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Background: Cattle and buffaloes can contract cysticercosis, an infection of the muscles brought on by Taenia saginata larvae. Despite having a global spread, cysticercosis is more prevalent in impoverished nations due to impaired hygiene standards. It has been discovered that Taenia saginata cysticercosis routine visual diagnosis is not very effective, especially in mild infections. Therefore, a more trustworthy in vivo test might be used as an alternative in slaughterhouses and epidemiological studies. Biochemical assays are possibly utilized as an alternative to detect cysticercosis inside a topical environment. Aim: Investigating serum biochemical alterations in cattle with cysticercosis was the goal of the current research. As a further method of diagnosis, it was also determined how Cysticercus bovis affected pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathology. Methods: Blood samples from 42 slaughtered cattle (21 healthy and 21 sick animals) were taken from Assiut abattoir. Using an ELISA and spectrophotometer, respectively, their serum's pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical profile were evaluated. These cattle were chosen between March 2023 and February 2024. Results: A percentage of 4.6% of the 455 cattle examined after being slaughtered had T. saginata cysticerci infections. All values in the serum biochemistry were considerably different (P [Open Vet J 2024; 14(7.000): 1596-1606]

Aim/Background: Alcohol-induced liver necrosis requires effective treatment. This study tests Polyherbal Extract's hepatoprotective effects on alcohol-induced liver necrosis in rats. The extract's impact on inflammatory pathways, serum liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), bilirubin and histopathological changes are examined to determine mechanisms. Materials and Methods: We tested Polyherbal Extract's hepatoprotective effect in rats with ethanol-induced liver injury, which mimics human liver necrosis. To assess liver health, multiple Polyherbal Extract dosage groups were carefully established. In conventional and untreated groups, liver damage progression was monitored. Polyherbal Extract's liver and immune effects were assessed by inflammatory pathways. Bilirubin, AST, ALT and ALP showed hepatoprotection. The entire histology showed liver architecture changes. This integrated experimental design examines Polyherbal Extract's potential hepatoprotective mechanisms in alcohol-induced liver necrosis using ethanol-induced liver damage, diverse treatment groups, phytochemical analysis, toxicity assessment and parameter measurements. Results: This study found Polyherbal Extract's hepatoprotective effects promising. Its therapeutic potential was confirmed by phytochemical analysis. The acute toxicity study confirmed the extract's safety at specified dosages, supporting its therapeutic use. In liver function, Polyherbal Extract was effective. Compared to toxins, treated groups had significantly lower AST, ALT and ALP levels. Bilirubin levels decreased dose-dependently, indicating the extract's liver health benefits. Histopathological findings were useful at higher extract doses. Hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration decreased in treated groups, suggesting the extract may reduce liver tissue structural damage. Conclusion: The Polyherbal Extract demonstrated promising hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-induced liver necrosis in the rat model. The reduction in liver enzymes, bilirubin levels and histopathological improvements, along with its safety profile, suggest its potential as an effective hepatoprotective agent. Further investigations into its mechanisms and clinical applications are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cattle and buffaloes can contract cysticercosis, an infection of the muscles brought on by Taenia saginata larvae. Despite having a global spread, cysticercosis is more prevalent in impoverished nations due to impaired hygiene standards. It has been discovered that Taenia saginata cysticercosis routine visual diagnosis is not very effective, especially in mild infections. Therefore, a more trustworthy in vivo test might be used as an alternative in slaughterhouses and epidemiological studies. Biochemical assays are possibly utilized as an alternative to detect cysticercosis inside a topical environment. Aim: Investigating serum biochemical alterations in cattle with cysticercosis was the goal of the current research. As a further method of diagnosis, it was also determined how Cysticercus bovis affected pro-inflammatory cytokines and histopathology. Methods: Blood samples from 42 slaughtered cattle (21 healthy and 21 sick animals) were taken from Assiut abattoir. Using an ELISA and spectrophotometer, respectively, their serum's pro-inflammatory cytokines and biochemical profile were evaluated. These cattle were chosen between March 2023 and February 2024. Results: A percentage of 4.6% of the 455 cattle examined after being slaughtered had T. saginata cysticerci infections. All values in the serum biochemistry were considerably different (p < 0.01), whereas the majority of biochemical parameters increased significantly (p < 0.01) in infected animals. In contrast, there was a substantial (p < 0.01) decline in HDL-c, SOD, CAT, and GSH. On the other hand, procytokine inflammatory indices for both TNF-α and IL-1β indicated a substantial increase (p < 0.01) in infected cattle. Additionally, the histological results revealed significant alterations in the tissues of infected livestock. Conclusion: This has been inferred cysticercosis possesses negative impacts on cattle's plasma biochemical profiles, indicating the field applicability of biochemical measures in outbreaks of bovine cysticercosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokine indices and histological changes could be included as further indicators of T. saginata cysticercosis in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the synbiotic effect of nutmeg flesh extract and Lactobacillus plantarum on the growth performance and serum enzyme concentrations of broiler chickens raised at high stocking density (HSD). A total of 410 broiler chickens with an average body weight of 142 ± 4.71 g were randomly divided into five treatments. Data on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), body weight gain, and serum enzymes, e.g., aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, were collected. Body weight and weight gain were lower (P < 0.05) at CONT+ as compared with CONT-, SNP0.5, SNP1.0, and SNP1.5. The birds in SNP1.0 had higher FCR (P < 0.05) as compared with those in CONT-, CONT+, and SNP0.5 treatments. Similarly, the cumulative feed consumption was higher in SNP1.0 and SNP1.5 (P > 0.05) than in CONT-, CONT+, and SNP0.5. The levels of total serum protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase in broiler chickens were not affected (P > 0.05) by HSD or synbiotic administration of nutmeg flesh extract and L. plantarum. In conclusion, the use of synbiotics from nutmeg flesh extract and L. plantarum as much as 1.5 ml/kg of feed can improve the performance of broiler chicken while not interfering with enzyme serum metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People of Pakistan have undisturbed customs for the employment of medicinal plants for healthcare requisites. Chloroform extract of F. hygrometrica (CE FH) was examined for its ability to reduce inflammation and to produce analgesia. Carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema model for inflammatory activity, hot-plate and tail-flick methods to assess analgesic activity were executed. Phytochemical analysis was done by UHPLC–MS and GC–mass spectrometer. The results demonstrated that in carrageenan-induced paw edema, maximum reduction in inflammation was observed at 5th hour at the dose 100 mg/kg; while at doses 250 and 500 mg/kg, maximum response was observed at 5th and 6th hours. Analgesic activity results indicated that maximum analgesia was observed up to 120 min at 100 mg/kg, while up to 90 min in case of 250 and 500 mg/kg doses. The formalin-induced rat paw edema showed significant (p < 0.05) anti-inflammatory activity after 5 days treatment. After, testing period of 10 days, the biochemical parameters such as CBC, CRP, serum enzymes like CAT, SOD, GSH and inflammatory mediators like TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-10 were estimated. The administration of formalin resulted in an increase in the level of leucocytes, total WBC, CRP, serum enzymes and in the diameters of paw thickness, while pre-treatment with CE FH at dose levels of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg exhibited a diminution in the levels of SOD, GSH, CAT, total RBC and HB. Acute inflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL -6 and IL-4 were reduced, and IL-10 was upregulated in the treated group as compared to the control. Many phytoconstituents, i.e., chitobiose, chlorovulone III, γ-tocotrienol, emmotin, cassine, hexacosanedioic acid, neophytadiene, fumaric acid, neophytadiene, hexadecanoic acid, phytol and stigmasterol were detected during UHPLC–MS and GC–MS analysis seems to be responsible for the said activity in correlation with the already reported data about these compounds. The results concluded that CE FH possess noteworthy anti-inflammatory and central analgesic action at different doses (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of Syzygium aromaticum leaf meal (SLM) on the haematology, serum biochemistry and antioxidative status of laying hens. Results A total of 150 20-week-old Isa brown birds were randomly assigned to three experimental diets: Diet 1/control (no supplementation), Diet 2 (0.25% SLM) and Diet 3 (0.50% SLM). Each experimental diet was further divided into five (5) replicates and comprised 10 birds per replicate, that is, 50 birds per experimental diet. The birds were fed with layers mash for 32 weeks of the feeding trial. Blood samples collected in the 32nd week were subjected to haematological and serum biochemical analyses. The dietary supplementation of 0.25% and 0.50% SLM did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the haematological parameters observed in the layer birds which indicated that SLM did not render the birds anaemic nor compromise their immunity. Likewise, the result of the serum protein (total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin: globulin), serum enzymes (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) and serum metabolites (creatinine, uric acid and glucose) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatment except for the concentration of serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase which was statistically higher (P 0.05). Conclusion The supplementation of SLM at 0.25% and 0.50% in layers diet can be referred to as a safe additive as the blood indices of birds were not adversely affected. Also, the liver functions which were investigated through the serum enzymes were not impaired and oxidative stress is not triggered in the birds.

Background: Perinatal asphyxia is a deficiency of blood flowing or gas exchanging to or from the fetusin the timejust earlier, during, or afterward the labour processes. Perinatal asphyxia could result in profound systemic andneurologic sequelae owingtoreducedblood flowing and/or oxygen to a fetus or infant throughout the peripartumtime. Objectives: the aim of the study was toevaluate the role of serum lactate and enzymes in predicting perinatal asphyxia. Patients and methods: the current work was a cross-sectional study performed at Qena University Hospital including 30 cases and 30 controls included of asphyxiated and non-asphyxiated babies respectively. Results: There was a statistically significant change (p < 0.001) among groups regarding levels of serum lactate, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),creatine kinase muscle-brain fraction (CK-MB),aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase(ALT). Conclusion:Perinatal asphyxia is a fundamental driver of neonatal death and long haul neurological harm still without prescient diagnostics, preventive as well as treatment of agreement.Estimation of lactate,CK-MB,LDH,AST, and ALTcould be utilized as a biomarker for diagnosing of perinatal asphyxia.

This study aims to evaluate the protection and restoration capacity of kratom leaves extracts on liver damage caused by tuak. Group A consist of 12 mice and divided into A1 administered 0.5 mL/20 g body weight aquadest, A2 administered kratom leaves ethanol extract at dose 0.29 mg/20 g body weight and A3 administered silymarin at dose 0.70 mg/20 g body weight on days 1 to 7, then continued given tuak at dose 0.26 mL/20 g body weight on days 8 to 14. Group B consist of 12 mice and divided into B1, B2, and B3, on days 1 to 7 they were administered tuak at dose 0.26 mL/20 g body weight then continued with aquadest at dose 0.5 mL/20 g body weight (B1), kratom leaves ethanol extract at dose 0.29 mg/20 g body weight (B2), and silymarin at dose 0.70 mg/20 g body weight on days 8 to 14 (B3). The average levels of ALT enzyme in the treatment groups respectively showed 29.13±0.40 U/L (A1); 25.25±0.69 U/L (A2); 20.51±1.00 U/L (A3) and 31.20±0.47 U/L (B1); 26.95±0.62 U/L (B2); 23.31±0.89 (B3) (p<0.05). Whereas, the average levels of AST respectively at 34.23±0.63 U/L (A1); 28.64±0.40 U/L (A2); 25.13±0.83 U/L (A3) and 35.69±0.63 U/L (B1); 30,83±0.63 (B2); 27.31±0.83 (B3) (p<0.05). The average scoring for the treatment groups resulted in 2.67; 2.33; 1.33 respectively A1, A2, and A3 (p<0.01) and 2.00; 0.67; 0.33 respectively B1, B2 and B3 (p<0.01). It is concluded that kratom leaves are not effective to protect and to restore the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The study examined the effects of dietary supplementation of Syzygium aromaticum leaf meal (SLM) on the haematology, serum biochemistry and antioxidative status of laying hens. Results: A total of 150 20-week-old Isa brown birds were randomly assigned to three experimental diets: Diet 1/control (no supplementation), Diet 2 (0.25% SLM) and Diet 3 (0.50% SLM). Each experimental diet was further divided into five (5) replicates and comprised 10 birds per replicate, that is, 50 birds per experimental diet. The birds were fed with layers mash for 32 weeks of the feeding trial. Blood samples collected in the 32nd week were subjected to haematological and serum biochemical analyses. The dietary supplementation of 0.25% and 0.50% SLM did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the haematological parameters observed in the layer birds which indicated that SLM did not render the birds anaemic nor compromise their immunity. Likewise, the result of the serum protein (total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin: globulin), serum enzymes (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases) and serum metabolites (creatinine, uric acid and glucose) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatment except for the concentration of serum catalase and glutathione peroxidase which was statistically higher (P < 0.05) in layers fed with diets supplemented with SLM compared to the control group, while the serum superoxide dismutase concentration of laying hens was not significantly influenced (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of SLM at 0.25% and 0.50% in layers diet can be referred to as a safe additive as the blood indices of birds were not adversely affected. Also, the liver functions which were investigated through the serum enzymes were not impaired and oxidative stress is not triggered in the birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cynomolgus macaques, the most commonly utilized nonhuman primate in nonclinical toxicology studies, are acquired from purpose-bred colonies across various geographic locations, including China, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Importation challenges and limited availability have restricted animals suitable for inclusion in nonclinical studies. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak further stressed supply chains, reducing the ability to source animals from a singular location to complete a drug development program. These challenges raised concerns of increased variability in study endpoints due to heterogeneity of animals and that this could subsequently impact historical control data and toxicology study interpretation. To investigate the impact of Chinese, Vietnamese, or Cambodian geographic origin on standard nonclinical toxicology study endpoints, historical control data from studies conducted at a single facility from 2005 to 2020 were compiled and evaluated for the following: clinical observations, body weight, ophthalmoscopic examinations, and clinical and anatomic pathology data. Study populations consisted of 2- to 5-year-old cynomolgus macaques sourced from China (n = 750 males/741 females), Cambodia (n = 282 males/271 females), and Vietnam (n = 122 males/120 females). Interpretation of the various data demonstrated no notable differences in standard toxicology study endpoints or background findings among cynomolgus macaques originating from China, Cambodia, or Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and ninety eight (198) day old broiler chicks of Arbor Acre strain were used to determine the performance, nutrients digestibility, serum enzymes and organoleptic properties of broiler chickens fed graded levels of Westwood larva meal (WLM) as a replacement for local fishmeal (Schilbe mystus) and imported fishmeal. Six experimental diets were fed in a completely randomized design. Diet without fishmeal served as Negative Control (NC). Diet containing 100% imported fishmeal (IF) was the Positive Control (PC). Westwood larva meal replaced imported fishmeal as well as Schilbe mystus fishmeal (SMF) at 50% and 100% in the other four diets. Data were collected on performance, serum enzymes and organoleptic properties. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. The WLM, IF and SMF respectively contained 42.7%, 60.9% and 54.6% crude protein. Westwood Larva meal showed high lysine (7.05%) and low methionine (0.91%) content. The final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broiler chicken fed 50% WLM as replacement for SMF were significantly higher than those fed 100% SMF. Feeding 100% WLM to broiler chicken caused elevated level of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Highest ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen-free extract digestibility were noticed in broilers fed 100% SMF, 100% WLM and NC, respectively. Thigh meat of broilers fed diet 100% WLM (T6) had the best colour, flavour, juiciness and acceptability than those fed other diets. It is concluded that WLM could optimally replace SMF and IF in broilers diet at 50% to support maximum growth rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effects of different levels of acidifier: Sodium diformate and citric acid on body composition, serum enzymes and the alimentary canal tissue in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). For this purpose, 630 fingerling fish(mean weight: 16.55 ± 0.72 g), were randomly distributed in twenty one 200-L fiberglass tanks (30 fish per tank). This study was performed 60 days with seven experimental treatments: control (only fed with commercial diet: FFT2), three levels of sodium diformate added to diet: 0.2% (treatment A), 0.4% (treatment B), 0.6% (treatment C) and also three levels of sodium diformate in combination with citric acid with an equal rates: 0.1% (treatment D), 0.2% (treatment E) and 0.3% (treatment F). The fish were fed 2 % based of body weight three times daily at 8:00, 12:00 and 16:00 for two months. The results indicated that different levels of sodium diformate and citric acid supplements used had no significant effect on the activity of serum enzymes of rainbow trout in comparison with the control treatment (p>0.05); while it had significant effects on the protein, ash and moisture of the body composition among the experimental treatments (p

Objective: Multiple applications of nickel nanoparticles in industrial, commercial and pharmaceutical processes raise serious health concerns. Although nanomedicine-based therapies directed towards liver have been successfully developed, information on its system toxicity is yet to be gathered. The purpose of present study is to determine and compare hepatotoxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticles and microparticles in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were subjected to 5mg/kg/bw of NiONP and NiOMP for two time periods, i.e. 15 and 30 days. Liver function changes (serum enzymes), histopathological observations and parameters of oxidative stress (MDA, H2O2, NO, GSH, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) were studied in respective groups of rats. Results: Overall results indicated that toxic effects of NiONPs were significantly different and severe than those obtained in NiOMP-treated rats. Further longer exposure induced much severe effects than the shorter exposure. Conclusion: Internalization, accumulation, consequent generation of ROS, oxidative stress and fibrosis manifested into hepatotoxicity of NiONPs. These effects need to be considered whilst making chemotherapeutic use of nickel nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of the duration exposure-dependent effect of carbamate treated net on hepatic and renal functions of albino Wistar rats after 30 and 60 days was carried out. Serum ALT, AST and ALP levels were determined to assess liver function while serum creatinine and urea levels were measured for kidney function. Eighteen (18) male albino Wstar rats weighing 138-146g were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 served as control, group 2 animals were exposed to carbamate treated net for 30 days and group 3 animals exposed for 60 days. The results showed that the levels of serum AST and ALT increased in all the experimental groups exposed when compared to the control group. ALT increased significantly (p<0.05) in the rats exposed for 60 days (203.83±0.307) while AST increased highest in experimental groups exposed for 30 days (203± 1.613)and 60 days (362± 0.365) respectively when compared to the control (150.5±0.34). ALP increased significantly (p<0.05) only in the group exposed for 30 days (17.67±0.21), but decreased in the group exposed for 60 days when compared to the control group. Serum creatinine increased insignificantly (p>0.05) in the group exposed for 30 days but decreased in the group exposed for 60 days while serum urea level in the group exposed for 30 days remain unchanged but decreased after 60 days when compared to the control group. Statistically, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in body weight and organ weight of the animals exposed for 30 and 60 days. Therefore, this present study demonstrates that exposure to carbamate treated net may alter the integrity and function of liver thereby causing hepatotoxicity while the exposure of rats to carbamate treated net may not pose any significant nephrotoxicity in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six medical testing laboratories at six different sites in China participated in this study. We applied a six sigma model for (a) the evaluation of the analytical performance of serum enzyme assays at each of the laboratories, (b) the design of individualized quality control programs and (c) the development of improvement measures for each of the assays, as appropriate. Internal quality control (IQC) and external quality assessment (EQA) data for selected serum enzyme assays were collected from each of the laboratories. Sigma values for these assays were calculated using coefficients of variation, bias, and total allowable error (TEa). Normalized sigma method decision charts were generated using these parameters. IQC design and improvement measures were defined using the Westgard sigma rules. The quality goal index (QGI) was used to assist with identification of deficiencies (bias problems, precision problems, or their combination) affecting the analytical performance of assays with sigma values <6. Sigma values for the selected serum enzyme assays were significantly different at different levels of enzyme activity. Differences in assay quality in different laboratories were also seen, despite the use of identical testing instruments and reagents. Based on the six sigma data, individualized quality control programs were outlined for each assay with sigma <6 at each laboratory. In multi-location laboratory systems, a six sigma model can evaluate the quality of the assays being performed, allowing management to design individualized IQC programs and strategies for continuous improvement as appropriate for each laboratory. This will improve patient care, especially for patients transferred between sites within multi-hospital systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impacts of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on serum glucose, albumin, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride ion (Cl−) levels and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities of Clarias gariepinus were determined after exposing the fish to 1, 5 and 10 mg/L titanium applied as TiO2 over 1, 4 and 7 days. No mortality was observed during the experiments. Serum glucose and albumin levels increased while serum total protein, cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased compared to control at the end of the 7th day. Serum Na+, K+ and Cl− levels of C. gariepinus decreased after 7 days of exposure to 10 mg/L TiO2 NPs. ChE activity decreased and AST, ALT, ALP activities increased at all exposure concentrations and LDH activities increased compared to control after 4 and 7 days of exposure to TiO2 NPs in C. gariepinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of water temperature (WT) and dietary protein levels on growth, body composition and blood biochemistry of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; initial average body weight: 38.75 ± 0.61g, n = 20). The fish were fed with six diets contained graded levels of protein (209.6, 251.0, 302.4, 354.3, 401.9 and 456.8 g/kg) and raised in each of WT (22°C, 28°C and 34°C) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the growth, feed utilization and protein efficiency were significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level and followed by the latter platform at each WT. The fish raised at 28 and 34°C showed similar growth performance, and their values were significantly higher than the fish raised at 22°C (p < 0.05). The lipid contents in whole body were decreases with the increase of dietary protein level at each WT. However, the whole‐body protein, ash and moisture contents were not affected by dietary protein level or WT (p > 0.05). The values of serum biochemical indices (ALP, ALT, AST and TCHO) were all decreased with the increase of dietary protein. The optimal dietary protein requirement for GIFT tilapia to achieve maximal growth performance is 374.4, 301.7 and 304.9 g protein/kg diet at 22, 28 and 34°C, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proteins, minerals, metabolites, and serum enzymes profile in Quarter Mile equines subjected to training for Team Penning competitions by comparing the results before and after training. The animals were from the Agricultural Exhibition Park of Uberlândia (CAMARU), in Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These animals perform constant periodic training with an average duration of two and a half hours per training. Blood samples from twenty male and female equines were collected at the beginning and end of a 45-day interval and then analyzed. A 5 mL blood sample from each animal was collected before and after training by a jugular external venipuncture, and the samples were placed in a tube—without anticoagulant and containing separator gel—to obtain the serum. The components analyzed were: total proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin to globulin ratio (A:G), total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, ɤ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK). Statistical differences were observed with higher values after exercise for total calcium, ionized calcium, Ca: P ratio, creatinine and ALT and decreased concentrations were found for globulins, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides. Despite the changes observed in the serum concentrations of some elements after exercises, it was concluded that the animals were in adequate physical condition to perform the proposed physical exercises.

Molasses based multinutrients herbal supplements (MMS) containing ground fenugreek seed and de-oiled mahua seed cake at two different ratios (1:1; MMS I or 1:3; MMS II) was evaluated under in vitro as well as in vivo conditions. For in vitro evaluation, concentrate mixture and wheat straw in 50: 50 ratio (on DM basis) was taken as substrate for the experiment. MMS I and MMS II were added at 2, 3 and 4% of the substrate, respectively. The total gas production (ml/g DM), partitioning factor (PF) and microbial biomass production (MBP) were found comparable in all the groups but significantly improved the IVDMD and IVOMD in supplemented groups. Under in vivo feeding trial, serum enzymes and minerals profile in buffalo calves were assessed during 9 months of experimental period. Fifteen male Murrah buffalo calves (10 to 15 months of age and mean body wt. 234.0±12.5 kg) were randomly distributed into 3 groups (5 in each group) according to randomized block design. All animals were fed with conventional concentrate mixture, available chopped green fodder (3-4 kg DM/d) and wheat straw ad lib to meet out nutrients requirement. While control group (C) were not fed supplements but groups T1 and T2 supplemented with MMS I and MMS II, respectively at 44 g/100 kg body weight or 200 g/100 kg metabolic body weight (kgW0.75). Serum AST, ALT activities and serum concentration of Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu and Co were comparable among 3 groups but serum concentration of Zn was significantly higher among supplemented groups. Thus, results show that supplementation of MMS improved IVDMD, IVOMD and serum Zn level resulting in to better health conditions of buffalo calves.

The effects of alginate oligosaccharides (AOs) on the growth performance and non-specific immunity of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were investigated by performing a 60-day feeding trial. Four trial diets were formulated and supplemented with different doses of AOs (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). Triplicate groups of grass carp were fed with one of the diets twice daily. The grass carps fed with diets containing an appropriate dose of AOs for 60 days exhibited higher survival rates; body weight gains; specific growth rates; resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila; superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities; and serum total protein, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, complement C3, complement C4 and interleukin-10 expression levels and lower feed conversion ratios and malondialdehyde, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, IL-1β expression, IL-8 expression and tumor necrosis factor-α expression levels than the control group (p < 0.05). Based on the effects of AOs on growth performance and survival percent, the optimum dose of AOs was 200 mg/kg. Results indicate that AOs as a dietary supplement enhances the growth performance and non-specific immunity of grass carps and their resistance to diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium is primarily utilized in the construction of particles known as quantum dots. Hepatotoxicity caused by microparticles of cadmium is very well known; however, toxicity of nanoparticles of cadmium is not well understood. The present study describes the toxicity of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdSNPs) in the liver of rat. Adult Wistar rats were administered CdSNPs (10 mg/kg) on alternate days for 45 days. Serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), biomarkers of lipid peroxidation (MDA, H2O2, and NO), and metallothionein concentration were determined. Histopathological and TEM observations were also made to record morphological changes. CdSNPs (10 mg/kg) induced significant changes in the structure and function of liver. Values of serum enzymes and reactive species increased significantly in rats treated with CdSNPs in comparison to CdS-treated rats. Histopathological observations showed extensive parenchymal degeneration. Ultrastructural studies exhibited proliferation of endoplasmic reticulum, microsomes, and lysosomes. It is concluded that NP-membrane interaction leads to the generation of reactive species that alter membrane integrity and induce oxidative stress. These events may activate cell death pathways in hepatocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to explore the effect of dietary lipid concentrations on growth, body composition, morphology of liver, and mid-intestine and antioxidant status in marbled eel (Anguilla marmorata). Fish (initial average weight 6.86 ± 0.11 g) were held in 18 tanks (inside diameter 80 cm, height 60 cm, volume 300 L, 25 fish/tank), with triplicate treatment groups being fed to apparent satiation twice each day on isonitrogenous (421 g/kg crude protein) diets containing different concentrations of lipid (41.2, 73.9, 113.9, 146.2, 178.1, and 216.7 g/kg). The sampling procedure was implemented after 24 h of fasting. Fish fed the diets with 178.1 and 216.7 g lipid/kg grew better than fish fed the other diets. The lowest feed intake and the highest feed conversion rate were found in 41.2 g/kg group. Muscle lipid concentrations and heights of intestinal folds, enterocytes, and microvilli in mid-intestine increased as dietary lipid concentrations increased from 41.2 to 178.1 g/kg. Hepatocyte hypertrophy and lipid vacuolization were seen in liver of the fish fed 216.7 g/kg diet. Based on broken-line analysis of serum total antioxidant capacity and quadratic regression analysis of serum glutathione peroxidase and catalase, it was concluded that dietary lipid concentrations of 125.5–159.2 g/kg promoted antioxidant status. A broken-line analysis of data for specific growth rate and weight gain gave an estimated optimal dietary lipid concentration of 195.3–198.7 g/kg. Marbled eel had quite a high demand for dietary lipid to support good growth, but excessive lipid level (216.7 g/kg) may have an adverse impact on liver structure. Moreover, marbled eel may not tolerate high concentration of dietary carbohydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the proteins, minerals, metabolites, and serum enzymes profile in Quarter Mile equines subjected to training for Team Penning competitions by comparing the results before and after training. The animals were from the Agricultural Exhibition Park of Uberlândia (CAMARU), in Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. These animals perform constant periodic training with an average duration of two and a half hours per training. Blood samples from twenty male and female equines were collected at the beginning and end of a 45-day interval and then analyzed. A 5 mL blood sample from each animal was collected before and after training by a jugular external venipuncture, and the samples were placed in a tube—without anticoagulant and containing separator gel—to obtain the serum. The components analyzed were: total proteins, albumin, globulins, albumin to globulin ratio (A:G), total and ionized calcium, phosphorus, calcium to phosphorus ratio (Ca:P), cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, ɤ-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK). Statistical differences were observed with higher values after exercise for total calcium, ionized calcium, Ca: P ratio, creatinine and ALT and decreased concentrations were found for globulins, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglycerides. Despite the changes observed in the serum concentrations of some elements after exercises, it was concluded that the animals were in adequate physical condition to perform the proposed physical exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean meal is an important source of protein in the diet of poultry bird. However, it has antinutritional factors which have to be taken care. Therefore, the study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) with expeller extracted soybean meal on pathology of various organs along with serum AST, ALT, Urea and Creatinine. The study was carried out on day-old broiler chicks (n=180), which were kept and randomly divided in to 5 groups (A, B, C, D and E). Birds of these groups were given treatment by replacing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of solvent extracted SBM with expeller extracted SBM, respectively. The trial lasted for 21 days. Birds were fed iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets. All the birds from each group were slaughtered. The results indicate that the effect of expeller extracted soybean meal on kidney, liver and pancreas were severe in birds given 100% expeller extracted SBM. However, where 100% solvent extracted SBM was used the changes were less severe. While, the changes in intestine were more severe in birds given 100% solvent extracted SBM. The results on serum creatinine and urea supported histological changes seen in kidney in respective groups. However, the results of serum AST and ALT did not correspond well, as in liver, more severe changes of necrosis were noted in birds given 100% expeller extracted SBM, while the values of these enzymes were the lowest. It is concluded from the present study that birds kept on 100% expeller extracted and solvent extracted soybean meal showed effect on various body organs, while 50% of both the solvent extracted and expeller extracted soybean meal in combination gave better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total soy saponins (TS) on the free radical metabolism from the quadriceps femoris muscle, serum testosterone, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in rats exercised to exhaustion. Methods: A one-time exhausted treadmill exercise session was used. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: a control group—animals receiving no TS and no exercise (NTSNE), animals receiving TS but no exercise group (TSNE), animals receiving no TS but exercised to exhaustion group (NTSE), and animals receiving TS and exercised to exhaustion group (TSE). The TSNE and TSE groups were fed TS at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight once per day for 2 weeks. The NTSE group was given a placebo, and the NTSNE group was not given any treatment. The NTSE and TSE groups were exercised at speed of 30 m/min on treadmill until exhausted. The exercise time and exercise distance were recorded when the rats became exhausted and the rats were then decapitated and anatomized immediately. A 10% homogenate of the quadriceps femoris tissue was prepared. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), LDH, BUN, and serum testosterone were tested. Results: TS significantly increased the exercise time to exhaustion by 20.62% (p

The study was conducted to study the effect of betaine supplementation on haematology, serum enzymes and hormones profile in gestating sows. For the study, artificially inseminated 18 crossbred (Landrace × Desi) sows were randomly distributed into 3 groups with 6 sows in each following a completely randomized design (CRD). Group T0 was fed with basal diet (control) and betaine was supplemented in group T1 and T2 @ 3 g/kg basal diet during late pregnancy (d 76 onwards till parturition) and throughout the length of gestation, respectively. The results revealed that betaine supplementation had no significant effect on the haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count, platelet count and white blood cells (WBC) count. Similarly, the serum enzymes such as aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phoshatase (ALP), lactate dehydogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) revealed no significant effect of betaine supplementation. The serum concentration of T3 and T4 hormone (ng/ml) of sows was significantly higher at the time of farrowing compared to the level at the time of insemination. The serum concentration of cortisol (ng/ml) of sows was significantly reduced in betaine supplemented groups compared to control. Thus, based on the results pertaining to cortisol levels in gestating, sows it can be concluded that betaine supplementation @ 3 g/kg diet, 76 day post insemination is beneficial to ameliorate the oxidative stress during pregnancy.

To determine the clinico-pathologic effects, safety and efficacy of diminazene aceturate repeat treatments, thirty adult albino rats were randomly assigned into six groups (A–F) of five rats each. Groups A–D were infected with 1.0 × 106 trypanosomes, while groups E and F served as uninfected controls. Groups A–E were treated once with 7 mg/kg Dinazene® on day 11 post-infection. Treatments were repeated once, twice and thrice in groups B–D respectively at 7 days interval. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and conjugated bilirubin were assayed bi-weekly. Parasitaemia level was also monitored. An average pre-patent period of 7 days was recorded. Relapse infection was recorded on days 24, 31 and 24 following first, second and third treatments for groups A, B and C respectively. The serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, conjugated bilirubin and creatinine of the infected and repeatedly treated groups did not differ significantly from those of the control groups except for the groups in which relapse infection occurred. It was concluded that repeat treatments using 7 mg/kg diminazene aceturate was safe and protected against relapse after the fourth consecutive treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the supplementation of a slow-release bolus of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and cobalt (Co) at late gestation (6 week prepartum) on performance and some blood metabolites of Mehraban ewes and their lambs until weaning. Seventy pregnant ewes, 6 weeks prior to expected lambing, were randomly divided into two groups (35 heads each) including (1) control group and (2) slow-release bolus group. Blood samples of ewes were obtained on day 10 prepartum and 45 and 90 days postpartum, and milk samples were collected on day 45. Blood samples of lambs were collected on days 10, 45, and 90. Body weight at birth and weaning and average daily gain were higher and percentage of mortality and white muscle disease rate were lower in lambs whose mothers were given a bolus (P < 0.05). Slow-release bolus administration increased serum alkaline phosphatase and whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity, plasma concentrations of Zn, Se, and vitamin B12 in ewes and their lambs (P < 0.05). In addition, serum creatine phosphokinase activity of lambs whose mothers were given bolus was lower (P < 0.05). Serum concentration of T3 in bolus given ewes and their lambs was higher (P < 0.05) and serum T4 concentration was lower (P < 0.05). Zinc, Se, and vitamin B12 concentrations in milk were significantly higher in treated ewes (P < 0.05). Obtained results showed that maternal supplementation of zinc, selenium, and cobalt as slow-release ruminal bolus in late pregnancy improved some mineral status of ewes and their lambs until weaning and led to higher body weights of lambs at weaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) were exposed to Pb (0.1 and 1.0 mg/L Pb) and mixtures of 0.1 mg/L Pb+0.5 mg/L Se and 1.0 mg/L Pb+5.0 mg/L Se to investigate responses of serum biochemical parameters and Pb level of the blood over different exposure periods (7, 14 and 28 days). Activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, lipase, cholinesterase were analyzed in the blood serum samples. Cholinesterase activity decreased while other enzymes activities increased in Pb exposed groups. It was reported that Pb level in the blood tissue of fish exposed to Pb and Se mixture for 7, 14, 28 days was observed to be lower than exposing Pb alone. It could be concluded that Se supplementation may reduce the toxic effect of Pb in O. niloticus. The results of this investigation suggested the blood of fish could be used as a good target tissue to reflect toxic effects of Pb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Probiotics have more functional effects on shrimp immunological parameters but there is less information on comparative effects of Commercial and Indigenous probiotics on post-larvae and larval stage of shrimp life. OBJECTIVES: This 60 day study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotic bacterium commercial and allochthonous (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on some of immune parameters and serum enzymes in the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). METHODS: Three experimental diets were supplemented with similar concentration of 1.5×106 Cfu/g by bacteria, commercial and allochthonous supplementation. Control (without probiotic supplementation), D1 (commercial probiotic), D2 (commercial+allochthonous probiotic) and D3 (allochthonous probiotic) were used for the experiment. At the end of trial, to evaluate immune parameters, Shrimp hemolymph was collected by syringe into the ventral sinus of L. vannamei, transferred to a tube and allowed to anticoagulant. To investigate serum enzymes level, body shrimp were homogenized and extracts were analyzed biochemically. RESULTS: Total haemocyte count (THC), large granular cells (LGC), semi granular cells (SGC) and hyaline cells (HC) treated with commercial probiotics increased in comparison with control and significant difference was observed (P<0.05). Enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly decreased in the experimental groups compared with control (P<0.05). However, post-larvae enzyme alkaline phosphatase was not found to be significantly affected by probiotic supplementation (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The probiotic Bacillus influenced the increase of the immune parameters haemolyph and decreased serum enzymes level and it is appropriate for supplementation in the diet of whiteleg shrimp post-larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to compare the effect of weaning at different ages on growth measurement traits and serum biochemical parameters in Murrah buffalo calves from birth to 90 days of age. Out of 42 buffalo calves, 35 were randomly assigned in to 3 groups, viz. control (C): suckling (14); treatment T1 (T1): weaning of calves at birth (11); and treatment T2 (T2): weaning of calves at 45th day of birth (10). The mean body weight gain was significantly higher in control followed by T2 and T1. The mean initial body length of calves in control, T1 and T2 were 59.35±0.58, 56.64±0.99 and 57.20±0.91 cm, respectively. The final body length (cm) was significantly higher in control than T1 and T2. Similar trends were observed for height at wither and heart girths of calves in different groups though there were initial differences as well. The serum cortisol (nM/l) was significantly higher only at day-60th of sampling in T2 followed by T1 and control. The serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) was significantly higher at 45th and 60th days of sampling in T1 and T2 than control group. The weaned groups of calves had comparatively lower growth values than suckling, however, the significant differences on serum biochemical parameters were observed only at few stages of weaned buffalo calves as compared to suckling group, which indicates minor inconsistent physiological deviations. The weaning in buffalo calves at early stages affects body growth parameters with minor inconsistent changes in blood biochemical profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary zinc (Zn) levels on feed utilization, tissue Zn composition and serum enzyme activities of juvenile Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baerii. Five isoenergetic and isonitrogenous semi‐purified diets were formulated with increasing Zn sulphate (ZnSO4.5H2O) level to provide the actual Zn values of 14.7 (control), 20.8, 27.3, 37.7 and 46.4 mg/kg diet. Each diet was assigned to three groups of 20 experimental Siberian sturgeons with uniform size (initial weight of 26.52 ± 0.94 g) for a period of 8‐week feeding trial. Results showed that growth performance and muscle protein content were significantly increased with increasing dietary Zn level up to 27.3 mg/kg (p < .05), beyond which they remained significantly unchanged (p > .05). Muscle lipid content significantly declined with increasing dietary Zn level. While muscle and serum Zn contents were not significantly changed among treatments (p > .05), liver Zn content tended to rise with increasing dietary Zn supplementation. Alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were also raised with increasing dietary Zn level. The adequate amount of dietary Zn requirements for the Siberian sturgeon was estimated to be 28.24 mg/kg based on the relative growth rate and 34.60 mg/kg based on the liver Zn content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphates (OP) and carbamates, frequently used pesticides, can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between chronic occupational pesticide exposure and changes in serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in orchard workers. In the study, 47 peach orchard workers were included, at the age from 19 to 60 years, with monthly exposure to pesticides from 5 to 20 days and 1 to 35 working years. The control group consisted of 40 healthy age-matched men, without exposure to pesticides. All orchard workers kept to safety precautions. 68% of workers reported some physical signs and symptoms. A significantly decreased AChE activity was detected in 10.6% of orchard workers and increased CPK activity in 40.4%. Very weak negative correlation was detected between AChE and ALP activities (r= -0.34, p = 0.001) and between AChE and CPK activities (r = - 0.25, p =0.02). No correlation was found between the serum AChE and day of monthly exposure, as well as years of exposure. The results have shown that orchard workers with decreased AChE activity and increased CPK activity should be monitored as workers with an increased risk for severe pesticide poisoning. These findings suggest that chronic occupational exposure to pesticides elicit mild toxic effects, as well as biochemical changes of unknown long-term consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Gazania krebsiana (Less.) is employed traditionally as treatment in the Basotho Traditional medicine in the management of numerous ailments. The study evaluated the cardioprotective action of aqueous leaves extracts of G. krebsiana (ALEGK) against cardiotoxicity induced by isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISP). ISP (1 mL; 60 mg kg−1 BW) dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride was used to induce myocardial damage intraperitoneally in the experimental animals. The outcomes of pre-treatment with 1 mL of the doses (125, 250, and 500 mg kg−1 BW) of ALEGK on consumed food, water intake, body-organ weight ratio, biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidation were studied during the 30-day investigational span. ISP-induced rats revealed no statistical (P > 0.05) effect on the appetite and body weight of the animals yet remarkably (P < 0.05) increased the activities of AST, CPK, ALT, and lipid peroxidation with concurrent reduction in CAT and GPx activities. Pre-treatment with ALEGK at different doses appreciably (P < 0.05) extenuated the raised activities of the serum cardiac (CPK) and liver (ALT, AST) enzymes with concomitant restoration to normal the reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes and cardiac lipid peroxidation. Histological appraisal of the heart tissues revealed granulocyte infiltration, sarcolemma nucleus proliferation as well as interstitial inflammation for ISP-treated rats. However, treatment with ALEGK especially at 500 mg/kg−1 ameliorated these alterations suggesting its maximum effectiveness against ISP-induced cardiotoxicity. This investigation confirmed the cardioprotective potential of ALEGK against ISP-induced myocardial injury sequel to the established outcome of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many developing countries, jaundice is the common symptom of hepatic diseases which are a major cause of mortality. The use of natural product-based therapies is very popular for such hepatic disorders. A great number of medicinal plants have been utilized for this purpose and some facilitated the discovery of active compounds which helped the development of new synthetic drugs against jaundice. However, more epidemiological studies and clinical trials are required for the practical implementation of the plant pharmacotherapy of jaundice. The focus of this second part of our review is on several of the most prominent plants used against jaundice identified in the analysis performed in the first part of the review viz. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Terminalia chebula Retz., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and some species of genus Phyllanthus. Furthermore, we discuss their physiological effects, biologically active ingredients, and the potential mechanisms of action. Some of the most important active ingredients were silybin (also recommended by German commission), phyllanthin and andrographolide, whose action leads to bilirubin reduction and normalization of the levels of relevant serum enzymes indicative for the pathophysiological status of the liver.

The objective of the study was to assess the usefulness of acute-phase proteins (APPs) and serum enzymes in the evaluation of post-operative state after cartilage reconstruction in an animal model (Sus scrofa domesticus). Fifteen clinically healthy female pigs were evaluated during the first 30 days after the repair of experimentally induced articular cartilage defects using two types of biocement powders. Animals were divided into groups according to the type of biocement powder used: CAK—with amino acids (n = 6), C—without amino acids (n = 6) and the control group (Ctr) was without biocement (n = 3). The concentrations of selected APPs—serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and the activities of some serum enzymes—creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were measured one day before the surgery and on days 7, 14, and 30 after the surgical intervention. The most significant changes during the evaluated period were observed in the concentrations of SAA (p < 0.001) and Hp (p < 0.001), with marked increase of values 7 days after surgery. There was a numerical, but not statistically significant, difference between CAK, C and Ctr groups (p > 0.05). Marked variations were observed also in the activities of the evaluated enzymes, with the most significant changes in the activity of AP in the CAK group (p < 0.001). Presented results suggest possible usefulness of some APPs and serum enzymes in the evaluation of post-operative inflammatory state after the reconstruction of articular cartilage defects.

Trypanosomosis is a vector borne protozoan disease that is caused by varied members of the genus, Trypanosoma which affect different species of domestic and wild animals including humans. The disease processprovokes alterations in serum enzymes activities in the affected host. This study aimed at investigating the parasitological effects and changes in levels of some serum enzymes activities in Kano brown goats following experimental infection with T. evansi originally isolated from naturally infected camels at Maigatari. Infection was through the jugular veins of the experimental subjects (3 infected and2uninfected controls) at dose rate of 2.0 × 106/ml. The period of study spanned 145 days. Sequel to the infection, infected goats developed clinical trypanosomosis and parasites were detected in the peripheral blood of all infected animals at varied prepatent period between 3 and 7 days post infection (DPI). First peak of mean parasitaemia wave was at 9 DPI and second at 14 DPI and death was recorded on the 70 and 133 DPI respectively among the infected group. After 84 DPI, no parasite could be detected and control subjects remained aparasitaemic throughout the experimental period. For serum enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), there was significant (P < 0.05) elevation in the infected subjects. The study showedT. evansi isolate caused infection caused changes in the activities of serum enzymes under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an important economic disease of small ruminants caused by a morbillivirus, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). This work was designed to investigate the haemogram and serum biochemical assays of some serum enzymes of West African Dwarf goats infected with PPRV. Standard techniques were used to determine the haematological parameters and serum biochemical assays. Apart from the presence of the characteristic clinical signs, complement ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests were used to confirm the infection of PPR in the West African Dwarf goats. Haematological findings in this study showed that there was a significant rise ( P < 0.05) in packed cell volume of infected goats, a significant rise ( P < 0.05) in the absolute number of circulating neutrophils, an increase in the haemoglobin concentration (HbC), a fall in the total number of white blood cells and a significant fall ( P < 0.05) in the absolute number of lymphocytes. The results of serum biochemical analysis of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in the infected West African Dwarf goats showed a fall in the values but were within normal biochemical range. The clinical signs, haematological parameters and serum biochemical enzyme changes observed in this study will provide supportive evidence in diagnosis of PPR outbreaks in West African Dwarf goats especially in Enugu State, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aphanothece halophytica is an extremely saline cyanobacterium. This study investigates the toxic nature of the organism and presents the first report of hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptide microcystin analogs. The activity of the crude extract was investigated in mice. Results showed acute toxicity with mice death at about 4 h. Histopathological examination indicated massive alveolar hemorrhage and extensive congestion in liver cells. Increases in the levels of serum enzymes, i.e., AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), provide further evidence of cell injury. An ELISA-based immunological detection kit confirmed the presence of microcystin analogs.

Ethanol-mediated free radical generation is directly involved in alcoholic liver disease. In addition, chronic alcohol bingeing also induces pathological changes and dysfunction in multi-organs. In the present study, the protective effect of xanthohumol (XN) on ethanol-induced damage was evaluated by determining antioxidative parameters and stress oxidative markers in liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain of rats. An acute treatment (4 g/kg b.w.) of ethanol resulted in the depletion of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities and reduced glutathione content. This effect was accompanied by the increased activity of tissue damage marker enzymes (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase) and a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Pre-treatment with XN protected rat tissues from ethanol-induced oxidative imbalance and partially mitigated the levels to nearly normal levels in all tissues checked. This effect was dose dependent, suggesting that XN reduces stress oxidative and protects rat tissues from alcohol-induced injury.