Search

Better monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of the amount, additionality, and persistence of the sequestered soil carbon is needed to understand the best carbon farming practices for different soils and climate conditions, as well as their actual climate benefits or cost efficiency in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents our Field Observatory Network (FiON) of researchers, farmers, companies, and other stakeholders developing carbon farming practices. FiON has established a unified methodology towards monitoring and forecasting agricultural carbon sequestration by combining offline and near-real-time field measurements, weather data, satellite imagery, modeling, and computing networks. FiON's first phase consists of two intensive research sites and 20 voluntary pilot farms testing carbon farming practices in Finland. To disseminate the data, FiON built a web-based dashboard called the Field Observatory (v1.0, https://www.fieldobservatory.org/, last access: 3 February 2022). The Field Observatory is designed as an online service for near-real-time model–data synthesis, forecasting, and decision support for the farmers who are able to monitor the effects of carbon farming practices. The most advanced features of the Field Observatory are visible on the Qvidja site, which acts as a prototype for the most recent implementations. Overall, FiON aims to create new knowledge on agricultural soil carbon sequestration and effects of carbon farming practices as well as provide an MRV tool for decision support.

As the linkages between extreme weather events, changes in climatic conditions and health impacts in exposed populations become clearer, so does the need for climate-smart decisions aimed at making the public health sector more responsive and resilient. By integrating climate and health information, climate services for health provide robust decision-support tools. The Lancet Countdown monitoring system uses global climate reanalyses products to track annual changes in a set of health-related outcomes. In the monitoring system, multiple variables from reanalysis datasets such as ERA5 and ERA5-Land are retrieved and processed to capture heatwaves, precipitation extremes, wildfires, droughts, warming and ecosystem changes across the globe and over multiple decades. This reanalysis-derived information is then input into a hazard–exposure–vulnerability framework that delivers, as outcomes, indicators tracking the year-by-year impacts of climate-related hazards on human mortality, labour capacity, physical activity, sentiment, infectious disease transmission, and food security and undernutrition. Building on the reanalysis gridded format, the indicators create worldwide ‘maps without gaps’ of climate–health linkages. Our experience shows that reanalysis datasets allow standardization across the climate information used in the framework, making the system potentially adaptable to multiple geographical scales. An ongoing challenge is to quantify how the inherent bias of global reanalyses influences indicator outcomes. We foresee the health sector as a key user of reanalysis products. Therefore, public health professionals and health impact modellers should be involved in the co-development of future iterations of reanalysis datasets, to reach finer spatial resolutions and provide a wider set of health-relevant climate variables.

nonPeerReviewed

Ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere affects both the environment and human health. It is therefore increasingly recognised by policy makers as an important air pollutant that needs to be mitigated, though it still remains unregulated in many countries. In order to understand the effectiveness of abatement strategies, routine NH3 monitoring is required. Current reference protocols, first developed in the 1990s, use daily samplers with offline analysis; however, there have been a number of technologies developed since, which may be applicable for high time resolution routine monitoring of NH3 at ambient concentrations. The following study is a comprehensive field intercomparison held over an intensively managed grassland in southeastern Scotland using currently available methods that are reported to be suitable for routine monitoring of ambient NH3. In total, 13 instruments took part in the field study, including commercially available technologies, research prototype instruments, and legacy instruments. Assessments of the instruments' precision at low concentrations (< 10 ppb) and at elevated concentrations (maximum reported concentration of 282 ppb) were undertaken. At elevated concentrations, all instruments performed well and with precision (r2 > 0.75). At concentrations below 10 ppb, however, precision decreased, and instruments fell into two distinct groups, with duplicate instruments split across the two groups. It was found that duplicate instruments performed differently as a result of differences in instrument setup, inlet design, and operation of the instrument. New metrological standards were used to evaluate the accuracy in determining absolute concentrations in the field. A calibration-free CRDS optical gas standard (OGS, PTB, DE) served as an instrumental reference standard, and instrument operation was assessed against metrological calibration gases from (i) a permeation system (ReGaS1, METAS, CH) and (ii) primary standard gas mixtures (PSMs) prepared by gravimetry (NPL, UK). This study suggests that, although the OGS gives good performance with respect to sensitivity and linearity against the reference gas standards, this in itself is not enough for the OGS to be a field reference standard, because in field applications, a closed path spectrometer has limitations due to losses to surfaces in sampling NH3, which are not currently taken into account by the OGS. Overall, the instruments compared with the metrological standards performed well, but not every instrument could be compared to the reference gas standards due to incompatible inlet designs and limitations in the gas flow rates of the standards. This work provides evidence that, although NH3 instrumentation have greatly progressed in measurement precision, there is still further work required to quantify the accuracy of these systems under field conditions. It is the recommendation of this study that the use of instruments for routine monitoring of NH3 needs to be set out in standard operating protocols for inlet setup, calibration, and routine maintenance in order for datasets to be comparable.

To achieve its ambitious climate targets, the European Union (EU) must adopt new policies, increase the impact of existing policies and/or remove dysfunctional ones. The EU has developed an elaborate system to monitor national policy mixes in order to support these challenging requirements. Data that member states have reported to the EU over the last ten years reveal that the average expected per-policy-instrument emission reduction has declined, while national policy mixes have remained generally stable over time. This is strikingly discordant with the EU’s ambitious commitment to become carbon neutral by 2050 (‘net zero’).

Huolimatta terveydenhuollon kustannus- ja vaikuttavuusmittareiden kansallisesta kehitystyöstä, Suomessa on niukasti vertailukelpoista tietoa sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon palvelujen asiakas- ja potilasturvallisuudesta. Vuonna 2020 alkaneen valtioneuvoston kanslian selvitys- ja tutkimushankkeen ”Potilas- ja asiakasturvallisuuden kansallinen tilannekuva ja seurantamenettelyt” yhtenä tavoitteena oli selvittää asiakas- ja potilasturvallisuuden mittaamista ja menettelyjä Suomessa. Tässä artikkelissa raportoidaan kyselytutkimuksen havainnot sosiaali- ja kehitysvammaishuollon käyttämistä indikaattoreista. Asiantuntijatyönä selvitettiin kansainvälisiä ja Suomessa käytössä olevia mittareita ja menettelyjä, joita tunnistettiin kaikkiaan noin 200. Joukossa oli 79 RAI-järjestelmän mittaria. Indikaattorit koottiin Webropol-kyselyyn. Sosiaalihuollon kysely kohdennettiin ympärivuorokautisiin laitos- ja asumispalveluihin, kotiin vietäviin palveluihin sekä kehitysvammahuoltoon. Kysely lähetettiin 170 sosiaalipalvelujen organisaatiolle, joista 87 (51%) vastasi. Vastanneissa organisaatioissa oli käytössä keskimäärin 56 asiakas- ja potilasturvallisuusindikaattoria 94:stä; eniten maakunnallisilla hyvinvointikuntayhtymillä (69 kpl), yliopistosairaalakaupungeilla (64 kpl) ja keskussairaalakaupungeilla (61 kpl). Yleisimmin seuratut indikaattorit koskivat johtamista ja organisaatiota, vaaratapahtumien raportointia sekä asiakaspalautteita ja reklamaatioita, mutta seurattujen indikaattorien määrissä oli suurta vaihtelua organisaatioiden välillä. Lisäksi RAI-järjestelmän mittareita käytti noin puolet vastaajista laitoshoidossa ja asumispalveluissa sekä kotiin vietävissä palveluissa. Asiakas- ja potilasturvallisuusindikaattoreita oli käytössä kyselyyn vastanneissa sosiaalipalveluissa kohtalaisesti, omavalvontaohjeiden viitoittamana, mutta seuranta vaikutti epäyhtenäiseltä ja pääasiassa reaktiiviselta. Jatkotutkimusta tarvitaan siitä, kuinka järjestelmällisesti, avoimesti ja terveydenhuollon toimintaan integroituneena indikaattoreita käytetään, sekä siitä, mikä yhteys seurattavien indikaattorien määrällä on asiakasturvallisuuden tasoon.

Plankton communities form the basis of aquatic ecosystems and elucidating their role in increasingly important environmental issues is a persistent research question. Recent technological advances in automated microscopic imaging, together with cloud platforms for high-performance computing, have created possibilities for collecting and processing detailed high-frequency data on planktonic communities, opening new horizons for testing core hypotheses in aquatic ecosystems. Analyzing continuous streams of big data calls for development and deployment of novel computer vision and machine learning systems. The implementation of these analysis systems is not always straightforward with regards to operationality, and issues regarding data flows, computing and data treatment need to be considered. We created a data pipeline for automated near-real-time classification of phytoplankton during remote deployment of imaging flow cytometer (Imaging FlowCytobot, IFCB). Convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to classify continuous imaging data with probability thresholds used to filter out images not belonging to our existing classes. The automated data flow and classification system were used to monitor dominating species of filamentous cyanobacteria on the coast of Finland during summer 2021. We demonstrate that good phytoplankton recognition can be achieved with transfer learning utilizing a relatively shallow, publicly available, pre-trained CNN model and fine-tuning it with community-specific phytoplankton images (overall F1-score of 0.95 for test set of our labeled image data complemented with a 50% unclassifiable image portion). This enables both fast training and low computing resource requirements for model deployment making it easy to modify and applicable in wide range of situations. The system performed well when used to classify a natural phytoplankton community over different seasons (overall F1-score 0.82 for our evaluation data set). Furthermore, we address the key challenges of image classification for varying planktonic communities and analyze the practical implications of confused classes. We published our labeled image data set of Baltic Sea phytoplankton community for the training of image recognition models (similar to 63000 images in 50 classes) to accelerate implementation of imaging systems for other brackish and freshwater communities. Our evaluation data set, 59 fully annotated samples of natural communities throughout an annual cycle, is also available for model testing purposes (similar to 150000 images).

Self-tracking is increasingly popular in recreational sport. Leisure sports practitioners use wearable devices that are connected to online platforms to record, analyse, and share their exercise data. While doing that they interact with a digital system, with themselves, and with peers. This paper examines social-communicative aspects of self-tracking, and the support that these aspects and their associated practices may provide for physical activity behaviour. Data for the study was collected using an online survey and in-depth interviews with Finnish trail runners. The results indicate that sharing exercise data with others on a regular basis can support physical activity behaviour because it is mediated by social peer support. The analysis identified information sharing, comparison, and recognition as the main social-communicative aspects that motivate sharing physical activity data online, and ordinariness and privacy as reasons that limit data sharing. This paper contributes to the discussion on digital leisure by showing that for many users, communal and self-motivational values of self-tracking practices surpass the concern of surveillance and commodification of leisure time. peerReviewed

The Anthropocene presents formidable threats to freshwater ecosystems. Lakes are especially vulnerable and important at the same time. They cover only a small area worldwide but harbour high levels of biodiversity and contribute disproportionately to ecosystem services. Lakes differ with respect to their general type (e.g. land-locked, drainage, floodplain and large lakes) and position in the landscape (e.g. highland versus lowland lakes), which contribute to the dynamics of these systems. Lakes should be generally viewed as ‘meta-systems’, whereby biodiversity is strongly affected by species dispersal, and ecosystem dynamics are contributed by the flow of matter and substances among locations in a broader waterscape context. Lake connectivity in the waterscape and position in the landscape determine the degree to which a lake is prone to invasion by non-native species and accumulation of harmful substances. Highly connected lakes low in the landscape accumulate nutrients and pollutants originating from ecosystems higher in the landscape. The monitoring and restoration of lake biodiversity and ecosystem services should consider the fact that a high degree of dynamism is present at local, regional and global scales. However, local and regional monitoring may be plagued by the unpredictability of ecological phenomena, hindering adaptive management of lakes. Although monitoring data are increasingly becoming available to study responses of lakes to global change, we still lack suitable integration of models for entire waterscapes. Research across disciplinary boundaries is needed to address the challenges that lakes face in the Anthropocene because they may play an increasingly important role in harbouring unique aquatic biota as well as providing ecosystem goods and services in the future.

PurposeInternet monitoring in organizations can be used to monitor risks associated with Internet usage and information systems in organizations, such as employees' cyberloafing behavior and information security incidents. Extant research has mainly discussed the effect of Internet monitoring in achieving the targeted goals (e.g. mitigating cyberloafing behavior and information security incidents), but little attention has been paid to the possible side effects of Internet monitoring. Drawing on affective events theory, the authors attempt to reveal that Internet monitoring may cause side effects on employees' Internet usage policy satisfaction, intrinsic work motivation and affective organizational commitment.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a field experiment in a software development company. In total, 70 employees participated in the study. Mann–WhitneyUtest was employed to analyze the data.FindingsThe results suggest that Internet monitoring decreased employees' satisfaction with the Internet usage policy, intrinsic work motivation, as well as affective organizational commitment.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature by examining the side effects of Internet monitoring on employees. It also has implications for organizations to make appropriate decisions regarding whether to implement Internet monitoring.

• Itlastoon (www.itlasto.fi) kootaan kansallista, pitkittäistä seurantatietoa lasten ja nuorten ­hyvinvoinnista. Tieto esitetään visuaalisesti, käyttäjäystävällisessä muodossa. • Itlastosta löytyy vastauksia kysymyksiin, miten lapsemme voivat ja miten hyvinvoinnin tilan ­indikaattoreiden tasot ovat kehittyneet ajassa. • Indikaattoreiden tulkinta esimerkiksi päätöksenteossa vaatii taustalla olevien ilmiöiden tuntemista. • Seurantatieto tarjoaa mahdollisuuden ilmiöiden pohdinnalle: mitkä mekanismit tai toimet ovat ­voineet vaikuttaa indikaattorin tason kehitykseen? • Kansallisen tiedon rinnalla halutaan tulevaisuudessa esittää alueellista tietoa lasten ja nuorten ­hyvinvoinnista.

The use of citizen science in the collection of surface water marine microplastics (MP) samples with manta trawl was tested in the Baltic Sea, where the collection of surface water samples is often hampered by environmental conditions. Sampling was carried out at 7 locations around the Baltic Sea with a custom-made manta trawl which was operated onboard a sailing boat. The total concentrations of ≥ 0.3 mm MP in the samples ranged from 0.45 to 1.98 MP m−3. Based on the results and experiences from this study, citizen science could be introduced into the toolbox of monitoring large MP. When the common basic constraints of surface water sampling within a regional sea are defined and agreed upon, citizen science could be used for strengthening the power of assessments on the state of the marine environment by increasing the spatial coverage of the monitored area.

Viljaseula 2021 -julkaisu sisältää Ruokaviraston kasvianalytiikan kotimaisen viljasadon laatu- ja turvallisuusseurannan keskeiset tiedot. Vuoden 2021 sadosta on viljan käyttölaatutiedot esitetty alueittain ELY-keskusten aluejaolla ja eri lajikkeista. Alue- ja lajiketiedot on voitu esittää niiltä osin, kun näytteitä oli riittävästi. Myös luomuviljasta on esitetty laatutietoa viljalajeilta, joissa oli vähintään 20 luomunäytettä. Tiedot esitetty lyhyissä viljalajikohtaisissa teksteissä sekä taulukoilla, graafeilla ja kartoilla. Julkaisussa on myös viljelijöiden satoarviot kaikilta viljalajeilta. Viljasadon laatu- ja turvallisuusseurantaa on tehty vuodesta 1966 lähtien. Seuranta on otostutkimus. Tieto perustuu otokseen valittuihin maatiloihin, joten tulokset edustavat eri kokoisia tiloja, eri tuotantosuuntia ja eri tuotantotapoja - käytännön viljelyksiä eri puolilla maata. Aineisto koostuu viljelijöiden lähettämistä viljanäytteistä, näytteiden taustatiedoista ja Ruokaviraston tutkimustuloksista. Näytteet edustavat sekä viljamarkkinoilla myytävää viljaa, tilojen välillä myytävää, että tiloille jäävää viljaa. Seuranta antaa luotettavan kuvan kotimaisen viljasadon laadusta. Pitkäaikaisen seurannan etuna on hyvä vertailtavuus vuosien välillä. Avoin tieto Ruokavirasto.fi-sivustolla on syksyisin julkaisupaikka viljan keskilaatutuloksille. Avoin tieto tuo ajantasaista tutkimustietoa kaikkien käyttöön nopeasti ja havainnollisesti. Tietoa esitetään syksyllä heti kun analyysituloksia valmistuu ja se täydentyy koko syksyn ajan. Viljelijät ovat saaneet lähettämiensä näytteiden tutkimustulokset käyttöönsä heti näytteiden valmistuttua. Viljaseula -vuosijulkaisu kokoaa laatutiedon yhteen paikkaan. Oma viljantuotanto on välttämätön osa huoltovarmuuttamme. Suomi on maailman pohjoisin maatalousmaa, mikä tuo omat ilmastolliset haasteensa. Meillä ei ole kahta samanlaista kasvukautta ja ilmasto myös muuttuu. Näistä syistä on tärkeää tuottaa ajantasaista ja luotettavaa tietoa viljasadon laadusta, määrästä ja turvallisuudesta koko elintarvikeketjun käyttöön. Öljy- ja proteiinikasvien viljelyn ja käytön lisäämisen tueksi tarvitaan tietoa härkäpavun ja öljykasvien sadosta. Vuodesta 2018 lähtien laatuseurannassa on ollut mukana myös härkäpapu, rypsit ja rapsit.

Background Information is limited for the benefits of physical activity (PA) in preschoolers. Previous research using accelerometer-assessed PA may be affected for multicollinearity issues. Objectives This study investigated the cross-sectional and prospective associations of sedentary behaviour (SB) and PA with body composition and physical fitness using compositional data analysis. Methods Baseline PA and SB were collected in 4-year-old (n = 315) using wrist-worn GT3X+ during seven 24 h-periods. Body composition (air-displacement plethysmography) and physical fitness (PREFIT test battery) were assessed at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up. Results Increasing vigorous PA at expenses of lower-intensity behaviours for 4-year-old was associated with body composition and physical fitness at cross-sectional and longitudinal levels. For example, reallocating 15 min/day from lower intensities to vigorous PA at baseline was associated with higher fat-free mass index (+0.45 kg/m(2), 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.18-0.72 kg/m(2)), higher upper-body strength (+0.6 kg, 95% CI: 0.1-1.19 kg), higher lower-body strength (+8 cm, 95% CI: 3-13 cm), and shorter time in completing the motor fitness test (-0.4 s, 95% CI: -0.82 to [-0.01] s) at the 12-month follow-up. Pairwise reallocations of time indicated that the behaviour replaced was not relevant, as long as vigorous PA was increased. Conclusions More time in vigorous PA may imply short- and long-term benefits on body composition and physical fitness in preschoolers. These findings using compositional data analysis corroborate our previously published results using isotemporal substitution models. Funding Agencies|Bo and Vera Axson Johnsons Foundation; Forskningsradet om Halsa, Arbetsliv och Valfard [2012-0906]; Karolinska InstitutetKarolinska Institutet; VetenskapsradetSwedish Research Council [2012-2883]

Sea ice continues to decline across many regions of the Arctic, with remaining ice becoming increasingly younger and more dynamic. These changes alter the habitats of microbial life that live within the sea ice, which support healthy functioning of the marine ecosystem and provision of resources for human-consumption, in addition to influencing biogeochemical cycles (e.g. air–sea CO2 exchange). With the susceptibility of sea ice ecosystems to climate change, there is a pressing need to fill knowledge gaps surrounding sea ice habitats and their microbial communities. Of fundamental importance to this goal is the development of new methodologies that permit effective study of them. Based on outcomes from the DiatomARCTIC project, this paper integrates existing knowledge with case studies to provide insight on how to best document sea ice microbial communities, which contributes to the sustainable use and protection of Arctic marine and coastal ecosystems in a time of environmental change. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01658-z.

Understanding and sustainably managing complex environments such as marine ecosystems benefits from an integrated approach to ensure that information about all relevant components and their interactions at multiple and nested spatiotemporal scales are considered. This information is based on a wide range of ocean observations using different systems and approaches. An integrated approach thus requires effective collaboration between areas of expertise in order to improve coordination at each step of the ocean observing value chain, from the design and deployment of multi-platform observations to their analysis and the delivery of products, sometimes through data assimilation in numerical models. Despite significant advances over the last two decades in more cooperation across the ocean observing activities, this integrated approach has not yet been fully realized. The ocean observing system still suffers from organizational silos due to independent and often disconnected initiatives, the strong and sometimes destructive competition across disciplines and among scientists, and the absence of a well-established overall governance framework. Here, we address the need for enhanced organizational integration among all the actors of ocean observing, focusing on the occidental systems. We advocate for a major evolution in the way we collaborate, calling for transformative scientific, cultural, behavioral, and management changes. This is timely because we now have the scientific and technical capabilities as well as urgent societal and political drivers. The ambition of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) and the various efforts to grow a sustainable ocean economy and effective ocean protection efforts all require a more integrated approach to ocean observing. After analyzing the barriers that currently prevent this full integration within the occidental systems, we suggest nine approaches for breaking down the silos and promoting better coordination and sharing. These recommendations are related to the organizational framework, the ocean science culture, the system of recognition and rewards, the data management system, the ocean governance structure, and the ocean observing drivers and funding. These reflections are intended to provide food for thought for further dialogue between all parties involved and trigger concrete actions to foster a real transformational change in ocean observing., This work was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 862626, project EuroSea (Improving and Integrating European Ocean Observing and Forecasting Systems for Sustainable Use of the Oceans).

We present an operational system for multi-sensor data fusion implemented at the Finnish Environment Institute. The system uses Ensemble Kalman filter and smoother algorithms, which are often used for probabilistic analysis of multi-sensor data. Uncertainty and spatial and temporal correlations present in the available observation data are accounted for to obtain accurate and realistic results. To test the data fusion system, daily chlorophyll-a concentration has been modelled across northern shoreline of Gulf of Finland over the period of August 1st – October 31st 2011. Chlorophyll-a data from routine monitoring stations, ferrybox measurements, and data derived from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) instrument on board the ENVISAT satellite has been used as input. The data fusion system demonstrates the use of existing and well-known Ensemble Kalman filtering and smoothing methods for improving water quality monitoring programs and for ensuring compliance with ecological standards. Highlights • Operational data fusion system for coastal water quality monitoring was implemented. • Remote sensing and in-situ data sources are combined using ensemble Kalman smoother. • Result uncertainty is quantified to improve future data collection. • Simple process model captures relevant dynamics in presence of significant data gaps.

Roadmap for implementing environmental DNA (eDNA) and other molecular monitoring methods in Finland – Vision and Action Plan for 2022-2025 Technological development in molecular methodology has been extremely fast in the past two decades, and groundbreaking new approaches have been introduced. It is now possible to detect and quantify DNA or RNA of target species or even map the whole species community in environmental samples of water, sediment, soil, air or assemblages of whole organisms. Moreover, the costs of high-throughput sequencing and other advanced molecular methods have decreased and methodological pipelines from sampling to data analysis developed sufficiently to allow large-scale, routine application of the new methods in environmental monitoring. This presents a huge opportunity to improve the coverage, accuracy and cost-efficiency of monitoring, enabling a much more complete picture of biodiversity and the state of the environment and their trends. As the new European Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and other international policies to halt biodiversity loss and the degradation of habitats are translated into concrete measures, the quality of the monitoring data will play a crucial role in determining their success or failure. In this roadmap commissioned by the Finnish Ministry of the Environment, we assess the state-of-the-art in molecular monitoring methods in Finland within the international context, identify challenges and development areas that remain to be addressed and propose an action plan for promoting the coordinated implementation of molecular methods in national monitoring programs. Apart from the most recent scientific literature, our analysis is based on survey results, direct enquiries and interviews. Participation of the national community of experts from different sectors was enabled and invited at several stages of the roadmap preparation. Internationally, molecular monitoring methods are being actively developed and are routinely implemented in monitoring across different taxa and ecosystems. In Finland, molecular monitoring methods have been tested and piloted by all major institutions responsible for environmental monitoring, and the methods are already applied routinely in the monitoring of individual game species such as the wolf and European and Canadian beaver. However, other areas such as the monitoring of biodiversity, threatened species, non-mammalian invasive species or emerging plant or animal pests remain less developed, and national efforts and expertise are scattered across different organizations. Funding and know-how are perceived as the most important factors limiting molecular monitoring method implementation. We estimate that extensive, routine implementation of a wide range of molecular monitoring methods is conceivable in Finland before 2030. As the primary development areas for reaching this goal, we identify (i) international coordination and standard development, (ii) networking across sectors, (iii) education, (iv) infrastructure, (v) reference sequence libraries and the mapping of whole genomes, and (vi) modelling and analysis tool development. For concrete actions in 2022–2025, we propose (1) a cross-governmental funding instrument, (2) a permanent working group responsible for national and international coordination, (3) a national network and (4) an online platform to enhance interaction and knowledge transfer, as well as (5) a national data management system with collectively agreed data and metadata formats and standards. ---------- Kansallinen tiekartta ympäristö-DNA:n ja muiden molekyylibiologisten seurantamenetelmien käyttöönotolle – visio ja toimenpidesuunnitelma vuosille 2022-2025 Molekyylibiologisten menetelmien teknologinen kehitys on ollut ennennäkemättömän nopeaa kahden viime vuosikymmenen aikana. Uudet menetelmät mahdollistavat kohdelajien DNA:n tai RNA:n havaitsemisen ja runsausmäärityksen tai koko eliöyhteisön kartoittamisen esimerkiksi vesi-, sedimentti-, maaperä- tai ilmanäytteistä tai kokonaisia yksilöitä sisältävistä kokoomanäytteistä. Massiivisen rinnakkaissekvensoinnin ja muiden menetelmien kustannukset ovat merkittävästi laskeneet ja menetelmäketjut näytteenotosta tulosten tulkintaan kehittyneet asteelle, joka mahdollistaa niiden laajamittaisen, rutiininomaisen käytön ympäristön seurannassa. Uusien menetelmien avulla voimme parantaa seurannan kattavuutta, tarkkuutta ja kustannustehokkuutta ja siten täydentää seurannan kautta muodostuvaa kuvaa luonnon monimuotoisuudesta ja sen muutoksista. Tälle tiedolle on suuri tarve – laadukas seuranta on keskeinen edellytys sille, että EU:n uuden biodiversiteettistrategian ja muiden luontokadon ja elinympäristöjen tilan huonontumisen pysäyttämiseen tähtäävien kansainvälisten sitoumusten toimeenpano onnistuu. Tässä ympäristöministeriön tilaamassa tiekartassa arvioimme molekyylibiologisten seurantamenetelmien nykytilaa Suomessa osana laajempaa kansainvälistä kenttää, tunnistamme huomiota vaativia haasteita ja kehityskohteita ja ehdotamme konkreettisia toimenpiteitä molekyylibiologisten seurantamenetelmien koordinoidun käyttöönoton edistämiseksi lähivuosien aikana. Selvityksemme perustuu uusimman tieteellisen kirjallisuuden lisäksi kyselytutkimukseen sekä suoriin tiedusteluihin ja haastatteluihin. Yhteiskunnan eri sektoreita edustava kansallinen asiantuntijayhteisö osallistui tiekartan valmisteluun työn eri vaiheissa. Molekyylibiologisia seurantamenetelmiä kehitetään parhaillaan aktiivisesti ympäri maailmaa eri eliöryhmille ja ekosysteemeille, ja yksittäisiä menetelmiä on useissa maissa otettu myös rutiininomaiseen käyttöön. Suomessa menetelmiä on kehitetty ja pilotoitu kaikissa keskeisissä ympäristön seurantaa koordinoivissa laitoksissa, ja yksittäisten riistaeläinten kuten suden ja kanadan- ja euroopanmajavan seurannassa ne ovat jo rutiinikäytössä. Biodiversiteetin, uhanalaisten lajien, vieraslajien (nisäkkäitä lukuun ottamatta) ja muiden haitallisten lajien kansallisessa seurannassa molekyylibiologisten menetelmien käyttö on kuitenkin vielä kokeiluasteella, ja kehittämishankkeiden ja asiantuntijuuden kenttä on hajanainen. Riittämätöntä rahoitusta ja osaamista pidetään alan asiantuntijoiden keskuudessa tärkeimpinä menetelmien käyttöönottoa rajoittavina tekijöinä. Arviomme mukaan laaja kirjo molekyylibiologisia seurantamenetelmiä olisi mahdollista ottaa laajamittaiseen rutiininomaiseen käyttöön vuoteen 2030 mennessä. Tärkeimmiksi kehityskohteiksi nousivat (i) kansainvälinen koordinaatio ja menetelmien standardointi, (ii) organisaatioiden ja sektoreiden välinen verkostoituminen, (iii) koulutus, (iv) infrastruktuuri, (v) referenssisekvenssikirjastot ja kokonaisten genomien kartoittaminen sekä (vi) malli- ja analyysityökalujen kehittäminen. Konkreettisiksi toimenpiteiksi vuosille 2022-2025 esitämme (1) poikkihallinnollista rahoitusohjelmaa molekyylibiologisten seurantamenetelmien käyttöönottoa edistäville tutkimus- ja kehityshankkeille, (2) pysyvää työryhmää kansallisen ja kansainvälisen koordinaation edistämiseksi, (3) olemassa olevan kansallisen asiantuntijaverkoston laajentamista, (4) internet-pohjaista alustaa vuorovaikutuksen ja tiedonjaon tehostamiseksi sekä (5) kansallista, yhdessä sovittuja data- ja metadatastandardeja noudattavaa molekyylibiologisten seuranta-aineistojen tiedonhallintajärjestelmää.

International audience; Implementation of DNA metabarcoding for diatoms for environmental monitoring is now moving from a research to an operational phase, requiring rigorous guidelines and standards. In particular, the first steps of the diatom metabarcoding process, which consist of sampling and storage, have been addressed in various ways in scientific and pilot studies and now need to be rationalised. The objective of this study was to compare three currently applied preservation protocols through different storage durations (ranging from one day to one year) for phytobenthos and phytoplankton samples intended for diatom DNA metabarcoding analysis. The experimental design used samples from four freshwater and two marine sites of diverse ecological characteristics. The impact of the sample preservation and storage duration was assessed through diatom metabarcoding endpoints: DNA quality and quantity, diversity and richness, diatom assemblage composition and ecological index values (for freshwater samples). The yield and quality of extracted DNA only decreased for freshwater phytobenthos samples preserved with ethanol. Diatom diversity was not affected and their taxonomic composition predominantly reflected the site origin. Only rare taxa (< 100 reads) differed among preservation methods and storage durations. For biomonitoring purposes, freshwater ecological index values were not affected by the preservation method and storage duration tested (including ethanol preservation), all treatments returning the same ecological status for a site. This study contributes to consolidating diatom metabarcoding. Thus, accompanied by operational standards, the method will be ready to be confidently deployed and prescribed in future regulatory monitoring.

Physical activity (PA) tracker applications have been proposed as one potential solution to the increasingly prevalent physical inactivity problem among elderly people, but their long-term potential is limited by the frequent lapses in their use. In this study, our objective is to promote the understanding of the lapsing behaviour of PA tracker applications among elderly people. More specifically, we are interested in how gender, age, and household type as well as initial PA level and technology readiness (TR) affect the risk of lapsing. As the data for the study, we use actual PA tracker application usage data as well as survey data, which were both collected in our ongoing research program and are analysed by using survival analysis. We find lapsing behaviour to be affected mainly by initial PA level as well as to some degree by TR and gender but not by age and household type. peerReviewed

Tavoite: Selvittää Tampereen yliopistollisen sairaalan Taysin endokrinologian poliklinikalle hoitoon siirtyneiden 15–16-vuotiaiden 1-tyypin diabeetikoiden hoitotasapaino ja sen muutokset 6 kk seurantakäynnillä. Tutkimusaineisto ja menetelmät: Tutkimusaineisto muodostettiin poimimalla Taysin Endo-järjestelmästä kaikki potilaat, joilla oli täytetty diabeteksen ensikäynti- tai kontrollikortti 1.1.2018-31.3.2019 välisenä aikana ja joiden ikä oli poimintavälillä 14–15.9 vuotta. Näiltä potilailta, n= 63, selvitettiin sokeritasapainoa kuvaavat keskeiset suureet, kuten HbA1c ja tavoitteessa olevien glukoosimittausten osuus (time in range, TIR), hoidon alussa endokrinologian poliklinikalle siirtyessä sekä 6 kk seurantakäynnillä. Tulokset: 15–16-vuotiaiden nuorten HbA1c:n mediaani oli 66mmol/mol ja 6 kk seurannassa se pysyi muuttumattomana. Potilaista 32 %:lla HbA1c oli hyvä (≤ 53mmol/mol) tai kohtalainen (< 64mmol/l) 6 kk kohdalla ja 30%:lla huono (> 75mmol/mol). TIR:n mediaani oli 36 % 6 kk:n kohdalla. TIR oli tavoitteessa (≥ 70 %) vain 2 nuorella seurannan alussa eikä kenelläkään 6 kk kohdalla. Valtaosalla (88 %) potilaista oli käytössä jatkuva glukoosimonitorointi. Hyperglykemiaosuuden mediaani huononi transitiovaiheessa tilastollisesti merkitsevästi (52-58 %, p=0,024) Johtopäätökset: Vain 32 % nuorista potilaista saavuttaa hyvän tai kohtalaisen hoitotason HbA1c:n suhteen, vaikka enemmistöllä on käytössään jatkuva glukoosinseuranta. Lähes yhtä suurella osalla (30%:lla) hoitotasapaino on huono. Tutkimus antaa tärkeää tietoa transitiovaiheen hoidon onnistumisesta ja toimii tärkeänä pilottina nuorisopoliklinikan laadun seurantaraportteja kehitettäessä. Jatkossa on tärkeää tutkia isommalla aineistolla huonoa hoitotasapainoa selittäviä tekijöitä ja pyrkiä aktiivisesti tunnistamaan ne potilaat, joiden hoitotasapaino heikkenee transitiovaiheessa.

Recent advances in molecular biomonitoring open new horizons for aquatic ecosystem assessment. Rapid and cost-effective methods based on organismal DNA or environmental DNA (eDNA) now offer the opportunity to produce inventories of indicator taxa that can subsequently be used to assess biodiversity and ecological quality. However, the integration of these new DNA-based methods into current monitoring practices is not straightforward, and will require coordinated actions in the coming years at national and international levels. To plan and stimulate such an integration, the European network DNAqua-Net (COST Action CA15219) brought together international experts from academia, as well as key environmental biomonitoring stakeholders from different European countries. Together, this transdisciplinary consortium developed a roadmap for implementing DNA-based methods with a focus on inland waters assessed by the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). This was done through a series of online workshops held in April 2020, which included fifty participants, followed by extensive synthesis work. The roadmap is organised around six objectives: 1) to highlight the effectiveness and benefits of DNA-based methods, 2) develop an adaptive approach for the implementation of new methods, 3) provide guidelines and standards for best practice, 4) engage stakeholders and ensure effective knowledge transfer, 5) support the environmental biomonitoring sector to achieve the required changes, 6) steer the process and harmonise efforts at the European level. This paper provides an overview of the forum discussions and the common European views that have emerged from them, while reflecting the diversity of situations in different countries. It highlights important actions required for a successful implementation of DNA-based biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems by 2030.

A pre-operational validation of the System for Integrated Modeling of Atmospheric Composition (SILAM) model for Indian application has been presented in this paper. The model configuration has been adjusted according to the atmospheric and emissive conditions of India. India is one of the most desired regions for Air Quality (AQ) research around the globe. The region is composed of different atmospheric and man-made pollution activities. The weather system of India is favorable for the deposition of particulate pollutants in the Indo-Gangetic plains; the northern part of the country. Stubble burning and lower planetary boundary layer height are significant factors that deteriorate the AQ of Delhi-NCR in post-monsoon and winter seasons. India Meteorological Department (IMD) is continuously monitoring the AQ of Delhi-NCR along with central pollution control board and state pollution control committees with stationary ambient air quality monitoring stations. This joint effort of all the agencies relies upon Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP); an initiative by the Government of India (GOI) for pollution control in the Delhi-NCR region. An accurate AQ forecasting system is needed for GOI to implement a decision support system in order to make citizens aware of their surroundings for outdoor activities. We have successfully deployed Indian application of SILAM model in collaboration with Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) in Environment Monitoring and Research Center, IMD. One month observations of coarse and fine mode particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5) over Delhi have been compared with SILAM forecast f or December 2020. The modeled and observed values are reasonably correlated in general and model has successfully captured the pollution events throughout the time period. It is found that PM 10 forecasts over Delhi are fairly overestimated and PM 2.5 forecasts are slightly overestimated with a positive correlation of 0.7. Further research in surface emissions and extreme pollution events is needed to make the predictions more accurate.

Rakennettu luonnonmukainen elinympäristö voi edistää vaelluskalojen poikastuotantoa vesivoimalaitoksen tai muun patorakenteen yhteydessä. Elinympäristö toimii samalla kokonaisen ekosysteemin perustana. Tyypillisesti vesivoiman rakentamisessa on menetetty huomattavasti virtavesien eliöstölle soveltuvaa elinympäristöä, jota luonnonmukaiset ratkaisut voivat korvata osana ekologista kompensaatiota. Toimenpiteellä voidaan siis parantaa rakennetun vesistön ekologista arvoa ja tilaa. Tässä raportissa kuvataan Imatran kaupunkipuron suunnittelu- ja rakennusvaiheet sekä raportoidaan seurannan tulokset rakennusvaiheen jälkeen. Imatran kaupunkipuron suunnittelussa korostettiin puron soveltuvuutta taimenelle sopivana elinympäristönä. Vaikka kaupunkipuroa ei ole suunniteltu vaellusreitiksi, käytettyjä suunnitteluperiaatteita voi soveltaa suoraan myös luonnonmukaisiin ohitusuomiin. Imatran kaupunkipuro valmistui vuonna 2014 puistomaiselle alueelle ja joutomaalle Imatrankosken voimalaitoksen läheisyyteen. Puro on noin yhden kilometrin mittainen ja sen leveys vaihtelee 2–10 metrin välillä. Uoman suunnittelussa huomioitiin erilaisten elinympäristöjen ja taimenen kutu- ja poikasalueiden lisäksi myös maisemalliset tekijät ja soveltuvuus virkistyskäyttöön. Imatrankosken padon putouskorkeus, 24 m, ja käytettävissä oleva alue pyrittiin hyödyntämään mahdollisimman hyvin. Lisäksi mutkittelemalla uomaa sen pituus voitiin maksimoida. Uoman materiaalina käytettiin (vaihtelevan kokoista) soraa, isompia kiviä sekä puumateriaalia. Kaupunkipuron virtaama on kesäaikaan noin 250 l/s ja talvella noin 100 l/s. Tavoite purosta taimenen lisääntymisympäristönä näyttää toteutuneen, sillä taimen ja muutkin kala- ja eliölajit ovat ottaneet puron käyttöönsä. Imatran kaupunkipurossa taimenen lisääntyminen on onnistunut jopa odotuksia paremmin ja poikastiheys on korkeampi kuin vastaavissa luonnonpuroissa. Kaupunkipuron pinta-ala on huomattavan vähäinen verrattuna valtavaan määrään patoamisen seurauksena menetettyä koskipinta-alaa. Rakennettu luonnonmukainen elinympäristö kuitenkin tarjoaa uhanalaiselle taimenelle soveltuvaa elinympäristöä. Jokaista luonnossa syntynyttä yksilöä voidaan pitää lajin kannalta tärkeänä. Pohjaeläimistö on runsastunut lajirikkaudeltaan joka vuosi. Samalla pohjaeläinten lukumäärä on moninkertaistunut neljän tarkkailuvuoden aikana. Luonnolle, lajistolle ja ekosysteemeille aiheutettujen haittojen vähentäminen on tulossa myös olemassa olevan vesivoiman vastuulle. Pelkät kalataloudelliset kompensaatiot tai pelkkä kalatie eivät riitä ratkaisemaan ongelmia, jotka vesirakentaminen ja vesivoima ovat aiheuttaneet erityisesti soveltuvien elinympäristöjen määrälle ja laadulle. Imatran kaupunkipurolta saadut tulokset rohkaisevat jatkossa nostamaan erilaiset rakennetut luonnonmukaiset elinympäristöt ja kompensaatiohabitaatit toimivaksi vaihtoehdoksi virtavesien tilan parantamisessa. Abstract Nature-like habitat as ecological compensation in streams Built nature-like habitat can promote the juvenile production of migratory fish in vicinity of a hydropower plant or a distinct dam structure. At the same time, the habitat serves as the basis for the entire ecosystem. Typically, the construction of hydropower has resulted in a significant loss of habitat suitable for aquatic life, which can be replaced by nature-like solutions as part of ecological compensation. The measure can therefore improve the ecological value and status of the human-modified water body. This report describes the design and construction phases of the Imatra City Brook and reports the results of monitoring after the construction phase. The design of the Imatra City Brook emphasized that the brook will become suitable habitat for trout. However, brook is not designed as a bypass, albeit the design principles used can be applied directly to natural bypasses. The Imatra City Brook was completed in 2014 in a park-like area in the vicinity of the Imatrankoski power plant. The brook is about one kilometer long and varies in width from 2 to 10 meters. In addition to different habitats and spawning and juvenile areas for trout, landscape design and suitability for recreational use were also taken into account in the design of the area. The height of the Imatrankoski dam, 24 m, and the available area were utilized to make the best possible use, and by meandering the brook, its length could be maximized. Gravel of varying sizes, larger stones and wood were used as the base material for the structures. The flow of the brook is about 250 l/s in summer and about 100 l/s during winter. The goal of the stream being a spawning and rearing ground for trout seems to have been achieved, as trout and other species of fish and organisms have taken over the stream. In the Imatra City Brook, trout reproduction has been even better than expected and the density of juvenile fish is higher than in the compared natural streams. The total area of the brook is remarkably small compared to the huge amount of rapids and riverine habitats lost for hydropower production and construction of dams. However, the built natural-like habitat provides a suitable habitat for trout as an endangered species and any individual born in the wild can be considered important for the population of the species. The species richness of benthic macroinvertebrates increases every year. At the same time, the number of macroinvertebrate individuals has multiplied during the four years of observation. Reducing damage to nature, species and ecosystems is becoming the responsibility of existing hydropower. Fisheries compensation alone (stockings) or the technical fishways alone are not enough to solve the problems that hydropower and damming have caused, especially for the quantity and quality of suitable habitats. In the future, the results from the Imatra City Brook will encourage the upgrading of various built natural-like habitats or compensatory habitats as one viable option for improving the status of the water bodies.

1. Comprehensive assessments of contemporary diatom distributions across the Arctic remain scarce. Furthermore, studies tracking species compositional differences across space and time, as well as diatom responses to climate warming, are mainly limited to paleolimnological studies due to a lack of routine monitoring in lakes and streams across vast areas of the Arctic. 2. The study aims to provide a spatial assessment of contemporary species distributions across the circum-Arctic, establish contemporary biodiversity patterns of diatom assemblages to use as reference conditions for future biomonitoring assessments, and determine pre-industrial baseline conditions to provide historical context for modern diatom distributions. 3. Diatom assemblages were assessed using information from ongoing regulatory monitoring programmes, individual research projects, and from surface sediment layers obtained from lake cores. Pre-industrial baseline conditions as well as the nature, direction and magnitude of changes in diatom assemblages over the past c.200 years were determined by comparing surface sediment samples (i.e. containing modern assemblages) with a sediment interval deposited prior to the onset of significant anthropogenic activities (i.e. containing pre-1850 assemblages), together with an examination of diatoms preserved in contiguous samples from dated sediment cores. 4. We identified several biotypes with distinct diatom assemblages using contemporary diatom data from both lakes and streams, including a biotype typical for High Arctic regions. Differences in diatom assemblage composition across circum-Arctic regions were gradual rather than abrupt. Species richness was lowest in High Arctic regions compared to Low Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, and higher in lakes than in streams. Dominant diatom taxa were not endemic to the Arctic. Species richness in both lakes and streams reached maximum values between 60°N and 75°N but was highly variable, probably reflecting differences in local and regional environmental factors and possibly sampling effort. 5. We found clear taxon-specific differences between contemporary and pre-industrial samples that were often specific to both ecozone and lake depth. Regional patterns of species turnover (β-diversity) in the past c.200 years revealed that regions of the Canadian High Arctic and the Hudson Bay Lowlands to the south showed most compositional change, whereas the easternmost regions of the Canadian Arctic changed least. As shown in previous Arctic diatom studies, global warming has already affected these remote high latitude ecosystems. 6. Our results provide reference conditions for future environmental monitoring programmes in the Arctic. Furthermore, diatom taxa identification and harmonisation require improvement, starting with circum-Arctic intercalibrations. Despite the challenges posed by the remoteness of the Arctic, our study shows the need for routine monitoring programmes that have a wide geographical coverage for both streams and lakes.

Haitallisten aineiden pitoisuus vesistä määritetään pääsääntöisesti kertavesinäytteestä, joka antaa hetkellisen kuvan tutkittavien yhdisteiden pitoisuudesta tietyllä ajanhetkellä ja tietyssä paikassa. Passiivikeräimien käyttö tulee ajankohtaiseksi yleensä silloin, kun kertavesinäytteenotolla ei havaita tutkittavia yhdisteitä tai pitoisuudet ovat lähellä määritysrajaa. Erilaiset passiivikeräimet keräävät tarkasteltavaa yhdistettä tietyn pituisen ajan jakson, joka voi olla päivistä viikkoihin tai jopa kuukausiin, keräintyypistä ja altistusolosuhteista riippuen. Tuona aikana kertavesinäytteessä alle määritysrajan jääneet pitoisuudet konsentroituvat mitattavalle tasolle, jolloin voidaan osoittaa yhdisteen esiintyminen näytepaikalla. Passiivikeräimiä voi altistaa hyvin erilaisissa kohteissa kuten pintavesissä, järvi- ja jokivesissä, meri- ja murtovesissä, jätevesissä ja pohjavesissä. Keräimet keräävät tutkittavan yhdisteen liukoista osaa, jolloin niiden avulla määritettävä pitoisuus ei ole aivan suoraan vertailukelpoinen kertavesinäytteestä määritetyn kokonaispitoisuuden kanssa. Yhdisteiden raja-arvot ja ympäristölaatunormit perustuvat hetkellisen kertavesinäytteenoton tuloksiin, mutta passiivikeräimet voivat tarjota edustavamman kuvan vesistön tilasta ja osoittaa läsnä olevaksi yhdisteitä, joiden pitoisuus kertavesinäytteessä jää määritysrajan alle. Passiivikeräimet tarjoavat kertavesinäytteenottoon verrattuna erilaisen menetelmä haitallisten aineiden määritykseen vesistä. Erot eri näytteenottomenetelmien välillä eivät kuitenkaan ole ylitsepääsemättömiä eivätkä menetelmät ole toisiaan poissulkevia. Keräintulosten vertailu riskinarvioinnissa käytettyihin raja-arvoihin vaatii uudenlaisen ajattelu- ja toimintamallin, joka toteutuessaan voi tuoda hyvin paljon lisätietoa haitallisten yhdisteiden ympäristövaikutuksista. Tämä raportti esittelee passiivikeräinmenetelmän periaatteen sekä tavallisimmat passiivikeräintyypit ja niiden käytössä huomioitavia seikkoja. Passive sampling in monitoring harmful substances in aquatic environment Concentrations of harmful substances in water are mainly measured from grab water samples which give an instant chemical concentration at the certain moment of sampling. Passive sampling technique becomes applicable if the concentrations in grab samples remain below the detection limits. Passive samplers are deployed at the sampling site for a time period from days to weeks or even months, depending on the sampler type. During that time the trace concentrations can be enriched to measurable level which enables to indicate the presence of harmful substance at the study site. Passive samplers can be deployed at different locations, such as surface- and groundwaters, rivers, lakes, sea and brackish waters and waste waters. The samplers collect dissolved fraction of the chemical which differs from the total concentration determined from grab water samples. The environmental quality standards are based on instant grab water sample concentrations, but passive samplers can give more representative picture of the status of watercourse by revealing the presence of harmful substances which remain undetectable in grab water samples. Passive samplers provide different sampling technique for detecting harmful substances than grab water sampling. However, the differences are feasible, and the use of one sampling techniques does not exclude the other one. Risk assessment based on passive sampling results requires new way of thinking and new mode of action which can bring novel approach on assessing the environmental effects of harmful chemicals. This guideline provides general information about the passive sampling technique and presents most commonly used passive sampler types. Also, the issues considered at the sampler deployment are discussed.

Standards for manual pollen and fungal spore monitoring have been established based on several decades of experience, tests, and research. New technological and methodological advancements have led to the development of a range of different automatic instruments for which no standard yet exist. This paper aims to provide an overview of aspects that need to be considered for automatic pollen and fungal spore monitoring, including a set of guidelines and recommendations. It covers issues relevant to developing an automatic monitoring network, from the instrument design and calibration through algorithm development to site selection criteria. Despite no official standard yet existing, it is essential that all aspects of the measurement chain are carried out in a manner that is as standardised as possible to ensure high-quality data and information can be provided to end-users.

Tähän raporttiin on koottu vuodesta 1999 lähtien toimineen Maatalousympäristön päiväperhosseurannan päätulokset vuosilta 1999–2021. Vuonna 2010 julkaistiin vastaava raportti, jossa esiteltiin tulokset vuosilta 1999–2008. Molemmissa julkaisuissa on kuvattu seurannassa käytetyt havainnointi- ja analyysimenetelmät, joihin on viime vuosina tehty joitakin muutoksia. Seurantaa ylläpitää Suomen ympäristökeskus ja havaintojen keräämisestä vastaavat vapaaehtoiset perhosharrastajat. Havainnot tehdään ns. linjalaskentamenetelmää käyttäen. Seuranta tuottaa vuosittaisen arvion yhteensä 51 yleisenä esiintyvän päiväperhoslajin kannankehityksestä. Lisäksi aineistoista on tuotettu muutamia päiväperhoslajistomme tilaa laaja-alaisemmin kuvastavia koosteindeksejä. Seurannassa havaintoja on kertynyt yli 1,1 miljoonaa yksilöä yhteensä 91 päiväperhoslajista. Lisäksi laskennoissa on kirjattu yli 230 000 yksilöä yhteensä 367 muusta suurperhoslajista. Vuosien mittaan havainnointia on tehty kaikkiaan 128 eri havaintopaikalla, joiden määrä on vaihdellut vuosittain 30 ja 60 välillä. Viime vuosina seurannan laajuus on vakiintunut noin 50 havaintopaikkaan. Seurantaverkosto on kattava Etelä- ja Lounais-Suomessa, mutta selvästi puutteellinen maamme keski- ja pohjoisosissa. Tulosten perusteella päiväperhosten kannat ovat olleet 2000-luvulla loivassa laskussa. Vähentyneitä lajeja on ollut enemmän kuin runsastuneita, minkä lisäksi 45 lajin keskimääräistä kannankehitystä kuvaava koosteindeksi on ollut laskussa. Päiväperhoskannat ovat olleet keskimäärin korkeimmillaan vuosina 2002 sekä 2010–2011. Vuodet 2014–2017 olivat seurantajakson heikoimmat, minkä jälkeen koosteindeksi on noussut lähelle 2000-luvun keskimääräistä tasoa. Havaittua perhoskantojen laskua selittänee ainakin osin se, että useimmat seurantajakson sääoloiltaan heikoimmista kesistä osuivat 2010-luvulle. Seurannan toiminta on vakiintunutta, eikä sen menetelmiin ole nähtävissä selviä muutostarpeita. Suurin riski seurannan jatkuvuudelle liittyy säännöllisen ylläpitorahoituksen puuttumiseen. Uusia havainnoijia on myös tarpeen etsiä vuosittain, mikä edellyttää aktiivista viestintää. Viime vuosina seurannan tekninen ylläpito on tehostunut huomattavasti, kun havaintojen tiedonhallinta on siirtynyt Lajitietokeskuksen Laji.fi-palveluun. Resursseja on säästänyt myös se, että vuodesta 2022 alkaen lajien kannankehitystä kuvaavien indeksien laskenta on automatisoitu tapahtumaan suoraan verkkopalvelimella. Butterfly monitoring in Finnish agricultural landscapes 1999–2021 Butterfly monitoring in Finnish agricultural landscapes (BMS Finland) was started in 1999. This report summarizes its main results for the period of 1999–2021. A similar report was published in 2010, reporting the first results for the years 1999–2008. Both reports include a description of the methods used, the latter one describing also the changes made over the years. BMS Finland is coordinated by the Finnish Environment Institute (Syke), while the data collection is done by voluntary lepidopterologists. Butterflies are recorded using the transect counting method, that is widely used in numerous European countries. BMS Finland produces annual estimates on the population changes of 51 commonly observed butterfly species. The data are also used for calculating a few additional indices that provide more generalized information on the status of Finnish butterfly fauna. A total of over 1,1 million butterfly individuals belonging to 91 species have been recorded during the years 1999–2021. In addition to these, over 230 000 individuals of other Lepidopteran species belonging to 367 species have been observed. Over the years recording has been done on a total of 128 sites, with the annual number of sites varying between 30 and 60. During recent years the number of sites has been around 50. The monitoring network is quite comprehensive for Southern and South-Western Finland, but very sparse for the central and northern parts of the country. Our results show that on a general level the Finnish butterfly populations show a moderate decline during the 21st century. The number of decreasing species has been higher than that of increasing ones. In line with this, the geometric mean over the indices of the 45 most common resident species shows a decreasing trend. Generally the butterfly populations were at their highest levels during the years 2002 and 2010–2011. The worst years for butterflies have been 2014–2017, after which the butterfly numbers have recovered near to the average levels of the 21st century. The observed decline in butterfly numbers is likely to be at least partially explained by the generally poorer summer weathers during the latter part of the monitoring period. The functioning of BMS Finland is well established, and there is no evident need to make changes in its methods. The greatest risk for its continuance is the lack of permanent funding for its coordination. There is also a continuous need to recruit new recorders to replace the leaving ones, requiring active public communication. During recent years the technical data management has made considerable advances, thus saving resources for other purposes. In 2022 also the calculation of species indices has been automatized.

Biodiversity monitoring is an almost inconceivable challenge at the scale of the entire Earth. The current (and soon to be flown) generation of spaceborne and airborne optical sensors (i.e., imaging spectrometers) can collect detailed information at unprecedented spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions. These new data streams are preceded by a revolution in modeling and analytics that can utilize the richness of these datasets to measure a wide range of plant traits, community composition, and ecosystem functions. At the heart of this framework for monitoring plant biodiversity is the idea of remotely identifying species by making use of the 'spectral species' concept. In theory, the spectral species concept can be defined as a species characterized by a unique spectral signature and thus remotely detectable within pixel units of a spectral image. In reality, depending on spatial resolution, pixels may contain several species which renders species-specific assignment of spectral information more challenging. The aim of this paper is to review the spectral species concept and relate it to underlying ecological principles, while also discussing the complexities, challenges and opportunities to apply this concept given current and future scientific advances in remote sensing. Plain Language Summary Biodiversity monitoring based on field data is almost inconceivable at the scale of the entire Earth. Over the past decades, remote sensing has opened possibilities for Earth observation from air and space, allowing us to monitor ecological change, primarily expressed by changes in vegetation cover, distribution, and functioning, which can be subsequently linked to drivers of change in space and time, from local to global scale. Recently, the spectral species concept—an algorithm that clusterizes pixels from spectral images having a similar spectral signal (referred to as ‘spectral species’)—has brought attention. The aim of this paper is to review the ecological functioning principles of the spectral species concept and to refine its definition by a better linkage with field observations of plant species distribution data (i.e., presence-absence data) available from vegetation surveys. Key Points • Remote sensing has opened possibilities for Earth observation from air and space, allowing us to monitor ecological change • Biodiversity monitoring based on field data is almost inconceivable at the scale of the entire Earth • The spectral species concept, relating field to remotely sensed data, can open new ways to measure diversity from space

In social vespid wasps, colony activity varies at many temporal scales. We studied the peak season activity (number of individuals entering the nest per min) of colonies of the social vespine wasp Dolichovespula saxonica in its native range in boreal Finland. Six colonies were monitored non-stop for a full day, starting before sunrise and ending after sunset. Shorter monitoring was carried out before and/or after the full-day monitoring. All colonies were active before sunrise and after sunset, and the overall activity was positively linked with colony size. Activity showed irregular minute-to-minute cycles in all colonies. The broader within-day dynamics were idiosyncratic among the colonies: activity varied generally between 40–100% of the peak, there were usually a few peaks per day, and the timing of the peaks varied. Ambient temperature was not related to activity dynamics consistently. Our study provides high-resolution information about the all-day activity of D. saxonica and underscores high among-colony variability in the dynamics of vespine wasps.

The Baltic Sea is among the most polluted seas worldwide. Anthropogenic contaminants are mainly introduced via riverine discharge and atmospheric deposition. Regional and international measures have successfully been employed to reduce concentrations of several legacy contaminants. However, current Baltic Sea monitoring programs do not address compounds of emerging concern. Hence, potentially harmful pharmaceuticals, UV filters, polar pesticides, estrogenic compounds, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or naturally produced algal toxins are not taken into account during the assessment of the state of the Baltic Sea. Herein, we conducted literature searches based on systematic approaches and compiled reported data on these substances in Baltic Sea surface water and on methodological advances for sample processing and chemical as well as effect-based analysis of these analytically challenging marine pollutants. Finally, we provide recommendations for improvement of future contaminant and risk assessment in the Baltic Sea, which revolve around a combination of both chemical and effect based analyses.

Here we introduce the Soil BON Foodweb Team, a cross-continental collaborative network that aims to monitor soil animal communities and food webs using consistent methodology at a global scale. Soil animals support vital soil processes via soil structure modification, consumption of dead organic matter, and interactions with microbial and plant communities. Soil animal effects on ecosystem functions have been demonstrated by correlative analyses as well as in laboratory and field experiments, but these studies typically focus on selected animal groups or species at one or few sites with limited variation in environmental conditions. The lack of comprehensive harmonised large-scale soil animal community data including microfauna, mesofauna, and macrofauna, in conjunction with related soil functions, microbial communities, and vegetation, limits our understanding of biological interactions in soil systems and how these interactions affect ecosystem functioning. To provide such data, the Soil BON Foodweb Team invites researchers worldwide to use a common methodology to address six long-term goals: (1) to collect globally representative harmonised data on soil micro-, meso-, and macrofauna communities, (2) to describe key environmental drivers of soil animal communities and food webs, (3) to assess the efficiency of conservation approaches for the protection of soil animal communities, (4) to describe soil food webs and their association with soil functioning globally, (5) to establish a global research network for soil biodiversity monitoring and collaborative projects in related topics, (6) to reinforce local collaboration networks and expertise and support capacity building for soil animal research around the world. In this paper, we describe the vision of the global research network and the common sampling protocol to assess soil animal communities and advocate for the use of standard methodologies across observational and experimental soil animal studies. We will use this protocol to conduct soil animal assessments and reconstruct soil food webs at sites associated with the global soil biodiversity monitoring network, Soil BON, allowing us to assess linkages among soil biodiversity, vegetation, soil physico-chemical properties, climate, and ecosystem functions. In the present paper, we call for researchers especially from countries and ecoregions that remain underrepresented in the majority of soil biodiversity assessments to join us. Together we will be able to provide science-based evidence to support soil biodiversity conservation and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-05T05:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 George-SO-Global.pdf: 4233169 bytes, checksum: 9faad657460c5d69e137289ebd0e4488 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022

Regional-scale ecological processes, such as the spatial flows of material, energy, and organisms, are fundamental for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in river networks. Yet these processes remain largely overlooked in most river management practices and underlying policies. Here, we propose adoption of a meta-system approach, where regional processes acting at different levels of ecological organization – populations, communities, and ecosystems – are integrated into conventional river conservation, restoration, and biomonitoring. We also describe a series of measurements and indicators that could be assimilated into the implementation of relevant biodiversity and environmental policies. Finally, we highlight the need for alternative management strategies that can guide practitioners toward applying recent advances in ecology to preserve and restore river ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide, in the context of increasing alteration of river network connectivity worldwide. In a nutshell: • Rivers are hotspots of biodiversity and provide essential ecosystem functions and services, but face numerous threats globally • Understanding of how rivers are organized across spatial scales has progressed considerably over the past several decades, proving that regional-scale processes are vital for preserving population, community, and ecosystem dynamics • However, most existing river conservation, restoration, and biomonitoring practices focus on local-scale strategies and measures • To improve the management of river networks in the Anthropocene, we suggest additional metrics and assessment approaches that incorporate regional processes more effectively

Efforts to renew marine ecosystem monitoring to include advanced technology and cost-effective methods have been repeatedly called for. The current environmental legislation in European Union (EU) requires also ecosystem monitoring beyond the scope of conventional methods and sampling strategies. Despite several studies showing the benefits of new methods, the progress to adopt the methods in national monitoring programmes under legal requirements has been slow. In this study, we have reviewed the current use of a set of methods in marine monitoring programmes under the EU marine strategy framework directive (MSFD), which calls for a holistic view of the marine environment and thus requires tens of monitoring parameters by different methods. Here we assess how widely the new methods are being adopted in the EU member states implementing the MSFD. Our results show a relatively high adoption rate for certain methods, while others are widely ignored. We compare the results also with the monitoring strategies of the four regional sea conventions. We argue that the adoption of methods in European and regional programmes may positively influence the national use of new methods.

Tämä raportti esittelee vuosina 2019–2022 toteutetun ”Pölyttäjien kannankehitys, seuranta ja hyönteispölytyksen taloudellinen arvo Suomessa” (PÖLYHYÖTY) -hankkeen tavoitteet ja tuotokset. Hanke sisältyi maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaan MATO -tutkimusohjelmaan. Hanke jakautui kolmeen tavoitteiltaan erilaiseen työpakettiin. Tässä raportissa esitellään kunkin työpaketin tavoitteet ja tulokset, sekä yhteenveto hankkeen tärkeimmistä havainnoista ja suosituksista. Monia hankkeen tuotoksia hyödynnettiin jo ennen tätä loppuraporttia osana kansallisen pölyttäjästrategian valmistelua sekä sen taustadokumenttia. Työpaketissa 1 selvitettiin eri pölyttäjäryhmien aiempia kannanmuutoksia maassamme. Tätä varten mesipistiäisistä, kukkakärpäsistä ja kukkajääristä koottiin yhteen laajat havaintoaineistot eri museo- ja rekisterilähteistä. Aineistot analysoitiin parhailla tämänhetkisillä menetelmillä. Tulokset osoittivat usean sadan pölyttäjälajin esiintyvyydessä tapahtuneet muutokset viimeisen sadan vuoden ajalta. Tarhamehiläisen sekä yö- ja päiväperhosten osalta hankkeessa raportoitiin toisaalla tuotettuja tietoaineistoja sekä seurantatuloksia. Lisäksi työpaketissa arvioitiin kirjallisuuden perusteella eri pölyttäjäryhmien suhteellista merkitystä viljely- ja luonnonkasvien pölyttäjinä. Työpaketissa 2 pilotoitiin kansalaishavainnointiin perustuvaa kimalaisten seurantaa. Tässä sovellettiin menetelmänä linjalaskentaa, jota on käytetty jo pitkään päiväperhosilla. Hyvän menestyksen ansiosta alun perin kaksivuotiseksi suunniteltua pilottia jatkettiin myös vuosina 2021 ja 2022. Raportissa esitetään yhteenveto vuosien 2019–2021 havaintoaineistoista. Pilotin kokemusten pohjalta valmisteltiin lisäksi esitys säännöllisen kimalaisseurannan käynnistämisestä ja sen resurssitarpeista. Työpaketissa 3 tuotettiin laskennallinen arvio hyönteispölytyksen taloudellisesta arvosta Suomen maataloudelle. Tässä arviossa raportoitiin erikseen kunkin viljelykasvin osuus, sekä rahallisen arvon vuosittainen vaihtelu 2000-luvun aikana. Lisäksi kartoitettiin kyselytutkimuksen avulla tarhamehiläiseen perustuvan pölytyspalvelun tarjontaa. Hankkeen tulokset täydentävät merkittävästi tietämystä eri pölyttäjälajien esiintyvyydessä tapahtuneista muutoksista maassamme. Jatkossa olisi tärkeää selvittää myös lajien levinneisyyden muutoksia. Kansallisen pölyttäjästrategian yhteydessä esitettiin monia suosituksia pölyttäjien seurannan kehittämiseksi. Yhtenä osana tätä jatkossa tulisi turvata nyt menestyksellä pilotoidun kimalaisseurannan jatkuvuus. Lisäksi hankkeessa saatiin näkyväksi hyönteispölytyksen maataloudelle tuottama taloudellinen lisäarvo, mitä voidaan käyttää yhtenä perusteluna pölyttäjien suojelua edistävien toimien vahvistamiseksi. Status and monitoring of pollinator populations and the economic value of pollination for agriculture in Finland — Final report of the PÖLYHYÖTY project This report presents the objectives and outputs of the project “Status and monitoring of pollinator populations and the economic value of pollination for agriculture in Finland” (PÖLYHYÖTY) implemented in 2019–2022. The project was part of the MATO research programme funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The project was divided into three work packages with different objectives. This report presents the objectives and results of each work package, as well as a summary of the main findings and recommendations of the project. Many of the project's outputs were already utilized before this final report as part of the preparation of the national pollinator strategy and its background document. In Work Package 1, the previous population changes of different groups of pollinators in Finland were examined. For this purpose, extensive observation data on bees, hover flies and longhorn beetles were collected from various museum and registry sources. The data were analyzed using the best current methods. The results showed changes in the occurrence of several hundred species of pollinators over the past hundred years. With regard to honey bee, as well as moths and butterflies, the project reported monitoring results produced elsewhere. In addition, the relative importance of different groups of insects in pollinating both cultivated and wild plants was assessed based on literature. Work package 2 piloted the monitoring of bumblebees as a citizen science project. Bumblebees were recorded using transect counting method, which has previously been widely used on butterflies. As the pilot proved to be very successful, it was extended for the years 2021 and 2022. The report provides a summary of the observation data for 2019–2021. Based on experience from the pilot, a proposal for the launch of regular bumblebee monitoring and its resource needs was also prepared. Work Package 3 produced an estimate of the economic value of insect pollination for Finnish agriculture. In this estimate, the share of each cultivated plant was reported separately, as well as the annual variation in monetary value during the 2000s. In addition, a survey was carried out to assess the supply of pollination services based on honey bees. The results of this project are an important addition to the knowledge on the changes in the occurrence of a large number of pollinator species in our country. In the future, it would also be important to study changes in the distribution of these species. In the context of the national pollinator strategy, a number of recommendations were made to improve the monitoring of pollinators. As part of this, the continuity of the successfully piloted bumblebee monitoring should be ensured. In addition, the project made visible the economic added value of insect pollination for agriculture, which can be used as one of the arguments for strengthening measures to protect pollinators.

Comment to: Kanwischer, M., N. Asker, A.S. Wernersson, M.A. Wirth, K. Fisch, E. Dahlgren, H. Osterholz, F. Habedank, et al. 2021. Substances of emerging concern in Baltic Sea water: Review on methodological advances for the environmental assessment and proposal for future monitoring. Ambio. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01627-6

Background: The Finnish government has emphasized the need to expedite educational transitions. We study if a late start of upper secondary education is related to health-related selection, namely health-compromising behaviours in adolescence. Methods: A large cohort of adolescents from the seventh (12-13 years) and ninth (15-16 years) grades answered online classroom surveys (total n = 10 873). They were followed to the start of upper secondary education, obtained from the Joint Application Registry. We compared those who continued studies directly from the ninth grade with later starters. We measured late bedtime, breakfast not every school day, tooth brushing less than twice-a-day, monthly alcohol consumption, weekly smoking, daily energy drinks, physical activity

The present study aimed to develop monitoring methods for shallow water sessile and mobile epifauna with the main focus on enhancing the chance of early detection for new non-indigenous species (NIS) invasions. The field sampling was conducted between June and September in 2012, in the Archipelago Sea (Finland). The tested monitoring methods included baited traps that capture organisms and habitat collectors that provide habitat and refuges for organisms, as well as fouling plates. Catch efficiency of a trap/collector was defined as the number of NIS and all species caught, including their abundances. The American collector with oyster shells (habitat collector) caught the highest number of NIS, and their use is recommended in all places, where oyster shells are easily accessible. Sampling of all habitats of interest between 1 and 2 m depth is recommended with at least three habitat collectors per site. Highlights • Sampling of mobile and sessile epifauna with habitat collectors is recommended. • Habitat traps should provide attachment surfaces, habitats and refuges to organisms. • Sampling of all habitats present between 1 and 2 m depth is recommended. • Deployment of 3 collectors per site is suggested for routine coastal monitoring. • Timing and duration of sampling may differ significantly between geographical areas.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common diagnostic technique in medicine. However, a limited understanding of its incidental findings may lead to unnecessary control imaging. The assistance resources needed especially in small children who require sedation for imaging are limited. Imaging should be targeted to those who need it most. Aims: To examine the importance of MRI in diagnosing pineal cysts and mild intellectual disability (ID) in children, and in the treatment of Chiari 1 malformation (CM1). The need for follow-up imaging of the late vertebral side effects of pediatric brain tumor treatments was also assessed. Methods: The MRI studies and clinical information of 81 children with pineal cysts, 305 children with mild ID, and 51 patients with operated CM1 were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 72 spinal MRI images of adults obtained in a prospective study concerning the late side effects of childhood brain tumor treatments on vertebral structure were evaluated. Results: In almost each of the cases analyzed in this study, the pineal cyst remained stable in size, and its radiological appearance did not change in the follow-up. The children with mild ID had remarkably fewer imaging findings than the children with a more severe form of ID. Only 1% of the children with mild ID had significant imaging findings if there were no other symptoms. In half of the CM1 patients, the location of the cerebellar tonsils moved cranially and in most of the patients the size of the syrinx decreased after surgery. However, there were no significant measurement values that could predict the surgical outcome of CM1. The imaging parameters did not appear to be correlated with the symptoms of CM1. Significant morphological changes of the vertebra and non-traumatic fractures were found in the childhood brain tumor survivors. Conclusion: MRI follow-up of pineal cysts is not recommended in the absence of unusual radiological characteristics or compression caused by the cyst to the adjacent structures. If a child has no other symptoms in addition to mild ID, the routine brain MRI is not recommended and rarely provides information that affects patient care. CM1 patients may show changes in their MRI measurements after surgery, but these measurements are not correlated with symptom improvement. Surgical decision should be made mostly on a clinical basis, and routine postoperative MRI follow-up may not be reasonable in patients without syringomyelia. Childhood brain tumor survivors may need regular follow-up in adulthood, and imaging of the spine may be useful in many cases. Tiivistelmä Tausta: Magneettikuvaus (MK) on nykylääketieteen käytetyin keskushermoston kuvantamismenetelmä. Puutteellinen tietämys sattumalöydösten merkityksestä voi johtaa turhiin kontrollikuvantamisiin. Resurssit ovat rajalliset MK:n suhteen etenkin pienillä lapsilla, jotka yleensä tarvitsevat anestesiaa kuvauksen ajaksi, mikä taas vaatii ylimääräistä hoitohenkilökuntaa. MK tulisi kohdistaa potilaille, jotka tarvitsevat sitä eniten. Tavoitteet: Tässä tutkimuksessa arvioitiin MK:n merkitystä diagnostiikassa lapsilla, joilla on käpylisäkkeen kysta tai lievä älyllinen kehitysvamma. Chiari tyypin 1 epämuodostuma (CM1) -potilailla selvitettiin MK:n merkitystä diagnostiikassa ja sen tarpeellisuutta leikkaushoidon jälkeisessä seurannassa. Lapsuuden aivokasvainhoitojen myöhäisvaikutuksia selkärankaan arvioitiin MK-seurannan tarpeellisuuden selvittämiseksi. Menetelmät: Magneettikuvat ja kliiniset tiedot analysoitiin retrospektiivisesti 81 lapsella, joilla oli käpylisäkkeen kysta, 305 lapsella, joilla oli lievä älyllinen kehitysvamma ja 51 potilaalla, joita oli kirurgisesti hoidettu CM1 indikaatiolla. Selkärangan magneettikuvat ja kliiniset tiedot tutkittiin aikuisilta, joilta oli lapsuudessa hoidettu aivokasvain. Tulokset: Melkein kaikissa tapauksissa käpylisäkkeen kystat pysyivät sekä kooltaan että radiologisilta piirteiltään ennallaan. Lievästi kehitysvammaisilla oli huomattavasti vähemmän merkityksellisiä kuvantamislöydöksiä kuin vaikeammin kehitysvammaisilla lapsilla. Vain 1 %:lla tapauksista oli merkittävä kuvantamislöydös, jos muita oireita tai löydöksiä ei ollut kehitysvamman lisäksi. CM1-potilaiden leikkaustulos oli hyvä suurimmassa osassa tapauksista, sillä pikkuaivotonsillat siirtyivät kraniaalisuuntaan ja syringomyelia pieneni. Luotettavia mittausmenetelmiä, jotka olisivat korreloineet CM1-potilaiden oireisiin ei löydetty. Lapsuuden aivokasvaimesta ja sen hoidoista selvinneillä todettiin merkittäviä morfologisia muutoksia nikamissa ja jopa ei-traumaattisia murtumia. Johtopäätökset: Käpylisäkekystien MK-kontrollit eivät ole suositeltavia, jos kystaan ei liity epätyypillisiä radiologisia piirteitä eikä kysta paina viereisiä rakenteita. MK ei ole hyödyllinen ja harvoin vaikuttaa potilaan hoitoon tai antaa tietoa lievän kehitysvamman etiologiasta, jos potilaalla ei ole muita oireita. Leikkaushoidon jälkeen CM1-potilailla tapahtuu magneettikuvissa muutoksia, mutta nämä muutokset eivät merkittävästi korreloi oireisiin. CM1:n leikkauspäätös tulisi tehdä enimmäkseen kliinisen arvion perusteella. Leikkauksen jälkeen rutiininomainen CM1:n seurantakuvantaminen ei vaikuttaisi olevan suositeltavaa, jos potilaan oireet ovat parantuneet ja potilaalla ei ole syringomyeliaa. Lapsuuden aivokasvaimesta selvinneet tarvitsevat hoitojen päätyttyäkin säännöllistä seurantaa ja selän kuvantamisella näyttäisi olevan hyötyä seurannaishaittojen kehittymisen ehkäisyssä.