administered questionnaire completed by 639 pregnant women. A parallel convergent model for mixed methods analysis was employed. Data were analyzed using the realist logic of analysis, an iterative process aimed at refining identified theories. Survey data underwent analysis using SPSS 22 and descriptive analysis. Qualitative data were analyzed using configurations of context, mechanisms, and outcomes to elucidate causal links and provide explanations for complexity. Results: Nearly half of pregnant women (43.5%) would try to hide their mental health issues and 38.3% avoid having help from a mental health professional, highlighting the substantial extent of stigma affecting health-seeking and accessing care. Four key areas highlight the role of stigma in maternal mental health: fear and stigmatizing language contribute to the concealment of mental illness, rendering it unnoticed; unconsciousness, normalization, and low literacy of maternal mental health; shame, household structure and gender roles during pregnancy; and the interplay of regulations, referral pathways, and access to mental health support services further compounds the challenges. Conclusion: Addressing mental health-related stigma could influence the decision of disclosure and health-seeking behaviors, which could in turn improve responsiveness of the local health system to the needs of pregnant women with mental health needs, by offering prompt attention, a wide range of choices, and improved communication. Potential interventions to decrease stigma and improve access to mental healthcare for pregnant women in Vietnam should target structural and organizational levels and may include improvements in screening and referrals for perinatal mental care screening, thus preventing complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Conclusion This study examined how men respond to #MeToo scenarios alongside perceptions of rape myths and gender equity. It examined social media post reactions of stigma, shame, fear repercussions, victim blaming, truth telling, and real assault belief.The sample of 407 male survey participants responded to closed‐ and open‐ended questions in MTurk. Men responded to three #MeToo posts copied from Twitter, which included statements of sexual harassment and assault, to measure perceptions of stigmatization, shame, and victim blame. Variables also measured rape myth acceptance, gender equity ideals, and demographic variables such as race, ethnicity, employment, and relationship status.The study demonstrated most men ascribed to rape myths and rape culture in their beliefs, but these beliefs usually did not lead directly to their written responses. The quantitative data showed men who accept rape myths also perceive victims as earning outcomes of shame, stigma, and blame. The qualitative data demonstrated most men supported victims’ posts sharing their #MeToo stories with few harmful, stigmatizing responses.Men hold beliefs that might not lead to direct behaviors in responding to #MeToo posts. Additional research must be completed using other survey platforms to gain the male response to victim story sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of moral disengagement allows individuals to lessen feelings of guilt or shame stemming from immoral actions. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of local research on the functioning of moral disengagement mechanisms within the framework of social psychology and morality in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between moral identity and moral emotions, and whether they are associated with moral disengagement in the context of moral misconduct. The study targets UKM students who are pursuing their studies and residing in the residential colleges at UKM, Bangi. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach, with data collected through a questionnaire that included one demographic section and three sections examining different variables. A total of 200 UKM students from various backgrounds participated in the study and responded to the questionnaire. Most respondents were undergraduate students, with the majority being around 22 years old. The survey data were analyzed empirically using SPSS software. The findings revealed a positive relationship between the level of moral identity and moral disengagement. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between moral emotions and moral disengagement among UKM students. The results of this study can serve as a guide to understanding the relationship between moral identity, moral emotions, and moral disengagement. Given the lack of research on aspects of morality such as moral disengagement, these findings are particularly valuable. The conclusion of the study discusses and suggests several intervention steps that can be taken to raise awareness about the implications of moral disengagement, thereby preventing moral misconduct among students and the broader community. It also encourages more psychological and counseling researchers to explore various aspects of morality in their future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gambling disorder is a problem that is affecting increasingly more people. It is associated with difficulties in emotion regulation, gambling motives, blame, and shame. This study aims to study the relationship between gambling severity, blame, and shame, independently and together with emotion regulation and gambling motives; to analyse the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between gambling severity and shame; and to compare mean differences in the study variables according to the sample group. For this purpose, a clinical and non-clinical sample of 158 individuals (119 males and 39 females) ranging in age from 12 to 30 years (M = 19.70, SD = 5.35) was divided into three groups. The questionnaires were administered online and on paper. The results showed that blame and shame are related to the severity of gambling. In the case of shame, this relationship was found to be partially mediated by the emotion regulation strategy of self-blame. Gambling severity, blame and shame were also found to be related to various gambling motives and different emotion regulation strategies. All this information can be of great use in the prevention and treatment of gambling problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women are key members of the community who have specific roles within their families that may result in lower levels of physical activity (PA) undertaken. Clearly identifying barriers for women to engage with PA, and exploring culturally based activities (i.e. Traditional Indigenous Games), may help to improve long-term health benefits. Subsequently, the aim of this study was to identify the barriers and facilitators for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women engaging in PA, and their interest in participating in Traditional Indigenous Games. Seventeen Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women (34.3 ± 10.2 years) participated in focus groups. Through thematic analysis, participants experienced a range of common barriers such as lack of time due to family commitments, limited finances, ageing and poor physical and/or mental health. Common facilitators were also identified such as fun, access and improving mental and/or physical health. Importantly, unique themes were identified for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women including barriers (e.g. racism, shame) and facilitators (e.g. culture, interactions with other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women) that influenced PA participation. Notably, Traditional Indigenous Games were considered as an appealing PA mode to engage with their culture, experience nostalgia and be around other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women. These key findings will guide future PA programs including Traditional Indigenous Games to improve health outcomes of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, vital members of the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shame is an important emotion in social anxiety disorder (SAD). However, gender differences in shame, as well as the temporal relationship between shame and anxiety in SAD have not been examined. The present study aimed to address these gaps. Methods: Participants were 88 individuals (44 with SAD and 44 without SAD) who completed a 21-day experience sampling measurement (ESM). Specifically, participants reported on their emotions once a day at random times. Results: Hierarchical Linear Modeling indicated that individuals with SAD reported significantly more shame compared to individuals without SAD. In addition, women reported significantly more shame compared to men. Importantly, gender differences in shame were more pronounced among individuals with SAD compared to those without SAD. Finally, we found that for individuals without SAD, shame on a given day significantly predicted anxiety on the following day among men but not among women, whereas for individuals with SAD, shame on a given day significantly predicted anxiety on the following day among both men and women. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that shame may play a role in the maintenance of SAD. In addition, our findings suggest that social anxiety disorder may impact women's experience of shame more than men's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explore the association between varsity athletes' fitness perceptions and symptoms of depression while sidelined from sport for an extended period, and test whether fitness-related self-conscious emotions (i.e., shame, guilt, authentic pride, and hubristic pride) mediate this relationship. Varsity athletes (N = 124) from a large university in Canada where sports had been restricted for the past year due to the pandemic. Participants completed a cross-sectional self-report survey. Regression analyses testing mediation (i.e., direct and indirect effects) were used to explore the main research aim. Controlling for age and gender, separate models demonstrated significant indirect effects of fitness perceptions on depression symptoms through shame, guilt, and authentic pride, but not through hubristic pride. Self-conscious emotions may be used as a tool to mitigate depression symptoms when varsity athletes are sidelined from sport for an extended period. Further research is needed to understand how self-conscious emotions develop when athletes are injured or retired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Monika Maron's Flugasche (1981)—the first novel from the GDR to deal with environmental issues—the poisoned atmosphere in the city of B. functions as an affective centre, around which emotions, actions and reactions of the main protagonist as well as of the other characters revolve. The journalist Josefa Nadler falls into the sphere of the environmental catastrophe and is overwhelmed by the atmospheric power of this meaningful situation. The corporeal experience of being exposed to subtle environmental violence, which has devastating consequences for the city of B. and debilitating effects on its inhabitants, evokes feelings such as fear, anger, shame and compassion. Moreover, it develops into a driving force for thoughts, decisions, commitment and resistance against the unfair air distribution, accompanied by a sense of powerlessness. The aim of the article is a re‐reading of the novel with a central focus on the largely non‐representational, affective and meteorological elemental spacetimes, which can not only be felt or bodily experienced but also designed or engineered in order to produce a certain time‐bound structure of feeling, for example, an oppressive climate of fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how "teacher" avatar customization and exposure to "learner" virtual humans who display mind-affected participants' behavior and emotions in a re-creation of Milgram's obedience experiment. Female participants customized avatars that merged their physical self with hero, antihero, or villain archetypes and then interacted with a mindful or non-mindful virtual human; 82.8% of participants went above the maximum electric shock intensity. Women who customized hero avatars delivered lower voltage shocks to a virtual human compared with those who customized antihero and villain avatars. Virtual humans' display of mind did not affect shock intensity, guilt, or negative emotion though participants reported increased shame after shocking a mindful versus a non-mindful virtual human. Customizing antihero avatars increased shame and negative affect, especially after interacting with mindful virtual humans. We discuss the implications of these findings for the Proteus effect and Computers Are Social Actors perspective in extreme virtual encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]