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Copyright of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) / Huanan Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Ziran Kexue Ban) is the property of Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

India, being a developing country, faces big challenges in ensuring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for all. This case study presents the performance evaluation of a large wastewater management and sanitation-related infrastructure in a metropolitan city in North India. "Dravyavati River Project" is the major sanitation program of the water-stressed Jaipur city based on the concept of river rejuvenation of the long-lost Dravyavati River which flows across the city. The project envisages integrated urban water management such that it aims at the collection and treatment of wastewater (sewage network and treatment plants), safe disposal, ensuring continuous unpolluted flow, geological and ecological integrity to strengthen public health, to reduce the impact of water stress on the total water cycle by promoting groundwater recharge, and improvement in biodiversity. The technical assessment is based on the primary and secondary data collection of field samples and laboratory analysis of influent and effluent samples collected from the five sewage treatment plants (STPs). The results suggest that the project has largely delivered the envisaged environment, public well-being, and ecological and socioeconomic benefits, but there are substantial gaps in the conceived outputs and actual performance. The challenge lies in bridging these gaps and overcoming operational inefficiencies to ensure the sustainability of the Dravyavati River rejuvenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging contaminants (ECs) in aquatic environments have attracted attention due to their wide distribution and potential ecotoxicities. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are proven to be the major source of ECs in the aquatic environment, while there remains insufficient understanding of the removal and risk assessment of ECs in STPs. Here, we clarified the degradation and risk impact of 13 ECs in two aquatic product processing sewage treatment plants (APPSTPs) along the southeast coast of China. The concentrations of ECs followed the order: endocrine-disrupting chemicals (1877.85–15,398.02 ng/L in influent, 3.37–44.47 ng/L in effluent) > > sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs, 75.14–906.19 ng/L in influent, 1.14–15.33 ng/L in effluent) > pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs, 44.47–589.93 ng/L in influent, 2.54–34.16 ng/L in effluent) ≈ fluoroquinolone antibiotic (54.76–434.83 ng/L in influent, 10.75–32.82 ng/L in effluent) > other antibiotics (16.21–51.96 ng/L in influent, 0.68–6.17 ng/L in effluent). Moreover, the concentrations of PPCPs (decreased by 55.33–87.65% in peak fishing season) and antibiotics (increased by 44.99% in peak fishing season) were affected by fishing activities. In particular, the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process had a better removal effect than the anaerobic-anoxic–oxic (A2/O) process on the treatment of some contaminants (e.g., norfloxacin and nonylphenol). Risk evaluations of ECs demonstrated that nonylphenol and SAs were at high- and low-risk states, respectively. Overall, our results provide important information for the degradation treatment of ECs, which is essential for pollutant management policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The article examines the characteristics of sewage sludge and its impact on the environment. The description of technical installations, sludge sites in the city's sewage treatment systems, which are sources of unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological condition of the studied territory, is presented. A detailed analysis of the structure, composition and morphology of sludge sediment is given. It was found that the sludgepresents a loose, roughheterogeneous porous structure represented by the presence of a fibrous substrate with amorphous scaly-crystalline inclusions. During laboratory analyses of the composition of the dry residue, the presence of such types of heavy metals as chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, molybdenum, cadmium was revealed. The excess of permissible concentrations of chromium more than 7.1 at MPC – 6.0 by 1.18 times; copper more than 3.3 at MPC – 3.0 by 1.1 times; zinc more than 27.3 at MPC – 23.0 by 1.18 times; lead more than 34.3 at MPC – 32.0 by 1.07 times; cobalt more than 6.4 at MPC -5.0 by 1.28 times; molybdenum more than 6.9 at MPC – 5.0 by 1.3 times. Soil analysis revealed a pH of 7.1, which is neutral, may be optimal for plants; the concentration of calcium, iron and chromium does not exceed the established maximum permissible values. When analyzing the air environment of the territory of the treatment facilities, the presence of gaseous pollutants, such as methane, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, was established.It has been established that anthropogenic sludge landfills are sources that create a technogenic load on the atmospheric air, polluting it with methane, since the concentration of methane exceeds the MPC by more than 3 times.

In order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and use hydrogen on a large scale, it is essential to promote the use of hydrogen and convert it into a suitable form for storage and transportation, called energy carrier. Among them, ammonia, which is made by synthesizing hydrogen and nitrogen, is one of the most promising substances. In Japan, on the other hand, excess sludge generated in sewage treatment plants is attracting attention as feedstock for hydrogen production. However, few case studies have evaluated the risks of ammonia release from synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen made in sewage treatment plants. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the impact of chemical spills from this process and identify the vulnerable part in the components where risk countermeasures are needed. In conclusion, it is crucial to take measures such as increasing the strength of compressors and joints and executing daily inspections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) have been set up in India to tackle sewage. With the growing awareness that gas produced while treatment is a rich source of methane and can be used for heating purposes, these STPs are upgraded with bio-methane technology wherein methane is transformed into electricity to run the plant itself. However, most of these plants are running under-capacity due to a shortage of funds for operation and maintenance. This study aims to determine whether biofuel produced within STPs can be marketed as a cooking fuel (compressed bio-methane (CBM) gas) to fund these plants' revenue-generated operation to promote clean technology and circular economy. A SWOT analysis has been conducted, and the average willingness to pay for CBM equivalent to14.2 kg LPG in calorific value is INR 340 (USD 4.55), whereas its average variable cost is approximately INR 240 (USD 3.21). Moreover, since the net present value of marketing CBM is positive (INR 219 million/USD 2.93 million), and the internal rate of return is 33%, the study concludes that marketing CBM for cooking is economically viable. Through its findings, this study instigates further research to check the marketability of this biofuel as a cooking fuel in the case of other existing STPs with lesser treatment capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examinee the characteristics of sewage sludge and its impact on the environment. The description of technical installations, sludge sites in the municipal wastewater treatment systems, which are sources of unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological condition of the studied territory, was presented. A detailed analysis of the structure, composition and morphology of sludge sediment was given. It was found that the sludge presents a loose, rough heterogeneous porous structure represented by the presence of a fibrous substrate with amorphous scalycrystalline inclusions. During laboratory analyses of the composition of the dry residue, the presence of such types of heavy metals as chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, molybdenum, cadmium was revealed. The excess of permissible concentrations of various elements was observed: chromium more than 7.1 at MPC – 6.0 by 1.18 times; copper more than 3.3 at MPC – 3.0 by 1.1 times; zinc more than 27.3 at MPC – 23.0 by 1.18 times; lead more than 34.3 at MPC – 32.0 by 1.07 times; cobalt more than 6.4 at MPC – 5.0 by 1.28 times; molybdenum more than 6.9 at MPC – 5.0 by 1.3 times. Soil analysis revealed a pH of 7.1, which is neutral, may be optimal for plants; the concentration of calcium, iron and chromium does not exceed the established maximum permissible values. When analyzing the air environment of the territory of the treatment facilities, the presence of gaseous pollutants, such as methane, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, was established. It has been established that anthropogenic sludge landfills are the sources that create a technogenic load on the atmospheric air, polluting it with methane, since the concentration of methane exceeds the MPC by more than 3 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage treatment is an important indicator of the urban environment and an important method of sustainable development. In this paper, the spatial distribution characteristics of 8 heavy metals in sewage sludge from 44 sewage treatment plants in Shanghai were analyzed. The pollution degree and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sludge were evaluated by the Nemerow comprehensive pollution index and Hakanson potential ecological risk index. First, the single factor pollution index of heavy metals was ranked. The Nemerow comprehensive pollution index showed that five sewage treatment plants in Nanxiang, Dongqu, Liantang, Songjiang west, and Xinhe were heavily polluted. Second, the single factor potential ecological risk index of each heavy metal was analyzed. Finally, it is concluded that in the monitoring and control of sewage treatment, Shanghai should pay attention to the sewage treatment plants with high potential ecological risks and gain an excellent performance in the reduction in the emissions of pollution sources, so as to improve environmental quality and reduce the potential ecological risks. This paper provides the basis for studying the characteristics of heavy metal pollution of sewage sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treated wastewater may affect water quality and thereby significantly alter physicochemical and biological water quality parameters. The impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on receiving water bodies is a multivariate problem. In this study, we investigated the effect of 45 full-scale WWTPs on tropical receiving water bodies in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Most of the Pantanal wetland area lies within Mato Grosso do Sul State, thus representing a region of great hydrological relevance. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was employed to discriminate samples collected at four WWTPs monitoring sites: influent, final effluent, upstream, and downstream of the discharges. The model demonstrated excellent accuracy when discriminating the influent from the effluent samples, but poor accuracy when discriminating upstream and downstream samples, indicating the high dilution capacity of the receiving water bodies as a critical factor in the water resources management. The results demonstrate the great potential of the methodology for better water resources management, which can be used in even more complex WWTP databases, allowing the assessment of effluent disposals' impacts in detail. It is recommended to use this methodology in water-limited regions to determine the effect of disposals in areas with different characteristics. HIGHLIGHTS Effluents from WWTPs may affect the water quality of receiving water bodies.; The impact of WWTPs on receiving water bodies is a multivariate problem.; The use of the PLS-DA technique allows a better water resources management and the determination of effects of WWTPs on receiving water bodies.; Classification models’ accuracy highlights the tropical Brazilian watercourses’ high dilution capacity.;

The removal quantity of Micro-plastics (MPs) is investigated in seven Sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Rewari district, Haryana. An increased sampling approach incorporating a magnetic force flow meter and a quick photographic camera was used to capture twenty-one samples. The concentration of incoming MPs is 1.56-13.69 items/L, and the effluent concentration is 0.20-1.73 items/L, showing that 79.49-97.81% of the MPs are eliminated, the seven STPs are foreseen to unharness 6.5-108 MPs into the treated effluent every day. Plastic polymers structure 62.68% of the particles, consistent with lightweight microscopic and micro-Raman qualitative analysis, with polystyrene (10.3 per cent), plastic (30.2 per cent), propylene polymer or ethylene polymer (26.9 per cent), polyethene terephthalate (7.5 per cent), and synthetic resin (21.9 per cent) in influent. White (30.4 per cent) and clear make up the bulk of MPs' appearance (19.9 per cent) in the effluent. Pellets (5.6%), fibres (30.4%), fragments (28.0%), and granules (36.0%) are the top typical MP shapes, according to our findings in the effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence and removal of 25 antibiotics, including ten quinolones (QNs), four macrolides (MLs), four tetracyclines (TCs) and seven sulfonamides (SNs), were analysed at two sewage treatment plants (STPs) with different treatment units in Guangxi Province, China. The results showed that 14 and 16 antibiotics were detected in the influent of the two STPs, with concentrations ranging from 13.7–4265.2 ng/L and 14.5–10761.7 ng/L, respectively. Among the antibiotics, TCs were the main type in the study area, accounting for more than 79% of the total concentration of all antibiotics. The antibiotic removal efficiencies of the different process units ranged from −56.73% to 100.0%. It was found that the SN removal efficiency of the multistage composite mobile bed membrane bioreactor (MBBR) process was better than that of the continuous-flow Intermission biological reactor (IBR) process, while the IBR process was better than the MBBR process in terms of removing TCs and MLs; however, there was no obvious difference in the QN removal efficiencies of these two processes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed a strong correlation between antibiotic concentration and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Risk assessments indicated that algae, followed by invertebrates and fish, were the most sensitive aquatic organisms to the detected antibiotics. HIGHLIGHTS Tetracyclines are the main types of antibiotics in the study area.; The removal efficiency of MBBR process for sulfonamides is better than that for IBR, but the opposite is true for tetracyclines.; There is a strong correlation between the concentration of antibiotics and COD in wastewater in the study area.;

• Data mining was performed to collect wastewater-related CECs in China over 20 years. • Spatiotemporal occurrence and risk of CECs in Chinese WWTPs were summarized. • Top 20 contaminants were prioritized to characterize ecological and health risks. • Region-specific lists of CECs are beneficial to precise managements of WWTPs. A diversity of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are present in wastewater effluent, posing potential threats to receiving waters. It is urgent for a holistic assessment of the occurrence and risk of CECs related to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) on national and regional scales. A data mining-based risk prioritization method was developed to collect the reported contaminants and their respective concentrations in municipal and industrial WWTPs and their receiving waters across China over the past 20 years. A total of 10,781 chemicals were reported in 8336 publications, of which 1037 contaminants were reported with environmental concentrations. While contaminant categories varied across WWTP types (municipal vs. industrial) and regions, pharmaceuticals and cyclic hydrocarbons were the most studied CECs. Contaminant composition in receiving water was closer to that in municipal than industrial WWTPs. Publications on legacy pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in WWTP decreased recently compared to the past, while pharmaceuticals and perfluorochemicals have received increasing attention, showing a changing concern over time. Detection frequency, concentration, removal efficiency, and toxicity data were integrated for assessing potential risks and prioritizing CECs on national and regional scales using an environmental health prioritization index (EHPi) approach. Among 666 contaminants in municipal WWTP effluent, trichlorfon and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid were with the highest EHPi scores, while 17ɑ-ethinylestradiol and bisphenol A had the highest EHPi scores among 304 contaminants in industrial WWTPs. The prioritized contaminants varied across regions, suggesting a need for tailoring regional measures of wastewater treatment and control. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asian Journals of Ecotoxicology is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Central South University is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of the conjoint application of sewage sludge (SS) and fertilizers on the yield of rice-wheat cropping system using a randomized block design. The grain yield ranged between 24.99 ± 4.24 to 66.32 ± 2.58 q ha-1 and 22.50 ± 0.55 to 50.37 ± 1.07 q ha-1 in Ist year grown rice and wheat, respectively. Among all the treatments, T3 (100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 30 t ha-1 SS) recorded a significantly highest grain yield of rice crop (66.32 and 63.37 q ha-1) and wheat crop (50.37 and 46.91 q ha-1) during 2015-16 and 2016-17 years, respectively. The straw yield in Ist rice and Ist wheat ranged between 55.11 to 81.22 q ha-1 and 35.86 to 56.62 q ha-1, whereas straw yield in IInd rice and IInd wheat were noticed between 48.42 to 79.31 q ha-1 and 30.45 to 52.32 q ha-1, respectively. The finding clearly shows that the application of SS significantly enhances the yield of rice-wheat crops, and could be an option to a sustainable use of SS. However, the precautionary measure should be followed before use. In addition, the application of SS also indicates the improvement in soil health and sustainability.

Objectives : This study aimed to provide scientific information on the characteristics of organic matters in influents and effluents of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Gyeongbuk province, Korea, for better performance of treatment processes in the plants. Methods : We selected six STPs with each capacity over 30,000 m3/day in Gyeongbuk province, and analyzed water quality data in influents and effluents of the plants from 2013 to 2020. Also, the removal efficiencies of pollutants were assessed with the operational data. In 2020, characteristics and origins of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in influents and effluents were investigated using the fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) analysis. Results and Discussion : The average BOD5/CODMn ratios of influents and effluents from the STPs were 1.60 and 0.27, respectively. High variability in BOD5/CODMn ratios was observed for both influents and effluents. The CODMn/TOC ratios of the influents and effluents were the same with an average of 1.6. Although the biological treatment process was different for each STP, the organic matter removal efficiency was similar, and the TOC removal efficiency was 86.5~91.7%. The representative spectra of DOM identified through FEEM analysis was peak C (humic-acid like substance) region, and under the same carbon concentration (2 mg-C/L) the fluorescence intensity of effluents was stronger than influents possibly due to the influence of soluble microbial products (SMP). It was found that DOM of both influent and effluent originated from microorganisms, and the difference in water quality of DOM was statistically significant. Conclusions : The characteristics and fate of organic matters in influents and effluents of the six STPs were similar regardless of plant location. The results of this study can be used as basic information to efficiently control organic matters in the STPs.

Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains have been commonly found in hospitals and communities causing wide ranges of infections among humans and animals. Typing of these strains is a key factor to reveal their clonal dissemination in different regions. We investigated the prevalence and dissemination of different clonal groups of S. aureus with resistance phenotype to multiple antibiotics in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Tehran, Iran over four sampling occasions. A total of 576 S. aureus were isolated from the inlet, sludge and outlet. Of these, 80 were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were further characterized using a combination of Phene Plate (PhP) typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), ccr types, prophage and antibiotic-resistant profiling. In all, eight common type (CT) and 13 single PhP type were identified in both STPs, with one major CT accounting for 38.8% of the MRSA strains. These strains belonged to three prophage patterns and five prophage types with SCCmec type III being the predominant type. Resistance to 11 out of the 17 antibiotics tested was significantly (P < 0.0059) higher among the MRSA isolates than methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains. The persistence of the strains in samples collected from the outlet of both STPs was 31.9% for MRSA and 23.1% for MSSA. These data indicated that while the sewage treatment process, in general, is still useful for removing most MRSA populations, some strains with SCCmec type III may have a better ability to survive the STP process. HIGHLIGHTS Survival of MRSA in STPs has a major impact on public health if they enter surface waters.; Here we show that certain clones of MRSA carrying SCCmec type III have a better ability to survive treatment stages of the STPs.; The fact that these clones were resistant to up to 12 antibiotics suggests that these clones may also have a better ability to either gain or retain antibiotic-resistant genes during the STP process.;

hER-MIP is a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) that has been shown to selectively collect human estrogen receptor (hER) binding active substances. However, environmental samples contain various chemicals depending on the location and regional differences, and the hER binding activity depends on the sample type. Thus, the general applicability of hER-MIP to actual environmental samples must be elucidated. In this study, 48 environmental samples were collected and screened with hER-MIP, and a yeast assay was performed to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of the samples according to the adsorption and elution fractions. The results showed that hER-MIP collects hER binding active substances almost selectively but does not collect constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) binding active substances selectively. CAR binding activity was detected in the adsorbed fraction because several hER binding active substances also demonstrate CAR binding activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A full-scale sewage treatment plant was investigated to assess the performance of the disinfection stage. Sodium hypochlorite was used as a disinfectant agent and the process efficiency was evaluated by E.coli removal. The research took place over a period of two years in order to evaluate the effect of retention time (t) and residual chlorine (Cr) under different seasonal conditions. The effectiveness of E.coli removal with sodium hypochlorite proved to be strictly dependent on the factor CR t (product of residual chlorine with the contact time). The regression line of the experimental points was, on the whole, well comparable with the model proposed by Collins, especially in the field of CRt lower than 30 mg L-1 min

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the sewage treatment plant in Al-Thagher city, in the north of Basrah governorate, the southern part of Iraq. The plant's performance was estimated based on an analysis of influent and effluent wastewater quality data that represented the monthly averages from Feb. 2017 to Dec. 2018. The results show that the values of temperature (T), pH, ammonia (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in all collected samples from the effluent of the plant met the Iraqi water quality standard (IWQS), whereas the values of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), sulfate (SO4-2), chloride (Cl-1) and phosphate (PO4-P) met the Iraqi water quality standard (IWQS) in some months and did not meet the standard in other months. The average removal efficiencies were in the following order: COD (77.12%) > BOD (77.03%) > TSS (62.26%) > NH3-N (59.99%) > PO4-P (12.42%) > Cl-1 (1.97%). The removal percentages for the remaining parameters had negative values. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment water quality index (CCME WQI) value of the treated water was 51.80 and classified as "marginal." The coefficients of determination between each parameter in influent or effluent were calculated. Finally, linear regression equations between these parameters were formulated so that the value of one parameter could be used to predict the value of a different parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of the conjoint application of sewage sludge (SS) and fertilizers on the yield of rice-wheat cropping system using a randomized block design. The grain yield ranged between 24.99 ± 4.24 to 66.32 ± 2.58 q ha-1 and 22.50 ± 0.55 to 50.37 ± 1.07 q ha-1 in Ist year grown rice and wheat, respectively. Among all the treatments, T3 (100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 30 t ha-1 SS) recorded a significantly highest grain yield of rice crop (66.32 and 63.37 q ha-1) and wheat crop (50.37 and 46.91 q ha-1) during 2015-16 and 2016-17 years, respectively. The straw yield in Ist rice and Ist wheat ranged between 55.11 to 81.22 q ha-1 and 35.86 to 56.62 q ha-1, whereas straw yield in IInd rice and IInd wheat were noticed between 48.42 to 79.31 q ha-1 and 30.45 to 52.32 q ha-1, respectively. The finding clearly shows that the application of SS significantly enhances the yield of rice-wheat crops, and could be an option to a sustainable use of SS. However, the precautionary measure should be followed before use. In addition, the application of SS also indicates the improvement in soil health and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to select the optimal variant of the technological scheme and structure of water purification facilities parameters based on data analysis of water quality in the water source and requirements of emitters for water quality with the obligatory linking the treatment plants capacity with design water discharge of the irrigation system. In the course research requirements for the irrigation water quality depending on the nature of the water flow were formulated. The location plans of sewage treatment plants in drip irrigation systems are proposed. Recommendations on choosing the optimal variant of the water treat-ment scheme in drip irrigation systems depending on the quality of the source water are given. When using water sources with a high content of suspended solids up to 1000 mg/l for irriga-tion, a two-step purification of the source water is necessary. With the required capacity of sewage treatment plants up to 3750 cubic meters per hour, the treatment using a drum grid with cell sizes from 0.025 to 0.25 mm or pressure mesh screens with cell sizes from 0.2 to 2.5 mm plus coarse-grained filters is recommended. The performance of hydrocyclones, coupled with gravel-quartz filters or floating load filters reaches 20 cubic meters per hour when the content of suspended particles in the source water is up to 300 mg/l. The rationality of using a particular facilities complex depends on the technological and economic efficiency of their work on a specific water, on the type of drip irrigation system adopted, which requires careful study at the methodological design stage.

The sludge generation main source of Caraş-Severin County are the sewage treatment plants; the amount of sludge generated by the water treatment plants being insignificant. Because the annual amounts of sludge generated is high the processing, storage, recovery of sludge creates specific and complex engineering problems. The elaboration of the sludge strategy considered the quantities and quality, of current sludge, as well as those resulted after the completion of the construction works for the new water treatment and purification plants included in the Water - Water Waste Master Plan. Also, the sludge resulting from the implementation of the Integrated Waste Management System at the county level must be taken into account. The sludge strategy aims to provide on a medium term sustainable solutions for the final recovery / disposal of the sludge generated in accordance with the legal provisions and the national strategy. The paper presents one of the sustainable and viable options for sludge recovery in Caraş-Severin County, using them as an artificial soil for re-ecological contaminated sites (33), amounting to 629 hectares: mining waste dumps, tailings ponds and non-compliant deposits.

Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains have been commonly found in hospitals and communities causing wide ranges of infections among humans and animals. Typing of these strains is a key factor to reveal their clonal dissemination in different regions. We investigated the prevalence and dissemination of different clonal groups of S. aureus with resistance phenotype to multiple antibiotics in two sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Tehran, Iran over four sampling occasions. A total of 576 S. aureus were isolated from the inlet, sludge and outlet. Of these, 80 were identified as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were further characterized using a combination of Phene Plate (PhP) typing, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), ccr types, prophage and antibiotic-resistant profiling. In all, eight common type (CT) and 13 single PhP type were identified in both STPs, with one major CT accounting for 38.8% of the MRSA strains. These strains belonged to three prophage patterns and five prophage types with SCCmec type III being the predominant type. Resistance to 11 out of the 17 antibiotics tested was significantly (P< 0.0059) higher among the MRSA isolates than methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains. The persistence of the strains in samples collected from the outlet of both STPs was 31.9% for MRSA and 23.1% for MSSA. These data indicated that while the sewage treatment process, in general, is still useful for removing most MRSA populations, some strains with SCCmec type III may have a better ability to survive the STP process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their widespread use, pharmaceuticals have become important pollutants of the aquatic environment. Pharmaceuticals and parasites can affect the immunity, physiology and behaviour of target organisms, both singly and through interaction. In this study, we related pharmaceutical concentration, parasite infection and condition in brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario) collected at localities upstream and downstream of a sewage treatment plant (STP). The sites were separated by a weir preventing fish migration. Pharmaceutical number and concentrations differed significantly between sites. Antibiotics and antidepressants were found at the highest concentrations at both localities. Though fish condition and overall parasite abundance did not differ between sites, there was a significant difference in parasite community composition. A higher abundance of monogenean ectoparasites, along with a lower abundance of endoparasites, was observed at the downstream locality. The adverse effect of pharmaceutical load on ecto- and endoparasitic species on brown trout was further confirmed at the individual level using multivariate analysis. Both the number and concentration of pharmaceuticals in fish tissues reflected their high incidence in the environment, confirming the ability of trout to bioaccumulate pharmaceuticals. This could have important consequences on fish health, particularly in small streams where STP effluent represents a high proportion of stream flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering is the property of Guangdong Architecture Civil Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An outbreak of a new type of coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, at the end of 2019, and it later spread to other areas of China and around the world. Taiwan reported the first confirmed case from an individual who returned from Wuhan, China, in January 2020 for Chinese New Year. Monitoring microbes in environmental sewage is an important epidemiological indicator, especially for pathogens that can be shed in feces such as poliovirus. We have conducted additional SARS-CoV-2 sewage testing since January 2020 using a well-established poliovirus environmental sewage surveillance system in Taiwan. Wastewater samples were collected from 11 sewage treatment plants from different parts of Taiwan twice a month for laboratory testing. By the end of July 2021, 397 wastewater specimens had been tested, and two samples were positive for SARS-CoV-2. These two wastewater samples were collected in the northern region of Taiwan from Taipei (site A) and New Taipei City (site C) at the beginning of June 2021. This result is consistent with the significant increase in confirmed COVID-19 cases observed in the same period of time. As the pandemic ebbed after June, the wastewater samples in these areas also tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 in July 2021.

Gases from microbiological decomposition are one of the main impacts of sewage treatment plants on contiguous populations. Ideally, stations should be built outside the urban perimeter, but given the poor planning and management capacity of Brazilian cities, it is common for such stations to be located in densely populated areas. This is the case of the sewage treatment plant of Rondonópolis county, Mato Grosso State. In this paper, we describe a proposal of plant barriers that provides for the introduction of fruit trees in the backyards of homes affected by the sewage treatment plant, in addition to the traditional planting shrubs and row trees commonly recommended for odor mitigation. The extra fruit barber also aims to support wildlife and enhance household food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors aim to present some aspects about the history of treatment plants. If the importance of providing drinking water for a community has been paramount since the beginning of mankind, sewage and wastewater treatment have become widespread only in the modern era. Water consumption increased with the industrialization. The populated centers developed and the population density increased also. At first, after the sewerage networks were built, the sewage, regardless of its nature, was discharged directly into the river. Subsequently, the purification of these waters became a necessity. The first treatment plants offered only a mechanical treatment. It is interesting to see how they were made 100 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater, aeration gas, dewatered sludge, and incineration ash and flue gas (from dewatered sludge) were collected from 9 sewage treatment plants (STPs) located in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, and analyzed for seven cyclic and linear volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) namely, D3, D4, D5, D6, L3, L4, and L5. The mass loadings and distribution of VMSs in STPs were estimated based on measured concentrations in liquid, solid, and gaseous samples, including incinerated dewatered sludge. Mass loading of ΣVMS varied widely from 21 kg y−1 to 3740 kg y−1, depending on the volume of wastewater treated in each STP. Mass % of ΣVMS distributed in aeration gas was 15% and that in activated sludge was 78%. Approximately 6.6% of ΣVMS remained in the final effluent. Overall, partitioning onto the activated sludge was the dominant removal mechanism for D4, D5, and D6, whereas volatilization was also an important removal mechanism for D4. Incineration was effective to degrade VMSs in dewatered sludge, with a reduction rate of >99%. Activated carbon treatment removed >99% of VMSs from the aeration gas. In Saitama Prefecture, total emission of ΣVMS via STPs was estimated at 434 kg y−1, 86 kg y−1, and 0.065 kg y−1, to aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial environments, respectively, which accounted for 83%, 17%, and 0.01% of the total environmental emissions. Our results indicate that majority of VMSs in dewatered sludge can be removed by incineration and emission of VMSs through incineration ash landfill is negligible. Image 1 • VMSs were determined in liquid, solid, and gaseous samples from Japanese STPs. • Mass loading of ΣVMS estimated varied widely from 21 kg y−1 to 3740 kg y−1. • Mass% of VMS in aeration gas, dewatered sludge, and final effluents were estimated. • Total emission of ΣVMS via STPs to each environmental medium were estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are generated by disinfectants reacting with organic matters. Previous studies have focused on DBPs in drinking water, but they have not paid sufficient attention to DBPs in sewage treatment plants (STPs), where the sources and compositions of DBPs are much more complicated, and there is a likelihood of more toxic DBPs being formed. In this study, the occurrence of DBPs in six STPs in Hong Kong and the potential impact of the effluents from the STPs on the marine environment were investigated. In STPs, the mean concentrations of the total DBPs ranged from 1160 to 17,019 ng/L, 1562 to 20,795 ng/L, and 289 to 1037 ng/L in the influent, effluent, and seawater, respectively. Trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and trihalophenols were the most commonly detected DBPs, whereas hexachloro-1,3-butadiene and halocarbazoles were not detected in the STPs and in the marine environment in Hong Kong. Secondary treatment efficiently removed DBPs and DBP precursors. Regarding disinfection techniques, UV irradiation showed little effect on the concentrations of DBPs, whereas sodium hypochlorite significantly elevated the levels of both traditional and emerging DBPs. The effluents from two selected STPs that use chlorination have an obvious impact on the marine environment. This work presents the potential sources of DBPs in sewage, the influence of the treatment processes and disinfection techniques employed in STPs on the removal/formation of DBPs, and the impact of the effluents from the STPs on the marine environment. This work also highlights the need for investigating the emerging DBPs generated in STPs and their related environmental concerns. • The occurrences of traditional and emerging DBPs in STPs were investigated. • Effects of treatment processes and disinfection techniques were studied. • The proportions of bromo-DBPs were elevated after chlorination. • DBPs in STP effluents influenced the marine environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary microplastics are mostly produced as part of the daily plastic product use. The emission process is often invisible but poses potential ecological hazards. Thus, primary microplastics deserve public attention. Due to China's huge population base and its rapid economic development, primary microplastics emissions are of both regional and global significance. This study is the first to establish the emission inventory of primary microplastics in mainland China. It was estimated that the primary microplastic waste from mainland China amounts to 737.29 Gg, and one-sixth of this amount entered the aquatic environment in 2015. The highest proportion of this waste was attributable to tire dust and synthetic fiber, accounting for 53.91% and 28.77% of the total respectively, in mainland China. The primary microplastics emissions mainly depend on the population, followed by the level of economic development. It was roughly estimated that 538 g of microplastics is produced by each person in China. At the grid scale, the spatial difference in the total primary microplastics emissions in mainland China primarily depends on the population density distribution and transportation network. We studied the entire life cycle of several sources of microplastics, from production to discharge into the aquatic environment. We suggested different control measures under different nodes. Increasing microplastics treatment in sewage treatment plants should be a short-term viable way to achieve some measure of reduction in their entry to the environment in mainland China. Our research can not only raise public awareness about primary microplastics, but can also guide the development of environmental policies to reduce plastic pollution. Image 1 • We first summarized the emission characteristics of primary microplastics. • It was estimated that 737.29 Gg primary MP are emitted in mainland China in 2015. • One-sixth of emitted primary MP enters the aquatic environment. • The emission of primary MP depends on the population, followed by the transportation network. • Increasing treatment of MP in STP is a realistic and effective measure to reduce pollution by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the technical and economic sustainability of a combined system of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)–down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) for sewage treatment. Additionally, this study compares UASB–DHS with current technologies in India like trickling filters (TF), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), and other combinations of UASB with post-treatment systems such as final polishing ponds (FPU) and extended aeration sludge process (EASP). The sustainability of the sewage treatment plants (STPs) was evaluated using a composite indicator, which incorporated environmental, societal, and economic dimensions. In case of the individual sustainability indicator study, the results showed that UASB-FPU was the most economically sustainable system with a score of 0.512 and aeration systems such as MBBR, EASP, and SBR were environmentally sustainable, whereas UASB–DHS system was socially sustainable. However, the overall comparative analysis indicated that the UASB–DHS system scored the highest value of 2.619 on the global sustainability indicator followed by EASP and MBBR with scores of 2.322 and 2.279, respectively. The highlight of this study was that the most environmentally sustainable treatment plants were not economically and socially sustainable. Moreover, sensitivity analysis showed that five out of the seven scenarios tested, the UASB–DHS system showed good results amongst the treatment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide is reported as one of the most common odor-producing compounds from sewage treatment plants. The literature review revealed that very little information is available on the emission of H2S from different units of sewage treatment plants. Besides, the removal efficiency as well as dispersion studies of H2S should be explored more. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to measure the emissions of H2S, evaluate the efficiency of odor control unit, and explore the dispersion potential of H2S from a sewage treatment plant in Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Site survey analysis revealed four sources (tanker discharge area, grit/sand and fog removal channels, pre-aeration basin, and screen building) of H2S in the plant premises. Additionally, measurement analysis showed that the efficiency of odor control unit, which treated the emissions from all sources, except the tanker discharge facility, was 90.2%. The Gaussian plume dispersion modeling studies demonstrated that the allowable concentration of dispersed H2S (1 ppm) was observed > 30 m from the identified sources. Although the combined outlet of the odor control unit was greater than 1 ppm, the plant is complying with the current environmental specifications at the boundaries (≤ 1 ppm) set by the environmental authorities. Hence, a set of recommendations is suggested to improve the efficiency of the system to resolve the odor emission from the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Chloroform, TCAA and DCAA dominated among DBPs during chlorination of both secondary and sand-filtration effluents. • The bromine incorporation in THMs was obviously higher than that in HAAs. • DOC and bromide removal, SUVA decrease were important elements for selecting treatment process. • Flocculation and sand-filtration performed not well in removing DBPs precursors. • Flocculation and sand-filtration removed more aliphatic structures than aromatic or COO structures. Abstract The nature and chlorine reactivity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reclaimed water from sewage treatment plants (STPs) are quite important for assessing the risk of wastewater reuse. Elucidating relation between DOM and its fractions characterization with different treatment processes is quite important for selection of treatment processes focusing on disinfection by-products (DBPs) control. In this study, four classical STPs in Beijing (A ∼ D) with different secondary biological treatment processes but all with flocculation and sand-filtration as advanced treatment process were selected to investigate DBPs formation potentials and DOM characterization variation during these processes and their relation. Chloroform, trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) dominated among four trihalomethanes (THMs) and nine haloacetic acids (HAAs) formation potentials respectively during chlorination of both secondary and sand-filtration effluents with the order of TCAA > chloroform > DCAA. Both THMs and HAAs formation potentials were positively related with DOC percentage for the hydrophobic fractions in the DOM. The bromine incorporation in THMs was obviously higher than that in HAAs. The especially higher bromine incorporation in D STP was probably due to the higher SUVA value in this STP with SBR as secondary biological treatment process comparing to those in the other three STPs. DOC and bromide removal, SUVA decrease were important elements for selecting secondary treatment process considering DBPs control. Flocculation and sand-filtration performed not well in removing DBPs precursors especially for chloroform and DCAA except for C STP, which had higher hydrophobic fraction percentage removal and molecular weight decreasing during the advanced treatment process. FTIR analysis revealed that flocculation and sand-filtration probably removed more aliphatic structures than aromatic or COO structures. The absorption ratio of aromatic C C, COO /aliphatic CH 3 peaks in D STP was the highest among the four STPs, which was consistent with the highest bromine incorporation in this STP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the content of metals elements in the sludge of Ibn Ziad sewage treatment plant of Constantine in order to preserve its quality for subsequent use in agriculture. The use of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy allowed us to identify the following constituents in this mud: Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, Pb. These elements represent 49.82 % of the total mass of the sludge. The elements present with regulated content limit are chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc. They occur respectively with the following concentrations: 0.27 mg·g-1, 0.48 mg·g-1, 0.11 mg·g-1, 0.35 mg·g-1 and 2.70 mg·g-1. We have achieved an extraction for evaluating the concentration of the dissolved nitrate ions, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and pH. The nitrate ions were transformed into sodium paranitrosalicylate to be dosed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy at 420 nm. The concentration measured was 0.12 mg·g-1. The measuring of the COD issued a value of 0.45 mg·g-1. pH was 7.1.

Recently, the use of Daphnia magna has been proposed in on-line and real-time biomonitoring programmes as an early warning system for evaluating the effluent quality of sewage treatment plants (STPs). These systems are based on recording behavioural changes in the test organism resulting from the stress caused by the effluents. Indeed, altered behavioural signals could be induced at sublethal concentrations that are significantly lower than the corresponding EC50. However, at present, it is unknown whether the sensitivity of D. magna can be representative of that of other aquatic organisms, particularly benthic macroinvertebrates. An experiment was designed to verify whether D. magna can be employed in biomonitoring programmes for STPs located in alpine areas as a surrogate for cold freshwater best-adapted species. The responses of survival and behaviour alteration to exposure to the effluent of the Tonale Pass plant (Trentino, Italian Alps, 46°N, 10°E; 1799 m a.s.l.) were compared in a laboratory population of D. magna and a wild population of the chironomid Diamesa cinerella. These larvae were collected from the Vermigliana stream 50 metres upstream of the effluent input. Both organisms were exposed for 24 and 48 hrs to the effluent as it is and to three dilutions (/10, /100, /1000). The mortality rate and behavioural responses (using video tracking systems) were recorded. No significant mortality or change in behaviour was observed in the two species when exposed to the undiluted effluent. Exposure to serial dilutions of the treated effluent did not affect the survival of either species but notably altered their behaviour at both exposure times (e.g., the time spent in activity in D. magna and the average speed of movement and the cumulative distance travelled in both), especially when exposed to the ten-times-diluted effluent. Overall, the findings of this study emphasize that even though D. magna and D. cinerella use different behavioural strategies to cope with adverse environmental conditions, their overall sensitivity to treated effluents is similar. Accordingly, the use of D. magna in biological early warning systems protocols seems to also be sufficiently protective for local, cold-adapted species of alpine freshwater ecosystems.