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Copyright of Journal of Economic Administrative & Legal Sciences is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rapid development of e-commerce generates new subjects of civil turnover. Marketplaces are commodity aggregators with a vague legal status. A marketplace is more than an information intermediary: it is an ecosystem with highly developed logistics that provides interaction between the seller and the buyer, as well as information about goods and delivery points. In addition, it settles disputes between sellers and buyers by applying various resolution tools. The article describes the legal nature of the relations connected with marketplace ecosystems, i.e., between the marketplace and the seller, between the marketplace and the delivery point, between the marketplace and the buyer. The author also assessed the integration of the marketplace into the classic purchase-and-sale relationship between the buyer and the seller. These parties sign commission contracts, agency agreements, and fee-based service contacts, each of which has its specifics. The author defined the limits of contractual liability in the seller – marketplace – consumer trade chain. If the seller – buyer relations are violated, the responsibility of the marketplace needs to be expanded because the marketplace undertakes to verify the reliability of sellers and the quality of goods. The author applied a doctrinal perspective to the legislative initiatives of 2023–2024 in relation to marketplaces, as well as developed some recommendations on how to improve e-commerce legislation in the Russian Federation.

: If we have to define the concept of "consumer behavior", we can generally define it as the relationship between the consumer and the companies that offer certain goods or services. Sales of goods and services in the market depend on consumer behavior and willingness to buy. The imposition of goods on the market depends on the willingness of customers to purchase and own them. Consumer behavior is determined by a number of factors: social, personal, cultural and psychological. User behavior depends on the type of purchase - accidental or planned. Depending on the reaction in the behavior during the purchase, we distinguish several types of behavior: complex (when buying a durable good, e.g. a car); uncertain (fluctuation from the time of use of a given product - e.g. onetime use); formed (the goods are offered by the seller); habitual (buying the same products every time). Consumer behavior is formed over a long period of time and passes through the following stages: desire, search, evaluation, purchase, satisfaction. In the article, we will try to track the consumer's behavior during a purchase decision and defend the thesis that the emotional state and attitude are decisive for rational behavior. The methods of analysis and evaluation will be a review of literature sources and author theses and statistical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions of liability of the seller to the horse on the one hand and those of the veterinarian carrying out the purchase examination on the other are different in principle. Therefore, there is no general joint and several liability of the seller and the vet. The essential difference lies in the fact that, according to the prerequisites, not every finding to be recognised and documented by the veterinarian constitutes a defect in the legal sense. This difference is cancelled out if a contractual link is established between the purchase contract and the purchase inspection contract. This arises when the result of the purchase examination becomes the content of a health quality agreement. Joint and several liability has the advantage that the vet can take recourse in the internal relationship. A formal exclusion of liability to the detriment of the client is inadmissible in the case of the purchase examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis George Bacovia. Juridica is the property of George Bacovia University, Faculty of Sciences Economics, Juridical & Administrative and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study tests a research model that reflects the nomological relationship between satisfaction as a two-dimensional construct and continuity, coordination, and cooperation in business-to-business (B2B) sales relationships. Design/methodology/approach: The study sample comprised small- and medium-sized companies across industries in Spain. In total, 237 satisfactorily completed questionnaires were obtained for data analysis. Structural equation modelling was applied to secure the development of the study’s results. Findings/results: The results revealed that sales managers should reach agreements with their partners to put in place appropriate coordination mechanisms that contribute to improving efficiency and achieving expected long-term goals. Practical implications: The study guides B2B sales managers on how to establish good interpersonal relationships with partners, foster an atmosphere in which favourable impressions are generated between the parties, treat each other with respect and promote open sharing of information that avoids distrust and fear of the appearance of opportunistic behaviour. Originality/value: This study provides an extended foundation of the structural properties with intermediary constructs between economic satisfaction and non-economic satisfaction based on a seller’s perspective. This is significant, seeing that most extant studies have explored the constructs proposed from a buyer’s perspective.

The purpose of the study is to build the agricultural land market subjects’ economic behavior models. The formation of rational land use in the agrarian sphere indicates influence of institutional factors – motives and interests of land owners that allow to ensure land distribution included in the market turnover between the most efficient users. The structural scheme of the agricultural land market subjects’ behavior motives has been proposed. The motives of sellers in the land market are to optimize income that is achieved by increasing a land plot attractiveness. Buyers are guided by the possession motives, use and disposal of land by acquiring a land plot. Sellers and buyers of land plots are individuals and legal entities. Agricultural organizations, individual entrepreneurs, farms, personal subsidiary plots, and citizens (rural population) participate in land sailing. Buyers in the market are owner, land user, landowner, and tenant. The functions of sellers and buyers have been systematized considering the purpose and action of the actors. Destructive and rational models of the agricultural land market actors’ economic behavior have been presented and developed. The application of the destructive model is associated with negative consequences characterized by land withdrawal from economic turnover, change of its intended purpose, and land transfer to another category. The rational model includes finding an optimal alternative under a set of constraints and provides for a high level of human intelligence and knowledge to make right decisions. Factors of this model are coordination of land ownership institutions and creation of a legal framework. It is characterized by strict administrative and legal regulation that contributes to eradication of shadowing in land relations. The area of application of the developed rational model of the agricultural land market subjects’ economic behavior is scientific organizations, agro-industrial complex management bodies at the regional and municipal levels, and agricultural producers.

A traditional market is a place where there are many transactions between buyers and sellers. The development of traditional markets is currently getting worse, due to many modern retailers, and also consumers who seek convenience when shopping. Therefore, research is needed that focuses on the analysis of arrangements other than spatial planning, namely the analysis of the distribution channel of goods. This research method uses descriptive research, with data collection techniques through observation and interviews with traders in the Ciwastra traditional market in Bandung City. The results of the research obtained, namely the distribution of goods carried out involves suppliers, merchants/retailers and consumers/buyers. Another result found that, a retailer can also act as a supplier, when the available items have run out before delivery is made. In this case, It can be concluded that most of the traders in the Ciwastra traditional market in Bandung City apply semi-direct distribution, and indirect distribution.

This article addresses the issue of sale with option of redemption, a variety of sale that was reintroduced among the texts of the Civil Code by the current legislator and which has long been a reason of dispute between theorists and practitioners of law. Thus, we will try to highlight some of the most important aspects regarding such a sale, both from the perspective of national legislation and referring to the legislation of other states in the European space.

Objective: to research the features of online dispute settlement by e-commerce platforms in the People’s Republic of China, to reveal positive features and drawbacks of ODS technologies applied by the platforms.Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Specific scientific methods were used: legal-dogmatic and the method of legal norms interpretation.Results: it was found that the internal ODS model on e-commerce Taobao ODS platforms is a direct, clear and effective means of online resolution of consumer disputes. However, being a non-independent “third party”, the internal ODS mechanism of e-commerce platforms will never be able to substitute other external systems of dispute resolution. ODS relies on the data and Internet processes much stronger than traditional dispute resolution. Among the many safety factors emerging as a result of online processes, ODS creates the risk of data leakage, lack of confidentiality and unsafe consumer protection. ODS also causes concerns due to traditional principles of justice such as objectivity, confidentiality and safety of data in the process of dispute settlement. Not only the People’s Republic of China but any country introducing the ODS technologies into the procedures of dispute resolution should take serious measures to ensure the ODS processes are just, unbiased and guarantee observance of procedural rights. Scientific novelty: consists in a complex research of online dispute settlement by e-commerce platforms in the People’s Republic of China, the practice of implementation thereof has its specific features stemming from the model of self-regulation of thee relations, further stipulated by normative legal acts of the People’s Republic of China and reflected in the activity of private ODS platforms.Practical significance: is due to the current absence of possibility to apply the legal norms and rules, taking into account the specific features of ODS technologies on private platforms, to the relations using such technologies. The main provisions and conclusions of the research can be used to improve the mechanisms of legal regulation of ODS technologies in the procedural legislation of the Russian Federation.

Copyright of Revista Luciérnaga - Comunicación is the property of Politechnico Colombian Jaime Isaza Cadavid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the unique geographical and geological situation of Iran, the earthquake phenomenon imposes numerous human and financial losses on our country every year. There are solutions to reduce these losses such as identifying areas prone to earthquakes and providing practical solutions. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the effect of changes in the subsidence rate on the trend of seismicity in plains of Tehran from 2014 to 2021. To determine the subsidence rate of the region, sentinel-1 sensor satellite data with SNAP 5.0 software was used to perform radar interferometry, and the data of 64 piezometer wells in the region from 2014 to 2021 were used to zone the groundwater level. Also, Kijko software was used to correct the seismic catalog. The results showed that there is subsidence in the Shahriar plain at a rate of 54.5 cm per year and in the Varamin plain at a rate of 65 cm per year. Accordingly, 600 thousand cubic meters change in the aquifer volume of the studied area per year leads to the minimum changes of the regional stress to the extent of 5 bar to 17 bar (equivalent to 500 to 1700 kilopascals). Also, the seismicity pattern of the region shows an increasing trend in the probability of future earthquakes on one side, and a shortening of the seismic return period in the studied area on the other side. Finally, the high consistency of the data trend in the distribution charts demonstrates the agreement of the subsidence trend and, subsequently, its effect on the seismicity trend of the studied area, which in turn indicates the effect of subsidence on the seismicity trend in the studied areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactive relationship between those interested in design in the field of showing the industrial product (designer - executor - seller - consumer). And we are talking here about the methods of showing the documents of the industrial product in its different stages to those interested in the product. Cases of interest are the stages of the process that the product focuses on. The methods and methods used to show the industrial product to those interested must keep pace with the modern technological age and use the latest methods of product display (using virtual reality techniques) to reach the stage of persuasion for those interested. The phenomenon of persuasion is one of the most important philosophical phenomena that affect the manner of presenting a topic, problem, or product to a person, and the viewer is always interested in reaching the optimal style of presentation to reach positive persuasion, and when we talk about methods of presenting products, which is one of the most important activities for The product is related to strengthening the level of user satisfaction with the product, and the variety of its methods and forms, from indicative panels and horizontal and vertical documents, to the huge group of advanced technological display methods, including what is called virtual reality. It is one of the most important methods of presentation, as it is a term applied to computer simulations of environments that can be physically simulated in some places in the real world, and that in conceptual worldsThe design activity in the third millennium crystallized in the light of the phenomenon of globalization and was based on information technology in the fields of operating software and performance arts and design display in achieving consolidation through addition of knowledge in the areas of industrial product displayThe interactive relationship between those interested in design in the field of displaying the industrial product shows the extent of the needs for using modern technologies in showing the required requirements through the environment that define the relationships between the parties to the product design process. The different uses of virtual reality provide the required form of showing the product design process with the required features of convincing and dazzling, ease of modification, redesign and others.

The "caveat emptor" rule, which has been introduced as one of the basic rules of contract law of traditional common law, does not hold the seller liable for defects in the goods or non-compliance with the terms of the contract, and holds the buyer responsible for inspecting the transaction. On the other hand, Islamic law considers the buyer to be entitled in such positions and gives him the option of defect or the option of incorrect description or the option of unfulfilled condition and the like. In recent decades, with the emergence of many problems in implementing the "caveat emptor" and considering the violation of buyers' rights if this rule is applied, we face the emergence of the opposite rule called the "Caveat venditor" rule, which seeks to amend the previous rule and the main area of emergence That is the rules governing consumer rights. In this article, while comparatively studying the institution of "caveat emptor" and similar Institution in Iranian law, we seek to explain the strengths of each of the two establishments and offer a correction proposal to correct the weaknesses of domestic law. However, in general, we will see that what has been achieved nowadays in the common law system, was explained concurrent with the formation of the independent legal system of Islam in the time of the Holy Prophet.

Copyright of Istanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Medipol University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The analysis of increasing settlement systems in recent years have brought an important perspective to archaeology in the evaluation of prehistoric settlements with their environments. In fact the geography and archaeology disciplines' both theoretical and methodological interaction, ensures a strong establishment of relationship between social and physical sciences. While geography reflects the diversity of the earth, its resources and the efforts of human beings to survive, on the other hand archaeolgy reflects the surviving human in all aspects. In this context, this paper primarily aims to refer to Eskişehir Middle Porsuk Basin and other similar regional studies, while focusing on how and to what extent the landscapes and climate models contribute to the archaelogical knowledge. There is also historical and ethnoarchaeological information supporting paleoclimate studies that climatic and environmental conditions may have been effective in the concentration of EBA settlements on the hillsides, ridges and hills in the Middle Porsuk Basin. For this reason, Demircihöyük will be tried to be examined in the context of the reflection of environmental adaptation practices on architecture, including floods, together with the results of archaeobotanical and archaeozoological studies. Finally, thanks to the similar results from Küllüoba, it is aimed to develop a well-rounded interpretation of the region's EBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To dispose of a residential property in terms of a lottery transaction is a change in the business manner how residential properties are usually being disposed of, namely either through an estate agent or a private sale. A number of these transactions have occurred in South Africa in the last six years. This article considers a scenario where the main parties who participate in the lottery transaction are: the seller of the property, the winner of the property (multiple persons can purchase a lottery ticket, but only one person wins the property) and the attorney who oversees the lottery and is a non-resident of South Africa for tax purposes. Since a lottery transaction is seen as a different way of how residential properties are normally being sold, the main objective of this article is to explore the possible value-added tax (VAT) consequences for the different parties, depending on whether the parties are registered for VAT in South Africa or not. To meet this objective, a doctrinal research approach was followed by analysing South African and international literature to determine the recommended VAT treatment of these property lottery transactions, as no clear guidance can be found on this. It is suggested that the South African Revenue Service should consider issuing clear guidelines in respect of the VAT consequences of property lottery transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the article hereby is represented by the understanding of the notion of contract from the following perspectives: the contract is the main source of civil obligations and the contract is an agreement, a convention between parties, but also of the classification of contracts and of the practical importance of this classification.

The purpose of concluding any contract is to implement its amount and to be bound by the effects of that contract. The contract of sale, as the most obvious examples of the necessary sale, in order to be on the path of its implementation, must have clear provisions and the parties must not have a dispute over the terms of validity and the terms of the contract and how to implement it. One of these conditions is submission. In principle, a contract is realized without surrender, except in the case of an irreplaceable contract and some exceptional contracts. However, in all cases, the contract and surrender are mutually related. Is given. Surrender and receipt is not a legal act because it is not a condition for obtaining the seller's permission. The need to determine the case does not make surrender a legal act. This study aims to explain the category of submission in the contract of sale and its conditions in the two legal systems of Iran and the United Kingdom.

With the development of online retailing on third-party e-commerce platforms such as Taobao, the churn of individual shops is becoming increasingly severe. Platform operators are eager to learn the causes of this eroding trust. Based on Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory, this paper aims to investigate how masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation impact platform trust and the interaction between these three cultural variables. Based on data collected from sellers on the largest Chinese C2C platform, we found that uncertainty avoidance had a negative effect on platform trust, while masculinity and long-term orientation exerted a positive impact on platform trust. A significant association among the cultural factors was also found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on our experience, it was found that seller is a class III drug with a 20% toxicity. The drug has an irritating effect on the skin and eye mucosa. The daily dose 0,72mg/kg/day. Has no carcinogenic, mutagenic, embryotoxicaction. As a result of the research, the insecticide is determined by the amount of atmospheric air and jobs allowed, maximum permissible levels in food, and possible levels in food, and possible soil contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of The Iraqi University is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focuses on the relationship and mutual interactions between farmer and land market transactions. This relationship is analyzed with the purpose to highlight the existing problems in order to define as clearly as possible the most fruitful alternative ways to benefit the farm as the basic unit of production in agriculture. The farmer is the central economic figure for the organization, operation, and administration of the farm. As such a figure, he must perform his duties in a timely manner and with the highest quality. These duties relate to his self-formation with the concepts of the agricultural market economy. The farmer's work also determines the progress of the farm in the entire range of problems that are evident towards development. Based on the SSBU indicators, compared to EU countries, we can say that our agricultural farms fall quite short. This evaluation is made based on the performance of farm managers. The study was carried out through surveys conducted in the area. By analyzing the surveys, we conclude that the characteristics of the farmer (age, level of education, background) affect the land market. Young, non-native farmers are more inclined to sell their land rather than to utilize it for agricultural production. In addition, direct contact between the two parties, the buyer, and the seller, involved in a land market transaction are more preferred than negotiations through a third party: realtor or sales office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tarafların fiziki bir ortamda karşı karşıya gelmediği, mal veya hizmetlerin uzaktan pazarlanması amacıyla oluşturulmuş bir sistem çerçevesinde, taraflar arasında sözleşmenin hazırlık aşamalarının ve kurulduğu anın uzaktan iletişim araçları aracılığıyla gerçekleştiği mesafeli sözleşmelere, zayıf konumda olan tüketicinin korunması açısından ayrı bir önem atfedilmiştir. Bu sözleşmelerin günlük hayatta sıklıkla karşılaşılanı mesafeli satış sözleşmeleridir. Tüketicinin akdedilecek mesafeli satış sözleşmesi çerçevesinde, satım konusu mala ilişkin yeterince bilgi sahibi olamaması her zaman bir risk olarak karşısına çıkabilir. Bütün bunların önüne geçmek amacıyla, kanun koyucu özel hükümler getirerek bu sözleşmeler açısından düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Gerek 6502 sayılı Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun’da gerekse 27 Kasım 2014 tarihinde yayımlanmış olup, 27 Şubat 2015 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren Mesafeli Sözleşmeler Yönetmeliği'nde mesafeli sözleşmelere ilişkin hükümlere etraflıca yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın birinci kısmında, mesafeli satış sözleşmesi kavramı ve mesafeli satış sözleşmesinin unsurları ele alınmaktadır. Mesafeli satış sözleşmesinin kurulmasına yer verilen ikinci kısmında, öneri, kabul beyanları ile sözleşmenin şekli incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın son kısmında, mesafeli satış sözleşmesinde tüketicinin korunması hususu değerlendirilmektedir.

The sales contract occupies an important position in Romanian civil law, due to the fact that, through it, the alienation or acquisition of ownership rights or other rights over goods in the civil circuit is carried out. It is the most used civil contract because it ensures the legal circulation of goods and other patrimonial values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes a mathematical model to support decision-making on the volume of purchases and the level of retail prices, which the wholesale company (dealer) sets depending on the manufacturer's selling prices and the demand of end buyers for various volumes of wholesale purchases. It is assumed that the manufacturer and the wholesaler influence price through pricing policy. As a result, the problem of determining the optimal volume of wholesale purchases and sales, depending on supply and demand, as well as changes in the level of purchase and selling prices, is posed and solved. Two options for setting the problem are considered here: when the end buyer is informed and not informed about the producer's prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the contract are the legal consequences that come into being between the contracting parties on the one hand, and in relation to third parties on the other hand. In other words, the effects of a contract are the obligations that said contract generates for the contracting parties. In the case of a sales contract, the contracting parties that perform certain obligations are the seller and the buyer. In the present paper I seek to offer a brief account of the obligations assumed by the seller through their valid entering into a contract of sale. The seller has three main obligations (to transfer the property, to hand over the sold good, and the warranties against eviction and hidden defects, respectively) which I shall approach throughout this study. At the same time, in order to comprehend the complexity of these effects, I opted to present the broader concept of a sales contract, thus analysing the definition and legal characters of said contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the study is to assess proposed relationships in a model across different settings, where satisfaction is a mediator between quality constructs in a seller-customer relational setting in B2B markets. The positioning of satisfaction as a mediator is between trust and commitment as antecedents of satisfaction, and cooperation, continuity, and coordination as postcedents of satisfaction in seller-customer relationships. The study was quantitative in nature, supported by an exploratory research approach. Data was collected based on a population of companies across Norwegian industries, as reflected in the Norwegian database Sales Navigator on LinkedIn. To enable research on seller-customer business relationships, key informants who adhered to specific criteria (e.g., that they were sales or marketing managers/directors or key account managers) were selected to participate in the study. A total of 841 potential key informants were identified and contacted telephonically to verify whether they qualified to participate in the survey and, if not, to identify an appropriate person who fit the criteria at the same firm. A total of 523 informants adhered to the stipulated criteria to participate in the study, with a total of 213 informants who completed the questionnaire satisfactorily. This resulted in their responses to be used for data analysis purposes, representing a valid response rate of 40.7%. Respondents were requested to name one key business customer with whom they engaged in the last year, and to be mindful of this respondent when answering the questionnaire. To secure privacy, respondents did not have to identify the customer. Furthermore, the respondents were asked to answer the questions to the best of their ability to ensure quality responses to each item in the questionnaire. Design/methodology/approach The questionnaire began with a competency check to ensure respondents were suitable to participate in the study. The respondents were asked, "Please consider how knowledgeable and experienced you are concerning your business and your business dealings with this customer." They then had to answer the following two statements: a) "I have a lot of knowledge about this customer"; and b) "I have a lot of experiences with this customer," which were measured using a five-point Likert-type scale, ranging between (1) strongly agree and (5) strongly disagree. Almost all respondents (99.5%) indicated that they had extensive knowledge about the customer, while 94.5% indicated that they had wide-ranging experiences with the customer. The application of a five-point Likert-type scale was secured to determine the degree to which respondents agreed or disagreed with the items included in the questionnaire relating to trust, commitment, satisfaction, coordination, continuity and cooperation in seller–customer relationships. The SPSS/Amos 24.0 software was used to conduct the multivariate analysis. Firstly, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, followed by structural equation modeling. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to assess the measurement properties of each construct, while structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the proposed hypotheses in the precursor and outcome research model. The tested research model adheres to the cutoff points for satisfactory convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity, as well as to the minimum requirements for construct reliability. Furthermore, it was determined that trust and commitment have a positive and significant influence on satisfaction in a seller-customer context, while satisfaction positively and significantly influences coordination, continuation, and cooperation in seller-customer relationships in a B2B setting. The tested model validates the hypothesized relationships between trust, commitment, satisfaction, coordination, continuity, and cooperation from a seller's perspective in a B2B setting. Moreover, the model confirms the sequential logic of quality constructs in seller-customer business relationships. Furthermore, the findings reported on the seller-customer research model raise the question for further research on the seller's perspective in relation to the sequential logic of quality constructs in business relationships. Extensive research has been undertaken based on the buyer's perspective, while the seller's perspective requires additional research. The findings indicate consistency between the measurement and structural properties based on sellers' and buyers' perspectives in business relationships. Evidently, further research is required to verify the validity and reliability beyond the studied Norwegian seller-customer business relationships. A crucial research implication is that existing items to measure trust, commitment, satisfaction, cooperation, coordination, and continuity in buyer-supplier relationships (i.e., a buyer's perspective) appear to be valid and reliable – after the minimal replacement of the word "supplier" with the word "customer" – to measure the same construct in seller-customer business relationships (i.e., a seller's perspective). This offers further opportunities to test other constructs and related items used that are based on a buyer's perspective to verify their validity and reliability in seller perspective contexts. Finally, the study provides opportunities to assess the mutuality of satisfaction, trust, commitment, cooperation, coordination, and continuity in buyer-supplier and seller-customer business relationships. The findings assist sellers in a B2B setting to better understand the quality factors that are vital for business-to-business customers when building long-term relationships with industrial sellers. In addition, these quality factors are perceived as important by sellers across industries in Norway. Therefore, the study established that it is important to make the seller aware of the positive consequences of trust (e.g., through information and education). Secondly, when the seller understands the positive consequences of trust, the seller can use them as an argument in discussions with a customer focusing on the benefits (e.g., cooperation, coordination, and continuity) of keeping a satisfied and committed business relationship, and so trust is maintained between the seller and the buyer. It was furthermore established that mutual trust creates a relationship rewarding both parties (i.e., a win-win situation). Conclusively, it is argued that trust is the basis of positive consequences (e.g., commitment and satisfaction) that stimulates the seller's self-confidence, and most likely leads to improved sales performance through cooperation, commitment, and continuity of the business relationship. The majority of studies measuring quality constructs in B2B relationships are positioned from the buyer's perspective in a B2B setting. This study established a foundation to assess the relationship quality of a firm's inbound and outbound business relationships from a seller's perspective in a B2B context. Furthermore, the study provides an understanding of the seller's perspective toward the quality constructs required for long-term relationship building. Since the majority of B2B studies are conducted from a buyer's perspective, a seller's perspective is required increasingly to better manage the long-term relationship building process in B2B markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a normative legal research, namely legal research that focuses on positive legal studies. In the sale and purchase of mining minerals, buyers with good intentions get guaranteed legal protection through the seller's liability, which is based on the provisions of Article 1495, Article 582 and also Article 1977 of the Civil Code where buyers with good intentions can sue the seller who has cheating, including hidden defects that were not known at the time the agreement was agreed upon by the parties. Based on the provisions of these articles, the fraudulent seller must be responsible for all risks of loss suffered by the buyer, unless the buyer bears all these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic & Managerial Researshes is the property of Faculty of Economic Sciences, Commercial & Managerial Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research is motivated by the author submitting an application against a lawsuit related to the determination of the estimated value limit that is not in accordance with applicable regulations, causing losses to the debtor. The purpose of this study is to determine the auction mechanism and the application of determining the value of the mortgage object by the seller. This research is based on the normative legal research method through a legal approach. The results of this study are that the auction mechanism for the execution of mortgage objects through the State Assets and Auction Service Office must comply with the rules in the Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 213/PMK.06/2020 concerning Auction Implementation Guidelines. The implementation of the determination of the boundary of the mortgage object in the field has not been in accordance with the procedure and legal protection for the debtor has not been maximized because it can only be done through a lawsuit in court and the State Assets and Auction Service Office does not have the authority to conduct an auction against the applicable boundary determination. Suggestions for the Government to change the method of setting boundaries, which previously had 2 (two) methods, namely an assessment to avoid losses suffered by debtors and provide more legal benefits for debtors.

According to the results of toxicological studies, it was found that the Seller preparation of 20% k.s. Belongs to hazard class III (sanpin ruz No. 0321-15). The insecticide has an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes and skin. The drug has functional cumulation. The permissible daily dose at the level of 0.72 mg (people) per day is scientifically substantiated. Seller 20% K.s. Does not have carcinogenic, mutagenic and embryotoxic effects. Based on the complex of studies, hygienic standards of the preparation were developed and recommended: maximum concentration limit in water of reservoirs at the level of 0.04 mg / l (limiting hazard indicator is organoleptic); MPC in the air of the working area - 0.24 mg / m3; MPC in atmospheric air - 0.002 mg / m3; MDU in wheat - 0.18 mg / kg; UEC in the soil - 0.2 mg / kg sanitary protection zone (C33) - 200 meters, time for going to work after 7 days. Thus, on the basis of the above, the insecticide Seller 20% k.s. Can be recommended for use in agricultural practice, subject to the mandatory use of personal protective equipment for eyes, skin, respiratory organs and compliance with the rules for the use of the drug, recommended consumption rates and safety measures when working with pesticide.The purpose of this study was to identify the danger of an insecticide. Seller is 20% ks for humans and to develop, taking into account the specific features of agriculture in Central Asia, regulations that guarantee its safety in the environment and for consumers of agricultural products in hot climates.

was a risk-taking behavior that caused the susceptibility of getting STD and HIV/AIDS among female sellers in the market. However, this high-risk behavioral pattern has not been explained. The aim of this study was to understand the pattern of risky sexual behavior and the pattern of prevention of STD and HIV/AIDS among female sellers. This study was conducted by qualitative method, and the respondents were chosen by purposive sampling method. Twenty female sellers in Sindhu Market aged 18 to 45 years old who were sexually active agreed to be the key informants for this study. Data on risky sexual behaviours and pattern of prevention of STD and HIV/AIDS were collected by in-depth interview and were analysed thematically. Results showed thath 7 out of 20 female sellers conducted risky sexual behavior by doing premarital sex and having multiple sex partners without using condom. Most of the informants used vaginal wash and betel soap to prevent STD and HIV/AIDS, and some even checked themselves to the health center for medication.

The contract of sale represents one of the most important contracts on internal and external circulation of goods. This contract is considered one of the oldest and it has the same purpose in all the countries worldwide. With this contract, the seller is obliged to deliver the goods he sells to the buyer, in order for him to gain the right of ownership, whereas the buyer is obliged to pay the price as per the contract. validity conditions, resolution and consequences of resolution, etc. In some occasions, the contracts are subjects of different conflicts which reach the only solution through courts. Given the fact that there are different types of the contracts of sale, it is important that we make efforts in order to study them, difficulties we encounter with regards to the circulation of goods and money. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sale is known as one of the most widely used words in Islamic jurisprudence. Islamic jurists have each defined the nature, bases and types of sale as one of the specific and important Islamic contracts. Regarding sale, it should be mentioned that in some definitions, the early Imami jurists considered its nature as the exchange of two properties, while the famous Islamic jurists consider its nature as the demand and acceptance, which makes the object of sale the property of the customer and regards the price as the property of the seller. Another point is that, in the definitions of late and contemporary Imami jurists, there is a kind of semantic alteration in the interpretation of sale. From the view point of Islamic jurists, it seems that the elements of possession and ownership in the sale are concepts with wide conceptual scopes, and this is the superiority and distinction of Imami jurists over other jurists regarding the truth of sale. On the other hand, from the point of view of Islamic jurists, there are different types of sale, the most important of which are strict sale, contractual sale, absent sale, harmful sale, credit sale, general sale, deferred sale, gifted (mohabati) sale, debt sale, Morabahe (a sale based on a fixed price), etc. On the other hand, the bases of sale from the perspective of Islamic jurists are: demand and acceptance, buyer and seller, property sold, and price in the sale contract. Also, the features of sale from the point of view of jurists are: the ownership of the sale, the exchange of the sale, the objectivity of the property, the necessity of the sale contract. The research methodology in this paper is descriptiveanalytical using the library method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to study the obligations of the parties to the law in Iran and Egypt and guarantee its implementation. The main question that has been proposed and examined in this regard is what are the obligations of the seller and the buyer in the law of Iran and Egypt? And how can the guarantee of its implementation be assessed in the law of the two countries? The present article is a descriptive-analytical and examines the question using the library method. The results of this research show that by concluding a series of obligations, the parties will be responsible which must be observed, which have the same view of these obligations in both laws; obligations such as delivery of price and cost are the delivery of both documents. Of course, there are differences in the guarantee of fulfillment of obligations and effects. In Iran law, unlike in Egypt law, the effects of termination appear from the time of the termination, not from the time of the contract, therefore, until the day of termination, the contractor leaves all his works so, the return of benefits is from the day of termination; another major difference is that in the case of Iran law, loss, defects or transfer of goods do not preclude termination, except in the case of discretion. What can be concluded is that in Egyptian law, the return of benefits is officially accepted, but the legislator in Iranian law has not explicitly commented on this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]