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We examined the moderating roles of distress tolerance, meaning in life, and social support in the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) among cancer patients. Participants included 301 cancer outpatients randomly selected from the oncology unit of a tertiary healthcare institution in Nigeria (female = 60.1%%; age range = 21 to 85 years, mean age = 52.30 years, SD = 12.64 years). They completed self-report measures on distress tolerance, meaning in life, social support, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and PTG. Following series of moderation analysis using Hayes PROCESS macro for SPSS Model 1, results showed that higher PTSS was associated with lower PTG at low and moderate, but not at high levels of distress tolerance. Moreover, meaning in life and social support moderators the PTSS and PTG relationship for higher PTG. Therefore, intervention programmes to promote PTG among cancer patients should consider meaning in life, and social support for their protective potentials in improving positive posttraumatic outcome and recovery with distress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fengbo Liu,1 Yue Xi,2 Ning Li,3 Ming Wu4 1School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China; 2College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Physical Education, Putian University, Putian, Fujian Province, People’s Republic of China; 4Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Fengbo Liu, School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China, Email lfbzzuli@126.comObjective: To explore the impact of brief mindfulness training on college students’ mobile phone addiction and the mediating effect of the sense of meaning in life between them.Methods: This study has employed the mixed experimental design of 2 (experimental conditions) × 2 (time points), randomly assigned 44 college students into a mindfulness training group and a control group (22 college students in each group), and selected the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency Scale (MPATS), and Chinese Meaning in Life Questionnaire (C-MLQ) to conduct separate tests before and after mindfulness training.Results: The results show that: (1) in the pretest, the differences between the mindfulness training group and the control group in the level of mindfulness, the level of mobile phone addiction, and the sense of meaning in life are not statistically significant; (2) in the posttest, compared with those of the control group, both the FMI score (p=0.013) and the C-MLQ score (p< 0.001) of the mindfulness training group improve significantly, while the MPATS score (p=0.008) of the mindfulness training group declines significantly; and (3) the Bootstrap analysis of the mediating effect shows that after the change in C-MLQ (95% CI [0.537, 11.630]) enters the equation, the direct effect of mindfulness training is not significant (95% CI [− 3.254, 5.861]).Conclusion: The results of this study reveal the impact and mechanism of brief mindfulness training on college students’ mobile phone addiction, and provide an empirical basis for intervening on mobile phone addiction.Keywords: brief mindfulness, mobile phone addiction, sense of meaning in life, mediating effect

IntroductionThe COVID-19 epidemic has provided opportunity to study the impact of a well-defined severe illness on the development of a depressive episode and the associated sense of loneliness and lack of meaning in life.Materials and MethodsThe aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of a reactive depressive episode, the severity of depression, a sense of loneliness and meaning in life in subjects who approximately a year earlier than the date of the study had suffered from a pulmonary form of SARS-CoV-2 infection with radiologically documented interstitial lesions of the lungs, requiring and not requiring hospitalization compared to people who did not develop the disease as a result of infection with that virus. The study included 63 subjects hospitalized for pulmonary lesions, 67 not hospitalized and 60 healthy controls. The severity of depressive symptoms was measured using a Polish-language standardized version of the Beck Depression Inventory, a sense of loneliness using the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and a sense of meaning in life using the Life Attitude Profile-Revised.ResultsThe frequency of depression and its severity were found to be the highest in hospitalized patients compared to those treated at home and healthy people. A significant difference in the frequency of depression and its severity between outpatients and healthy people was also observed. The feeling of loneliness turned out to be greatest in the group of hospitalized people. Also, the severity of loneliness was found to be higher in the outpatient compared to the control group. The sense of meaning in life reached its lowest level among hospitalized patients, was moderately reduced in the outpatient group, and typical of the Polish population in the control group.DiscussionBoth pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization have been shown to be a risk factor for depression, increased feeling of loneliness and a reduced sense of meaning in life. The effect of trauma and the presence of depression can be the explanation for the increased sense of loneliness after the illness and the partial breakdown of the lifeline manifested by a decrease in the sense of meaning in life.

Finding meaning in life helps improve undergraduates' well-being, hope, and adaptation to life. To investigate the relationship between future socioeconomic status (future SES) and undergraduates' sense of meaning in life, 333 undergraduates were surveyed using the Meaning in Life Scale, Basic Psychological Needs Scales, and Social Ladder Scale. Results showed that (1) undergraduates' sense of meaning in life was at the middle level, their current SES was low, but their future SES was high. (2) The sense of meaning in life was significantly predicted by future SES, with sex, age, objective SES, and current SES controlled. (3) Basic psychological needs satisfaction mediated the influence of future SES on sense of meaning in life. Thus, undergraduates expected future SES influenced their sense of meaning in life through satisfying their basic psychological needs, i.e., relatedness need, autonomy need, and competence need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe development of prosocial behavior is an important embodiment of youth socialization. Cultivating adolescents’ prosocial behaviors can be beneficial to individuals form correct outlook on life and values, and has a profound impact on promoting the harmonious development of society.MethodsThis manuscript constructs a model to explain the mediating role of sense of meaning in life between gratitude and prosocial behavior and the moderating role of self-esteem in the mediating path. From the analysis of the data of 2,735 questionnaires utilizing SPSS 22.Results(1) Gratitude has a significant positive effect on prosocial behavior; (2) sense of meaning in life plays a mediating influence on the relationship between gratitude and prosocial behavior; and (3) self-esteem has a moderating impact on relationship between sense of meaning in life and prosocial behavior, which means that adolescents with high self-esteem experience a stronger positive effect of a sense of life’s meaning on their prosocial behavior.DiscussionThese findings not only add to research on the relationship between gratitude and prosocial behavior, but also provide ideas for improving adolescent prosocial behavior. Theoretical and practical implications, along with limitations and future research directions, were discussed.

Purpose: This study explores the relationship between physical exercise and older people's subjective well-being and the mediating role of a sense of meaning in life and self-esteem by using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, in order to provide some suggestions for improving older people's subjective well-being. Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted offline using a simple random method of collection, and the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), the Subjective Well-being Scale (SWB), the Meaningfulness of Life Scale (MLQ), and the Self-Esteem Scale (SES) were applied to 419 older adults who participated in physical exercise from Chengdu (Qingyang District, Wuhou District, and Chenghua District), Sichuan Province, China, with the voluntary participation of the subjects. 197 males and 222 females, with a mean age of 72.49 (SD = 1.57). The study used SPSS 25.0 and Process 3.5 plugin for statistical processing of the data, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for intravariate consistency testing, Harman's one-way test for common method bias testing and multiple covariance diagnosis, and finally regression analysis and Bootstrap sampling test for significance of mediating effects. Results: Physical exercise was able to have a positive effect on the level of subjective well-being of older adults (ß = 0.0305; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0226, 0.0384; p < 0.05), and a mediation analysis of sense of meaning in life and self-esteem revealed that they were able to have independent and chained mediation effects, with four pathways: first, physical exercise directly affected subjective well-being of older adults (ß = 0.0149; 95% CI: 0.0072, 0.0226; p < 0.05; ß = 0.0149; 95% CI: 0.0072, 0.0226; p < 0.05); secondly, sense of meaning in life mediated the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being of older adults (ß = 0.0075; 95% CI: 0.0041, 0.0115; p < 0.05); thirdly, self-esteem mediated the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being of older adults (ß = 0.0075; 95% CI: 0.0041, 0.0115; p < 0.05). (ß = 0.0061; 95% CI: 0.0034, 0.0094; p < 0.05); fourth, a chain mediating effect of sense of meaning in life and self-esteem in the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being in older adults (ß = 0.0021; 95% CI: 0.0010, 0.0035; p < 0.05). Conclusion and prospects: As indicated by the results, physical exercise can enhance the subjective well-being of older adults through sense of meaning in life and self-esteem, therefore, in order to be able to enhance the subjective well-being of older adults, enhancing the level of sense of meaning in life and self-esteem of older adults is an effective means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the relationship and predictive contribution of sense of meaning in life and sense of coherence in post-traumatic growth in re-covered married people from COVID-19 in Ilam. The design of the present study was quantitative, cross-sectional and correlational, in which the relationship and prediction of the dependent variable (post-traumatic growth) was determined based on independent variables (sense of meaning in life and sense of cohesion).The statistical population of the present study included all patients with coronary heart disease (5000 people) in Ilam city who were discharged from Mostafa Khomeini Hospital in Region 4 (Ilam). The sample of this study was determined based on the number of statistical population; in this way, first the population size was determined and then according to Morgan table, the sample size (350 people) was calculated and 198 were male and 152 were female. The sampling method was random. Data were collected based on the Meaning of Life Questionnaire by Estger and Oishi (2004), the Antonovsky Coherence Questionnaire (1993) and the Tedeschi Vacalon Post-Traumatic Development Questionnaire (1996). The results showed that the sense of meaning in life and the sense of cohesion significantly predict posttraumatic growth. This means that the higher the sense of meaning in life and the sense of cohesion in those who have recovered from COVID-19, the more post-traumatic growth they experienced (p<0.05). Based on these results, it can be said that strengthening the sense of meaning in life and the sense of cohesion in people with coronavirus can be considered as an important item for the possibility of tolerating this disease, as well as changes and positive growth after it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding meaning in life helps improve undergraduates’ well-being, hope, and adaptation to life. To investigate the relationship between future socioeconomic status (future SES) and undergraduates’ sense of meaning in life, 333 undergraduates were surveyed using the Meaning in Life Scale, Basic Psychological Needs Scales, and Social Ladder Scale. Results showed that (1) undergraduates’ sense of meaning in life was at the middle level, their current SES was low, but their future SES was high. (2) The sense of meaning in life was significantly predicted by future SES, with sex, age, objective SES, and current SES controlled. (3) Basic psychological needs satisfaction mediated the influence of future SES on sense of meaning in life. Thus, undergraduates expected future SES influenced their sense of meaning in life through satisfying their basic psychological needs, i.e., relatedness need, autonomy need, and competence need.

In the 21st century, a time of dynamic civilisational, economic, technological and other changes, the approach to professional work, opportunities of employment as well as personal development and professional career is also changing. The transformation, the dynamic civilisation development, the globalisation and the so-called consumer revolution have significantly influenced the change in views on work and professional career. In this dynamics of transformations, older people, being retired, perceive both the changes and work in a slightly different way than young people entering the labour and employment market. This is due to their inclinations and features characteristic for their age and health condition. Besides, the functioning of seniors in the labour market is not easy in modern times. From the perspective of work in the ‘volatile’ employment market, it can be observed that, on the one hand, the duration of employment is getting shorter and shorter but in this short period of time, within a certain number of working hours, an employee has to ‘deliver’ as much as possible: ideas, initiatives and activities contributing to the development of the employing institution in order not to lose the already short period of employment and the possibility of adding new skills or achievements to the portfolio. Engaging older people in professional work, maintaining their activity in the labour market is possible with properly implemented social, economic, and educational policies with regard to older people. This paper focuses on the essence of work, its value and meaning for older people from the perspective of work activity and retirement experiences. It shows how work has shaped and continues to shape contemporary seniors and how they perceive themselves on the labour market and their own development opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research has established that personal religiosity is positively associated with a sense of meaning in life. However, it has largely overlooked how religious others influence one's own life meaning. Given that a marital partner may be the most influential other in a person's everyday life, this study aims to examine how the religiosity of one's spouse is associated with the sense of meaning in life of the self, regardless of the religiosity of the self. Moreover, this study assesses whether this association differs by gender. Analysis of data from the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study reveals that spousal religiosity is positively associated with the partner's meaning in life, net of the partner's own religious commitment. However, these observed patterns do not vary by gender. Overall, these observations highlight the importance of social contexts in which others' religious attributes are related to one's own meaning in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 epidemic has provided opportunity to study the impact of a well-defined severe illness on the development of a depressive episode and the associated sense of loneliness and lack of meaning in life., Materials and Methods: The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of a reactive depressive episode, the severity of depression, a sense of loneliness and meaning in life in subjects who approximately a year earlier than the date of the study had suffered from a pulmonary form of SARS-CoV-2 infection with radiologically documented interstitial lesions of the lungs, requiring and not requiring hospitalization compared to people who did not develop the disease as a result of infection with that virus. The study included 63 subjects hospitalized for pulmonary lesions, 67 not hospitalized and 60 healthy controls. The severity of depressive symptoms was measured using a Polish-language standardized version of the Beck Depression Inventory, a sense of loneliness using the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, and a sense of meaning in life using the Life Attitude Profile-Revised., Results: The frequency of depression and its severity were found to be the highest in hospitalized patients compared to those treated at home and healthy people. A significant difference in the frequency of depression and its severity between outpatients and healthy people was also observed. The feeling of loneliness turned out to be greatest in the group of hospitalized people. Also, the severity of loneliness was found to be higher in the outpatient compared to the control group. The sense of meaning in life reached its lowest level among hospitalized patients, was moderately reduced in the outpatient group, and typical of the Polish population in the control group., Discussion: Both pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization have been shown to be a risk factor for depression, increased feeling of loneliness and a reduced sense of meaning in life. The effect of trauma and the presence of depression can be the explanation for the increased sense of loneliness after the illness and the partial breakdown of the lifeline manifested by a decrease in the sense of meaning in life., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Sipowicz, Pietras, Mosiołek, Sobstyl, Ring, Kamecki, Stefańczyk and Kosmalski.)

The aim of this study was to determine changes in the sense of meaning in life of university students who participated in psychological workshops "Communication–Forgiveness–Love". The study evaluated 33 university students from first-cycle and second-cycle studies in physical education in the Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. The Reker's Life Attitude Profile-Revised Questionnaire, Social Competencies Questionnaire (KKS) by Matczak, Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (INTE) by Schutte et al. and the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire GHQ-28 were used. The study found that psychological workshops can be effective in instilling the sense of meaning in life in university students, especially those from first-cycle studies. The workshops can produce more benefits to students with worse mental status and with lower social competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Searching for the meaning of life is the basic motivation in human life, and lacking a sense of meaningfulness can lead to a range of disorders such as assuming the roles of victim and perpetrator of peer violence. Methods: This questionnaire-based study involved a total of 4,085 pupils (52% girls) from 70 middle schools located in all Polish voivodeships. The study used an abbreviated univariate version of the Purpose in Life Test scale, while two questions about peer violence were derived from the Polish version of the research protocol employed in the international study Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). Both univariate and multivariate analyses - including logistic regression - were performed. Results: Out of 4,085 middle school pupils 26.8% were perpetrators and 29.8% were victims of peer violence at least once during the preceding 2 months. Boys were found to be both perpetrators and victims significantly more frequently than girls. Grade 3 pupils experienced violence from their peers significantly less frequently than grade 1 and grade 2 pupils. Regression analysis showed a significantly lower probability of being a victim or perpetrator of peer violence (at least 1-2 times during the 2 months preceding the questionnaire) in adolescents with a high sense of meaning in life. It was also found that girls were significantly less likely than boys to take on the roles of victims or perpetrators. The risk of being a victim of violence is also significantly decreased in middle school grade 3 pupils compared to grade 1 pupils. Conclusions: The potential practical implications of the analyses include the implementation of programmes aimed at highlighting universal and non-material values on which young people could rely. Based on the results of the study, it can be claimed that a high level of meaning in life is a factor protecting middle school adolescents from taking on the roles of both the victim and perpetrator of peer violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the association between sense of divine involvement and sense of meaning in life. Then it proceeds to assess how this association varies by religious tradition. Using a random and national sample from the 2007 Baylor Religion Survey, this study finds that sense of divine involvement is associated with greater odds of having a sense of meaning in life. In addition, religious affiliation modifies this association. Specifically, the positive association between sense of divine involvement and the odds of having a sense of meaning in life is observed only among evangelical Protestants, mainline Protestants, and Catholics, but not among other religionists and religious nones. I discuss how the results make contributions to knowledge about the link between religious beliefs, religious tradition, and mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The development of prosocial behavior is an important embodiment of youth socialization. Cultivating adolescents' prosocial behaviors can be beneficial to individuals form correct outlook on life and values, and has a profound impact on promoting the harmonious development of society., Methods: This manuscript constructs a model to explain the mediating role of sense of meaning in life between gratitude and prosocial behavior and the moderating role of self-esteem in the mediating path. From the analysis of the data of 2,735 questionnaires utilizing SPSS 22., Results: (1) Gratitude has a significant positive effect on prosocial behavior; (2) sense of meaning in life plays a mediating influence on the relationship between gratitude and prosocial behavior; and (3) self-esteem has a moderating impact on relationship between sense of meaning in life and prosocial behavior, which means that adolescents with high self-esteem experience a stronger positive effect of a sense of life's meaning on their prosocial behavior., Discussion: These findings not only add to research on the relationship between gratitude and prosocial behavior, but also provide ideas for improving adolescent prosocial behavior. Theoretical and practical implications, along with limitations and future research directions, were discussed., Competing Interests: The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Zhang.)

Purpose: This study explores the relationship between physical exercise and older people's subjective well-being and the mediating role of a sense of meaning in life and self-esteem by using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, in order to provide some suggestions for improving older people's subjective well-being., Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted offline using a simple random method of collection, and the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), the Subjective Well-being Scale (SWB), the Meaningfulness of Life Scale (MLQ), and the Self-Esteem Scale (SES) were applied to 419 older adults who participated in physical exercise from Chengdu (Qingyang District, Wuhou District, and Chenghua District), Sichuan Province, China, with the voluntary participation of the subjects. 197 males and 222 females, with a mean age of 72.49 (SD = 1.57). The study used SPSS 25.0 and Process 3.5 plug-in for statistical processing of the data, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for intra-variate consistency testing, Harman's one-way test for common method bias testing and multiple covariance diagnosis, and finally regression analysis and Bootstrap sampling test for significance of mediating effects., Results: Physical exercise was able to have a positive effect on the level of subjective well-being of older adults ( β  = 0.0305; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.0226, 0.0384; p  < 0.05), and a mediation analysis of sense of meaning in life and self-esteem revealed that they were able to have independent and chained mediation effects, with four pathways: first, physical exercise directly affected subjective well-being of older adults ( β  = 0.0149; 95% CI: 0.0072, 0.0226; p  < 0.05; β  = 0.0149; 95% CI: 0.0072, 0.0226; p  < 0.05); secondly, sense of meaning in life mediated the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being of older adults ( β  = 0.0075; 95% CI: 0.0041, 0.0115; p  < 0.05); thirdly, self-esteem mediated the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being of older adults ( β  = 0.0075; 95% CI: 0.0041, 0.0115; p  < 0.05). (β = 0.0061; 95% CI: 0.0034, 0.0094; p  < 0.05); fourth, a chain mediating effect of sense of meaning in life and self-esteem in the relationship between physical exercise and subjective well-being in older adults ( β  = 0.0021; 95% CI: 0.0010, 0.0035; p  < 0.05)., Conclusion and Prospects: As indicated by the results, physical exercise can enhance the subjective well-being of older adults through sense of meaning in life and self-esteem, therefore, in order to be able to enhance the subjective well-being of older adults, enhancing the level of sense of meaning in life and self-esteem of older adults is an effective means., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Chen, Liu, Huang and Wu.)