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UNLABELLED: Piscine lactococcosis is a significant threat to cultured and wild fish populations worldwide. The disease typically presents as a per-acute to acute hemorrhagic septicemia causing high morbidity and mortality, recalcitrant to antimicrobial treatment or management interventions. Historically, the disease was attributed to the gram-positive pathogen Lactococcus garvieae. However, recent work has revealed three distinct lactococcosis-causing bacteria (LCB)-L. garvieae, L. petauri, and L. formosensis-which are phenotypically and genetically similar, leading to widespread misidentification. An update on our understanding of lactococcosis and improved methods for identification are urgently needed. To this end, we used representative isolates from each of the three LCB species to compare currently available and recently developed molecular and phenotypic typing assays, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS), end-point and quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), API 20 Strep and Biolog systems, fatty acid methyl ester analysis (FAME), and Sensititre antimicrobial profiling. Apart from WGS, sequencing of the gyrB gene was the only method capable of consistent and accurate identification to the species and strain level. A qPCR assay based on a putative glycosyltransferase gene was also able to distinguish L. petauri from L. garvieae/formosensis. Biochemical tests and MALDI-TOF MS showed some species-specific patterns in sugar and fatty acid metabolism or protein profiles but should be complemented by additional analyses. The LCB demonstrated overlap in host and geographic range, but there were relevant differences in host specificity, regional prevalence, and antimicrobial susceptibility impacting disease treatment and prevention. IMPORTANCE: Lactococcosis affects a broad range of host species, including fish from cold, temperate, and warm freshwater or marine environments, as well as several terrestrial animals, including humans. As such, lactococcosis is a disease of concern for animal and ecosystem health. The disease is endemic in European and Asian aquaculture but is rapidly encroaching on ecologically and economically important fish populations across the Americas. Piscine lactococcosis is difficult to manage, with issues of vaccine escape, ineffective antimicrobial treatment, and the development of carrier fish or biofilms leading to recurrent outbreaks. Our understanding of the disease is also widely outdated. The accepted etiologic agent of lactococcosis is Lactococcus garvieae. However, historical misidentification has masked contributions from two additional species, L. petauri and L. formosensis, which are indistinguishable from L. garvieae by common diagnostic methods. This work is the first comprehensive characterization of all three agents and provides direct recommendations for species-specific diagnosis and management.

Background: Escherichia coli (E. Coli) can cause septicemia, which is a deadly infection. Furthermore, the options for eradication have been restricted by the presence of virulence factors and multidrug resistance. This study aimed to detect phylogenetic groups, assess clinically important virulence genes, and determine the genetic relatedness of isolates. Methods: A total of 100 isolates of multidrug-resistant E. Coli were taken from septicemia. The disk diffusion method was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen for virulence genes, carbapenemases, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Additionally, serogrouping and phylogenetic grouping were examined. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis was used for the genetic classification (PFGE). Results: Tetracycline, ceftazidime, and cefepime resistance was present in all isolates. There were 56, 55, and 43% of patients resistant to imipenem, meropenem, and gentamicin, respectively. The blaCTX-M1 (51%), blaSHV (64%), blaIMP (33%) and blaOXA-48-like (12%) genes were present in the isolates. In 22%, 17%, 36% and 25% of cases, the phylogroups A, B1, B2, and D were found respectively. O1 accounted for 53% of the total serogroups, with O25 at 14% and O75 at 11%. The virulence genes csgA, iutA, HlyA, traT, and KpsMII were present in all of the isolates. Of the strains carrying blaCTX-M1, 80% (p<0.0001) had the O1 serogroup and 62% (p<0.001) belonged to the B2 phylogroup. Five clusters (A-E) with an 80% cut-off and no genetic relationship were shown by the PFGE. Conclusion: It is imperative to implement surveillance and appropriate control measures to stop the spread of drug-resistant and virulent E. Coli from septicemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intravascular stent infections are often associated with high risks of morbidity and mortality. We report here a case of a patient with an arterial stent and recurrent Pseudomonas septicaemias successfully treated with phage–meropenem combination therapy. Methods: A 75-year-old female with arteriosclerosis and comorbidities went through a femoropopliteal bypass with prosthesis in the right inguinal area. After the bypass, she developed a recurring Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and also neutropenia during different antibiotics. A rapidly growing pseudoaneurysm in the right inguinal area led to an emergency intra-arterial stent placement during blood stream infection, later suspected to host a P. aeruginosa biofilm. Removing the stent was deemed precarious, and phage therapy was considered as a compassionate treatment option. A three-phage cocktail infecting the P. aeruginosa strain was prepared and administered intravenously together with meropenem for two weeks, after which, a ten-month follow-up was carried out. Results: No adverse reactions occurred during the phage therapy treatment, while infection markers were normalized. In addition, recovery was seen in a PET-CT scan. During the 10-month follow-up, no further P. aeruginosa septicaemias occurred. Conclusions: Phage–meropenem combination therapy was thus found safe and effective in the treatment of recurrent Pseudomonas septicaemia in a patient with an arterial stent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sepsis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among pediatric patients throughout the world. The varying microbiological pattern of sepsis warrants the need for researches on the causative organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. The epidemiology of neonatal and pediatric sepsis in Ethiopia is under-research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the burden of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among children suspected of sepsis. Methods An institutional-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 370 pediatric(age birth-15 years) patients suspected of sepsis at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized hospital from December 2020 to November 2021. Blood samples were collected aseptically and inoculated into Tryptone Soya Broth for culture. The organisms grown were identified by standard microbiological methods and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method recommended by Clinical laboratory and standard institute. Methicillin resistance was confirmed using Cefoxitin disk diffusion method. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software. A p-value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval was considered statically significant. Results Out of the total 370 study subjects, 21.6% (80/370) of them were culture positive. Of these, 43 (53.8%) and 37 (46.3%) were Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, respectively. The most prevalent Gram-positive bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (n = 24; 30%) and coagulase negative staphylococci (n = 7; 8.8%). Among the Gram-negative bacterial isolates, the leading bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 20; 25%) followed by Escherichia coli (n = 7; 8.8%). Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram-positive bacterial isolates while Amikacin, Meropenem and Chloramphenicol were effective against Gram-negative pathogens. Methicillin resistance was detected in 45.8% of Staphylococcus aureus. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was observed in 76% of the bacterial isolates. Conclusion Gram positive bacteria were the predominant isolates among pediatric sepsis cases and most of the bacterial isolates showed MDR. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were frequently isolated bacteria. The high prevalence of drug resistance warrants rational use of antibiotics and the need for regular antibiotic susceptibility surveillance studies.

Abstract Background Sepsis remains a worldwide major cause of hospitalization, mortality, and morbidity. To enhance the identification of patients with suspected sepsis at high risk of mortality and adverse outcomes in the emergency department (ED), the use of mortality predictors is relevant. This study aims to establish whether quick sofa (qSOFA) and the severity criteria applied in patients with suspicion of sepsis in a monitored ED are in fact predictors of mortality. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study among adult patients with suspicion of sepsis at the ED of a tertiary care hospital in Brazil between January 1st, 2019 and December 31, 2020. All adult patients (ages 18 and over) with suspected sepsis that scored two or more points on qSOFA score or at least one point on the severity criteria score were included in the study. Results The total of patients included in the study was 665 and the average age of the sample was 73 ± 19 years. The ratio of men to women was similar. Most patients exhibited qSOFA ≥ 2 (58.80%) and 356 patients (53.61%) scored one point in the severity criteria at admission. The overall mortality rate was 19.7% (131 patients) with 98 patients (14.74%) having positive blood cultures, mainly showing Escherichia coli as the most isolated bacteria. Neither scores of qSOFA nor the severity criteria were associated with mortality rates, but scoring any point on qSOFA was considered as an independent factor for intensive care unit (ICU) admission (qSOFA = 1 point, p = 0.02; qSOFA = 2 points, p = 0.03, and qSOFA = 3 points, p = 0.04). Positive blood cultures (RR, 1.63;95% CI, 1.10 to 2.41) and general administration of vasopressors at the ED (RR, 2.14;95% CI, 1.44 to 3.17) were associated with 30-day mortality. The administration of vasopressors at the ED (RR, 2.25; CI 95%, 1.58 to 3.21) was found to be a predictor of overall mortality. Conclusions Even though an association was found between qSOFA and ICU admission, there was no association of qSOFA or the severity criteria with mortality. Therefore, patients with a tendency toward greater severity could be identified and treated more quickly and effectively in the emergency department. Further studies are necessary to assess novel scores or biomarkers to predict mortality in sepsis patients admitted to the ED’s initial care.

In severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), bloodstream infections (BSIs) are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. In critically ill patients with COVID-19, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence, clinical profiles, and outcomes of BSIs. This single-center prospective investigation was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Western India. All patients (>18 years of age) hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) or ward with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were included. Demographic information, clinical proficiency, and antibiotic resistance patterns were assessed. Of the 550 patients admitted to the COVID ICU, subsequent BSIs occurred in 7.45% of patients. Gram-negative pathogens comprised a significant proportion of BSIs (53/73, 72.6%). The most frequent isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae (22/73, 30.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (11/73,15.06%), and Escherichia coli (7/23, 9.58%). In 57.8% of the cases, multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) were discovered. The Enterococcus and K. pneumoniae families comprise the majority of MDRO. Gram-negative bacteria (30.18% [16/53]) were resistant to carbapenems. Increased total leukocyte count, mechanical ventilation, and the presence of comorbidities were significantly associated with the incidence of BSIs. In COVID-19-linked BSIs, we discovered a high frequency of A. baumannii. Clinicians should be aware of potential BSIs in the presence of comorbidities, elevated leukocyte count, and mechanical ventilation. To improve the results, empirical antibiotics must be started promptly, and the situation must be de-escalated quickly. The most frequent isolates were A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae ([11/73, 15.06%] and [22/73, 30.1%], respectively). To reduce the incidence of MDRO, infection control procedures should be strictly followed in patients with multidrug resistance.

Abstract Aim This study aimed to develop a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of major Gram-negative etiologies of septicemia and evaluate its performance. Methods Multiplex PCR (mPCR) assays were developed targeting 11 bacterial strains. Species-specific primers were confirmed using known clinical isolates and standard strains. Gradient PCR was performed on each primer against its target bacterial gene to determine its optimal amplification condition. The minimum detectable DNA concentration of the two assays was evaluated by adjusting bacterial DNA concentration to 100 ng/μL and, tenfold serially diluting it up to 10 pg/μL with DNAse-free water. The diagnostic accuracy of mPCR assays was established by subjecting the assays to 60 clinical blood samples. Results Two mPCR assays were developed. Optimal primer annealing temperature of 55 °C was established and utilized in the final amplification conditions. The assays detected all targeted bacteria, with a 100 pg minimum detectable DNA concentration. Pathogens were not detected directly from whole blood, but after 4 h and 8 h of incubation, 41% (5/12) and 100% (12/12) of the bacteria were detected in culture fluids, respectively. The assays also identified Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae co-infections and extra pathogens (1 E. coli and 2 K. pneumoniae) compared with culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the mPCR were 100.0% (71.7–100.0) and 98.0% (90.7–99.0), respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 1.00 (1.00–1.00). Conclusions The mPCR assays demonstrated substantial potential as a rapid tool for septicemia diagnosis alongside the traditional blood culture method. Notably, it was able to identify additional isolates, detect co-infections, and efficiently detect low bacterial DNA loads with high sensitivity, implying its value in enhancing efficiency of diagnosis of septicemia.

Background: Sepsis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among pediatric patients throughout the world. The varying microbiological pattern of sepsis warrants the need for researches on the causative organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. The epidemiology of neonatal and pediatric sepsis in Ethiopia is under-research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the burden of bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among children suspected of sepsis. Methods: An institutional-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 370 pediatric(age birth-15 years) patients suspected of sepsis at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized hospital from December 2020 to November 2021. Blood samples were collected aseptically and inoculated into Tryptone Soya Broth for culture. The organisms grown were identified by standard microbiological methods and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method recommended by Clinical laboratory and standard institute. Methicillin resistance was confirmed using Cefoxitin disk diffusion method. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software. A p-value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval was considered statically significant. Results: Out of the total 370 study subjects, 21.6% (80/370) of them were culture positive. Of these, 43 (53.8%) and 37 (46.3%) were Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, respectively. The most prevalent Gram-positive bacterial isolate was Staphylococcus aureus (n = 24; 30%) and coagulase negative staphylococci (n = 7; 8.8%). Among the Gram-negative bacterial isolates, the leading bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 20; 25%) followed by Escherichia coli (n = 7; 8.8%). Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram-positive bacterial isolates while Amikacin, Meropenem and Chloramphenicol were effective against Gram-negative pathogens. Methicillin resistance was detected in 45.8% of Staphylococcus aureus. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was observed in 76% of the bacterial isolates. Conclusion: Gram positive bacteria were the predominant isolates among pediatric sepsis cases and most of the bacterial isolates showed MDR. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were frequently isolated bacteria. The high prevalence of drug resistance warrants rational use of antibiotics and the need for regular antibiotic susceptibility surveillance studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycobacterium ulcerans ecovar Liflandii (Mu Liflandii) was identified as the causative agent of mycobacteriosis in a research colony of Zaire dwarf clawed frogs (Hymenochirus boettgeri) at the University of Michigan. Clinical presentation included lethargy, generalized septicemia, cutaneous granulomas, coelomic effusion, and acute mortality. Identification of the mycobacterial species was based on molecular, microbiological, and histopathologic characteristics. These findings indicate that Mu Liflandii is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in Zaire dwarf clawed frogs and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sepsis and coelomic effusion in amphibians. Mycobacterial speciation is important given the variability in pathogenesis within the family Mycobacteriaceae and the implications for both animal and human health as potential zoonoses. The Zaire dwarf clawed frog is a species common in the pet trade, and these findings provide consideration for this pathogen as a potentially important public health concern. This is the first report of Mu Liflandii infection in the genus Hymenochirus and illustrates the diagnostic challenges of differentiating among both mycolactone-producing mycobacteria and Mycobacterium marinum. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of environmental sampling for this pathogen within the tank system, suggesting this mode of sampling could replace the need for direct frog surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundObjectiveMethods and measuresResultsConclusionsAround twenty percent of meningitis survivors experience after-effects. However, very little research on their psychological impact has been conducted. This report details a small explorative investigation into these psychological impacts.To explore the impact sequelae have on the meningitis survivors affected.Thematic analysis of one-hundred individual user’s blog posts, self-reporting one or more sequelae after a diagnosis of meningitis.Blog posters’ experiences varied greatly. Common trends in experience were mapped onto three themes. ‘Struggling to Adjust to the New Normal’ captures blog posters’ struggles in returning to their lives post-hospitalization. ‘Navigating Possibilities for Positivity’ explores how blog posters either reported positive change due to their illness experience or felt a pressure, or inability, to do so. ‘The Impact of Knowledge and Support’ overarching two sub-themes; ‘Lack of Awareness Causing Further Suffering’ and ‘Validation Leads to Narrative Shift’. These sub-themes contrast differences in experience blog posters reported, with and without knowledge, of the cause of their symptoms and support in dealing with the resulting difficulties.Consistent and structured after-care would benefit patients experiencing sequelae. Suggestions of a possible format this could take are put forward. In addition, self-regulatory models of illness perception help explain some variations in blog posters experiences, with possible intervention plans based on these models also suggested. However, limitations, including the comparatively small and highly selected sample, mean that further research is necessary to validate the findings and assess their validity, widespread applicability, and financial feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to develop a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of major Gram-negative etiologies of septicemia and evaluate its performance. Methods: Multiplex PCR (mPCR) assays were developed targeting 11 bacterial strains. Species-specific primers were confirmed using known clinical isolates and standard strains. Gradient PCR was performed on each primer against its target bacterial gene to determine its optimal amplification condition. The minimum detectable DNA concentration of the two assays was evaluated by adjusting bacterial DNA concentration to 100 ng/μL and, tenfold serially diluting it up to 10 pg/μL with DNAse-free water. The diagnostic accuracy of mPCR assays was established by subjecting the assays to 60 clinical blood samples. Results: Two mPCR assays were developed. Optimal primer annealing temperature of 55 °C was established and utilized in the final amplification conditions. The assays detected all targeted bacteria, with a 100 pg minimum detectable DNA concentration. Pathogens were not detected directly from whole blood, but after 4 h and 8 h of incubation, 41% (5/12) and 100% (12/12) of the bacteria were detected in culture fluids, respectively. The assays also identified Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae co-infections and extra pathogens (1 E. coli and 2 K. pneumoniae) compared with culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the mPCR were 100.0% (71.7–100.0) and 98.0% (90.7–99.0), respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 1.00 (1.00–1.00). Conclusions: The mPCR assays demonstrated substantial potential as a rapid tool for septicemia diagnosis alongside the traditional blood culture method. Notably, it was able to identify additional isolates, detect co-infections, and efficiently detect low bacterial DNA loads with high sensitivity, implying its value in enhancing efficiency of diagnosis of septicemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), bloodstream infections (BSIs) are an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. In critically ill patients with COVID-19, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence, clinical profiles, and outcomes of BSIs. This single-center prospective investigation was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Western India. All patients (>18 years of age) hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) or ward with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were included. Demographic information, clinical proficiency, and antibiotic resistance patterns were assessed. Of the 550 patients admitted to the COVID ICU, subsequent BSIs occurred in 7.45% of patients. Gram-negative pathogens comprised a significant proportion of BSIs (53/73, 72.6%). The most frequent isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae (22/73, 30.1%), Acinetobacter baumannii (11/73,15.06%), and Escherichia coli (7/23, 9.58%). In 57.8% of the cases, multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) were discovered. The Enterococcus and K. pneumoniae families comprise the majority of MDRO. Gram-negative bacteria (30.18% [16/53]) were resistant to carbapenems. Increased total leukocyte count, mechanical ventilation, and the presence of comorbidities were significantly associated with the incidence of BSIs. In COVID-19-linked BSIs, we discovered a high frequency of A. baumannii. Clinicians should be aware of potential BSIs in the presence of comorbidities, elevated leukocyte count, and mechanical ventilation. To improve the results, empirical antibiotics must be started promptly, and the situation must be de-escalated quickly. The most frequent isolates were A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae ([11/73, 15.06%] and [22/73, 30.1%], respectively). To reduce the incidence of MDRO, infection control procedures should be strictly followed in patients with multidrug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Methicillin‐resistant staph aureus (MRSA) infections are challenging to treat, and with the emergence of community‐associated MRSA (CA‐MRSA) strains, early consideration of this pathogen in populations without typical risk factors is critical. Here we present a case of CA‐MRSA pneumonia that resulted in Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) with septic shock, pyelonephritis, and muscle abscess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of non-opsonized and opsonized S. aureus 2879M and E. coli 321 strains on the total strength of interaction between the endothelial cell and neutrophil during the docking process was studied using in vitro model of experimental septicemia. We observed a decrease in the force and work of adhesion between receptors of neutrophils and endothelial cells under the influence of non-opsonized strains and further decrease in the affinity of single interactions between cells under the influence of opsonized S. aureus, which was compensated by an increase in the number of contacts, as well as an increase in the force of adhesion under the influence of opsonized E. coli compared to non-opsonized bacteria, which remained below the control level, while adhesion work reaches the control level. Thus, opsonization of S. aureus aggravates the "immunological uncoupling" between neutrophils and endothelial cells, while opsonization of E. coli reduces the pathological effect compared to non-opsonized bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify septicemia in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, determine the antibiotic resistance profiles and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of all isolates by using the Vitek-2 compact system and study some immunological parameters (IgM, IgG and hs-CRP) in ICU patients, with and without septicemia. Methodology and results: Ninety blood samples from both sexes and different age groups (ranging from 21-90 years) were collected from different hospitals in Mosul city. Twenty-four blood samples were collected from healthy people and used as a control group for the period between July and December of 2022. Samples were subjected to bacterial diagnosis, antibiotic sensitivity test using Vitek2 and measurement of some immunological parameters. The results showed that 24/90 (26.67%) of the blood samples exhibited positive cultures, with Gram-positive bacteria predominating, 14/24 (58.34%), while Gram-negative bacteria represented 10/24 (41.66%) of the positive samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that vancomycin, linezolid, imipenem, and rifampicin were mostly effective against most Gram-positive septicemia isolates, whereas meropenem, imipenem and colistin were mostly effective against most Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The ELISA results revealed elevated levels of IgM, IgG and hs-CRP in the serum of septicemia patients compared to the healthy control group, with a significant difference in P-value (0.001). In addition, the mean levels of IgM, IgG and hs-CRP in the serum of non-septicemia patients compared to the healthy control group indicated a highly significant difference in P-value (0.001). Conclusion, significance and impact of study: IgM, IgG and hs-CRP levels were significantly different in sepsis patients infected with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the healthy control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae (VC) is divided into multiple serogroups, with groups O1 and O139 responsible for cholera. Conversely, Vibrio cholerae belonging to the non-O1/non-O139 group (NOVC) does not produce cholera-causing toxins. Insufficient understanding of the frequency of NOVC causes fear during the early detection phase. Acute gastroenteritis is often caused by NOVC, while extra gastrointestinal infections are less common. In the case described here, the patient had a postoperative choledochoduodenal fistula due to prior choledochotomy. In August 2023, he was hospitalized with fever and diarrhea. The gram-negative bacilli Vibrio cholerae was isolated from a blood specimen using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The strain was identified as non-O1/O139 by serum agglutination tests. Subsequent whole-genome sequencing and database analysis revealed that the strain possessed resistance genes such as CRP, varG, almG, and QnrVC4, as well as various virulence factors such as RTX, hlyA, VAS, and T3SS. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that CQ23-0008VC had close relationship with cholerae strains isolated from aquatic environments. The patient was treated promptly and discharged after being admitted with severe symptoms. However, Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the virulence factors that were identified in the bacteria were significant; thus, these virulence factors can indicate to medical professionals that a patient could have a septicemia caused by NOVC.

ABSTRACT: Iguanids are susceptible to several bacterial infections, especially those caused by Gram-negative bacteria. The development of these diseases in reptiles is related to management, inadequate sanitary conditions, and immunosuppression. This study aims to describe the anatomopathological and microbiological aspects of a case of co-infection by Plesiomonas shigelloides, Citrobacter freundii and Aeromonas jandaei diagnosed in a free-living green iguana (Iguana iguana). Macroscopically, the lesions were mainly located in skeletal muscle, myocardium, small intestine, and liver, characterized by white-yellowish, multifocal, friable, irregular areas associated with necrosis and hemorrhage. In the histopathological analysis, basophilic bacillary structures corresponding to bacterial aggregates were observed in the skeletal muscle, myocardium, hepatic parenchyma, kidney, stomach and small intestine associated with areas of thrombosis, necrosis and hemorrhage. The diagnosis of sepsis by P. shigelloides, C. freundii and A. jandaei was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) associated with the anatomopathological and microbiological findings observed in this case.

Abstract Background Chromobacterium is a genus of fourteen species with validly published names, most often found in soil and waters in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The most well-known species of the genus, C. violaceum, occasionally causes clinically relevant infections; cases of soft tissue infections with septicemia and fatal outcomes have been described. Case presentation Here, we present a clinical case report of a 79-year-old man from Sweden with a soft-tissue infection and septicemia. The pathogen was identified as a strain of Chromobacterium species, but not C. violaceum. The patient was treated with clindamycin and ciprofloxacin and recovered well. Conclusions This case report demonstrates the potential of Chromobacterium species as infectious agents in immunocompetent patients. It also indicates the existence of a novel species.

A rare case of severe septicemia with meningitis that developed as a result of infection with non-pathogenic Neisseria weaveri, which is better known as the commensal of the dogs’ oral cavity, is described in a child aged 7 years. The disease began acutely with fever up to 39 °C and vomiting. Later, these symptoms were accompanied by delusions, psychomotor agitation, sharp pallor of the skin and convulsions. Subsequently, the skin became cyanotic, hemorrhagic rashes appeared throughout the body. With the abovementioned symptoms, the patient was admitted to the intensive care unit of infectious clinical hospital with the diagnosis of meningococcal infection, infectious toxic shock syndrome type 1. As a result of the bacteriological examination of mucus taken from the nasopharynx and cerebrospinal fluid, meningococcus was not detected. However, blood samples contained gram-negative diplococci identified by Vitek-2 and VT2 NH ID cards as Neisseria weaveri. The uniqueness of the case is that in a typical clinical picture of generalized meningococcal infection with hemorrhagic rashes and meningitis, which was accompanied by shock, bacteriological blood tests identified a “zoonotic” type of Neisseria weaveri. As a result of the treatment, clear positive dynamics and eventual recovery of the child on the 14th day of illness were observed. The above case proves that recognition of this microorganism is of clinical importance, and non-pathogenic Neisseria weaveri should be considered as a pathogen that can cause severe septicemia with meningitis and shock manifestations, even without a history of a dog bite. The issue of the role of Neisseria weaveri in the development of the disease in children requires further study and an interdisciplinary approach with the involvement of infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists, immunologists, and microbiologists.

AbstractBovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and bovine rotavirus (BRV) are common viral infections in dairy calves, resulting in significant economic losses in the dairy industry. BCoV causes severe diarrhea and respiratory disease, with transmission primarily occurring through the fecal-oral and respiratory routes, respectively. BRSV causes acute respiratory tract infections and is primarily transmitted via direct contact with aerosol droplets. BVDV induces diarrhea, respiratory infections, and decreases weight gain. BRV poses a global threat to the dairy sector, causing acute diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal calves. This highly contagious virus results in economic losses for farmers owing to reduced weight gain, treatment costs, and calf fatalities. BRV, primarily affecting 1–3-week-old calves, is caused by serogroup A rotaviruses, constituting 95% of cases. Its resistance to disinfectants, high infectivity, and persistence make it a formidable infectious agent. The diagnosis of these infections involves a combination of clinical signs, laboratory testing, and epidemiological investigations. Diagnostic methods, including immunological tests, culture, PCR, and serology, assist in the diagnosis of these pathogens. The treatment includes supportive care and antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections. Prevention and control strategies encompass early colostrum feeding, vaccination, proper housing, feeding, and management practices, along with biosecurity measures and rigorous hygiene practices to minimize their impact on calf health and industry. The dairy industry can prevent and control these infections by implementing appropriate measures and using effective vaccines to minimize the impact on animal health, welfare, and productivity. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and characterization of viral infections in dairy calves.

On the 21st of May 2023, a dead adult male sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) of 13 m in length and estimated weight of around 18,000 kg was reportedly stranded at Playa Los Nogales, La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. A necropsy was performed 48hpm. A 50 cm diameter and 9.5 kg coprolite was found obstructing the caudal colon-rectal lumen. Necro-hemorrhagic lesions were found in heart muscles and three different bacteria of intestinal origin were isolated and identified (Edwarsiella tarda, Hathewaya limosa and Clostridium perfringens). It is reported a lethal septicemia of intestinal origin associated with ambergris coprolite as cause of death in this sperm whale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chromobacterium is a genus of fourteen species with validly published names, most often found in soil and waters in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The most well-known species of the genus, C. violaceum, occasionally causes clinically relevant infections; cases of soft tissue infections with septicemia and fatal outcomes have been described. Case presentation: Here, we present a clinical case report of a 79-year-old man from Sweden with a soft-tissue infection and septicemia. The pathogen was identified as a strain of Chromobacterium species, but not C. violaceum. The patient was treated with clindamycin and ciprofloxacin and recovered well. Conclusions: This case report demonstrates the potential of Chromobacterium species as infectious agents in immunocompetent patients. It also indicates the existence of a novel species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases that occur in silkworms include soft rot, hardening disease, digestive diseases, and sepsis. However, research on the causes of bacterial diseases occurring in silkworms and the resulting changes in the microbial community is lacking. Therefore, we examined the morphological characteristics of sepsis and changes in the microbial community between silkworms that exhibit a unique odor and healthy silkworms; thus, we established a relationship between disease-causing microorganisms and sepsis. After producing a 16S rRNA amplicon library for samples showing sepsis, we obtained information on the microbial community present in silkworms using next-generation sequencing. Compared to that in healthy silkworms, in silkworms with sepsis, the abundance of the Firmicutes phylum was significantly reduced, while that of Proteobacteria was increased. Serratia sp. was dominant in silkworms with sepsis. After bacterial isolation, identification, and reinfection through the oral cavity, we confirmed this organism as the disease-causing agent; its mortality rate was 1.8 times higher than that caused by Serratia marcescens. In summary, we identified a new causative bacterium of silkworm sepsis through microbial community analysis and confirmed that the microbial community balance was disrupted by the aberrant proliferation of certain bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The clinical relevance of Acinetobacter pittii is increasing, but reports of this organism causing neonatal sepsis are rare. Objectives To understand the mechanisms of resistance and virulence of A. pittii isolated from neonatal blood belonging to a novel sequence type. Materials and methods Antibiotic susceptibility, MLST, WGS, phylogenomic comparison with a global collection of carbapenemase-harbouring A. pittii were done. To study the pathogenic potential of novel A. pittii , in vitro and in vivo assays were carried out. Results and discussion Two novel multidrug-resistant A. pittii from neonatal blood belonging to a novel sequence type 1451 (ST1451) were isolated. WGS revealed that the isolates were almost similar (147 SNP distant) and harbouring two carbapenem resistance genes bla NDM-1 with upstream IS Aba125 and downstream ble MBL along with bla OXA-58 with upstream IS Aba3. Other resistance genes included bla ADC-25, bla OXA-533, aph(3″)-Ib , aph(3′)-VIa , aph(6)-Id , aac(3)-IId , mph(E) , msr(E) , sul2 and tet(39) , different efflux pump genes and amino acid substitutions within GyrA (Ser81Leu) and ParC (Ser84Leu; Glu88Ala) were detected among the isolates. The study genomes were closely related to four strains belonging to ST119. The isolates showed biofilm production, serum resistance, growth under iron limiting condition, surface-associated motility and adherence to host cell. Isolates induced cytokine production in the host cell and showed mice mortality. Discussion and conclusions This study is the first report of the presence of bla NDM-1 in A. pittii from India along with another carbapenemase bla OXA-58. Emergence of highly virulent, multidrug-resistant A. pittii with attributes similar to A. baumannii calls for surveillance to identify the novel strains and their pathogenic and resistance potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe an unusual outbreak of mortality in suckling piglets following the misadministration of an oral vaccine against Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Choleraesuis. Within 3–48 h of vaccination of a batch of ~700 piglets, ~300 developed marked swelling in the dorsal neck region, respiratory distress, fever, recumbency, and apathy. In total, ~100 died, and 4 were submitted for autopsy. Gross and microscopic lesions consisted of focally extensive areas of purple discoloration in the skin of the cervical region, associated with edema and hemorrhage in the subcutis and muscles. Additionally, there was interstitial pneumonia with marked interlobular edema and mild fibrinous pleuritis. Aerobic bacterial culture identified Salmonella Typhimurium (3 cases) and Salmonella Choleraesuis (1 case) in samples of skeletal muscle and lung and from pleural swab samples. Marked immunostaining against Salmonella spp. was observed in the skeletal muscle of the cervical region, as well as in blood vessels and macrophages from the lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. We concluded that inappropriate intramuscular administration of an oral vaccine against Salmonella resulted in septicemia and death in a batch of piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study attempted to identify possible overlap between serum cell-reactive proteins (C-rp) and hematological indices as predictors of comorbidity of malaria and septicemia among children attending primary healthcare facilities in Ilorin, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and ninety-three children (aged: ≤ 1–15 years) presenting with symptoms suggestive of malaria were enrolled. Blood specimens were collected and screened for: Romanowsky, culture, serum C-RP and hematological indices. Results: One hundred and fifteen (59.6%) children had Plasmodium falciparum infections (female 69.0% and male 34.1%). Septicemia was common among 52 (26.9%), but malaria and septicemia co-infection was 42 (36.5%). C-rp levels were low (< 10 mg/L) in 41 (35.7%, OR 4.594, CI 2.463–8.571) and high (> 10 mg/L) in 74 (64.3%, OR 2.519, CI 1.681–3.775) among the malaria positives (p < 0.05). Children with low C-rp, 8 (15.4%, OR 9.413, CI 4.116–21.531) were positive for septicemia and high C-RP 44 (84.6%, OR 1.694, CI 1.396–2.055), but without malaria, respectively. Similarly, increased C-rp levels were significantly associated with clinical malaria; > 10,000 parasites/μL (OR 1.486, CI 1.076–2.054, P < 0.001). Malaria-positive versus negative showed that PCV, C-rp, hemoglobin, platelet, WBC, and neutrophil were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Two bacteria species were identified, viz; Staphylococcus aureus 39 (54.9%) and Escherichia coli 32 (45.1%). The trade-off between sensitivity and specificity occurred at 16.475 cut-off using C-rp and degree of malaria severity as the standard for AUROC. Conclusion: C-rp are inflammatory markers, though non-specificity may be associated with malaria prognosis and severity during malaria–septicemia co-infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While mortality caused by sepsis remains an unsolved problem, studies showed conflicting results about effectiveness of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in patients suffering sepsis. For this reason, this current study provides an update of review clinical randomized trial studies until March 2024. The main object of this study is to determine effects of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies on mortality rate and hospitalization of patients suffering sepsis. Search of Scopus, Web of science, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane were performed and randomized controlled trials which conducted in patients with septic shock or bacterial sepsis were included. Two reviewers assessed all searched trials for eligibility according to already defined criteria and did data collection and analyses afterwards. Present study showed monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are a safe strategy with mild-to-moderate adverse effects. However, most studies indicate no significant change among inter-and intra-group comparison (p > 0.05) and further studies are needed, results showed an increase in survival rate, ventilator-and ICU-free days, resolve organ dysfunction, mediating inflammation related cytokines.

Key Clinical Message Methicillin‐resistant staph aureus (MRSA) infections are challenging to treat, and with the emergence of community‐associated MRSA (CA‐MRSA) strains, early consideration of this pathogen in populations without typical risk factors is critical. Here we present a case of CA‐MRSA pneumonia that resulted in Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) with septic shock, pyelonephritis, and muscle abscess.

Poultry meat production worldwide has continued to expand over the last two decades. In this regard, hygienic meat inspection and monitoring of diseases at slaughter lines have been recognized as essential for assessing flocks' status. This study aimed to determine the condemnation rate of slaughtered poultry and calculate the economic losses due to condemnations in the Namin industrial slaughterhouse, Ardabil Province of Iran. The data were collected by a veterinarian inspector in the slaughterhouse. The number of poultry slaughtered, their weight, the number and weight of condemned carcasses, and the reasons for condemnation were recorded. In this study, 3,488,916 poultry were slaughtered, and 42,310 carcasses (1.202 %) were condemned, weighing 66,385 kg. The highest percentage of condemned poultry was observed in autumn (1.61%), and the lowest in spring (0.93%). The direct financial loss incurred due to condemnations was estimated to be as high as 153,067 USD. Septicemia and dead on arrival (DOA) were the most common reasons for the rejection of carcasses, accounting for 47.85% and 0.580 of the total condemnations and total slaughtered poultry, respectively. The highest frequency percentage of the condemnation due to diseases occurred during autumn.In contrast, summer had the highest condemnation rate in association with DOA. The current survey showed that diseases caused the most condemnations compared to other causes. Therefore, improving disease control programs on flocks and increasing the welfare of birds before slaughter is recommended.

Dereje Tulu Robi,1 Tesfa Mossie,2 Shiferaw Temteme1 1Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia; 2Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Jimma Agriculture Research Center, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Dereje Tulu Robi, Email derejetulu5@gmail.comAbstract: Dairy farming faces a significant challenge of bacterial infections in dairy calves, which can have detrimental effects on their health and productivity. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the most prevalent bacterial infections in dairy calves, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella dublin, Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens, Pasteurella multocida, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycoplasma bovis, and Haemophilus somnus. These pathogens can cause various clinical signs and symptoms, leading to diarrhea, respiratory distress, septicemia, and even mortality. Factors such as management practices, environmental conditions, and herd health influence the incidence and severity of the infections. Efficient management and prevention strategies include good colostrum and nutrient feeding, early detection, appropriate treatment, hygiene practices, and supportive care. Regular health monitoring and diagnostic tests facilitate early detection and intervention. The use of antibiotics should be judicious to prevent antimicrobial resistance and supportive care such as fluid therapy and nutritional support promotes recovery. Diagnostic methods, including immunological tests, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serology, aid in the identification of specific pathogens. This review also explores recent advancements in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bacterial infections in dairy calves, providing valuable insights for dairy farmers, veterinarians, and researchers. By synthesizing pertinent scientific literature, this review contributes to the development of effective strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of bacterial infections on the health, welfare, and productivity of young calves. Moreover, more research is required to enhance the understanding of the epidemiology and characterization of bacterial infections in dairy calves.Keywords: bacteria, diarrhea, pneumonia, septicemia, vaccination, dairy calve

Background: Intravascular stent infections are often associated with high risks of morbidity and mortality. We report here a case of a patient with an arterial stent and recurrent Pseudomonas septicaemias successfully treated with phage–meropenem combination therapy. Methods: A 75-year-old female with arteriosclerosis and comorbidities went through a femoropopliteal bypass with prosthesis in the right inguinal area. After the bypass, she developed a recurring Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and also neutropenia during different antibiotics. A rapidly growing pseudoaneurysm in the right inguinal area led to an emergency intra-arterial stent placement during blood stream infection, later suspected to host a P. aeruginosa biofilm. Removing the stent was deemed precarious, and phage therapy was considered as a compassionate treatment option. A three-phage cocktail infecting the P. aeruginosa strain was prepared and administered intravenously together with meropenem for two weeks, after which, a ten-month follow-up was carried out. Results: No adverse reactions occurred during the phage therapy treatment, while infection markers were normalized. In addition, recovery was seen in a PET-CT scan. During the 10-month follow-up, no further P. aeruginosa septicaemias occurred. Conclusions: Phage–meropenem combination therapy was thus found safe and effective in the treatment of recurrent Pseudomonas septicaemia in a patient with an arterial stent.

Objective: Bacteria entering the bloodstream through oral mucosa cause bacteremia, which can lead to septic or distant infections. The underlying factors and need for dental treatment in patients referred for oral examination because of septic infection were investigated. It was expected that general diseases and poor socioeconomic status of patients would increase the risk of bacteremia. Method and materials: This descriptive retrospective study included patients (N = 128) referred from medical clinics of the Helsinki University Hospital (HUH), during 2012 to 2017, to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases due to bacteremia suspected to be of oral origin. Data were extracted from medical and dental records according to the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) for systemic or remote infections. Different groups were formed using modified Skapinakis classification for socioeconomic status (SES), from I (high) to V (low). Underlying medical conditions were retrieved according to McCabe classi- fication: healthy, nonfatal, ultimately fatal, and rapidly fatal diseases. The data were analyzed using the statistical software package SPSS (IBM). Results: Patients were referred most often from the Departments of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine. Because of infection, 12 patients needed aortic or mitral valve operations. Many of the patients were intravenous drug users. However, the majority of patients presented McCabe class I, indicating no systemic disease. The main SES was intermediate III. Tooth extraction was the principal mode of treatment. No demographic background variables were identified to explain increase of the risk for bacteremia except that most patients were men with untreated dental problems. Conclusions: Contrary to the authors' expectation, poor SES and underlying diseases did not seem to link to the outcome. However, untreated dental infections present an evident risk for life-threatening septic complications also in generally healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, facultative anaerobe coccus, which is a member of the commensal microbiota of skin and mucous membranes in humans and animals and sometimes can cause infection or disease. This bacterium produces variable toxins and enzymes including at least five types of exotoxins that leads to cell membrane damage. Staphylococcus aureus can cause a wide range of clinical and pathologic lesions including acute or subacute septicemia, embryo mortalities, omphalitis and yolk sac infection, arthritis and synovitis, osteomyelitis, vesicular dermatitis, gangrenous dermatitis, pododermatitis and other disorders in different avian species. Staphylococcus aureus infections are among the most important diseases of poultry industry, particularly, in broiler breeder flocks. Staphylococcal infections can cause large economic losses due to lameness, arthritis, poor weight gain, decreased egg production, and loss of flock uniformity. This paper reviews the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus and its role in lameness and arthritis in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ventricular mural thrombi are rare occurrences and form one of the common mechanical complications of myocardial infarctions. They also occur in patients with nonischemic myocardial disorders and even in those devoid of cardiac diseases. Clinical detection often depends on the size of the thrombi. Aim: This study was aimed at ascertaining the etiopathogenesis of mural thrombi with a clinicopathologic correlation. Materials and Methods: This was a 12-year retrospective observational study reviewing the autopsy records of all cases showing ventricular mural thrombi. The location, size, morphology, and histologic appearances of the thrombi were noted. The cases, depending on the etiology, were categorized into myocardial ischemic (Group 1), myocardial nonischemic (Group 2), and non-myocardial (Group 3) causes. These features were correlated with the clinical settings. Results: There were 93 cases of mural thrombi with an almost equal sex distribution and a mean age of 45.9 years. The cause was ischemic heart disease in most of the patients (Group 1, 46.2%), while 21.5% and 32.3% of patients belonged to Group 2 and Group 3, respectively. Unlike the large and dominantly left ventricular thrombi seen in Group 1, the other two groups frequently had biventricular involvement, location in the intertrabecular spaces, and a high microscopic detection. Clinical diagnosis had been made in only 3.2% of patients. Thromboembolism was noted in other organs in 34.4% of the total cases. Conclusion: Ventricular thrombi should be ruled out in patients with evidence of systemic and/or pulmonary thromboembolism, even in those without any cardiac disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perforation Peritonitis is caused mostly by the perforation of a diseased viscus. Abdominal trauma, ingestion of a sharp foreign body, and iatrogenic perforation are additional causes of perforation. The diagnosis is mostly based on clinical findings. Objectives: To assess the validity of modified POSSUM score in Peritonitis due to hollow viscus perforation. Methods: A total of 50 patients admitted in Department of General Surgery, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, who are diagnosed with peritonitis due to hollow viscus perforation were included. The data was collected using the POSSUM scoring system's criteria. The patients' outcomes were recorded as death/alive; complicated/uncomplicated, and statistical analysis was performed by comparing predicted and observed outcomes. Results: Out of 50 cases, 18% of the cases died, Complications were seen in 70% of the cases of which multiple complications were seen in 32% of the cases, Deep infection and septicemia was seen in 10% of the cases each, Wound infection a chest infection was seen in 6% of the cases each. Pyrexia of unknown origin, impaired renal function and urinary tract infection was seen in 2% of the cases each. The parameters Glasgow scale, perforation to operation time, mode of surgery, malignancy, multiple procedures, comorbidities and predicted risk of mortality were statistically significant. The sensitivity was 91.11%, specificity was 100%, PPV was 100% and NPV was 55.56% and accuracy was 92%. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study suggest that the POSSUM scoring system can be used to predict the mortality and morbidity of patients undergoing surgery for Perforative peritonitis. Taking into consideration variables such as perforation to surgical intervention can help in enhancing the scoring system. As a result, modifying the scoring system based on the surgery would enhance the patients' outcomes, enabling them to receive better healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Enfermagem Brasil is the property of Atlantica Editora and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Poultry meat production worldwide has continued to expand over the last two decades. In this regard, hygienic meat inspection and monitoring of diseases at slaughter lines have been recognized as essential for assessing flocks' status. This study aimed to determine the condemnation rate of slaughtered poultry and calculate the economic losses due to condemnations in the Namin industrial slaughterhouse, Ardabil Province of Iran. The data were collected by a veterinarian inspector in the slaughterhouse. The number of poultry slaughtered, their weight, the number and weight of condemned carcasses, and the reasons for condemnation were recorded. In this study, 3,488,916 poultry were slaughtered, and 42,310 carcasses (1.202 %) were condemned, weighing 66,385 kg. The highest percentage of condemned poultry was observed in autumn (1.61%), and the lowest in spring (0.93%). The direct financial loss incurred due to condemnations was estimated to be as high as 153,067 USD. Septicemia and dead on arrival (DOA) were the most common reasons for the rejection of carcasses, accounting for 47.85% and 0.580 of the total condemnations and total slaughtered poultry, respectively. The highest frequency percentage of the condemnation due to diseases occurred during autumn. In contrast, summer had the highest condemnation rate in association with DOA. The current survey showed that diseases caused the most condemnations compared to other causes. Therefore, improving disease control programs on flocks and increasing the welfare of birds before slaughter is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitiligo is an autoimmune condition that causes patchy skin depigmentation. Although the mechanism by which vitiligo induces immunocompromise is unclear, other related autoimmune diseases are known to predispose those affected to infection. Individuals with vitiligo exhibit epidermal barrier disruption, which could potentially increase their susceptibility to systemic infections; patients with renal disease also show a predisposition to infection. Nevertheless, there is little research addressing the risk of infection in dialysis patients with vitiligo in comparison to those without it. A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States Renal Data System who started dialysis between 2004 and 2019 to determine if ESRD patients with vitiligo are at an increased risk of bacteremia, cellulitis, conjunctivitis, herpes zoster, or septicemia. Multivariable logistic regression modeling indicated that female sex, black compared to white race, Hispanic ethnicity, hepatitis C infection, and tobacco use were associated with an enhanced risk of vitiligo, whereas increasing age and catheter, versus arteriovenous fistula, and access type were associated with a decreased risk. After controlling for demographics and clinical covariates, vitiligo was found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of bacteremia, cellulitis, and herpes zoster but not with conjunctivitis and septicemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Neonatal sepsis is a major determinant of neonatal mortality. There is a scarcity of evidence-based guidelines for the duration of antibiotics in culture-positive sepsis. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of 10- and 14-day antibiotic therapies in the management of culture-positive neonatal sepsis. Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care center among the neonates suffering from culture-positive sepsis (with signs of clinical remission on day 9 of antibiotic) between January 2023 and May 2023. Newborns with major congenital anomaly, deep-seated infections, multi-organ dysfunction, associated fungal infections/infection by multiple organisms and severe birth asphyxia were excluded. Two hundred and thirty-four newborns were randomized into two groups—study (received 10 days of antibiotics) and control (received 14 days of antibiotics). Treatment failure, hospital stay and adverse effects were compared between the two groups. p  < 0.05 was taken as the limit of statistical significance. Results Median [interquartile range (IQR)] birth weight and gestational age of the study population (53.8% boys) were 2.424 kg (IQR: 2.183–2.695) and 37.3 weeks (IQR: 35.5–38.1), respectively. Acinetobacter was the most commonly isolated species (56, 23.9%). The baseline characteristics of both groups were almost similar. Treatment failure was similar in the study and control groups (3.8% vs. 1.7%, p  = 0.40), with a shorter hospital stay [median (IQR): 14 (13–16) vs. 18 (17–19) days, p  < 0.001]. Conclusion Ten-day antibiotic therapy was comparable with 14-day antibiotic therapy in efficacy, with a shorter duration of hospital stay and without any significant increase in adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]