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U okviru umjetničke baštine Senja, Podgorja, Gacke, Like i južnih dijelova modruškog kraja u vrijeme XVII. i XVIII. stoljeća u diplomskom radu – nakon autopsije cijeloga područja tijekom terenskog rada proveden je izbor umjetninā i za potrebe i očekivani okvir diplomskoga rada sužen na temu Senja kao glavnog središta i jedinog grada kontinuirane povijesti bez osvajanja i raseljavanja. Obradom literature i onodobnih izvora nametnulo se prvenstveno XVIII. stoljeće kao ono bogate umjetničke produkcije preživjele u nekom obliku do danas. Ukratko je iznesena povijest grada s najznačajnijim događanjima vezanim uz glavninu rada. Prvo je obrađena prvenstveno arhitektonska grupa profane umjetnosti i specifičnost uzora vezanih uz srednjoeuropske modele. Potom je značajan dio rada posvećen barokizaciji katedrale kao najznačajnijeg spomenika ovoga vremena i uzor mnogim rješenjima zatečenim u opremi filijalnih crkvi koje su većim dijelom nestale. Posljednju cjelinu čine dvije samostanske crkve i pregled ostataka Sakralne baštine koji nisu mogli biti povezani s pripadajućim izvornim mjestima. Zaključno je pružen osvrt na demografske mijene i kako se one odrazile na poslijeratnu obnovu i očuvanje kulturne baštine Senja, te osvrt na zastupljenost u stručnoj literaturi i način proučavanja. Poseban naglasak u radu stavljen je na rekonstituciju izgleda grada Senja i najznačajnijih zgrada XVIII. stoljeća. Kao prilog donesen je slikovni materijal u svrhu ilustracije i komparacija izvedenih u radu, te katalog pokretne baštine s popisanim osnovnim informacijama i zabilježenim sadašnjim stanjem djela. As part of the artistic heritage of Senj, Podgorje, Gacka, Lika and the southern parts of the Modruš area in the 17th and 18th centuries in the thesis, after the autopsy during the fieldwork, the selection of art was made for the needs and the expected framework of the paper and narrowed down to the topic of Senj as the main centre and the only city with a continuous history without conquest and displacement. Going through the literature and contemporary sources, it was primarily the 18th century as one of the rich artistic production that has survived in some form to this day. The city history is presented briefly with the most significant events related to the main body of the work. The group of profane architecture and the specificity of relations to the Central European models is first studied. Then, a significant part of the work is devoted to the interventions of the cathedral as the baroque monument of the utmost significance of the time and a model for many solutions found in the equipment of branch churches that have mostly disappeared. The last part consists of two monastery churches and an overview of the remains found in The Sacred Heritage Foundation that wasn't in the context of the original sites. In the end, a review explains the demographic changes and how they reflected in the post-war reconstruction and preservation of the cultural heritage of Senj, as well as an overview provided for the writings in the professional literature and the method of study. The concept and focus of the paper became the reconstitution of the 18th-century Senj and its most significant buildings. As an amendment, pictorial material for illustration and comparison examples made in the study was added, as well as a catalogue of movable heritage with listed basic information and recorded current state of the works.

Senj is a medieval town located on the eastern coast of Kvarner. In addition to the destruction caused by World War II, Senj has been hit by strong earthquakes throughout history. The appearance of significant earthquakes in this area is not surprising because, according to the seismic area classification of the Republic of Croatia, Senj is located in an area where the horizontal peak ground acceleration equals 0,24g. Within the historic city center of Senj, some stone masonry buildings date back to the 12th century. Those two facts present a good reason for selecting Senj as a representative research area. In order to evaluate the overall behavior and seismic resistance of existing buildings, it is first necessary to visually establish the characteristics of stone masonry buildings (typology of buildings). The connection of timber floors with stone masonry walls needs to be addressed as well. It needs to be investigated if the timber floor forms a diaphragm or whether it is flexible in its plane because it significantly affects the behavior of masonry buildings during an earthquake. Visual inspection of buildings indicated that most of the buildings were built with mixed materials (which is a result of fast renovation after great destruction in World War II), which implies the use of stone elements, brick parts, and mortar. In almost all stone masonry buildings, a tie system is present as a kind of reinforcement that ensures the integrity of the buildings.

Tema i fokus istraživanja ovoga rada je nalaženje temeljnih motiva i fenomena koji povezuju različite piratske i gusarske skupine. Cilj rada je prikazati sličnosti između različitih piratskih skupina s različitih područja geo-političkih okolnosti, a skupine kroz koje će se ti fenomeni testirati su Senjski uskoci i ulcinjski gusari 16. i 17. stoljeća. Problematika definiranja glavnih motiva gusarstva i piratstva usko je vezana uz definiranje samih pojmova piratstvo i gusarstvo. Pregledom historiografije piratstva i gusarstva želi se stvoriti temelj istraživanja o datoj temi, a kroz datu literaturu steći dobra teorijska podloga koja počiva na definiranju gusarstva i piratstva i kako se definicija istih mijenjala. Fenomeni gusarstva i piratstva podijeljeni su u nekoliko skupina: ekohistorijska perspektiva koja prokazuje važnost geografskih okolnosti nužnih za preživljavanje pirata, ali i kao razlog zbog kojeg se potencijalno postaje pirat. Za određivanje motiva pirata također je bitna i socio-ekonomska perspektiva piratskih društva, kao i imagologija piratstva. Gusarstvo i piratstvo uzima ima više lica, a ovisno iz čijih očiju gledamo ili čitamo o piratima, stavovi o njima drastično se razlikuju od skupine do skupine. Tako su pirati za neke heroji, za druge pljačkaši, za treće nestalni vojnici. Nakon definiranja okvira gusarstva i piratstva i njihovih fenomena, prolazimo pojedinačno svaki na primjeru Senjskih uskoka. Grad Senj je prikazan u kontekstu piratskog gnijezda kroz koje uskoci operiraju i okoline u kojoj žive, dok je istovremeno dana perspektiva „odozgo“, odnosno kako na uskoke gledaju veliki imperiji na čijoj razmeđi uskoci operiraju. Percepcija uskoka u narodu se bitno razlikuje od načina na koji na njih gleda Mletačka Republika: o uskocima se pjevaju pjesme o junaštvu. Uskoci s druge strane imaju svoj set pravila i običajno pravo koje slijede u sklopu pograničnog ratovanja. Ulcinj je u ovom radu gledan ponajprije u razdoblju kada Mletačka Republika gubi vlast nad njim i on prelazi u ruke Osmanskog carstva. Ulcinjski gusari, koji će do svog punog zamaha doći tek u trećoj fazi ranonovovjekovnog pirastva, primjer su (polu)globalnog gusarstva i duge tradicije mediteranskoga gusarstva, dok su Senjski uskoci primjer lokalnoga gusarstva na Jadranu. The main theme and focus of research for this paper is finding the core motives and phenomena that bind different pirate and corsair groups together. The goal of this paper is to show the similar elements between different pirate groups with different geopolitical backgrounds, and the groups upon which this phenomena will be tested are the Uskoks of Senj and the Ulcinj corsairs operating in the 16th and 17th Century. The issue of defining the main motives of piracy and corsairing (or privateering) is closely related to the defining of the terms piracy and corsairing. By reviewing the historiography of piracy and corsairing, the aim is to create a solid foundation for research on the given topic, and to acquire a good theoretical basis that presides on the definition of piracy and how it changed through the given literature. The phenomena of piracy are divided into several groups: an environmental historical perspective that the demonstrates the importance of geographical circumstances necessary for the survival of pirates (but also as a reason of potentially becoming one). The socio-economic perspective of pirate societies, as well as the imagology of piracy, are also important in determining the motives of pirates. Piracy takes many faces: depending on the lens through which we look at or read about pirates, attitudes and opinions about them differ drastically from group to group. Pirates are heroes for some, robbers for some, provisional soldiers for others. After defining the framework of piracy and their phenomena, w ego through each of the aforementioned phenomena on the example of the Uskoks of Senj. The city of Senj is shown in the context of a pirate nest through which the Uskoks operated and the environment in which they lived, while at the same time a perspective is given „from above“, i.e. how the Uskoks were viewed by the neighbouring empires on whose borders the Uskoks operated. The perception of Uskoks among common folk is significantly different from the way they are viewed by the Republic of Venice: the common folk often sung heroic songs about Uskoks. Uskoks themselves, on the other hand, had their own set of rules and customary law that they followed as part of the border warfare. In this paper, Ulcinj is looked at primarily in the period when the Republic of Venice lost its power over it and it passed into the hands of the Ottoman Empire. The corsairs of Ulcinj, who would reach their full momentum only in the third phase of early modern piracy, are an example of a (semi)global type of piracy with a long Mediterranean tradition, while the Uskoks of Senj are an example of a local type of piracy limited to the Adriatic Sea.

Rad kao polazište svoje historiografske analize uzima opise gradskih plemićkih obitelji iz romana Posljednji Stipančići Vjenceslava Novaka. Nakon što se iznese kratki povijesni okvir, koji se upotpunjuje s opisima što ih daje V. Novak, rad se kratko osvrće i na pitanje borbe za hrvatski jezik, no najvećim se dijelom bavi analizom povijesnog utemeljenja likova i radnje korištenjem egzaktnih i preciznih navoda iz stvarne povijesne zbilje. Na kraju se donose i Katastarski upisnici čestica iz Državnog arhiva u Zagrebu koji se također uspoređuju s navodima iznesenima u djelu., The paper takes the descriptions of the urban noble families from the novel Posljednji Stipančići (The Last Stipančićs) by Vjenceslav Novak as a starting point of its historiographical analysis. After a short historical framework is presented, which is supplemented by descriptions given by V. Novak, the paper also briefly looks at the issue of the struggle for the Croatian language, although it deals mostly with the analysis of the historical foundation of the characters and action using exact and precise quotations from actual historical reality. In the end, the Cadastral registers from the State Archives in Zagreb that are also compared with the statements cited in the work are presented.

Gradska glazba Senj 2022. godine obilježava 180. godišnjicu postojanja, a možemo je svrstati među najstarija glazbena društva na hrvatskom povijesnom prostoru. Tijekom svojeg dugog postojanja Gradska glazba Senj aktivno je sudjelovala u kulturnoumjetničkom životu grada Senja – na svim svečanostima, zabavama i umjetničkim priredbama u Senju, ali i okolici. Ona je preživjela pet velikih promjena državnih uređenja (Habsburška Monarhija, Kraljevina Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, Socijalistička Federativna Republika Jugoslavija, Republika Hrvatska) te različite regionalne i lokalne krize, a danas se suočava s novim modernim izazovima koji prijete njezinom postojanju i aktivnom djelovanju u gradskoj zajednici. Kvantitativnom analizom rad određuje kretanje broja glazbenika tijekom djelovanja Gradske glazbe Senj, a SWOT analizom načine na koje se ona bori s modernim izazovima. Ona tako ima snagu u instrumentima, opremi, notnim aranžmanima, svojoj tradiciji, povijesti djelovanja i samoj motivaciji njezinih članova, ali i slabosti – nedostatak glazbenika i neadekvatnost prostora u kojem se ansambl trenutačno nalazi. Prijetnje poput financijskih izazova i pandemije uzrokovane koronavirusom onemogućile su aktivno djelovanje gradske glazbe u proteklih nekoliko godina, ali nisu potpuno ugasile glazbeno društvo. Na kraju, Gradska glazba Senj ima puno prilika pomoću kojih bi mogla poboljšati svoje djelovanje, a tako i smanjiti negativni utjecaj modernih izazova na rad – od povećanja suradnje s drugim sličnim glazbenim društvima i osnovnom glazbenom školom u Senju, potom popularizacije gradske glazbe pomoću digitalnih medija pa sve do preseljenja ansambla u nove prostorije., In 2022, Senj’s Brass Band celebrated its 180th anniversary, and we can rank it amongst the oldest musical societies in Croatian history. During its long existence, the Brass Band of Senj has actively participated in the cultural and artistic life of the town of Senj – at all ceremonies, parties and artistic performances in Senj, as well as in the surrounding area. It has survived five major changes in state structures (the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Independent State of Croatia, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Republic of Croatia) and various regional and local crises, and today it faces modern challenges that threaten its existence and active work in the town’s community. Through a quantitative analysis, the paper determines the movement of the number of musicians during the activities of Senj’s Brass Band, and by using a SWOT analysis, the ways in which it struggles with modern challenges. It has its strengths in instruments, equipment, sheet music, its tradition, its historical activity and the very motivation of its members, but also weaknesses – the lack of musicians and the shortcomings of the premises where the ensemble is currently located. Threats such as financial challenges and the pandemic caused by the coronavirus have prevented the active operation of the band in the past few years, but they have not completely extinguished the music society. In the end, Senj’s Brass Band has many opportunities with which it could improve its activities and thus reduce the negative impact of modern challenges on its work – from increasing cooperation with other similar music societies and the elementary music school in Senj, then by popularising the band using digital media and then to relocating the ensemble to new premises.

U sjeni brojnih radova koji istražuju povijest Senja u 20. stoljeću stoji činjenica da je razdoblje Prvog svjetskog rata ostala relativno zanemarena i slabo obrađena tema koja još nije u dovoljnoj mjeri zaplijenila svjetlo historiografskog zanimanja. Nepostojanje lokalne arhivske građe i nedovoljno proučeni i objavljeni drugi izvori ističu se kao temeljni problemi s kojima se istraživač ovog razdoblja susreće. Međutim, iako su ratovi kao neizostavan dio povijesti kontinuirano dokumentirani u povijesnim vrelima, dio važnih informacija koji nije zapisan na papiru ostao je pohranjen u materijalnim tragovima čija pravilna interpretacija kroz diskurs relevantnih teorijskih okvira može ponuditi važan doprinos u analizi i rekonstrukciji različitih aspekata rata i ratovanja. Suvremena arheološka disciplina koja je fokusirana na proučavanje materijalnih ostataka proizašlih iz nekog sukoba razvijajući nove metode istraživanja koje omogućuju bolje razumijevanje ratnih događanja naziva se "arheologija sukoba" (conflict archaeology). Važan dio fokusa arheologije sukoba predstavljaju ostatci fortifikacija čija pojava nije isključivo vezana uz bojna polja. U radu se predstavlja dosad nepoznat segment senjske vojne baštine koji se odnosi na rovove koje je austrougarska vojska tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata sagradila u Parku senjskih književnika, na predjelu sv. Ambroz i oko tenis-igrališta na brdu Nehaj. Na temelju terenske prospekcije, obrade pisanih podataka i razmatranja sličnih primjera raspravlja se o povijesnom, prostornom i kronološkom kontekstu nastanka fortifikacija, a na primjeru rova u Parku senjskih književnika evaluira se njegova kulturno-povijesna važnost kao posljednjeg i izvrsno sačuvanog primjera ratne arhitekture Prvog svjetskog rata u Senju. Slijedom toga, naglašava se potreba očuvanja i zaštite objekta te otvara dijalog o mogućnostima i zahtjevima njegove obnove i valorizacije., In the shadow of numerous works that investigate the history of Senj in the 20th century stands the fact that the period of the First World War has remained a relatively neglected and poorly treated topic that has not yet sparked historiographic interest to a satisfactory level. The lack of local archival materials and insufficiently studied and published other sources stand out as fundamental problems that a researcher of this period is faced with. However, although wars as an indispensable part of history are continuously documented in historical sources, an important part of the information that was not written down on paper has remained stored in material traces, the correct interpretation of which through the discourse of relevant theoretical frameworks can offer an important contribution to the analysis and reconstruction of various aspects of war and warfare. Modern archaeological discipline that is focused on the study of the material remains from a conflict, developing new research methods that allow a better understanding of war events, is called conflict archaeology. An important part of the focus of conflict archaeology is represented by the remains of fortifications whose appearance is not exclusively related to battlefields. The paper presents a hitherto unknown segment of Senj’s military heritage, which refers to the trenches that the Austro-Hungarian army built during the First World War in the Park of Senj Writers, in the area of St Ambrose and around the tennis court on Nehaj hill. On the basis of field prospecting, the processing of written data and consideration of similar examples, the historical, spatial and chronological context of the creation of fortifications is discussed, and on the example of the trench in the Park of Senj Writers, its cultural and historical importance is evaluated as the last and excellently preserved example of military architecture of the First World War in Senj. Consequently, the need to preserve and protect the building is highlighted and a dialogue is opened about the possibilities and requirements of its restoration and valorisation.

Za provođenje arheološkog nadzora određen je Gradski muzej Senj i stručni voditelj Blaženka Ljubović, mag. educ. hist. i mag. archeol., uz konzervatorski nadzor Vinka Madirace, dipl. arheologa iz Konzervatorskog odjela u Gospiću. Građevinski radovi i arheološki nadzor uređenja ušća Kolana, desne obale vodotoka od utoka u more uzvodno u dužini oko 80 m, provedeni su od siječnja do svibnja 2022. godine. Predmetni lokalitet, ušće senjskog potoka Kolan, nalazi se u sklopu zaštićene kulturno-povijesne cjeline grada Senja, k. č. br. 740/1. k. o. Senj, koja ima status kulturnog dobra upisanog u Registar nepokretnih kulturnih dobara Republike Hrvatske pod brojem Z-4186. Zbog regulacija gorske bujice koja je često činila veliku štetu gradu Senju i senjskoj luci, prokopan je Kolan (18./19. st.), duboko korito duž južne periferije grada Senja. Nakon prokopa korita, vodene bujice su se zajedno s nanosom šljunka, pijeska i mulja izlijevale kod Arta, na ušću Kolana u more, izvan gradske luke. Predmet ovoga rada arheološki je nadzor na zaštiti lokaliteta tijekom građevinskih radova uređenja desne obale ušća Kolana, u svrhu prikupljanja svih bitnih informacija o kulturnim slojevima i arheološkim nalazima na lokalitetu. Tijekom radova otkriveni su arhitektonski ostaci solidno građenoga zida, dužine 40 metara, koji se pruža cijelom linijom desne obale ušća Kolana do Vukasovićevog mosta. Zid je složen u horizontalnom slogu od 4 reda različitih dimenzija kamenih blokova povezanih vapnenim mortom, čineći cjelinu sa zidom lukobrana. U sklopu ovih radova uredio se dio terena na platou ispred Vukasovićevog mosta. Uz zid mosta otkriven je dio pločnika od pravilno složenih komada kamena. Arheološkim nadzorom nad građevinskim radovima uređenja ušća potoka Kolan u more došlo se do bitnih informacija o lokalitetu i kulturnim slojevima te arheološkim nalazima na lokalitetu. Također, otkriveno je još jedno svjedočanstvo bogate senjske povijesti., The Senj Town Museum and specialist leader Blaženka Ljubović, MSc. Education (History) and MSc. Archaeology, along with the conservation supervision of Vinko Madiraca, BSc. an archaeologist from the Conservation Department in Gospić was appointed to carry out the archaeological supervision. The construction works and archaeological supervision of the landscaping of the mouth of the Kolan, the right bank of the watercourse from the inlet to the sea upstream to a length of about 80 m, were carried out from January to May 2022. The locality in question, the mouth of the Senj stream Kolan, is located within the protected cultural-historical complex of the town of Senj, cadastral parcel no. 740/1. cadastral municipality Senj, which has the status of a cultural asset registered in the Register of Immovable Cultural Assets of the Republic of Croatia under the number Z-4186. Due to the regulation of the mountain torrent, which often caused great damage to the town of Senj and the harbour of Senj, the Kolan (18th to 19th century), a deep trough along the southern outskirts of the town of Senj, was excavated. After the digging of the riverbed, torrents of water, along with gravel, sand and silt, poured out near the Art, at the mouth of the Kolan into the sea, outside the town’s harbour. The subject of this paper is the archaeological supervision of the protection of the site during the construction works of the right bank of the mouth of the Kolan, for the purpose of collecting all the important information about the cultural layers and archaeological finds at the site. During the works, the architectural remains were discovered of a solidly built wall, 40 metres long, which stretches along the entire length of the right bank of the mouth of the Kolan to the Vukasović bridge. The wall is composed in a horizontal style of four rows of stone blocks of various sizes joined with lime mortar, forming a whole with the wall of the breakwater. As part of these works, part of the terrain on the plateau in front of the Vukasović bridge was cleaned up. Next to the wall of the bridge, part of a pavement made of orderly arranged pieces of stone was discovered. The archaeological supervision of the construction works of the landscaping of the mouth of the Kolan stream into the sea provided important information about the site and cultural layers, as well as archaeological finds at the site. Similarly, another testimony of the rich history of Senj was uncovered.

Ovaj članak bavi se razmatranjem saborskih izbora na području grada Senja i njegovim upravnim statusom uoči razvojačenja Vojne krajine. U obzir su uzete i bitne odrednice koje su javljaju neposredno nakon tzv. provincijaliziranja, kad je Senj ponovo stekao civilnu upravu u sklopu Banske Hrvatske. Autor ukazuje na izvore nezadovoljstva Senjana njihovim položajem u sastavu Vojne krajine i na njihove težnje da s obnovom ustavnosti u Monarhiji povrate svoju gradsku autonomiju u građanskome dijelu Hrvatske. Težnja za razvojačanjem došla je do izražaja u saborskim raspravama na kojima su se jednoglasno razni zastupnici zalagali za interese grada Senja i njegovih građana, smatrajući da je glavni način za poticanje privrednih djelatnosti u odbacivanju utjecaja vojne uprave., With the fall of the absolutist administration and the restoration of constitutionalism in the Banovina of Croatia (1860-1861), the question of holding the Croatian Parliament once again came to the fore. According to the electoral rules, the town of Senj had the right to two representatives, and the Senj Chapter to one representative. Thereby a similar arrangement of representation was adopted as in the elections for the first representative parliament in 1848, to which Senj sent the same number of representatives. At the same time, a significant part of the Croatian political public also demanded that the issue of separating Senj from the Military Frontier be raised. During the parliamentary sessions, the representatives in a special petition asked the king to abolish the military administration in the town of Senj and that its status of a free royal town was recognised, which gave the Senj issue one of the most visible places in the parliamentary work. In this petition, they specifically referred to Rijeka, which had made significant progress under civilian administration, whilst Senj was constantly deteriorating under military administration. Thereby, the problem of Senj was seen in the context of a wider economic and transport policy that mirrored the power relations upon the construction of the Austro-Hungarian order. According to the temporary law on the electoral order for the Parliament of the Triune Kingdom from 1867, the town of Senj had the right to one representative, which was a consequence of the significantly reduced total number of parliamentary representatives before the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement. After the abolition of the military administration (1871), Senj always had its own constituency, and its electors elected one member of parliament. In addition, the bishop of Senj also held a secure place amongst the virilist members. The grand prefects of Rijeka and, from the 1880s, Lika-Krbava counties, where Senj was located, also received ban invitations. Despite the limited right to vote, the results reflected the ratios of power of the leading political currents, which, due to the decline of economic power, went in favour of the opposition representatives from the ranks of the Party of Rights. Finally, amongst the representatives of Senj there were people who were not born in Senj, however, the success of people from Senj was also recorded in other constituencies.

U radu se na temelju vojnog popisa Hrvatske i Primorske krajine iz 1712. godine donosi pregled i analiza strukture Senjske natkapetanije. Rekonstruira se brojčano stanje i vojni sastav te hijerahijski prikazuje njezino ustrojstvo po raznim uočenim sektorima i odredima. Analizira se financijska konstrukcija, plaće vojnog osoblja i vojnika te opisuju vojne obveze i elementi vojničkoga života. Također se rekonstruiraju i poveznice gradskog stanovništva Senja i njenih plemićkih, patricijskih i građanskih obitelji s vršenjem određenih elemenata vojne službe tijekom proučavanog perioda., Based on the muster roll of Croatia and the Maritime Frontier from 1712, the paper presents an overview and analysis of the structure of the Senj grand captaincy. The numerical situation and military composition are reconstructed, and its organisational structure is hierarchically presented according to the various observed sectors and detachments. The financial structure, the salaries of military personnel and soldiers are analysed, and the military duties and elements of military life are described. The connections between the urban population of Senj and its noble, patrician and civil families by the carrying out of certain elements of military service during the studied period are also reconstructed.

Prvi svjetski rat ili Veliki rat u hrvatskoj je historiografiji i široj javnosti često zaboravljen i zasjenjen drugim sukobima 20. stoljeća, a posebice mnogo većim i tragičnijim Drugim svjetskim ratom. Međutim, Veliki rat svakako je utjecao na cijelo društvo i manje lokalne zajednice u cijeloj Europi, pa tako i u Austro-Ugarskoj Monarhiji. Iako se rat nije vodio na hrvatskom povijesnom prostoru, Hrvati su u njemu sudjelovali boreći se u strahovitim uvjetima ratne svagdašnjice i ostavljajući svoje živote na europskim frontovima u borbi "za cara" i Habsburšku Monarhiju. Mobilizacijom i stalnim novačenjem u austrougarsku vojsku gotovo sve gradske zajednice ostale su bez jednog dijela svog stanovništva – tako su grad Senj i njegova okolica podnijeli veliku ljudsku žrtvu u Velikom ratu., In Croatian historiography and to the general public, the First World War or the Great War is often forgotten and overshadowed by other conflicts of the 20th century, especially by the much larger and more tragic Second World War. However, the Great War certainly affected the whole of society and smaller local communities throughout Europe, including the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy as well. Although the war was not fought on Croatian historical territory, Croats did participate in it, fighting in the terrible conditions of everyday war and losing their lives on the European fronts in the fight “for the Emperor” and the Habsburg Monarchy. Due to mobilisation and constant conscription into the Austro-Hungarian army, almost all town communities were left without a part of their population – in this way the town of Senj and its surroundings made a great human sacrifice in the Great War.

Ovaj diplomski rad bavit će se pitanjima senjske ekonomske povijesti tijekom 17. stoljeća, točnije vremenom između Madridskog i Karlovačkog mira (1617.-1699.). Unutar ekonomske sfere proučavanja senjske povijesti kao uže područje rada bit će analiziran specifičan oblik trgovine koji se razvio zbog potreba lokalnog stanovništva da se u razdobljima političkih i ratnih nesigurnosti nastavi baviti svojim najvažnijom privrednom granom, a to je posrednička trgovina. Nadalje, predmet istraživanja ekonomskih specifičnosti obuhvatit će ranonovovjekovni grad na dvije razine: Senj kao slobodni kraljevski grad i Senj kao vojnokrajiško kapetanijsko uporište. Drugim riječima, rad će s jedne strane obuhvatiti istraživanja ekonomskih mogućnosti civilnog stanovništva, u kojem sudjeluju senjski trgovci, brodovlasnici, pomorci, odnosno svi koji posjeduju status građana prema Senjskom statutu. S druge strane, razmatrat će se vojnokrajiški aspekt uprave i pokušaji državnog interveniranja u privredu grada, prvo putem senjskog kapetana kao predstavnika državne vlasti, a potom i izravno od strane same habsburške vlasti. Također, rad će biti podijeljen na nekoliko ključnih poglavlja i potpoglavlja, počevši od političkih i društvenih prilika važnih za razumijevanje i upoznavanje senjske problematike, s naglaskom na aspekt socijalne strukture u odnosu na trgovačke aktivnosti, zatim slijedi analiza potencijalnih grana privređivanja, uključujući lokalnu (sajmovi), pomorsku te posredničku trgovinu. Na kraju rada, ukratko ću ispitati i obrazložiti privredne promjene na kraju stoljeća te početke prvih vanjskih utjecaja državne vlasti u okvirima nadolazećih merkantilističkih gospodarskih ideja. This master thesis will deal with issues of Senj's economic history during the 17th century, more precisely the time between the Peace of Madrid and the Peace in Srijemski Karlovci (1617-1699). Within studying Senj’s economic history as its narrow field of work I will analyze specific type of trade which was developed due to the needs of the local population to continue dealing with their most important branch of industry, namely intermediary trade. Furthermore, the subject of research on economic specifics will cover the early modern city on two levels: Senj as a free royal city and Senj as a military border captaincy. In other words, the work will include research into the economic possibilities of the civilian population, in which Senj merchants, ship owners, seafarers, and all those who have the status of citizens according to the Senj Statute can participate. On the other hand, the military aspect of the administration will be considered, as well as attempts of state intervention in the city's economy, first through the captain of the Senj as a representative of the royal government, and then directly by the Habsburg government itself. Also, the paper will be divided into several key chapters and subchapters, starting with political and social opportunities important for understanding the main issue, with emphasis on the aspect of social structure in relation to trade activities, followed by analysis of local trade (town fairs), maritime and intermediary trade. At the very end of the paper, I will briefly examine the economic changes at the end of the century, as well as beginnings of the first external influences of the state government within the framework of the new economic ideas of Habsburg mercantilism.

U radu se raspravlja o senjskoj srednjovjekovnoj baštini u kontekstu umjetnosti istočne obale Jadrana. Nestali i očuvani, ali povijesnoumjetnički slabo valorizirani senjski spomenici hipotetički se tumače u novom ključu, uz prijedloge datiranja te stilske poveznice s područja Kvarnera, ali i šireg jadranskog prostora. Uz isticanje povijesnih okolnosti te analizu grafičkih i pisanih izvora, s naglaskom na komparativnu povijesnoumjetničku analizu, donosi se prijedlog datiranja i stilskoga povezivanja porušenoga srednjovjekovnog tornja ispred pročelja senjske katedrale. Mogući najbliži parnjak i uzor nalazi mu se u Krku. Zatim se uspoređuju dva kronološki i paleografski bliska natpisa s dvije crkve iz prve polovice 14. stoljeća: jedne koja se, prema Anti Glavičiću, nalazila na mjestu sakristije senjske katedrale i druge koja se nalazila na mjestu sakristije krčke katedrale. Zaključno se komparativno raspravlja o procesu urbanizacije, arhitekturi i mogućem izvornom imenu senjske Male place, vjerojatnoga središta komunalnoga života kasnoga senjskog srednjovjekovlja i drugoga težišta (tada već) bicentrično organiziranoga grada te implikacijama koje proizlaze iz postojanja jednog takvog kasnosrednjovjekovnog urbanog težišta odijeljenog od najvažnijeg srednjovjekovnog javnog prostora pred katedralom. Donosi se prijedlog datiranja Gradske lože (tzv. Kampuzije) i iznosi pretpostavka da je njezino oblikovanje nastalo pod direktnim utjecajem Venecije. Za kuću Daničić na Maloj placi pretpostavlja se da je mogla imati odnosno preuzeti funkciju vijećnice kada je podignuta u drugoj polovici 15 stoljeća. Njezina trifora pripisuje se djelatnosti Andrije Alešija., Senj’s heritage in general is historically and artistically extremely poorly researched and interpreted in the wider context of the heritage of the Eastern Adriatic coast. This is especially true of the monuments of the Middle Ages, hidden under completely different later architectural layers in the Early Modern Age of the militarised town. The examples analysed here are hypothetically interpreted in a new way, with suggestions for the dating and stylistic connections from the region of Kvarner, as well as from the wider Adriatic area. Along with the emphasis on the historical circumstances and the analysis of graphic and written sources, a proposal is presented for the dating and stylistic connection of the destroyed mediaeval tower (in the old Croatian Chakavian dialect - turan) in front of the façade of Senj’s cathedral. The possible closest twin and model to the Senj tower is probably located in Krk - insufficient data about the appearance of the Senj tower requires some speculation. All the circumstances that support such an interpretation, in the stylistic and chronological connection of the former Romanesque bell tower of the Krk cathedral from the end of the 12th century and the bell tower in front of Senj’s cathedral are explained exhaustively. It is assumed that, like the Krk bell tower, this one in Senj also had a communal status, so this may have been the reason for the construction of one more bell tower behind the rear of the cathedral, connected to the whole of the bishop of Senj’s historical residence. After this, two chronologically and epigraphically-palaeographically close inscriptions are compared with two churches from the first half of the 14th century, one which according to A. Glavičić was located on the site of the sacristy of Senj’s cathedral and the other which was located on the site of the sacristy of the Krk cathedral. The epigraphicallypalaeographically very close inscriptions, Senj’s "Imie od Raduča" and Krk’s which mentions the donors "Leonard" and "Bogdan", as well as the master craftsman "Mikel", are dated just four years apart. Finally, there is a comparative discussion about the process of urbanisation, architecture and the possible original name of Senj’s Mala Placa, the probable centre of the secular communal life of Senj in the late Middle Ages and the second focal point of the then already bicentrically organised town. Also discussed are the implications arising from the existence of such an urban focal point located next to the quay and completely separated from the most important public space in front of the cathedral. A proposal is presented for the dating of the town Loggia (the socalled "Kampuzija") to the 14th century. The term is interpreted as the name of the Loggia (Loža), but also as the name of the whole area regulated early as a square, in the sense of "campo" - like Krk’s Kamplin. The explicit Venetian method of the shaping of the brick-built Loggia, fitted with characteristic ground floor columns and Gothic monophores on the first floor part of the façade, stands out. One’s attention is drawn to its basement storage area which may have been a storeroom for salt. In this way, an early Venetian contribution (14th century) to the urbanisation of this part of the town located in the immediate vicinity of the quay stands out. For the Daničić house fitted with a luxurious late Gothic triforium, it is assumed that in the late Middle Ages it could have been a town hall and that it could, in fact, have been the town hall whose beauty was praised by J. W.Valvasor. A hypothesis is made about its original dimensions. With a little research luck, this could be confirmed by the conservation-restoration research of the inner face of the house’s masonry, especially the floors at the level of the skilfully carved Late Gothic triforium. The triforium is attributed to the work of Andrija Aleši from the 1550s.

500. obljetnica osnutka glagoljske tiskare u Senju, kao itekako vrijedan kulturnopovijesni događaj, 1994. godine ovjekovječena je na filatelističkom i numizmatičkom materijalu – na službenom novcu i poštanskim markama Republike Hrvatske. Upravo filatelija i numizmatika na svojstven način svojim doprinosima i ostvarenjima uspješno otimaju zaboravu tako vrijedne događaje i obljetnice iz bogate kulturno-povijesne baštine Hrvata. Štoviše, one svojim utjecajem i ostvarenjima kao svojevrsnim propagandnim medijem uspješno populariziraju sva kulturno-povijesna bogatstva diljem zemlje i svijeta. Autor u ovome tekstu donosi prikaz ovjekovječenja tog povijesnog događaja na filatelističkom i numizmatičkom materijalu., The 500th anniversary of the founding of the Glagolitic printing house in Senj, as an exceptionally valuable cultural and historical event, was immortalised in 1994 on philatelic and numismatic material - on the official money and postage stamps of the Republic of Croatia. It is, in fact, philately and numismatics that, in a characteristic way with their contributions and achievements, are successfully preserving such valuable events and anniversaries from the rich cultural and historical heritage of the Croats. What’s more, with their influence and achievements as a kind of propaganda medium, they are successfully popularising all cultural and historical treasures throughout the country and the world. In this text, the author presents the perpetuation of this historical event on philatelic and numismatic material.

Arheološki nadzor nad građevinskim radovima uređenja Pavlinskog trga u Senju proveo je Gradski muzej Senj. Stručna voditeljica predmetnoga nadzora bila je Blaženka Ljubović, mag. educ. hist. i mag. archeol. uz konzervatorski nadzor Vinka Madirace, dipl. arheolog iz Konzervatorskog odjela u Gospiću. Navedeni građevinski radovi provedeni su u razdoblju od studenog 2019. do kraja lipnja 2020. godine. U prošlosti, prema povijesnim izvorima, Pavlinski trg u Senju je lokacija na kojoj se nalazio dominikanski, a potom i pavlinski samostan s crkvom sv. Nikole, koji je zbog trošnosti porušen 1874. godine s dijelom gradskog bedema u predjelu starih morskih vrata. Predmet ovog rada arheološki je nadzor na zaštiti lokaliteta Pavlinski trg (prostora nekadašnje pavlinske crkve sv. Nikole i samostana u Senju) tijekom građevinskih radova na uređenju Trga. Nadzor se vršio u svrhu prikupljanja svih bitnih informacija o kulturnim slojevima i arheološkim nalazima, posebice zato što je tijekom ranijih arheoloških istraživanja evidentiran arheološki materijal (grobni nalazi) iz pojedinih povijesnih razdoblja crkveno-samostanskog kompleksa, kao i nepokretna arhitektonska struktura, arheološki zanimljiva, na određenim dubinama od razine pločnika Pavlinskog trga. Cilj arheološkog nadzora bilo je utvrđivanje gabarita crkve i samostana te zaštita eventualnih grobova unutar crkve od moguće devastacije., The archaeological supervision of the construction works on Pavlinski trg (Pauline Square) in Senj was carried out by Senj Town Museum. The specialist leader of the supervision concerned was Blaženka Ljubović, MSc. Education (History) and MSc. Archaeology, along with the conservation supervision of Vinko Madiraca, BSc. an archaeologist from the Conservation Department in Gospić. The mentioned construction works were carried out in the period from November 2019 to the end of June 2020. In the past, according to historical sources, Pavlinski trg in Senj was the location of a Dominican and then Pauline monastery with the Church of St Nicholas, which due to its state of disrepair was demolished in 1874 with part of the city wall in the area of the old sea gate. The subject of this paper is the archaeological supervision of the protection of the Pavlinski trg site (the area of the former Pauline Church of St Nicholas and the monastery in Senj) during the construction works of the landscaping of the square. Supervision was carried out in order to collect all the relevant information about the cultural strata and archaeological finds, especially because during earlier archaeological research archaeological material (grave finds) was documented from certain historical periods of the church-monastery complex, as well as immovable architectural structure, archaeologically interesting, at certain depths from the level of the pavement of Pavlinski trg. The aim of the archaeological supervision was to determine the dimensions of the church and monastery and to protect any possible graves inside the church from possible destruction.

U današnjem digitalnom svijetu, obilježenom globalizacijom i brzim prijenosom informacija na izvanredne udaljenosti, društveni i javni položaj historiografije – koja se našla u novim uvjetima bez presedana – dovedeni su u pitanje, posebno kada je riječ o izazovima popularizacije povijesti. Unutar niza pitanja koja popularizacija povijesti otvara, moguće je izdvojiti manju cjelinu koja nas ovdje zanima - lokalnu povijesti i njezinu prezentaciju. U ovom radu predstavit će se izazovi i mogućnosti popularizacije znanstveno utemeljenih spoznaja historiografije na primjeru senjske povijesti i projekta Bulwark of Europe., In today’s digital world, marked by globalisation and the rapid transfer of information over extraordinary distances, the social and public position of historiography - which has found itself in unprecedented new conditions - has been brought into question, particularly when it comes to the challenges of the popularisation of history. Within the series of questions that the popularisation of history raises, it is possible to separate a smaller part that interests us here – local history and its presentation. In this paper will be presented the challenges and possibilities of the popularisation of the scientifically-based knowledge of historiography using the example of Senj’s history and the Bulwark of Europe project.

Redovništvo se u Crkvi kao organizirana zajednica javlja nakon 313. godine, tj. nakon što je kršćanstvo dobilo slobodu. Na redovništvo u Hrvatskoj imali su utjecaj i Zapad i Istok, Zapadna i Istočna Crkva, tj. i Katolička i Pravoslavna Crkva. Redovništvo u Senju i okolici ostalo je vjerno Zapadu, ali od Istoka baštini glagoljicu i staroslavensko (starohrvatsko) bogoslužje zbog kojih je odigralo važnu ulogu lokalnih, nacionalnih pa i svjetskih razmjera. Benediktinci su došli na senjsko područje u 12. stoljeću i imali svoje opatije u Svetom Jurju, Senjskoj Dragi i Senju. Templari su došli u Senj u 12. stoljeću, franjevci stoljeće kasnije, a dominikanci u 14. stoljeću. Pavlinski samostani u Ljubotini (danas Spasovac) i Vlaškoj dragi (danas Sveta Jelena) datiraju iz 14. stoljeća, a njihova prisutnost u samom Senju zabilježena je 1634. godine. Oko 1622. godine u Senju su počeli na kratko vrijeme djelovati augustinci. Kada je riječ o materijalnoj potpori redovnicima, posebno su se istaknuli Frankopani, a nakon njih kralj Matijaš Korvin i njegovi nasljednici na prijestolju. Od ženskih redovničkih zajednica koje se javljaju kasnije, u Senju je zabilježeno djelovanje milosrdnica (u 19. i 20. stoljeću), sestara Presvetog Srca Isusova (u 20. stoljeću), sestara družbe "Immaculata" (u 20. stoljeću) i franjevki (također u 20. stoljeću). Redovničke zajednice na ovom prostoru dale su veliki doprinos u vjerskom smislu, ali i u odgoju, širenju pismenosti i kulture, razvoju gospodarstva i graditeljstvu. Odlaskom sestara Presvetog Srca Isusova iz Senja 1997. godine prekinut je tisućljetni kontinuitet redovničkog života i rada u Senju i njegovoj bližoj okolici., Monasticism appeared in the Church as an organised community after 313, i.e. after Christianity gained freedom. In Croatia, monasticism was also influenced by the West and the East, the Western and Eastern Churches, i.e. the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Monasticism in Senj and the surroundings remained faithful to the West, however, it inherited the Glagolitic script and Old Slavic (Old Croatian) worship from the Eastern heritage, due to which it played an important role of local, national and even global proportions. The Benedictines came to the Senj area in the 12th century and had their abbeys in Sveti Juraj, Senjska Draga and Senj. The Templars also came to Senj in the 12th century, the Franciscans a century later, and the Dominicans in the 14th century. The Pauline monasteries in Ljubotina (today Spasovac) and Vlaška Draga (today Sveta Jelena) date from the 14th century, and their presence in Senj itself was recorded in 1634. Around 1622, the Augustinians operated in Senj for a short time. When it came to material support for the monks, the Frankopans stood out in particular, and after them were King Matthias Corvinus and his successors on the throne. Of the women’s religious communities that appeared later, the activities of the Sisters of Charity (in the 19th and 20th centuries), the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (in the 20th century), the Sisters of the Immaculata (in the 20th century) and the Franciscans (also in the 20th century) were noted in Senj. The religious communities in this area made a great contribution in a religious sense, as well as in education, the spread of literacy and culture, and the development of the economy and construction. With the departure of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus from Senj in 1997, the thousand-year continuity of monastic life and work in Senj and its immediate surroundings was interrupted.

Car Franjo Josip I. posjetio je 16. ožujka 1869., u sklopu kraćeg boravka u Vojnoj krajini, i grad Senj. Učinio je to gotovo sto godina nakon što je isto napravio car Josip II., brat njegova pradjeda cara Leopolda II. Tada je Senj ubrzo nakon carevog posjeta, stekao status povlaštenog krajiškog grada, odnosno tzv. "slobodnog vojnog komuniteta". Sada, tj. nakon posjeta cara Franje Josipa I., grad je poveljom od 8. lipnja 1871. konačno bio izdvojen iz sastava Vojne krajine i to zajedno s Varaždinskom krajinom, Bjelovarom, Ivanićem i Vojnim Siskom. Iako je grad uživao posebne privilegije u odnosu na druga mjesta i trgovišta, od trenutka kada je 1776. ponovno ušao u sustav Vojne krajine do 1871. kada je vraćen po okriljem Građanske Hrvatske, odnosi između njegovih civilnih predstavnika i vojnih vlasti u Zagrebu i Beču bili su uglavnom vrlo nategnuti i nerijetko na rubu incidenta širih razmjera. O tome najbolje svjedoče brojne službene pritužbe Senjana na račun vojnih vlasti i opširna izvješća različitih mješovitih povjerenstava koji su pokušavali iznaći djelotvorna rješenja. Razvojačenje 1871. dočekao je grad Senj gotovo kao izbavljenje iz ropstva, dok je službeni Beč zapravo odahnuo što se riješio "enfanta terriblea" među slobodnim vojnim komunitetima. U izlaganju će biti riječi o statusu kojeg je Senj uživao, uzrocima loših odnosa i razlozima za njegov povratak u građansku zbilju.

Senj’s heritage in general is historically and artistically extremely poorly researched and interpreted in the wider context of the heritage of the Eastern Adriatic coast. This is especially true of the monuments of the Middle Ages, hidden under completely different later architectural layers in the Early Modern Age of the militarised town. The examples analysed here are hypothetically interpreted in a new way, with suggestions for the dating and stylistic connections from the region of Kvarner, as well as from the wider Adriatic area. Along with the emphasis on the historical circumstances and the analysis of graphic and written sources, a proposal is presented for the dating and stylistic connection of the destroyed mediaeval tower (in the old Croatian Chakavian dialect - turan) in front of the façade of Senj’s cathedral. The possible closest twin and model to the Senj tower is probably located in Krk - insufficient data about the appearance of the Senj tower requires some speculation. All the circumstances that support such an interpretation, in the stylistic and chronological connection of the former Romanesque bell tower of the Krk cathedral from the end of the 12th century and the bell tower in front of Senj’s cathedral are explained exhaustively. It is assumed that, like the Krk bell tower, this one in Senj also had a communal status, so this may have been the reason for the construction of one more bell tower behind the rear of the cathedral, connected to the whole of the bishop of Senj’s historical residence. After this, two chronologically and epigraphically-palaeographically close inscriptions are compared with two churches from the first half of the 14th century, one which according to A. Glavičić was located on the site of the sacristy of Senj’s cathedral and the other which was located on the site of the sacristy of the Krk cathedral. The epigraphicallypalaeographically very close inscriptions, Senj’s "Imie od Raduča" and Krk’s which mentions the donors "Leonard" and "Bogdan", as well as the master craftsman "Mikel", are dated just four years apart. Finally, there is a comparative discussion about the process of urbanisation, architecture and the possible original name of Senj’s Mala Placa, the probable centre of the secular communal life of Senj in the late Middle Ages and the second focal point of the then already bicentrically organised town. Also discussed are the implications arising from the existence of such an urban focal point located next to the quay and completely separated from the most important public space in front of the cathedral. A proposal is presented for the dating of the town Loggia (the socalled "Kampuzija") to the 14th century. The term is interpreted as the name of the Loggia (Loža), but also as the name of the whole area regulated early as a square, in the sense of "campo" - like Krk’s Kamplin. The explicit Venetian method of the shaping of the brick-built Loggia, fitted with characteristic ground floor columns and Gothic monophores on the first floor part of the façade, stands out. One’s attention is drawn to its basement storage area which may have been a storeroom for salt. In this way, an early Venetian contribution (14th century) to the urbanisation of this part of the town located in the immediate vicinity of the quay stands out. For the Daničić house fitted with a luxurious late Gothic triforium, it is assumed that in the late Middle Ages it could have been a town hall and that it could, in fact, have been the town hall whose beauty was praised by J. W.Valvasor. A hypothesis is made about its original dimensions. With a little research luck, this could be confirmed by the conservation-restoration research of the inner face of the house’s masonry, especially the floors at the level of the skilfully carved Late Gothic triforium. The triforium is attributed to the work of Andrija Aleši from the 1550s., U radu se raspravlja o senjskoj srednjovjekovnoj baštini u kontekstu umjetnosti istočne obale Jadrana. Nestali i očuvani, ali povijesnoumjetnički slabo valorizirani senjski spomenici hipotetički se tumače u novom ključu, uz prijedloge datiranja te stilske poveznice s područja Kvarnera, ali i šireg jadranskog prostora. Uz isticanje povijesnih okolnosti te analizu grafičkih i pisanih izvora, s naglaskom na komparativnu povijesnoumjetničku analizu, donosi se prijedlog datiranja i stilskoga povezivanja porušenoga srednjovjekovnog tornja ispred pročelja senjske katedrale. Mogući najbliži parnjak i uzor nalazi mu se u Krku. Zatim se uspoređuju dva kronološki i paleografski bliska natpisa s dvije crkve iz prve polovice 14. stoljeća: jedne koja se, prema Anti Glavičiću, nalazila na mjestu sakristije senjske katedrale i druge koja se nalazila na mjestu sakristije krčke katedrale. Zaključno se komparativno raspravlja o procesu urbanizacije, arhitekturi i mogućem izvornom imenu senjske Male place, vjerojatnoga središta komunalnoga života kasnoga senjskog srednjovjekovlja i drugoga težišta (tada već) bicentrično organiziranoga grada te implikacijama koje proizlaze iz postojanja jednog takvog kasnosrednjovjekovnog urbanog težišta odijeljenog od najvažnijeg srednjovjekovnog javnog prostora pred katedralom. Donosi se prijedlog datiranja Gradske lože (tzv. Kampuzije) i iznosi pretpostavka da je njezino oblikovanje nastalo pod direktnim utjecajem Venecije. Za kuću Daničić na Maloj placi pretpostavlja se da je mogla imati odnosno preuzeti funkciju vijećnice kada je podignuta u drugoj polovici 15 stoljeća. Njezina trifora pripisuje se djelatnosti Andrije Alešija.

Senj i Senjska biskupija imaju dugu i bogatu povijest koja seže još u antičko doba. Smatra se kako je Senjska katedrala sagrađena na temeljima ranokršćanske bazilike i po svojoj gradnji je drugačija i posebna. Najplodonosnije razdoblje je zasigurno Frankapansko i Korvinovo, predtursko i preduskočko razdoblje kada u Senju djeluju skriptoriji u kojima se prepisuju knjige kao i knjigoveška radionica. Iako je sam grad Senj odolio turskim osvajanjima nakon poraza hrvatske vojske na Krbavskom polju 1493. godine mnoge crkve su porušene. U Senju je u to vrijeme osnovana Senjska tiskara, nakon što je Blaž Baromić tiskao svoj Brevijar u Veneciji 1493. godine, te se vratio u Senj. Poznato nam je kako su iz Senjska tiskare izašle dvije glagoljske inkunabule Senjski misal i Spovid općena, te još pet knjiga. Senjska tiskara je svijetli primjeri hrvatske kulturne povijesti, ali i europske i svjetske povijesti tiskarstva. Senj je stradao u Drugom svjetskom ratu kada je bombardirana katedrala, a i domovinski rat nije zaobišao Senj. Sakralna baština Senj danas čuva kulturnu ostavštinu povijesti grada, biskupije, ali i dvije inkunabule koje spomenici svjetske pismenosti, Geographie Strabonis i Josephus de Antiquitatibus ac de Bello Judaico. Senjska tiskara ima svoje značajno mjesto u kulturi tiskarstva uopće. Senj and the Diocese of Senj have a long and rich history dating back to ancient times. It is believed that the Senj Cathedral was built on the foundations of an early Christian basilica and is different and special in its construction. The most fruitful period is certainly the Frankapan and Korvin periods, the pre-Turkish and pre-Uskok period when there were scriptories in Senj in which books were copied, as well as a bookbinding workshop. Although the town of Senj itself resisted Turkish conquests after the defeat of the Croatian army on Krbavsko polje in 1493, many churches were destroyed. The Senj printing house was founded in Senj at that time, after Blaž Baromić printed his Breviary in Venice in 1493, and returned to Senj. We know that two Glagolitic incunabula, the Senjski Misal, Spovid općena and five other books were published by the Senj printing house. The Senj printing house is a shining example of Croatian cultural history, but also of European and world printing history. Senj was destroyed in the Second World War when the cathedral was bombed, and the Homeland War did not circumvent Senj. Today, the sacral heritage of Senj preserves the cultural heritage of the history of the city, the diocese, but also two incunabula that are monuments of world literacy, Geographie Strabonis and Josephus de Antiquitatibus ac de Bello Judaico. The Senj printing house has its significant place in the culture of printing in general.

Kršćanska sućut, kojom brani potlačene i ponižene, temeljna je odlika stvaralaštva Vjenceslava Novaka. Naime, tadašnja zaostalost Hrvatske, potaknuta povijesnim, ekonomskim, socijalnim i političkim prilikama, nije zaobišla tragičnu sudbinu malih ljudi. Ponajviše je to osjetio Novakov rodni Senj, što je pisac iskoristio nastojeći životne činjenice svoje lokalne sredine prikazati što realnije i objektivnije. Kasnije se, ističe Krešimir Nemec, pod utjecajem školovanja u Pragu i života u Zagrebu, Novak okreće urbanom iskustvu, odnosno problematiziranju tamnih strana gradskoga života. Stoga je Novakova umjetnost, prema Antunu Barcu, najveći dokument srca, duše, suosjećanja s patničkim ljudstvom i svim onim slojevima što teško i beznadno nose svoj trh života. Tadašnja slikarija Senja karakteristična simbolima patnje, prevarenosti, oskudice, nečovječnosti, slika je stanja duša žena – Valpurge i Lucije Stipančić – gdje jedino zrakom para kriki/ili bura, zvuk bola i odlaska u smrt, ostavljajući prazninu i retoričko pitanje: Zar ih je i Bog ostavio?! U radu se interdisciplinarnim pristupom, prvenstveno i ponajviše filološkim, detektira i tematizira motiv lica milosrđa oblikovanog u Novakovim heroinama romana Posljednji Stipančići. U licu se, kao ogledalu čovjekova srca i nutrine, zrcali najdublji identitet i jedinstveni obris čovjekova bića. Novak, odgojen kao kršćanin, oslikao je u svojim djelima lica poraženih i poniženih: sirotinje, prosjaka, ovisnika, siromašnih učenika i studenata te beskućnika– gledajući u njima lice skrivenoga Boga kojega treba spoznati., Christian compassion, with which he defends the oppressed and humiliated, is the fundamental feature of Vjenceslav Novak’s creativity. Namely, the then backwardness of Croatia, induced by historical, economic, social and political circumstances, did not bypass the tragic destiny of the young people. Novak’s native Senj felt this most of all, which the writer used by attempting to present the life facts of his local environment as realistically and objectively as possible. Later, KrešimirNemec points out, under the influence of schooling in Prague and life in Zagreb, Novak turned to the urban experience, in other words, the problematizing of the dark sides of city life. Therefore, Novak’s art is, according to Antun Barac, the greatest document of the heart, soul, of compassion with a suffering humanity and all those layers that laboriously and hopelessly their burden of life bears. The then imagery of Senj, characterised by symbols of suffering, deception, poverty, inhumanity, is an image of the state of women’s soul – Valpurga and LucijaStipančić – where through the air tears only a scream and/or the bura wind, the sound of pain and the departure into death, leaving a void and the rhetorical question: Did God leave them too?! The motif of the face of mercy formed in Novak’s heroines of the novel Posljednji Stipančići (The Last Stipančićs) is detected and thematised in the paper with an interdisciplinary, primarily and most of all philosophical, approach. Like a mirror of the human heart and inner self, the deepest identity and unique outline of a human being are reflected in the face. Novak, who was raised as a Christian, depicted in his works the faces of the defeated and humiliated: the poor, the beggars, the addicts, the destitute pupils and students and the homeless – seeing in them the face of a hidden God who should be recognised.

S heraldičkoga, kulturnopovijesnoga i povijesnoumjetničkoga motrišta u radu se obrađuju dvije reljefne ploče u veži nekadašnjega kaštela u Senju (Ožegovićianum). Obje ploče sadrže reljefne prikaze parova puttâ koji podržavaju lisnate vijence u funkciji figuralnih okvira heraldičkoga sadržaja. Na lijevoj ploči to je krunom nadvišen grb napuljske aragonske dinastije, a na desnoj složenija kompozicija koja predstavlja zemlje pod vlašću ugarsko-hrvatskoga kralja Matijaša Korvina. Senjske je ploče, stoga, moguće datirati u šire vremensko razdoblje omeđeno vjenčanjem Matijaša Korvina i Beatrice Aragonske 1476, te vladarevom smrću 1490. godine. Uz tzv. Drugi osobni pečat Matijaša Korvina koji je poslužio kao neposredni uzor heraldičke kompozicije desne ploče, komparativna analiza senjskih reljefa (osobito poveznice sa suvremenim sitnoslikarskim rješenjima) otkriva pritom njihovo mjesto u širem kontekstu panonske renesanse svjedočeći o važnosti Senja u političkoj, ali i umjetničkoj topografiji onovremenoga Ugarsko-Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva. The paper discusses heraldic, cultural and art-historical aspects of two relief stone plaques from the former castle (Ožegovićianum) in Senj. Both plaques contain pairs of putti supporting leaf wreaths that surround specific heraldic representations. On the left panel it is the crowned coat of arms of the Neapolitan Aragon dynasty, recognizable by the characteristic alternation of fields with horizontal and vertical beams, stylized fleur-de-lis and multiple Jerusalem crosses. The more complex composition on the right plaque represents the Croatian-Hungarian lands under the rule of king Matthias Corvinus (Cluj-Napoca / Koloszvár, 1443. – Vienna, 1490; ruling: 1458-1490): its central place is occupied by a shield with four horizontal beams, surmounted by the royal crown and surrounded by six smaller coats of arms of Hungary (double cross); Dalmatia and Croatia (three crowned leopard heads); Beszterce (Bistriţa) County or the Bohemia (lion); the Hunyadi family (raven); Bulgaria or Slavonia (dog); and Galicia or Bosnia (crown). The arrangement and heraldic content of the coats of arms is identical to that of the so-called Second privy seal of Matthias Corvinus, of which an imprint in red wax is still kept in the City Museum in Senj. Given the above, the first coat of arms can be associated with Corvinus’ second wife, the Neapolitan princess Beatrice of Aragon (Naples, 1457-1508), whom the Hungarian-Croatian ruler married in 1476. This event also provides a firm terminus post quem for the Senj plaques, while their upper time limit is being determined by the Corvinus’ death in 1490. A comparative analysis of the Senj plaques (especially links with contemporary examples found in illuminated manuscripts) reveals their place in the context of the Pannonian Renaissance, testifying to the importance of Senj in the political and artistic topography of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom in the late 15th century.

U svojevrsnom međuprostoru autorskoga sjećanja, između pamćenja i zaborava, figurama sjećanja i različitim mnemotehničkim mehanizmima konstruira se književni tekst u kojemu je grad bitan strukturni čimbenik. Grad je poprište zbivanja, ali zahvaljujući svojoj složenosti i dinamici, on je i uzročnik mnogih unutarnjih procesa koji se zbivaju u pojedincu, grad je, osobito u realističkim djelima, često i krivac za nesretnu sudbinu mnogih junaka, grad je simbol očuvanja identiteta i borbe protiv razaranja, destrukcije i mržnje. Devetnaesto stoljeće, koje je obilježeno prodorom novih ideja te znatnim ekonomskim razvojem u privrednim granama, imalo je veliki utjecaj na razvoj gradova. Lokalne trgovine šire se u sve razgranatiju trgovačku privredu, a čime industrijski kompleksi pokrivaju prikrivati većinu gradskih područja. Gradovi se razvijaju, stare kuće obnavljaju, gradske općine dobivaju svoje vijećnice, a javne kulturne i društvene ustanove bivaju sve brojnije. Sve one značajke života malih hrvatskih gradova poput Senja književnikovim okom dobivaju drugačiji miris ukoliko on posjeduje sposobnost da se izdigne iznad malograđanske svakodnevnice u kojoj živi i da kritičkim okom neprekidno promatra svoje sugrađane i njihov ograničeni život. Međutim, Novak nije bio samo promatrač i realist, iako književna kritika najviše cijeni ona njegova djela u kojima je dao kritičku sliku malograđanske sredine, u prvom redu senjske, već je on narav kontemplativna, s težištem i na promatranju ljudskih sudbina, a sredina i društvene prilike zanimale su ga više kao okvir. U toj njegovoj značajki treba tražiti i granice njegovu realizmu, on najčešće piše o uskoj i prostorno ograničenoj sredini, ali će korijeni tome biti više u njegovoj sklonosti da do kraja proniče u život pojedinca, malog čovjeka., In a kind of interspace of authorial memory, between memory and oblivion, figures of memory and various mnemonic mechanisms, a literary text is constructed in which the town is an important structural factor. The town is the scene of events, however, thanks to its complexity and dynamics, it is also the cause of many internal processes that take place in the individual, the town, particularly in realistic works, is often the culprit for the unlucky fate of many heroes, the town is a symbol of the preservation of identity and a struggle against devastation, destruction and hatred. The 19th century, marked by the penetration of new ideas and significant economic development in economic branches, had a great influence on the development of towns. Local trade was expanding into an increasingly diversified commercial economy, whereby industrial complexes covered most of the urban areas. Towns developed, old houses were renovated, city municipalities gained their own town halls, and public cultural and social institutions became more numerous. All those characteristics of the life of small Croatian towns such as Senj gained a different flavour through the writer’s eye insofar as he had the ability to rise above the small-town everyday life in which he lives and to constantly observe his fellow citizens and their limited life with a critical eye. However, Novak was not only an observer and realist, although literary criticism appreciates most of his works in which he gave a critical picture of the small-town environment, primarily Senj, but he was contemplative in nature, with a focus also on observing human destinies, whilst the environment and social conditions interested him more as a framework. The limits of his realism should be also sought in his characteristics, he usually writes about a narrow and spatially limited environment, however, the roots of this will be more in his tendency to fully penetrate into the life of the individual, a small man.

Među tridesetak senjskih sveučilišnih profesora i znanstvenika ime akademika Milana Moguša zauzima istaknuto mjesto. Njegov životni hod od trnja do zvijezda, ili kranjčevićevski, od gnijezda do zvijezda bio je stalno u usponu. U vrijeme radnoga vijeka zauzimao je značajne funkcije u mnogim kulturnim i znanstvenim institucijama diljem Hrvatske, ali i šire, i to ga je stalno držalo u nemogućnosti da se češće navraća u njemu rodni i dragi Senj. Boravio je uvijek u njemu kad god mu se pružila prilika i kad god su mu njegovi Senjani izrazili želju da ih posjeti. Bio je čest gost Gradskog muzeja u Senju, Senjske gimnazije, ali i Osnovne škole S. S. Kranjčevića u kojoj je u dječačkim danima učio prva slova i čitao prve školske knjige. Ta njegova povezanost sa senjskim kulturnim institucijama nizom godina manje je poznata širokoj kulturnoj i znanstvenoj javnosti pa će stoga biti tema ovoga članka., Amongst the thirty university professors and scientists from Senj the name of the academic Milan Moguš holds a prominent place. His path through life "from the thorns to the stars", or Kranjčević’s "from the nest to the stars" was constantly on the up. During his working life he had significant functions in many cultural and scientific institutions throughout Croatia, as well as further afield, and this meant that he was not often able to return to his dear birthplace of Senj. He stayed here whenever he had the chance and whenever his people from Senj expressed a wish that he visit them. He was a frequent guest of the Senj Town Museum, the Senj grammar school, as well as the S. S. Kranjčević Elementary School where in his boyhood days he studied his first letters and read his first schoolbooks. This connection with Senj’s cultural institutions over a number of years is less well known to the wider cultural and scientific public, therefore, it will be the theme of this article.

Ključni vojnostrateški položaj i iznimno prometno, gospodarsko i vojno značenje senjske luke glavni su razlozi zbog kojih je Senj tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata pretrpio strahovita zračna bombardiranja njemačkih, a potom i savezničkih zračnih snaga koja su rezultirala ljudskim gubicima i znatnom materijalnom štetom. Od početka 1944. godine, kada savezničko zrakoplovstvo ostvaruje premoć u zraku, pa sve do kraja rata, senjska luka i lučki objekti bili su česta meta savezničkih taktičkih zračnih bombardiranja, ali i poprište ciljanih napada lovaca i lovaca bombardera usmjerenih na manje, specifične i posebno planirane ciljeve. U arhivskim dokumentima zabilježen je veći broj zračnih napada na Senj, a u jednoj od misija savezničkih zračnih snaga 10. listopada 1944. godine djelovanjem protuzračne obrane s njemačkog broda Arpione u senjskoj luci oboren je lovac-bombarder Bristol Beaufighter NT997 iz sastava 19. eskadrile Južnoafričkog ratnog zrakoplovstva (SAAF) koji se srušio u more nedaleko luke. Rasvjetljivanje okolnosti pada i sudbina članova posade analizom ostataka zrakoplova i prikupljenih arhivskih dokumenata glavni su ciljevi ovog rada, koji nastaje u svjetlu 75. obljetnice toga događaja., The key military strategic position and exceptional transport, economic and military significance of Senj harbour were the reasons why during the Second World War Senj suffered air bombardments by the Germans and subsequently by Allied air forces which resulted in human losses and significant material damage. From the beginning of 1944, when Allied air forces gained supremacy in the air, all the way until the end of the war, Senj harbour and the harbour facilities were often targets of Allied tactical aerial bombardments, as well as the scenes of targeted attacks of fighters and fighter-bombers directed at small, specific and specially planned targets. In archive documents a large number of aerial attacks on Senj are noted, and during one mission by Allied air forces, on 10th October 1994, during antiaircraft defence with the German ship Arpione in Senj harbour a Bristol Beaufighter NT997 fighter-bomber from the 19th squadron of the South African Air Force (SAAF) was hit and crashed into the sea not far from the harbour. Illuminating the circumstances of the crash and fate of the members of the crew by analysing the remains of the plane and collected archive documents are the main aim of this paper which came to be upon the 75th anniversary of this event.

Franjevački samostan u Senju osnovan je u 13. stoljeću kada upravitelji grada postaju Krčki knezovi, kasnije Frankopani. Franjevci su u to vrijeme nositelji obnove Crkve i njihova prisutnost u gradovima pokazuje da je određena sredina došla do određenog stupnja urbaniteta. S druge strane, franjevci u gradovima predstavljaju element koji pridonosi razvoju gradskog života u svim sferama. U članku se prati razdoblje od osnivanja franjevačkog samostana u Senju do početka 16. stoljeća. Povijest senjskog franjevačkog samostana prikazana je u kontekstu širih crkvenih i društveno-političkih odnosa na europskoj i lokalnoj razini. Utjecaj velikaške obitelji Krčkih knezova/Frankopana na širenje franjevaca i prijelaz pojedinih samostana iz konventualskog života u opservantski, u ovom slučaju samostana u Senju, prikazan je kroz procese na razini opće Crkve koji su se odražavali na prostoru srednje i jugoistočne Europe. Stoga je tema rada prikazati kako se u kontekstu društvenopovijesnih okolnosti dogodio prijelaz iz konventulaizma u opservanciju među senjskim franjevcima. Također je valorizirana uloga Krčkih knezova/Frankopana i njihovo pravo patronata nad mjesnom Crkvom kao temeljnih nositelja društvenog i političkog života na velikom prostoru njihove vlasti u kontekstu feudalnih odnosa srednjovjekovne Hrvatske. Na primjeru samostana u Senju može se vidjeti kako su promjene i procesi kroz tri stoljeća utjecali na ulogu samostana u životu određenog prostora, promjene u samom životu franjevaca koji napuštaju konzervativniji konventualski smjer i prihvaćaju strogo opsluživanje Pravila - opservanciju, utjecaj feudalnih velikaša na crkveni i politički život prostora kojim su vladali, a sve u okviru događanja na općoj europskoj i crkvenoj razini te na prostoru koji je činio neposredno zaleđe njihove državine. Početkom 16. stoljeća i prodorom Osmanlija uništene su sve srednjovjekovne institucije na području frankopanske vlasti. Samostan u Senju preživio je osmanlijska pustošenja i, slabljenjem frankopanskog utjecaja na društvena, politička i crkvena zbivanja na tome prostoru, ušao u razdoblje novoga vijeka., The Franciscan monastery in Senj was founded in the 13th century when the Counts of Krk, later the Frankopans, became the administrators of the town. In that time the Franciscans were the coordinators of the restoration of the Church and their presence in the towns showed that a certain environment came to a certain degree of urbanity. On the other hand, the Franciscans in towns represented an element which contributed to the development of town life in all circles. The article follows the period from the founding of the Franciscan monastery in Senj up until the beginning of the 16th century. The history of Senj monastery is presented in the context of wider ecclesiastical and socio-political relationships, on the European and local level. The influence of the aristocratic family of the Counts of Krk/Fankopans on the spread of the Franciscans and the transition of individual monasteries from conventual life to the observant life, in this case the monastery in Senj, is shown through processes at the level of the general Church which were reflected in the area of central and southeast Europe. Therefore, the theme of the paper is to show how in the context of the socio-political circumstances there was a transition from conventualism to observation amongst Senj’s Franciscans. Likewise, the role of the Counts of Krk/Frankopans and their right of patronage in the local Church as the fundamental coordinators of the social and political life over the large area of their rule in the context of feudal relations of mediaeval Croatia is valorised. In the example of the monastery in Senj it can be seen how the changes and processes over three centuries influenced the role of the monastery in the life of the defined space, changes in the very life of the Franciscans who abandoned the more conservative conventual direction and accepted the strict servicing of the Rules – observation, the influence of feudal lords on the ecclesiastical and political life of the place which they ruled, and all within the framework of events on the general European and ecclesiastical level and in a place which formed the immediate hinterland of their possession. The beginning of the 16th century and the incursions of the Ottomans destroyed all the mediaeval institutions in the region of Frankopan rule. The monastery in Senj survived the Ottoman devastation and with the weakening of the Frankopans’ influence on the social, political and ecclesiastical events in the area it entered a new period of a new age.

U članku se objavljuje dvanaest nepoznatih nacrta i projekata riječkog kipara i altarista Antonija Michelazzija (Gra- disca d’Isonzo, 1707. – Rijeka, 1771.). Najranija dva nacrta su iz 1750. i vezani su za otok Krk, a čuvaju se u Archivio di Stato u Veneciji. Riječ je o tlocrtu i procjeni jedne javne ruševine u gradu Krku te o panoramskom prikazu zaljeva u Omišlju. Novootkriveni dokument pojašnjava Michelazzijev angažman od strane Tršćanske uprave zadužene za gradove Rijeku, Senj i Karlobag budući da ga je 1755. carica Marija Terezija imenovala carsko-kraljevskim arhitektom. U tu svrhu Michelazzi 1757. i 1758. radi desetak planova i projekata za javne gradnje u Senju i Karlobagu. Za Senj crta tlocrt grada s projektom modernizacije gradske luke i njezine obrane od bure. Posebno se izdvaja plan za njegov veliki zahvat, skretanje i gradnju novog korita potoka koji teče kroz grad te se ulijeva u senjsku luku. Tu su i projekti za zatvore u kaštelu, zdravstveni ured, klaonicu te mesnice. U Karlobagu radi projekt obnove kaštela, mesnice, novu cisternu te javni administrativno-stambeni objekt na glavnom gradskom trgu. Posljednji nacrt i projekt nastao je 1770., a riječ je o zgradi nove klaonice s mesnicama u Rijeci. Iako najveći dio Michelazzijevih planova zbog financija nije izveden, ovdje objavljeni nacrti prvi su takvi poznati u njegovom opusu, a on će svakako rasti s obzirom da se je majstor osim kiparstvom te altaristikom bavio i arhitekturom., The article brings twelve unknown designs and projects of Rijeka’s sculptor and altar maker Antonio Michelazzi (Gra- disca d’Isonzo, 1707 – Rijeka, 1771). The earliest two designs, dating from 1750 and linked to the island of Krk, are today preserved at the Archivio di Stato in Venice. One is a ground plan and assessment of a public ruin in the town of Krk, and the other a panoramic view of the Omišalj bay. A newly discovered document clarifies Michelazzi’s commissioning by the Trieste administration in charge of Rijeka, Senj, and Karlobag, since Empress Maria Theresa appointed him the imperial-royal architect in 1755. In that capacity, Michelazzi worked on a dozen plans and projects for public works in Senj and Karlobag during 1757 and 1758. He drew a map of Senj with a project for modernizing the city port and its defence against stormy winds. A particularly important project was his plan to redirect the stream that ran through the town into the harbour of Senj, for which he designed a new riverbed. There were also projects for prisons in the citadel, a health office, a slaughterhouse, and butcher shops. In Karlobag, he made a project for the renovation of the citadel, butcher shops, a new cistern, and a public administrative-residential building on the main town square. His last design and project was a new slaughterhouse with butcher shops in Rijeka in 1770. Although most of Michelazzi’s designs were never put in practice because of the lack of finances, the designs published here are the first of this kind in his known oeuvre, which will certainly grow further, since he was also involved in architecture besides sculpture and altar making.

Rad prikazuje dinamičnu obiteljsku i društveno- političku sliku Senja u prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća kroz kategoriju odnosa moći i fenomena autoriteta. Ta je dinamika vidljiva u romanu Vjenceslava Novaka Posljednji Stipančići zbog čega je zanimljivo uspostaviti međuodnos književnosti i historiografije na konkretnim primjerima. Budući da je u 19. stoljeću moć, na prvu, najvidljivija u sustavu patrijarhata, rad će pokušati dati postmodernističku sliku kompleksnosti takve moći (Foucaultova mikrofizika moći) i prikazati njenu dinamiku u strukturama svakodnevnog života te u kontekstu širih društvenih promjena.

Nakon Madridskog mira 1617. u Senju započinje nova epoha prožeta postupnim društvenim, ekonomskim i gospodarskim napretkom. Istodobno se stvara i novo crkveno upravno područje ujedinjenjem senjske i modruške biskupije, a kojoj će se nakon oslobođenja od turske vlasti pripojiti i Lika. Povoljne povijesne prilike i doseljavanje novog stanovništva omogućit će da Senj početkom 18. stoljeća postane, važna trgovačka luka između kontinentalnog zaleđa i Sredozemlja. To su iskoristile senjske plemićke obitelji stekavši veliko bogatstvo baveći se trgovinom i pomorstvom. Znatan dio njih odlučio je iskazati svoju moć naručivanjem oltara, kipova, slika i liturgijskih predmeta za važne senjske crkve. Posebno se to odnosilo na obnovu i opremanje Senjske katedrale. Za njezino veliko preuređenje zaslužni su biskupi Ivan Antun de Benzoni (1730.-1745.) i Juraj Ćolić de Löwensperg (1746. – 1764.). Upravo je biskup Ćolić sagradio sjeverni bočni brod senjske stolnice i tako povezao postojeće kapele u kojima će senjski patriciji ubrzo početi podizati nove mramorne oltare i kipove. U prvoj lijevoj kapeli senjske katedrale nalazi se oltar svetog Josipa. O njegovom donatoru, kanoniku Antunu Vahtaru, govori natpis na predeli oltara. Kanonik je za obnovu kapele i gradnju novog mramornog oltara 1758. oporučno ostavio legat od 500 dukata, a koji je trebao provesti njegov nećak kanonik Nikola Celović. U izlaganju će se, na temelju dosad nepoznate oporuke Antuna Vahtara sačuvane u Hrvatskom državnom arhivu u Zagrebu rekonstruirati život donatora i tijek narudžbe mramornog oltara svetog Josipa.

Veliko zanimanje engleskih putopisaca već od kraja XVIII., a posebno početkom i sredinom XIX. stoljeća za istočnojadransku obalu kulminiralo je krajem toga i početkom sljedećega stoljeća. Motivi putovanja su različiti: od upoznavanja "egzotičnih" krajeva, otkrivanja nepoznate europske kulturne baštine, pa sve do ciljanoga snimanja stanja i odnosa političkih snaga u Austrijskome carstvu, njegovom odnosu prema susjednome Otomanskom carstvu te jačanja samosvijesti slavenskih naroda u odnosu na mađarski i austrijski hegemonizam i slavenske narode u Otomanskom carstvu. Britanski diplomat, tajni obavještajac britanskoga veleposlanstva u Beču, sa znatnim vojno-diplomatskim iskustvom na Bliskom istoku (Sirija, Egipat) i u Srbiji Andrew Archibald Paton (1811. – 1874.) proputovao je 1846. i 1847. godine istočnojadranskom obalom, Dalmatinskom Zagorom i Likom prvenstveno sa zadatkom prikupljanja podatka o materijalnom stanju toga dijela Austrijskoga carstva, posebno istočnojadranskih luka. Putovanje je započeo kočijom iz Beča u Zadar, nastavio do Kotora, posjetio Crnu Goru te se vratio u Zadar odakle je preko Like otputovao za Rijeku, Trst i završio u Grazu. Istražujući te krajeve Paton je dokumentarnom preciznošću opisao ljude i krajeve riječju i slikom, bilježio neke detalje iz kulturne baštine i lokalne povijesti, koje je uglavnom pabirčio iz putopisa prethodnih britanskih posjetitelja, kao i prirodne fenomene i ljepote krajolika za što je pokazao i dosta literarnoga smisla. To je objavio u kapitalnom djelu: Highlands and islands of the Adriatic: including Dalmatia, Croatia, and the southern Provinces of the Austrian Empire, Volumen I. i II., koje je 1849. godine objavio u Londonu. Ovo je djelo poslovna i politička javnost dobro primila i Paton već 1862. godine objavljuje u Londonu prošireno izdanje Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic; or, Contributions to the Modern History of Hungary and Transylvania, Dalmatia and Croatia, Servia and Bulgaria. 2 vols., u kojem Paton daje zemljopisno - povijesni pregled jugoistočne Europe, svoja zapažanja, posebno ekonomska i politička gledanja na zatečene prilike i budućnost tih zemalja. Patonov opis Like i Senja nije opsežan, već je jezgrovit, kritičan i pun osobnih promišljanja o trenutnom stanju, kao i o potencijalima tih krajeva. Njegovi opisi su dragocjeni podaci i svjedočanstva o krajevima i ljudima i nisu samo povijesna dokumentacija, već je to i uvid u poglede i mišljenje drugih, stranaca o tim krajevima i ljudima. To je dokumentacija koja je bitno utjecala i postupno oblikovala javno mnijenje engleskoga govornoga područja i šire. Danas su nam ti stavovi i mišljenja pomalo čudni, često nerazumljivi i neprihvatljivi, a tako su znatno utjecali na političke odluke anglosaksonskih zemalja (Velika Britanija, SAD) i njihovih sljedbenika u prošlosti, a mogu se i danas prepoznati u političkim, gospodarskim i kulturnim htjenjima i postupcima tih država, posebno Velike Britanije. U ovome radu autor donosi u prijevodu dijelove toga djela s opisima Like i grada Senja s komentarima i potrebnim pojašnjenjima te dosta opširnu bibliografiju britanskih i američkih autora koji su posjetili ili pisali o hrvatskim krajevima od kraja XVIII. do početka XX. stoljeća., The great interest of English travel writers from the end of the 18th century, and especially from the beginning and mid-19th century in the Eastern Adriatic coast culminated at the end of it and at the beginning of the 20th century. The motives for travelling were varied: from the familiarisation of "exotic" regions, the discovery of unknown European cultural heritage, all the way to the targeted recording of the conditions and relationships of political powers in the Austrian Empire, its relationship with the neighbouring Ottoman Empire, and the strengthening of the selfconfidence of the Slavic peoples in relation to the Hungarian and Austrian hegemony and the Slavic peoples in the Ottoman Empire. British diplomat, secret intelligence officer of the British Embassy in Vienna, with significant military-diplomatic experience in the Middle East (Syria, Egypt) and in Serbia, Andrew Archibald Paton (1811-1874) travelled, in 1846 and 1847, the Eastern Adriatic coast, the Dalmatian Hinterland (Zagora) and Lika primarily with the task of gathering information about the material condition of that part of the Austrian Empire, especially the Adriatic ports. He began the journey began by carriage from Vienna to Zadar, continued to Kotor, visited Montenegro and returned to Zadar from where, via Lika, he travelled to Rijeka, Trieste and ended in Graz and Vienna. He was the first Briton to visit the interior of Croatia, particularly the Military Frontier and Lika. Exploring these regions Paton described with documentary precision the people and regions with words and pictures, he noted some details from the cultural heritage and local history, which he mostly gleaned from the travelogues of previous visitors and literature which he was able to consult in Vienna. He also described the natural phenomena (Plitvice Lakes) and the beauty of the landscape (Plješivica, Velebit) for which he also demonstrated a fair amount of literary penchant. Particularly interesting are his descriptions of the towns (Gospić, Otočac, Senj), as well as smaller places – villages (Vrhovine, Korenica, Zavalje). He published this in a major work: Highlands and islands of the Adriatic: including Dalmatia, Croatia, and the Southern Provinces of the Austrian Empire Highlands and islands of the Adriatic: including Dalmatia, Croatia, and the Southern Provinces of the Austrian Empire, Volumes 1 and 2, which he published in London in 1849. This work by received well by the business, political and public readership and by 1862 Paton published an expanded edition in London - Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic; or, Contributions to the Modern History of Hungary and Transylvania, Dalmatia and Croatia, Servia and Bulgaria 2 volumes, in which Paton describes the geographical-historical look of South East Europe, his observations, especially the economic and political views of the existing conditions and future of these countries. Paton’s description of Lika and Senj is not extensive, but it is concise, critical and full of personal ponderings about the current situation, as well as the potentials of these regions. His descriptions are invaluable information and testimonies about the regions and people, and they are not only historical documents, but it is also an insight into the views and thoughts of others, foreigners about these regions and peoples. It is the documentation which significantly influenced and gradually formed the public opinion of the English-speaking regions and further afield. For us today these attitudes and thoughts are slightly strange, often incomprehensible and unacceptable, and so they significantly influenced the political decisions of Anglo-Saxon countries (Great Britain, the USA), and of their adherents in the past, and they can also be recognised in the political, economic and cultural intentions and procedures of these countries, especially of Great Britain. In this paper the author provides a translation of parts of this work with descriptions of Lika and the town of Senj with comments and the necessary explanations, plus a quite extensive bibliography of British and American authors who had visited and written about the Croatian regions from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century.

Šesnaesto i sedamnaesto stoljeće vrlo je turbulentno razdoblje, s konstantnim fluktuacijama stanovništva prvenstveno zbog osmanske opasnosti. Osmanlije, od nepoznata plemena u Maloj Aziji u XIV. stoljeću, uzdižu se do jedne od najvećih europskih i svjetskih sila, doprijevši tijekom XVI. stoljeća sve do srca srednje Europe – Beča. Na prostorima hrvatskih zemalja odvijale su se neprestane borbe protiv osmanskih osvajača koje su kulminirale bitkom kod Siska 1593. i velikom pobjedom kršćanstva nad islamom, čime je započeo „dugi turski rat―, a zaključen je mirom u Žitvatoroku 1606. Osmanlije su napredovale gotovo do Kvarnera, a njihova osvajanja na ovim prostorima zaustavila su se pred gradom Senjom, s time da su prethodno zauzeli čitavu Liku krajem drugog desetljeća XV. stoljeća. Uskoci, nazvani kasnije senjski, jer im je glavna baza operacija bio grad Senj, pod austrijskom zaštitom, nisu bili samo pridošlice s pograniĉnog mletačko-osmanskog i austrijsko-osmanskog područja, već i mnogobrojni dobrovoljci iz austrijskog područja koji će kasnije činiti grupaciju pod skupnim imenom senjski uskoci zajedno s građanima Senja. Bez tih triju država, njihovih stalno prisutnih antagonizama, sukoba religija i oportunizma sa svih strana te mletačkih i turskih jataka, nemoguće je zamisliti uskočku borbu. Zanimljiv je to fenomen sjevernog dijela istočne obale Jadrana, koji se u svojim prepadima širio od Istre pa sve Bokokotorskog zaljeva: za jedne zločinci, gusari i odmetnici, za druge heroji, prevodnici „antemurale christianitatis― u borbi protiv osmanskih osvajača i najjeftinija vojska na juţnim granicama Habsburškog Carstva. Uskoci su se povodili za pljačkom iz vrlo jednostavnog razloga: konstantna oskudica i škrti kraj u kojem su boravili. Modus operandi je izgledao otprilike ovako i ponavljao se desetljećima: uskoci bi isplovili na more u pljačkanje turskog teritorija, uz pomoć jataka domognuli se bogatog plijena, Mlečani bi ih gonili s relativno malo uspjeha, kasnije bi Turci Mlečane optužili da im pomažu kada tako lako prelaze preko njihovog teritorija, a Mlečani bi se žalili nadvojvodi koji ih je svaki put umiravao da će ukloniti uskoke iz Senja, znajući vrlo dobro da to neće učiniti sve dok su mu bili korisni. Pri kraju XVI. i početkom XVII. stoljeća tenzije postaju nepodnošljive, što kulminira u mnogobrojnim mletačkim blokadama Hrvatskoga primorja i svaki pokušaj pomirenja i izglađivanja prepreka je bio vrlo efemernog karaktera, što će kulminirati u Uskočkom ratu 1615.-1618. ili ratu za Gradišku. Rat se vodio zbog stoljetnih sukoba i razmirica između „mletačkog lava i austrijskog orla―, a gospodarska komponenta je odigrala veliku ulogu. Podanici jednih i drugih borit će se za banderijalnu svijest, a ne po etničkom principu, u što nas je pokušala uvjeriti romantičarska historiografija XIX. stoljeća. Tijekom i nakon završetka rata istarsko gospodarstvo je bilo upropašteno i neće se oporaviti sljedećih nekoliko stoljeća, a najviše je stradao upravo nedužni istarski seljak. Uskoci su u tom ratu imali epizodnu ulogu, a njihova balada završit će nakon što su velike sile, potpisavši sporazume u Madridu i Parizu, odlučile da im uskoci jednostavno više nisu potrebni te su postali višak kojeg se treba po kratkom postupku riješiti. To se nije dogodilo preko noći, ali uskočko pitanje je prestalo stvarati probleme u odnosima Republike Venecije i Kuće Austrije. Uskoĉko ime ostalo je sinonim za hrabrost i preţivjelo je u narodnoj predaji i epskim pjesmama sve do današnjih dana. The sixteenth and the seventeenth century were highly turbulent periods with constant fluctuations of population primarily because of the Ottoman incursions. Ottomans, who were from an obscure tribe in Asia Minor in the fourteenth century, have risen to be one of the greatest European and world powers all the while advancing towards the heart of central Europe – Vienna. In the areas of the Croatian lands constant struggle was taking place against the onslaught of the Ottoman invaders that came to its peek with the battle of Sisak in 1593. and with a grand victory of Christianity over Islam. Because of the aforementioned situation a „long Turkish war― took place and was concluded with peace in Zitvatorok in 1606. Ottomans advanced almost up to the Kvarner region, and their conquests in these areas halted in the close surroundings of the city of Senj. Before these triumphs, i.e. at the end of the second decade of the fifteenth century, they conquered entire Lika. Uskoks, latter called from Senj, because their main base of operations was the city of Senj which was under the Austrian protection, were not just newcomers from the regions of Venetian- Ottoman and Austrian- Ottoman dichotomy, but were also numerous volunteers from Austrian regions who will later, along with its citizens, form an overall group under the name of Uskoks from Senj. Without these three states, their constantly present antagonisms, their religious conflicts and oportunisms from all sides and also Venetian and Turkish accomplices, it would be impossible to imagine Uskoks struggle. We can observe an interesting phenomena of the northern part of the east Adriatic coast, which in its incursions spreaded from Istria all the way to the bay of Boka. For some they were criminals, corsairs and outlaws, while for the others they were heroes, fuglemans of ―antemurale christianitatis‖ in the conflict against the Ottoman invaders and the cheapest army on southern borders of the Habsburg Monarchy. Uskoks embraced robbery for very simple reasons: constant scarcity and stingy area in which they sojourned. Modus operandi looked approximately like this and it continued unaffected for decades: the Uskoks would sail out to sea with the aim of raiding the Ottoman territory. Thanks to the assistance of their accomplices, they would then procure a vast amount of plunder. Venetians would hunt them down with little or no success, and later the Turks would accuse Venetians of helping the Uskoks since they used to pass over their terrain with ease and the Venetians would then complain to archduke who placated them by saying that he will remove Uskoks from Senj. However, he was fully aware that he would not do such a thing as long as they were useful to him. At the end of the sixteenth and at the beginning of the seventeenth century the tensions were becoming unbearable. Because of this fact, the situation partaining the aforementioned events, culminated in numerous Venetian blockades of the Croatian Littoral and every endeavor of reconciliation was of rather ephemeral character which culminated in the Uskok war in the 1615. which lasted until the 1618., also called the War of Gradisca. The war was fought because of the centennial quarrels and disputes between the ―Venetian lion and the Austrian eagle‖, and the economic component played a major role. Althought the Romanticistic historiography of the nineteenth century tried to convince us that vassals on the both sides would fight for the ethnical principle, it was simply not true because they fought only for the allegiance to the banner. During the war and after its cessation, the Istrian economy was ruined and it would not recuperate in the following centuries. This led to the ungrateful state because of which the innocent Istrian serf suffered the most. In this war the Uskoks had an episodic role, and their ballad terminated after the great powers, by signing the treaties in Madrid and Paris, had decided that the Uskoks were simply no longer neccesary and that they became an encumbrance that was needed to be disposed in a brief manner. However, it did not happen overnight, but the Uskok question stopped creating problems in the relations of the Republic of Venice and the House of Austria. Uskoks name remained a synonym for valor and it survived in folk tales and epic songs hitherto.

Kao reakcija na osvajanje i provođenja terora Osmanskog Carstva na osvojenim europskim područjima pojavljuju se uskoci. Oni bježe s osvojenih područja na slobodne hrvatske prostore i tamo se odlučuju pruţiti otpor turskom osvajaču. Ovi Hrvati, katolici podrijetlom iz raznih krajeva, ali većinom iz Hercegovine, ističu se borbom na hrvatskim prostorima sa Turcima i Mlečanima. Izgledom su plijenili pažnju i izazivali strahopoštovanje. Posjedovali su posebne fizičke i duhovne osobine. Vesna Glavina navodi da im je kršćanstvo bilo najvažnije, kao i papinska riječ, a osim toga važna im je bila i osveta, dvoboj i briga o mrtvima, ranjenima i njihovim obiteljima. Provodili su gusarske akcije. U bitkama su se istaknuli načinom ratovanja koje je bilo specifično i puno akcije i snalažljivosti. Petar Kružić, senjski i kliški kapetan, i njegovi uskoci istaknuli su se hrabrom i junačkom borbom za hrvatske prostore kada su dugo vremena odolijevali napadima Turaka i Mlečana. Turci i Mlečani htjeli su proširiti svoju vlast na hrvatske prostore i uskoci su im u tome predstavljali prijetnju. Bilo je sukoba i sa Habsburgovcima zbog njihove želje za dobrim odnosima sa Mlečanima. Habsburgovci i Mlečani ulaze i u rat zbog uskoka. Rat je završio mirom i sporazumom vrlo nepovoljnim za uskoke. Taj je sporazumom prouzročio postupno nestajanje uskoka. Mnoštvo je poznatijih uskočkih bojeva, a neki od najpoznatijih uskoka koji su bili zatočeni su: Juriša Margitić, Ivan Vlatković, Miho Vlatković, Antun Mikulanić i Andrija Frletić. Poznatiji uskoci koji su djelovali u to vrijeme su i: Daničići, Vicko Hreljanović, Vuk Mandušić, Smiljanići i Mitrovići-Jankovići. Bilo je i puno drugih poznatih uskoka.

Između primorskih padina Velebita, južno od Senja, prostire se Podgorje koje bi se u svjetskim razmjerima usporedbi slobodno moglo opisivati kao podnožje hrvatskog Tibeta. Štoviše, naš prerano preminuli etnolog i antropolog, Tomo Vinšćak, koji je pohodio oba nebeska doticališta ustvrdio je da su Kailash i Velebit planinski srodnici – himalajski i hrvatski Olimp (1991). U ovom će se radu progovarati iz (iskustvom) prizemnijih uvida, no s jednakom upornošću zagovarati potreba smislenijeg upoznavanja specifičnosti ovog kraja i njegovih ljudi. Pa ako je podnožje hrvatskog Olimpa naizgled (nedostatkom iskustvene usporedbe) moguće definirati kao pretencioznom idealizacijom, ostaje faktografija mnogih disciplina, koje sinergijski presložene omogućavaju manje depresivno tumačenje kraja po njegove ljude. U ovom radu se takvo znanstveno združivanje pokušava doseći ispreplitanjem upotrebe antropoloških perspektiva (emsko-etsko) i Jungijanske analize iskustvene arhetipske sekvence koja povezuje autoricu s ovim krajem. Kraj je to čestog kolektivnog zaborava svih historiografskih činjenica koje potvrđuju da unatoč surovosti prirode koja se kroz buru i sušu stoljećima tu slijevala, te opisa da se iz toga kraja 'samo' bježalo i nestajalo zbog težine života, on ostao stjecište brojnih naroda i populacija. Sidrište mnogobrojnih kulturalnih, sakralnih i imaginativnih dimenzija za Hrvate, baš kao i jedna od konačnih destinacija najvećih hrvatskih migracijskih tijekova. U današnjim doslovnim i otrcanim postmodernističkim tumačenjima – kraj multikulturalnih susretišta unatoč in loco teških narativa života. Slijedom iste površnosti on postaje i kraj za kratkotrajno navraćanje u maniri sasvim ritualnog oblika pohoda na izazov divljine – od turistički brendiranog bazanja po Velebitu, pod geslom očuvanja neobuzdane prirode, do sasvim planiranog doživljaja išibanosti burom na senjskoj rivi. Kako sve navedeno ne bi ostalo samo na eko(nomsko)historijskoj potrazi simbolike, metafora i brikolaže mitova ovdje valja proširiti tumačenje specifičnosti lokaliteta i pridodati realitet biokulturalne povijesti. Tako, doprinosi istraživanja viševrsnih disciplina u području medicine već više dekada ukazuju na svojevrsni, rekli bismo, paradoks podgorske specifičnosti koji se ogleda u kontrastu mjesta teškog za življenje naspram poželjnog mjesta za doživjeti duboku starost, ili ako se hoće kozmološki i manje antropocentrično, starost neusmjerenu uživanju i ugodi. Konačni cilj analize ovog rada je (pre)usmjeravanje mogućih interesa za Podgorje s turistički-egzotično-isplativih kolonijalnih matrica na kozomološki-etičko shvaćanje, u kojem sprega čovjeka, prirode i povijesti zaslužuje puno šire sagledavanje njegove 'izdrživosti' u mjestu 'održivosti' ili 'revitaliziranosti'. Kozmološkim pristupom rečeno, svaka jednadžba neoliberalne ugode je ovdje neprimjenjiva, baš sasvim suprotno, obrnuto je proporcionalna povijesnim i biokulturalnim dokazima. Ustvrditi je – ništa začuđujuće u odnosu na mogućnost tumačenja tog kraja kao podnožja hrvatskog Olimpa., Between the littoral slopes of Velebit, south of Senj, stretches Podgorje, which in global dimensions could freely be described as the foothill of the Croatian Tibet. Moreover, our prematurely departed ethnologist and anthropologist, Tomo Vinšćak, who visited both heaventouching points, claimed that Kailash and Velebit were mountain relatives – the Himalayan and Croatian Olympus (1991). In this paper the need of a coherent familiarisation of the specificity of this region and its people will be brought up and also argued for with the same persistence from ground level insights (with experience). So if it is seemingly possible to define the foothill of the Croatian Olympus (with a lack of empirical comparison) as a pretentious idealisation, it remains the factography of many disciplines, which synergistically rearranged allow a less depressing interpretation of the region by its people. In this paper such a scientific association is sought to be reached with the intertwining of the use of anthropological perspectives (emic-etic) and a Jungian analysis of an empirical archetypal sequence that links the author with this region. This is a region of the frequent collective forgetfulness of all the historiographic facts, which confirm that despite the harshness of nature which has poured the 'bura' and drought down here over the centuries, and the description that from this region people just escaped and disappeared because of the difficulty of life, it has remained a junction of numerous peoples and populations. The anchor point of many cultural, sacral and imaginative dimensions for Croats, just like one of the final destinations of the largest Croatian migratory flows. In today’s literal and trite post modernistic interpretations – a region of multicultural encounters despite the in loco of the difficult narratives of life. Following the same superficiality, it also becomes a region for a brief drop by in the manner of an altogether ritual form of an expedition at the challenge of the wilderness – from the touristic branding of wandering through Velebit, under the motto of the preservation of untameable nature, to the altogether planned experience of being beaten by the 'bura' on the quayside of Senj. In order that everything mentioned is not left to just an eco(nomic)historical search of symbolism, metaphors and bricolages of myths, it would be good here to widen the interpretation of the specificity of the locality and to add the reality of bio-cultural history. Thus, the contributions of the research of many kinds of disciplines in the area of medicine have for decades already pointed to a kind of, let’s say, paradox of the Podgorje specificity,which is reflected in the contrast of a place of hard living compared to a desired place to live out old age or if wanted cosmologically and less anthropocentrically, an old age of open-ended enjoyment and comfort. The final aim of the analysis of this paper is the (re)direction of the possible interests for Podgorje with the touristic-exotic-profitable colonial matrices onto a cosmological-ethical understanding in which the interconnection of man, nature and history deserves a much wider perception of its 'endurance' instead of 'sustainability' or 'revitalisation'. With the cosmological approach said, each equation of neoliberal comfort here is inapplicable, quite the opposite, it is reversely proportionate to the historical and biocultural evidence. To conclude – nothing surprising in relation to the possibility of the interpretation of this region as the foothill of the Croatian Olympus.

Na prostoru od Senja do Maslenice evidentirano je više srednjovjekovnih nalazišta. To su utvrde, sakralni objekti i groblja od 5. do 16. stoljeća. Obradit će se arheološki lokaliteti i pripadajući nalazi s područja Senja, Sv. Jurja, Starigrada Senjskog, Stinice, Prizne, Jablanca, Karlobaga, Starigrada Paklenice i Rovanjske, koji pripadaju ranom kršćanstvu i hrvatskom srednjovjekovlju. Prinos se temelji na rezultatima prethodnih arheoloških istraživanja i rekognosciranja koja su već poznata te vlastitih istraživanja., In the area from Senj to Maslenica many mediaeval sites have been documented. They are fortresses, sacral buildings and cemeteries from 5th to 16th centuries. Archaeological localities and the related finds from the areas of Senj, Sveti Juraj, Senj Starigrad, Stinica, Prizna, Jablanac, Karlobag, Starigrad-Paklenica and Rovanjska, which belong to early Christianity and the Croatian Middle Ages will be elaborated upon. The contribution is based on the results of previous archaeological research and surveys, which are already known and their own research.