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In France, the newly designed life and earth sciences programs for the Première Générale (second year of lycée) now include a segment dedicated to ecosystem services. The primary objective is to transition from an anthropocentric approach to an ecocentric approach, integrating the notion of ecosystem services (ES). Our article conducts an epistemological examination of the ES concept, scrutinizing its definition, the array of examples and services, the human role in the environment, monetization, and connections to environmental ethics. The analysis was conducted using a corpus comprising life and earth sciences curricula, textbooks, and online resources, which unveiled diverse examples and materials pertaining to ES. The ensuing discussion emphasizes the need to embrace uncertainty and complexity in order to transcend a positivist rationalization of the human-nature relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Regional analyses assessing the vulnerabilities of forest ecosystems and the forest sector to climate change are key to considering the heterogeneity of climate change impacts as well as the fact that risks, opportunities, and adaptation capacities might differ regionally. Here we provide the Regional Integrated Assessment of climate change on Quebec's forests, a work that involved several research teams and focused on climate change impacts on Quebec's commercial forests and on potential adaptation solutions. Our work showed that climate change will alter several ecological processes within Quebec's forests. These changes will result in important modifications in forest landscapes. Harvest will cumulate with climate change effects to further alter future forest landscapes, which will also have consequences on wildlife habitats (including woodland caribou habitat), avian biodiversity, carbon budget, and a variety of forest landscape values for Indigenous peoples. The adaptation of the forest sector will be crucial to mitigate the impacts of climate change on forest ecosystem goods and services and improve their resilience. Moving forward, a broad range of adaptation measures, notably through reducing harvest levels, should be explored to help strike a balance among social, ecological, and economic values. We conclude that without climate adaptation, strong negative economic and ecological impacts will likely affect Quebec's forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Élevages et Santé is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Épidémiologie et Santé Animale is the property of Association pour l'Etude de l'Epidemiologie des Maladies Animales (AEEMA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agriculture and food face many environmental and health challenges. The development of prospective scenarios is an approach to designing and evaluating strategies to meet these challenges. Here, we compare seven scenarios that share the common goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. However, these scenarios differ in terms of land use, agricultural practices and diets. We show that they mobilize ecosystem services, circular economy, sobriety, and technologies in different ways. Human health and biodiversity issues are not always explicitly considered. Our analysis allows us to distinguish scenarios based on societal changes, such as a decrease in meat consumption, from those relying more on technological bets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Submerged in winter, the seasonal wetlands (merjas) of the Gharb plain in Morocco were traditionally used for grazing in summer, alongside other productive uses. Yet, merjas were considered by the colonial administration as unhealthy and unproductive environments, despite their abundance in natural resources. During the 20th century, the plain, including the merjas, was drained and irrigated to contribute to the national objectives of food security and export of agricultural products. This article examines how local and institutional stakeholders view the merjas and the benefits they provide, through an analysis of ecosystem services. While State institutions consider them as virgin lands to be developed and as potential flood control buffer zones to protect irrigated areas and cities, riverside communities consider them as productive lands, disadvantaged by occasional floods. The study shows contrasting views of ecosystem services, where each stakeholder has a utilitarian vision of merjas. Despite the international debate on biodiversity and carbon storage in wetlands, the ecological dimensions are rarely mentioned. The ecosystem services approach reveals the antagonisms between stakeholders, but can be a means of negotiating the future of merjas in a territorial vision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Collectivus. Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collectivus. Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The oasis system of the Manga constitutes a unique ecosystem with dune facies which are linked and surround the depressions in the form of shallows and oasis basins. These valleys, which are threatened by silting, support the economic activities of the inhabitants and offer numerous ecosystem services. The aim of this study is to analyse local perceptions of ecosystem services in the Manga in order to establish sustainable strategies for the perpetuation of ecosystem services. Data were collected through village assembly surveys and individual interviews with a sample of 194 farmers. The results show that farmers perceive 18 ecosystem services in the four categories defined by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The category of provisioning services is the most diverse with 10/18 of the services mentioned. The perception of ecosystem services varies little across the study areas and gender has a significant influence on perceptions. Communities are aware of the threats to exploited ecosystems and are willing to preserve ecosystems through local strategies to sustain the services they derive. Community involvement in implementing these sustainability strategies is influenced by gender and income level of the farmers. The implementation of simple strategies within the reach of farmers should allow for sustainable use of ecosystems and provision of services for the well-being of communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Itajaí-Mirim river basin, SC (Brazil) is a reference in the collection of water for public supply compared to the other basins that make up its territory. However, it presents a greater contribution of sanitary sewage throughout its course. In this context, the objective of the present article is to select streams allocated to different land uses and to understand the influence of land use on water quality, as a provision ecosystem service and preponderant to the health of the population. The methodological steps developed for the choice of streams were geoprocessing and field activity, while for the monitoring of water quality, the analysis of physical-chemical parameters was carried out. The results obtained showed that the use of land influences the quality of water in streams, being negative in rural and urban areas, as a chemical and physical contaminant attribute regarding the discharge of untreated effluents into the watercourse; and positive to the potability of water in forested area. It is important to encourage action by the public power for the development of policies and guidelines aimed at territorial planning, whose essential resource for the provision of human activities is in potential degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study estimates the value of green infrastructure and ecosystem services of the Kenna Cartwright Nature Park in Kamloops, British Columbia (B.C.). The 749 ha municipal park is considered the largest in the province of B.C. and the ninth-largest in Canada. The methodology allows for capturing natural, human, social, and built capital through an "opportunity cost" assessment of green infrastructure. It integrates the perceived benefits of urban parks found in numerous studies from stated preference methods and estimates the annual future growth rate of the value of ecosystem services. Kenna Cartwright Nature Park is estimated to be worth $2.96 billion and yields conservatively $45.7 million in annual ecosystem services or a 1.5% yield using a European transfer function, and $58.6 million per year or a 2% rate of return using the global transfer function. On a Kamloops per-capita basis, Kenna Cartwright's ecosystem services yield a minimum of $500 per year, and each person has $28.8 thousand worth of green infrastructure capital equally distributed. Kenna Cartwright Nature Park represents 20% of the value of all single-detached houses in Kamloops. For the lower, more conservative 1.5% yield, the annual ecosystem services are estimated to increase by 1.96% per year, similar to the longrun growth rate of Canada's standard of living of 2%, measured by GDP per capita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest ecosystems are storehouses of resources that contribute to socio-economic development while preserving a healthy living environment. Population growth leads to pressures that degrade ecosystem services at the landscape scale, preventing them from fulfilling their functions. The study aims to determine the diversity of ecosystem services, their spatialization and to propose a spatial model with the perspective to optimizing them in favor of the resilience of communities in context of climate change by 2025. The study has required an inventory ecosystem services carried out within 99 plots in the Eburnean landscape. In order to maintain the ecological character of this study, only provisioning, regulating and supporting services were taken into account. Thus, an inventory of ecosystem services based on qualitative observations according to magnitudes (1: Not very important, 2: Important, 3: Very important) was carried out in 99 places in the Eburnian bedrock. The collected data are subjected to coding and classification before the calculation of descriptive statistics parameters. Finally, geo-relational analyses coupled with spatial analyses of the union/intersection type under QGIS were carried out. A total of fifteen (15) different types of ecosystem services have been assessed and grouped into 3 sub-classes (provisioning services, regulating services and supporting services). The analysis of the diversity of ecosystem services showed that provisioning services are fewer importances in 85 % of the surveys in terms of timber availability, 76 % in terms of service timber, 69 % in terms of productivity, 53 % in terms of fuel wood and 52 % in terms of plant non-timber forest products. However, are important in 63 % of sampling in terms of stubble and fodder. The support service is also important in 59 % of the surveys in terms of water infiltration. In the different forms of land use, only agroforestry parks presented significant ecosystem services in terms of supply (75 %) and regulation (75 %). The study also noted that in 2025, 1758.09 ha (1.83 %) of agroforestry parks, 80.22 ha (1.48 %) of urban areas and 1968.47 ha (11.15 %) of vegetation seasonal marshes according to the RCP2.6 scenario and 8316.74 ha (8.72 %) of agroforestry parklands, 312.40 ha (20.91 %) of urban areas according to the RCP8.5 scenario will be able to adapt to climate change while by providing quality ecosystem services. It is also an opportunity for the implementation of ecological restoration measures in connection with the agenda 2063 and AFR100 programs for the benefit of urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Plant Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Les écosystèmes forestiers sont des greniers de ressources qui participent au développement socio-économique tout en préservant un cadre de vie sain. L’augmentation de la population entraine des pressions qui dégradent les services écosystémiques à l’échelle des paysages, les empêchant de remplir leurs fonctions. Cette étude a pour but de déterminer la diversité des services écosystémiques, leurs spatialisations et de proposer un modèle spatial en faveur des politiques de résilience des communautés faces aux changements climatiques à l’horizon 2025. Dans le souci de maintenir un caractère écologique à cette étude seule les services d’approvisionnement, les services de régulation et les services de soutiens ont été pris en compte. Ainsi un inventaire des services écosystémiques basé sur des observations qualitatives suivant des grandeurs (1 : Peu important, 2 : Important, 3 : très Important) a été réalisé au sein de 99 placettes dans le socle éburnéen. Les données collectées sont soumises à des codifications, classifications avant le calcul des paramètres de statistiques descriptives. En fin, des analyses géo-relationnelles couplées aux analyses spatiales de type union/intersection sous QGIS ont été réalisées. Au total 15 différents types de services écosystémiques ont été évalués et regroupés dans les 3 sous classes (services d’approvisionnement, les services de régulation et les services de soutiens). L’analyse de la diversité des services écosystémiques a montré que les services d’approvisionnement sont peu importants dans 85 % des relevés en termes de disponibilité des bois d’œuvre, 76 % en termes de bois de services, 69 % en termes de productivité, 53 % en termes de bois énergies, 52 % en termes de produits forestiers non ligneux végétale. Cependant important dans 63 % des relevés en termes de chaumes et fourrages. Le service de soutiens est également important dans 59 % des relevés en termes d’infiltration de l’eau. Dans les différentes formes d’utilisation des terres, seuls les parcs agroforestiers ont présenté des services écosystémiques importants en termes d’approvisionnement (75 %) et de régulation (75 %). L’étude relevé également qu’en 2025, 1758,09 ha (1,83 %) des parcs agroforestiers, 80,22 ha (1,48 %) des zones urbaines et 1968,47 ha (11,15 %) des végétations marécageuses saisonnières selon le scénario RCP2.6 et 8316,74 ha (8,72 %) des parcs agroforestiers, 312,40 ha (20,91 %) des zones urbaines selon le scénario RCP8.5 pourrons s’adapter au changement climatique tout en assurant des services écosystémiques de qualité. C’est également une opportunité pour la mise en œuvre des mesures de restauration écologique en lien avec les programmes Agenda 20632 et AFR1003 au profit des zones urbaines.

Concilier les enjeux eau et biodiversité dans les régions agricoles est un enjeu majeur pour les acteurs des territoires. À partir d'une expérience menée en Brie Nangissienne, où des zones tampons humides artificielles ont été créées pour favoriser la dégradation naturelle d'une partie des contaminants présents dans les eaux agricoles issues des collecteurs de drainage, les auteurs de l'article nous démontrent que ces dispositifs sont également un moyen de recréer des espaces propices à la biodiversité et de fournir plusieurs services écosystémiques.

This article, originating from a Bachelor thesis (Baudit, 2021), aims to characterize the current agroforestry systems in the canton of Geneva and to place them in evolutionary trajectories, as well as to analyze them from a technicaleconomic and legislative point of view, in order to understand the whys and hows of these trajectories. In addition, this work aims at knowing and analyzing the perception of agroforestry systems by Geneva farmers, as well as understanding their motivations, fears, and constraints towards agroforestry. The final objective is to define action levers that could be used by the cantonal agricultural services to facilitate or accompany farmers in agroforestry development projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the many societal challenges to be taken up (environment, food security and health), various avenues have emerged to overhaul the food system in Western countries and the forms of agriculture to be promoted. Agroecology and now regenerative agriculture are two narratives of different origins, but the differences of which are poorly identified. We first provide an analysis of agricultural systems in terms of impacts and ecosystem services, and on this basis, we identify the principles underlying agroecological agriculture. This analysis is used to clarify the specificities of regenerative agriculture. Then, we identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this last form of agriculture for scaling up. We show that a major asset of regenerative agriculture is to be based on a story highlighting a principle, "regeneration", which can attract the support of a variety of actors. However, agroecology could help to clarify the still unclear content of regenerative agriculture so that its promises can be translated into real progress and may be not exclusively carbon-centered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of ecosystem services has become an essential part of institutional and academic discourses, despite controversies and criticisms. Initially promoted by biodiversity conservationists, it has been deployed in agriculture for several years. Although the idea that ecosystem functionalities are a determining factor in agricultural production is not new, this notion allows us to highlight the new challenges linked to climate change and growing food needs. Since these issues are particularly important in the context of the Global South, comprising most of the so-called low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), it is important to consider the relevance of this concept in terms of practices and policies. This article, which introduces the thematic issue of Cahiers Agricultures "Agriculture and ecosystem services in the Global South", traces the emergence of this notion and discusses its importance in the context of ecological intensification of agriculture before presenting the articles that make up this thematic issue. While adopting a critical stance towards the notion, particularly when it is backed by payment mechanisms, the paper insists on the need of co-constructing with farmers the frames of reference for action to adopt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Botany is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to analyze the ecosystem services and dis-services that the Cambodian population get from the ecosystem formed by the Tonle Sap Lake and its large flood plain. This lake is characterized by a phenomenon of ebb and flow of the Mekong River according to the rainy season. Its size varies from one to five, and it is the place where rice is cultivated. Rice is the main agricultural activity of the country and the main food of its population. The study of this agro-ecosystem, carried out through surveys in six rice-growing villages, shows a complexity in the understanding of these ecosystem services. Some are positive, others are negative. Some are positive up to a certain level but become negative afterwards. Some are co-produced by rice cultivation, which over time has shaped the ecosystem. We also show, from an analysis of agrarian systems, that production systems are more or less compatible with maintaining these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pastoral systems worldwide secure rural livelihoods in the harshest environments on Earth. Their low productivity per area unit or head makes them the subject of much criticism with regard to their environmental impact, particularly in relation to global warming, desertification and land degradation. Such is the case of the traditional pastoral systems of Patagonia, a vast and isolated region where sedentary and mobile pastoralism coexist and contribute to shape landscapes and cultures. We argue that pastoral systems provide a wide range of ecosystem services that may compensate for their negative impact on the environment. We review the scarcely available evidence from Patagonia to identify ecosystem services and disservices associated with pastoralism, and pay special attention to the carbon balance: with C footprints between 10 to 40 kg CO2-eq.kg−1 carcass, pastoral systems in dry Patagonia are below or within the range of semi-extensive livestock systems worldwide (35–45 CO2-eq. kg−1 carcass). To inform development and policy, the assessment of trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services needs to incorporate the intertwined social and ecological dynamics of complex pastoral systems, along resource regenerative trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Patrimoine historique et culturel, les bocages connaissent un recul depuis de nombreuses années. Or, ces territoires sont très favorables à la biodiversité. Fort de ce constat, l’Office national de la chasse et de la faune sauvage et l’Institut national de l’information géographique et forestière se sont associés pour développer un projet de suivi qualitatif et quantitatif des bocages en France. L’objectif est de ralentir voire de stopper la dégradation des bocages au titre des différents services rendus à la société. Il s’agit aussi de restaurer les bocages dégradés pour les rendre fonctionnels d’un point de vue écologique.

La ripisylve désigne les formations végétales qui se développent sur les bords des rivières. En Bretagne et Pays de la Loire, le long des petits cours d’eau en tête de bassin versant, cette ripisylve prend souvent la forme d’une haie plus ou moins large de part et d’autre du lit mineur des ruisseaux. Un projet porté par la Direction interrégionale Bretagne-Pays de la Loire de l’Agence française pour la biodiversité a mis en lumière l’intérêt de préserver les «haies/ripisylves» en tête de bassin versant compte tenu des nombreux services qu’elles rendent aux cours d’eau et à la société en général (protection contre les crues, épuration des eaux, habitats de nombreuses espèces…).

L’artificialisation des terres et l’intensification des pratiques agricoles ont conduit à l’homogénéisation des paysages et au déclin de la biodiversité. En effet, la perte de diversité des habitats naturels ou semi-naturels engendre une diminution de la richesse spécifique dans de nombreuses régions. Parmi diverses actions pour répondre à ces enjeux, l’ingénierie écologique se développe pour restaurer les fonctions et services écosystémiques en s’appuyant sur des solutions fondées sur la nature. C’est le cas du dispositif de Zone Tampon Humide Artificielle (ZTHA) dont la fonction première est d’améliorer la qualité de l’eau en contexte de drainage agricole. Mais il s’avère que cet outil favorise également la diversité des habitats en contexte de grandes cultures. Afin de connaitre la biodiversité des ZTHA, des inventaires sur 7 taxons (Amphibiens, Chiroptères, Lépidoptères, Mammifères, Odonates, Oiseaux et Reptiles) ont été réalisés en 2017. Il en résulte que, sur une surface d’environ 1 hectare, il est possible de retrouver plus de 40% des espèces d’Amphibiens, d’Odonates et d’Oiseaux connues en Île-de-France. Les ZTHA favorisent également les trames vertes et bleues sur un territoire devenu homogène par les remembrements successifs, en diversifiant le paysage et en favorisant la connectivité entre les éléments naturels (rôle d’espace relais). En outre, les enjeux pédagogiques et récréatifs viennent s’ajouter au bénéfice global avec l’installation d’un parcours pédagogique sur le site d’étude. Ainsi, les ZTHA sont un support nouveau à la fourniture de services écosystémiques tout en étant mutualisés sur un seul site foncier. In fine leur déploiement à plus large échelle est proposé, ce qui participera à l’aménagement écologique des territoires et permettra aux agroécosystèmes de tendre vers une empreinte environnementale réduite. Cet article est le deuxième d’une trilogie présentant les différents atouts des ZTHA pour faire face aux enjeux environnementaux actuels.

As a rainfed spring-sown crop, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is increasingly exposed to negative impacts of climate change, especially to high temperatures and drought stress. Incremental, systemic and transformative adaptations have been suggested for reducing the crop vulnerability to these stressful conditions. In addition, innovative cropping systems based on low-input management, organic farming, soil and water conservation practices, intercropping, double-cropping, and/or agroforestry are undergoing marked in agriculture. Because of its plasticity and low-input requirements (nitrogen, water, pesticides), sunflower crop is likely to take part to these new agroecological systems. Aside from current production outputs (yield, oil and cake), ecosystem services (e.g. bee feeding, soil phytoremediation...), and non-food industrial uses are now expected externalities for the crop. The combination of climatic and societal contexts could deeply modify the characteristics of genotypes to be cultivated in the main production areas (either traditional or adoptive). After reviewing these changes, we identify how innovative cropping systems and new environments could modify the traits classically considered up to now, especially in relation to expected ecosystem services. Finally, we consider how research could provide methods to help identifying traits of interest and design ideotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of forests in carbon storage in a climate change context is relevance. In this paper, we will assess the carbon stock in the Libreville area using remote sensing data over a 2001-2018 period. This assessment of carbon stocks in forests is mainly based on Landsat optical imagery. A first analysis aimed at producing a land use mapping between 2001 and 2018 was carried out. These preliminary results were then used as a proxy for the assessment of carbon stocks using terrestrial and mangrove forests. The average value of carbon stock contained in each class comes from the bibliographical work carried out mainly in the same study area. The total value of the carbon stock was estimated at 70 913 018 ± 896 and 68 340 383 ± 927 tons in 2001 and 2018 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different intervention mechanisms are proposed to transform agricultural landscapes so that they fulfill multiple functions, compatible with sustainable development goals. In the case of climate change mitigation and adaptation, support policies and direct payments to affected populations are promoted as part of REDDþ initiatives. These interventions attempt to balance the provision of multiple ecosystem services with the maintenance or improvement of local livelihoods. In this paper, we explore the role that participatory evaluation can play in the implementation of payments for ecosystem services in rural communities in Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam and China. Engaged in a process of rapid integration into the market economy, these communities have been transforming their traditional Slash-and-burn systems in recent years and followed different paths of agricultural intensification. The positive or negative assessment of these developments is necessarily subject to value judgements in the choices made between different options. Ecosystem services allow for the comparison of landscape trajectories. Village communities explored scenarios for the evolution of their local agriculture, negotiated trade-offs between ecosystem services and identified potential “winners” and “losers”. These simulations showed the importance of the timing of REDDþ programs in relation to ongoing agrarian transformations. They point to the risk of moving away from the initial ambitions related to the carbon ecosystem service to become an additional instrument for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]