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A clear understanding of the item content of psychological assessments is critical but often overlooked. This study describes the content overlap of seven commonly used and psychometrically validated measures of anxiety among children and adolescents. Symptom codes were created for all items across measures and items were sorted by these codes, which all fell into specific symptom categories. We conducted two analyses of all items: a "bottom-up" content categorization approach, which used symptom categories that were developed during this study, and a "top-down" DSM-5 categorization which mapped items onto symptoms of anxiety disorders in the DSM-5. Findings reveal a weak mean overlap across the included measures of youth anxiety. This suggests that the scope of anxiety measures should be carefully considered when designing studies, interpreting research, or assessing youth in clinical practice. Further research is needed to develop and establish a coding scheme for a more objective, comprehensive content analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Comparing incomparables: commentary on 'measuring the frequency of inner-experience characteristics'" critiques a study that examined different methods of measuring self-talk frequency. The authors argue that the study's conclusions are not valid because the methods used are not comparable. They point out methodological and statistical issues with the Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) technique and suggest that asking about self-talk in specific situations would yield more accurate results. The article also criticizes the small sample sizes used in the study and highlights that the measures used do not measure the same constructs as the DES. The author advises caution when interpreting the study's findings. [Extracted from the article]

Psychological tests and measures with well-established psychometric properties for use in the general population have not been adequately tested for the evaluation of transgender and other gender diverse (TGD) populations. However, guidelines for clinical mental health practice with TGD populations necessitate comprehensive diagnostic and psychosocial assessment of gender-related concerns. Advances in empirical research with TGD populations also require reliable and valid measurement of gender-related constructs. The available selection of published self-report measures of psychological constructs for use with TGD populations has grown rapidly in the past decade. Since 1994, psychometric evaluations of 18 unique self-report measures for TGD populations and three shortened, revised, or updated versions of these measures have been published. This review provides a brief description of each of these 21 self-report measurement instruments for the assessment of gender-related concerns among TGD populations and summarizes the evidence evaluating the reliability and validity of these measures. Overall, the body of psychometric evidence is encouraging but remains in the early stages of development. Strengths, limitations, and areas for future development are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whyare some people more willing than others to take risks? While behavioral tasks (e.g., monetary lotteries) are often regarded as a gold standard for capturing a person's risk preference, recent studies have found stated preferences (e.g., responses to hypothetical scenarios) to exhibit higher reliability, convergent validity, and test-retest stability. Yet, little is known about the psychological drivers of stated preferences. Central to the stated preference approach, the psychological risk-return model conceptualizes a person's propensity to engage in an activity or behavior as a tradeoff between their risk perceptions and expected benefits. To cast a light on the psychological drivers of risk preference within the psychological risk-return framework, in a series of studies participants reported how they evaluated the risks and benefits of activities and their propensity to engage. Individual differences in analytic and intuitive thinking dispositions were also measured. Some participants referred explicitly to risks and rewards of activities when deriving their risk propensity, which was associated with sensitivity to their risk perception and expected benefit ratings. Associations with thinking dispositions indicated that participants who considered risks and rewards were more disposed to analytic thinking. Participants' reports also revealed a broad repertoire of psychological drivers (e.g., intuition, imagination, and feeling) of their evaluations of activities. These were stable over time, associated with thinking dispositions, and influenced their risk preference. The findings provide support for the psychological risk-return model of risk preference. A multifaceted model of preference is urged by the findings to acknowledge the multiple co-occurring psychological drivers of risk preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charlotte L Haley,1 Betsy D Kennard,1,2 David W Morris,1 Ira H Bernstein,3 Thomas Carmody,4 Graham J Emslie,1,2 Taryn L Mayes,1 A John Rush5– 7 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; 2Children’s Health, Children’s Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; 3Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA; 4Peter O’Donnell Jr. School of Public Health, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; 5Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Sciences, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; 6Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Texas Tech University – Health Sciences Center, Permian Basin, TX, USA; 7Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USACorrespondence: Betsy D Kennard, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Child Psychiatry, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-8589, USA, Tel +1 214.645.8680, Fax +1 214.648.3914, Email beth.kennard@utsouthwestern.eduObjective: The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric features of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Adolescent version (QIDS-A17) and the clinician-rated Children’s Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R).Methods: Altogether, 103 outpatients (8 to 17 years) completed the self-report QIDS-A17-SR. Clinician interviews of adolescents (QIDS-A17-C (Adolescent)) and of parents (QIDS-A17-C (Parent)) were combined to create the QIDS-A17-C(Composite) and the CDRS-R.Results: All QIDS-A17 measures and the CDRS-R evidenced high total score correlations and internal consistency. Factor analysis found all four measures to be unidimensional. Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis found results that complemented the reliability results found in CTT. All four also demonstrated discriminant diagnostic validity based on logistic regression and ANOVA analyses.Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the self-report and composite versions of the QIDS-A17 suggest acceptability as a measure of depression in adolescents either as a measure of depressive symptoms or severity of illness in adolescents. The self-report version may be a helpful tool in busy clinical practices.Keywords: pediatric depression, rating scale, psychometric properties, self-report measures

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods The translation and cross-cultural adaptation was carried out in accordance with international recommendations. The FAQ was applied to a sample of 102 patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP). Construct validity was assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rho), and the FAQ score was correlated with the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) and Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS). A subsample of 50 patients was used to assess reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable difference (MDD). Ceiling and floor effects were also evaluated. Results The Brazilian version of the FAQ showed excellent test-retest reliability by the assessment of the physiotherapist (ICC = 0.99) and respondent (ICC = 0.97), as well as excellent inter-examiner reliability (ICC = 0.94). The SEM was 0.23 (physiotherapist), 0.47 (respondent) and 0.64 (inter-examiner), while the MDD was 0.64 (physiotherapist), 1.29 (respondent) and 1.76 (inter-examiner). The classification of gross motor function showed a high correlation with the FAQ applied by the physiotherapist (rho = -0.89) and by the respondent (rho = -0.87). The FMS-5 m was highly correlated with the FAQ applied by the physiotherapist and the respondent (rho = 0.88 and rho = 0.87, respectively). The FMS-50 and FMS-500 presented very high correlation with the FAQ applied by the physiotherapist (rho = 0.91 for both) and high correlation with the FAQ applied by the respondent (rho = 0.89 and rho = 0.88, respectively). The Brazilian version of the FAQ did not present the ceiling and floor effects. Conclusion The FAQ presented adequate psychometric properties in patients with CP, indicating that it is possible to use it as a measure of functional gait mobility in Brazil.

Background: Studies that have systematically reviewed the psychometric properties of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and subjective wellbeing instruments for adolescents with intellectual disabilities narrowly focus on disease or health‐specific conditions. This review aimed to critically appraise the psychometric properties of self‐report instruments used to measure HRQoL and subjective wellbeing of adolescents with intellectual disabilities. Method: A systematic search was undertaken in four databases. The quality of the included studies and their psychometric properties was assessed according to the COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments Risk of Bias checklist. Results: Seven studies reported psychometric properties of five different instruments. Only one instrument identified as having potential to be recommended for use but requires further validation research to assess its quality for this population. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to support the recommendation of a self‐report instrument to assess HRQoL and subjective wellbeing of adolescents with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Trifurcated Model of Narcissism (TriMN) has received growing attention in the scientific study of narcissistic traits, as it provides a clear and clinically useful distinction of the three core elements of narcissistic personalities: agentic extraversion (AE), narcissistic antagonism (NA), and narcissistic neuroticism (NN). So far, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI) and its abbreviations—for example, the recently introduced brief form (FFNI-BF)—represent the only measures that allow for a direct and simultaneous assessment of these traits. Distinct parts of the TriMN have also been measured by other narcissism scales, however, including the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ) or the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS). It remains unclear to what extent trait estimates provided by these alternative measures overlap and under which circumstances they can be used interchangeably. Here, we present a model-driven combination of NARQ and HSNS items that may serve as a valuable, economic tool to assess the three narcissism dimensions. In two studies (accumulated N = 2,266, 1,673 female, 580 male, 13 diverse), we show that the NARQ/HSNS and the FFNI-BF access virtually the same presentations of AE, NA, and NN, whereby the combined NARQ/HSNS outperforms the FFNI-BF in terms of structure, theory-consistent relations among (latent) narcissistic traits, and predictive validity with respect to personality pathology. Our research provides new insights on the assessment of narcissistic traits according to the increasingly popular TriMN and can inform future research on its dimensions. Public Significance Statement: This article presents comparative, in-depth assessments of two alternative self-report measures of the Trifurcated Model of Narcissism, a state-of-the-art theoretical account on the organization of narcissistic personality traits. Our findings can inform future scientific and clinical decision making regarding the measurement of narcissistic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As there is a trend toward more people seeking medical help due to cognitive symptoms, validated and targeted questionnaires are increasingly important in the clinical evaluation process. The Cognitive Function at Work Questionnaire (CFWQ) was developed to identify and rate subjective cognitive symptoms of individuals active in working life. However, its psychometric characteristics have not been previously studied in a memory clinic setting. The factorial structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the CFWQ were studied in a memory clinic setting (N = 113). We also investigated the instrument's ability to identify cognitive symptoms in a cohort of early-onset dementia (EOD, N = 22), mild cognitive impairment-neurological (MCI-n, N = 18), MCI due to mood, sleep, or other physical health problems (MCI-o, N = 59), and subjective cognitive decline (SCD, N = 14) patients. Based on factor analysis, eight cognitive subscales were identified covering main cognitive domains: Memory, Language, Executive Function, Speed of Processing, Cognitive Control, Name Memory, Visuospatial/Praxis and Attention. The internal consistency (α =.93) and the test-retest reliability (ICC =.91) were high. Several correlations (r =.19 –.33, p <.05) were documented between neuropsychological impairment level and CFWQ scores. EOD, MCI-n, MCI-o, and SCD groups did not differ statistically significantly in the levels of cognitive symptoms as measured by the CFWQ Total score. EOD group scored higher (p =.009) than other patient groups on the Visuospatial/Praxis subscale, but the difference between EOD and MCI-o groups turned insignificant after correcting for multiple testing. The results of the study support the validity and reliability characteristics of the CFWQ in a memory clinic setting. The instrument is easy-to-use and has clinical utility in capturing the subjective cognitive symptoms of patients active in working life and who need a referral to a more detailed evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric features of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Adolescent version (QIDS-A17) and the clinician-rated Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R). Methods: Altogether, 103 outpatients (8 to 17 years) completed the self-report QIDS-A17-SR. Clinician interviews of adolescents (QIDS-A17-C (Adolescent)) and of parents (QIDS-A17-C (Parent)) were combined to create the QIDS-A17-C(Composite) and the CDRS-R. Results: All QIDS-A17 measures and the CDRS-R evidenced high total score correlations and internal consistency. Factor analysis found all four measures to be unidimensional. Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis found results that complemented the reliability results found in CTT. All four also demonstrated discriminant diagnostic validity based on logistic regression and ANOVA analyses. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the self-report and composite versions of the QIDS-A17 suggest acceptability as a measure of depression in adolescents either as a measure of depressive symptoms or severity of illness in adolescents. The self-report version may be a helpful tool in busy clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ) into Brazilian Portuguese. Methods: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation was carried out in accordance with international recommendations. The FAQ was applied to a sample of 102 patients diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP). Construct validity was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho), and the FAQ score was correlated with the Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) and Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS). A subsample of 50 patients was used to assess reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable difference (MDD). Ceiling and floor effects were also evaluated. Results: The Brazilian version of the FAQ showed excellent test-retest reliability by the assessment of the physiotherapist (ICC = 0.99) and respondent (ICC = 0.97), as well as excellent inter-examiner reliability (ICC = 0.94). The SEM was 0.23 (physiotherapist), 0.47 (respondent) and 0.64 (inter-examiner), while the MDD was 0.64 (physiotherapist), 1.29 (respondent) and 1.76 (inter-examiner). The classification of gross motor function showed a high correlation with the FAQ applied by the physiotherapist (rho = -0.89) and by the respondent (rho = -0.87). The FMS-5 m was highly correlated with the FAQ applied by the physiotherapist and the respondent (rho = 0.88 and rho = 0.87, respectively). The FMS-50 and FMS-500 presented very high correlation with the FAQ applied by the physiotherapist (rho = 0.91 for both) and high correlation with the FAQ applied by the respondent (rho = 0.89 and rho = 0.88, respectively). The Brazilian version of the FAQ did not present the ceiling and floor effects. Conclusion: The FAQ presented adequate psychometric properties in patients with CP, indicating that it is possible to use it as a measure of functional gait mobility in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing popularity of mindfulness practices has seen an accompanying growth in research that includes the development of several self‐report mindfulness measures. However, while caution has been recommended in the use of these self‐reports, there has been little direct assessment of their susceptibility to expectancy effects. This research aimed at understanding whether expectancy effects exist for self‐reported mindfulness measures (Study 1; n = 60), and how expectancy effects might manifest in relation to positive and negative expectancy (Study 2; n = 60). The first study manipulated whether (i) the task (jigsaws) was labelled as "mindfulness," and (ii) whether "authentic" mindfulness instructions were given. Given any increases in self‐reported mindfulness might potentially occur due to engaging in the mindful and attentionally demanding task, the second study manipulated whether the introduction placed mindfulness in a positive or negative context. A pre‐/post‐test design was employed using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and Applied Mindfulness Process Scale self‐report measures for mindfulness and the Perceived Stress Scale for well‐being. The findings revealed expectancy effects for simply using the term mindfulness and that the direction of effects could be manipulated. This research suggests that researchers need to be cautious in evaluating self‐reports of mindfulness practice due to expectancy effects, especially in the context of brief interventions without objective measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by face recognition problems. Psychometrically sound self-report measures of face recognition problems are important tools in classification of DP. A widely used measure of such problems is the 20-item prosopagnosia index (PI20). Here, we present a Danish translation of the PI20 (PI20DK). We administered the PI20DK alongside three objective measures of face and object processing performance to 119 participants to validate the PI20DK. Further, we assess the underlying factor structure of the PI20DK. Finally, as the first study in the field, we investigate the association between self-reported face recognition ability and face perception performance. The project was preregistered prior to data collection. The results suggest excellent convergent validity, discriminant validity and internal consistency for the PI20DK. A confirmatory factor analysis, however, indicates a suboptimal fit of the PI20DK to a one factor solution. An investigation of the association between the PI20DK and face perception suggests that the poor fit may reflect that the PI20DK measures problems with face recognition in general and not specifically face memory problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Colorado Posterior Cortical Questionnaire (CPC-Q) is a self-report, 15-item screening questionnaire for posterior cortical symptoms, including visuospatial and visuoperceptual difficulties. Changes in white matter connectivity may precede obvious gray matter atrophy in neurodegenerative conditions, especially posterior cortical atrophy. Integration of CPC-Q scores and measures of white matter integrity could contribute to earlier detection of posterior cortical syndromes. Methods: We investigated the relationships between posterior cortical symptoms as captured by the CPC-Q and diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy (DTI FA) of white matter regions of interest localized to posterior brain regions (posterior thalamic radiations, splenium of corpus callosum, tapetum). Comparisons were also made by diagnostic group [healthy older adult (n = 31), amnestic Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 18), and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA, n = 9)] and by SENAS battery visuospatial composite score quartile. Exploratory comparisons of all available individual white matter region DTI FA to CPC-Q, as well as comparisons of DTI FA between diagnostic groups and visuospatial quartiles, were also made. Results: CPC-Q score was correlated with the average DTI FA for the averaged posterior white matter regions of interest (r = -0.31, p = 0.02). Posterior thalamic radiation DTI FA was most strongly associated with CPC-Q (r = -0.34, p = 0.01) and visuospatial composite (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) scores and differed between the PCA and AD groups and the lower and higher visuospatial quartiles. The DTI FA of body and splenium of the corpus callosum also demonstrated this pattern but not the DTI FA of the tapetum. Conclusion: The integrity of posterior white matter tracts is associated with scores on the CPC-Q, adding to the validation evidence for this new questionnaire. White matter regions that may be related to posterior cortical symptoms detected by the CPC-Q, and distinct from those affected in amnestic syndromes, include the posterior thalamic radiations and body and splenium of the corpus callosum. These findings are in line with previous neuroimaging studies of PCA and support continued research on white matter in posterior cortical dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThe Colorado Posterior Cortical Questionnaire (CPC-Q) is a self-report, 15-item screening questionnaire for posterior cortical symptoms, including visuospatial and visuoperceptual difficulties. Changes in white matter connectivity may precede obvious gray matter atrophy in neurodegenerative conditions, especially posterior cortical atrophy. Integration of CPC-Q scores and measures of white matter integrity could contribute to earlier detection of posterior cortical syndromes.MethodsWe investigated the relationships between posterior cortical symptoms as captured by the CPC-Q and diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy (DTI FA) of white matter regions of interest localized to posterior brain regions (posterior thalamic radiations, splenium of corpus callosum, tapetum). Comparisons were also made by diagnostic group [healthy older adult (n = 31), amnestic Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 18), and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA, n = 9)] and by SENAS battery visuospatial composite score quartile. Exploratory comparisons of all available individual white matter region DTI FA to CPC-Q, as well as comparisons of DTI FA between diagnostic groups and visuospatial quartiles, were also made.ResultsCPC-Q score was correlated with the average DTI FA for the averaged posterior white matter regions of interest (r = −0.31, p = 0.02). Posterior thalamic radiation DTI FA was most strongly associated with CPC-Q (r = −0.34, p = 0.01) and visuospatial composite (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) scores and differed between the PCA and AD groups and the lower and higher visuospatial quartiles. The DTI FA of body and splenium of the corpus callosum also demonstrated this pattern but not the DTI FA of the tapetum.ConclusionThe integrity of posterior white matter tracts is associated with scores on the CPC-Q, adding to the validation evidence for this new questionnaire. White matter regions that may be related to posterior cortical symptoms detected by the CPC-Q, and distinct from those affected in amnestic syndromes, include the posterior thalamic radiations and body and splenium of the corpus callosum. These findings are in line with previous neuroimaging studies of PCA and support continued research on white matter in posterior cortical dysfunction.

Research has shown that even experts cannot detect faking above chance, but recent studies have suggested that machine learning may help in this endeavor. However, faking differs between faking conditions, previous efforts have not taken these differences into account, and faking indices have yet to be integrated into such approaches. We reanalyzed seven data sets (N = 1,039) with various faking conditions (high and low scores, different constructs, naïve and informed faking, faking with and without practice, different measures [self-reports vs. implicit association tests; IATs]). We investigated the extent to which and how machine learning classifiers could detect faking under these conditions and compared different input data (response patterns, scores, faking indices) and different classifiers (logistic regression, random forest, XGBoost). We also explored the features that classifiers used for detection. Our results show that machine learning has the potential to detect faking, but detection success varies between conditions from chance levels to 100%. There were differences in detection (e.g., detecting low-score faking was better than detecting high-score faking). For self-reports, response patterns and scores were comparable with regard to faking detection, whereas for IATs, faking indices and response patterns were superior to scores. Logistic regression and random forest worked about equally well and outperformed XGBoost. In most cases, classifiers used more than one feature (faking occurred over different pathways), and the features varied in their relevance. Our research supports the assumption of different faking processes and explains why detecting faking is a complex endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that eating disorders (EDs) are relatively common in college populations, it is important to have reliable and valid tools to identify students so that they can be referred to evidence‐based care. Although research supports the psychometric properties of existing ED screens for identifying cases of EDs, most studies have been conducted in samples of young white‐majority women or have not reported the psychometric properties of the screening tool in men. Objective: The purpose of the current study was to validate a brief, 10‐item screening tool for the identification of EDs—the brief assessment of stress and eating (BASE). Method: Participants were college students (N = 596; 68.2% cisgender women) from a large Midwestern university who completed the BASE and SCOFF. The Eating Disorders Diagnostic Survey was used to generate DSM‐5 ED diagnoses. We evaluated area under the curve (AUC) for both receiver operating curves (ROC) and precision‐recall curves (PRC). Results: Both the BASE and SCOFF performed significantly better than chance at identifying probable EDs in cisgender women (BASE AUC: ROC =.787, PRC =.633, sensitivity =.733, specificity =.697; SCOFF AUC: ROC =.810, PRC =.684, sensitivity =.793, specificity =.701). However, the BASE (AUC: ROC =.821, PRC =.605, sensitivity =.966, specificity =.495) significantly outperformed the SCOFF (AUC: ROC =.710, PRC =.354, sensitivity =.828, specificity =.514) for identifying probable EDs in cisgender college men. Discussion: The BASE is appropriate for student healthcare and college research settings. Because the BASE outperforms the SCOFF in college men, results from the current study are expected to contribute to improved identification of EDs on college campuses. Public Significance: The BASE is a new screening tool to identify eating disorders. The BASE performed as well as, if not better than, the SCOFF (particularly in men). Given the need for brief, psychometrically strong, and unbiased ED screening tools in college students, the current study helps address an unmet student healthcare need that we expect will contribute to improved identification of EDs on college campuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: There is a great variety of measurement instruments to assess similar constructs in clinical research and practice. This complicates the interpretation of test results and hampers the implementation of measurement‐based care. Method: For reporting and discussing test results with patients, we suggest converting test results into universally applicable common metrics. Two well‐established metrics are reviewed: T scores and percentile ranks. Their calculation is explained, their merits and drawbacks are discussed, and recommendations for the most convenient reference group are provided. Results: We propose to express test results as T scores with the general population as reference group. To elucidate test results to patients, T scores may be supplemented with percentile ranks, based on data from a clinical sample. The practical benefits are demonstrated using the published data of four frequently used instruments for measuring depression: the CES‐D, PHQ‐9, BDI‐II and the PROMIS depression measure. Discussion: Recent initiatives have proposed to mandate a limited set of outcome measures to harmonize clinical measurement. However, the selected instruments are not without flaws and, potentially, this directive may hamper future instrument development. We recommend using common metrics as an alternative approach to harmonize test results in clinical practice, as this will facilitate the integration of measures in day‐to‐day practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Latent variable mixture models are a flexible tool to explore heterogeneity among respondents for patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures. • Latent variable mixture models have been infrequently used to analyze PROs. • We describe a multi-step process for implementing mixture models for PRO item responses. • A numeric example describes practical challenges in implementing this process. The populations included in studies that investigate patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures of health or well-being, including health-related quality of life, are often heterogeneous with respect to their sociodemographic and health status characteristics. If the sources of heterogeneity are not observed or are not known a priori , latent variable mixture models (LVMMs) can be used to identify homogeneous sub-groups within the study population based on observed patterns of responses in PRO data. Our purpose is to review the characteristics of LVMMs and their applications for PRO data, and provide a demonstration of their use. We focus on mixture item response theory (IRT) models, which combine latent class analysis with the conventional IRT model to define the measurement model for one or more latent variables. In PRO studies, IRT models can be used to assess differential item functioning and response shift. An illustrative example is presented using clinical registry data for 1391 total hip replacement patients who provided responses for the physical component items of the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). After assessing model fit and class discrimination statistics, a three-class model was selected. Model parameter estimates across classes were dissimilar for many of the items. Sex and self-reported presence of arthritis and back pain were associated with class membership. LVMMs represent a potentially useful tool to explore patterns of responses in PRO data. Opportunities for other applications of LVMMs to PRO data are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundProviding long-term care for a family member with psychosis can cause significant distress for informal carers due to the trauma of seeing their loved one in crisis, dealing with the difficult symptoms of psychosis and the burden of providing care. An important aspect of carers' adjustment can be construed as their personal recovery in relation to having a relative affected by psychosis. Self-report measures are increasingly used to assess personal recovery in service users, but less is known about the utility of such tools for carers.AimsThis review aimed to identify all self-report measures assessing aspects of carers' personal recovery, and to quality appraise them.MethodsAcademic Search Ultimate, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and PubMed were searched for articles that reported the development of self-report measures created for carers of those with psychosis. Studies were appraised using the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. A Levels of Evidence synthesis provided overall quality scores for each measure.ResultsThe search identified 3,154 articles for initial screening. From a total of 322 full text articles, 95 self-report measures were identified with a final 10 measures included for the quality assessment showing varying levels of psychometric rigor.ConclusionsThe results show that no single self-report measure is currently available for use to comprehensively assess personal recovery for carers, highlighting the need for further research in this area and the development of a new measure.

Mental fatigue has been shown to negatively influence physical, technical and tactical aspects of sporting performance. However, mental fatigue is not routinely monitored or managed in elite sport and it is not clear whether mental fatigue occurs and/or changes across the varied contextual demands experienced by elite athletes in training, preparation and competition. This study explored self-report measures of mental fatigue across eight training camps and six competition periods (two benchmark tournaments and four international test series) with international netballers (n = 22, 25.9 ± 2.7 years) during the 2018–2019 representative period. Mental fatigue was higher during training camps (p < 0.001; 3.20 [3.12, 3.27]) and preparation camps (p < 0.05; 3.27 [3.19, 3.34]) compared to the competition periods (3.49 [3.44, 3.55]). Significant within-group differences were also identified between individual preparation camps and competition subsets. Higher mental fatigue was reported during the preparation camp for international test series 2 comparative to the preparation camp for benchmark tournament 1 (p = 0.047). For individual competitions; greater mental fatigue was found during the international test series 3 competition in comparison to both the benchmark tournament 1 (p <0.001) and international test series 1 (p = 0.020) competition periods. International representative netballers experience differing levels of mental fatigue across training and preparation camps and competition periods. Practitioners should be aware that athletes report instances of elevated mental fatigue across camps, and competition. Mental fatigue is not limited to competition and thus is recommended to be monitored during periods of training and preparation for competition. International representative netballers experience differing levels of mental fatigue across camp and competition environments. Mental fatigue was higher during training camps and preparation camps compared to the competition periods. Mental fatigue is not limited to competition so is recommended to be monitored during periods of training and preparation for competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Procrastination is a chronic and widespread problem; however, emerging work raises questions regarding the strength of the relationship between self-reported procrastination and behavioral measures of task engagement. This study assessed the internal reliability, concurrent validity, predictive validity, and psychometric properties of 10 self-report procrastination assessments using responses collected from 242 students. Participants' scores on each self-report instrument were compared to each other using correlations and cluster analysis. Lasso estimation was used to test the self-report scores' ability to predict two behavioral measures of delay (days to study completion; pacing style). The self-report instruments exhibited strong internal reliability and moderate levels of concurrent validity. Some self-report measures were predictive of days to study completion. No self-report measures were predictive of deadline action pacing, the pacing style most commonly associated with procrastination. Many of the self-report measures of procrastination exhibited poor fit. These results suggest that researchers should exercise caution in selecting self-report measures and that further study is necessary to determine the factors that drive misalignment between self-reports and behavioral measures of delay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Faking detection is an ongoing challenge in psychological assessment. A notable approach for detecting fakers involves the inspection of response latencies and is based on the congruence model of faking. According to this model, respondents who fake good will provide favorable responses (i.e., congruent answers) faster than they provide unfavorable (i.e., incongruent) responses. Although the model has been validated in various experimental faking studies, to date, research supporting the congruence model has focused on scales with large numbers of items. Furthermore, in this previous research, fakers have usually been warned that faking could be detected. In view of the trend to use increasingly shorter scales in assessment, it becomes important to investigate whether the congruence model also applies to self-report measures with small numbers of items. In addition, it is unclear whether warning participants about faking detection is necessary for a successful application of the congruence model. To address these issues, we reanalyzed data sets of two studies that investigated faking good and faking bad on extraversion (n = 255) and need for cognition (n = 146) scales. Reanalyses demonstrated that having only a few items per scale and not warning participants represent a challenge for the congruence model. The congruence model of faking was only partly confirmed under such conditions. Although faking good on extraversion was associated with the expected longer latencies for incongruent answers, all other conditions remained nonsignificant. Thus, properties of the measurement and properties of the procedure affect the successful application of the congruence model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated relationships between inter-class variations in paranormal experience and executive functions. A sample of 516 adults completed self-report measures assessing personal encounter-based paranormal occurrences (i.e., Experience, Practitioner Visiting, and Ability), executive functions (i.e., General Executive Function, Working and Everyday Memory, and Decision Making) together with Emotion Regulation and Belief in the Paranormal. Paranormal belief served as a measure of convergent validity for experience-based phenomena. Latent profile analysis (LPA) combined experience-based indices into four classes based on sample subpopulation scores. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) then examined interclass differences. Results revealed that breadth of paranormal experience was associated with higher levels of executive functioning difficulties for General Executive Function, Working Memory, Decision Making, and Belief in the Paranormal. On the Everyday Memory Questionnaire, scores differed on Attention Tracking (focus loss) and Factor 3 (visual reconstruction), but not Retrieval (distinct memory failure). In the case of the Emotion Regulation Scale, class scores varied on Expressive Suppression (control), however, no difference was evident on Cognitive Reappraisal (reframing). Overall, inter-class comparisons identified subtle differences in executive functions related to experience. Since the present study was exploratory, sampled only a limited subset of executive functions, and used subjective, self-report measures, further research is necessary to confirm these outcomes. This should employ objective tests and include a broader range of executive functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the quality criteria and the factor structure of the Serbian translation of the Psychological Mindedness Scale (PMS) (Shill and Lumley, 2002). In this paper we offer the detailed description of the translation and validation procedures we fallowed. Psychological Mindedness outlines the interest as well as the ability of an individual to introspectively reflect on emotions and conflicts. The sample consisted of 166 university students. Results indicate good psychometric propperties. Internal consitancy is good. Explorative factor analysis suggested that a four factor solution is better that the original five factor, because of fewer cross-loadings and better content validity of the factors. Good convergent validity was demonstrated by a strong negative correlation between the whole PMS, and all four factors separately, and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Perspectives for further improvement of the instrument and its application in therapeutic process are discussed in the conclusion.

Procrastination is a chronic and widespread problem; however, emerging work raises questions regarding the strength of the relationship between self-reported procrastination and behavioral measures of task engagement. This study assessed the internal reliability, concurrent validity, predictive validity, and psychometric properties of 10 self-report procrastination assessments using responses collected from 242 students. Participants’ scores on each self-report instrument were compared to each other using correlations and cluster analysis. Lasso estimation was used to test the self-report scores’ ability to predict two behavioral measures of delay (days to study completion; pacing style). The self-report instruments exhibited strong internal reliability and moderate levels of concurrent validity. Some self-report measures were predictive of days to study completion. No self-report measures were predictive of deadline action pacing, the pacing style most commonly associated with procrastination. Many of the self-report measures of procrastination exhibited poor fit. These results suggest that researchers should exercise caution in selecting self-report measures and that further study is necessary to determine the factors that drive misalignment between self-reports and behavioral measures of delay.

This study investigated relationships between inter-class variations in paranormal experience and executive functions. A sample of 516 adults completed self-report measures assessing personal encounter-based paranormal occurrences (i.e., Experience, Practitioner Visiting, and Ability), executive functions (i.e., General Executive Function, Working and Everyday Memory, and Decision Making) together with Emotion Regulation and Belief in the Paranormal. Paranormal belief served as a measure of convergent validity for experience-based phenomena. Latent profile analysis (LPA) combined experience-based indices into four classes based on sample subpopulation scores. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) then examined interclass differences. Results revealed that breadth of paranormal experience was associated with higher levels of executive functioning difficulties for General Executive Function, Working Memory, Decision Making, and Belief in the Paranormal. On the Everyday Memory Questionnaire, scores differed on Attention Tracking (focus loss) and Factor 3 (visual reconstruction), but not Retrieval (distinct memory failure). In the case of the Emotion Regulation Scale, class scores varied on Expressive Suppression (control), however, no difference was evident on Cognitive Reappraisal (reframing). Overall, inter-class comparisons identified subtle differences in executive functions related to experience. Since the present study was exploratory, sampled only a limited subset of executive functions, and used subjective, self-report measures, further research is necessary to confirm these outcomes. This should employ objective tests and include a broader range of executive functions.

Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by face recognition problems. Psychometrically sound self-report measures of face recognition problems are important tools in classification of DP. A widely used measure of such problems is the 20-item prosopagnosia index (PI20). Here, we present a Danish translation of the PI20 (PI20DK). We administered the PI20DK alongside three objective measures of face and object processing performance to 119 participants to validate the PI20DK. Further, we assess the underlying factor structure of the PI20DK. Finally, as the first study in the field, we investigate the association between self-reported face recognition ability and face perception performance. The project was preregistered prior to data collection. The results suggest excellent convergent validity, discriminant validity and internal consistency for the PI20DK. A confirmatory factor analysis, however, indicates a suboptimal fit of the PI20DK to a one factor solution. An investigation of the association between the PI20DK and face perception suggests that the poor fit may reflect that the PI20DK measures problems with face recognition in general and not specifically face memory problems.

Introduction: Recovery of lower urinary tract (LUT) and lower gastrointestinal tract (LGIT) is a high priority for people with lived experience following spinal cord injury (SCI). A universally accepted validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure of the individual sensory and motor components of LGIT and LUT function, which allows tracking of recovery is lacking. To address this literature gap, the SCI Bladder and Bowel Control Questionnaire (SCI-BBC-Q) was developed., Methods: The SCI-BBC-Q was developed as a direct assessment of the micturition and defecation experiences of an individual with SCI with possible neurogenic LUT and LGIT dysfunction. The SCI-BBC-Q development process consisted of two phases, measure development and evaluation. Measure development was guided by a conceptual framework, review of existing instruments and literature, and an iterative process of item incorporation, review, feedback, and consensus revision. Evaluation included cognitive interviewing, and assessments of feasibility, reliability, and content validity., Results: The final 6-item SCI-BBC-Q is a PRO, which assesses motor and sensory function related to micturition and defecation, requiring ~5 min to complete. Assessments of clarity of the instrument components with regard to understanding of what is being asked in the questionnaire, feasibility of administration, reliability, internal consistency, and agreement with proxy measures have demonstrated that the SCI-BBC-Q provides consistent, stable, and reproducible data. Significant correlations were found between SCI-BBC-Q scores and the anorectal motor and sensory components of the International Standards for the Neurological Classification of SCI., Conclusion: The SCI-BBC-Q is a practical and reliable method for baseline and ongoing evaluation of patients with neurogenic LUT and LGIT dysfunction, especially in the acute and subacute period when function is changing due to neurological plasticity. It is also appropriate for use in monitoring response to treatments related to neurological recovery., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

This study examined whether scores on self-report measures of executive functions varied in accordance with level of self-professed paranormal ability. The investigators compared three groups varying in attribution of paranormal facilities: practitioners (Mediums, Psychics, Spiritualists and Fortune-Tellers), self-professed ability and no ability. Consistent with recent research on cognitive-perceptual factors allied to delusional formation and thinking style, the researchers anticipated that practitioners would score higher on paranormal belief and self-reported executive function disruption. Correspondingly, the investigators also hypothesised that the self-professed ability group would demonstrate greater belief in the paranormal and higher levels of executive function disruption than the no ability group. A sample of 499 (219 males, 279 females) respondents completed the measures online. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) found a large effect size, alongside significant differences on all variables apart from Cognitive Reappraisal. Pairwise comparisons indicated that Paranormal Belief increased as a function of level of ability; practitioners scored higher than self-professed, who in turn scored higher than the no ability group. For executive functioning, significant differences emerged only for the no ability vs. self-professed ability and no ability vs. practising groups. Collectively, outcomes indicated that perception of ability, regardless of intensity of paranormal conviction, influenced subjective appraisal of executive functions. Failure to find consistent differences between practitioner and self-professed ability groups suggested that discernment of ability was sufficient to heighten awareness of executive functioning disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience is widely believed to represent a positive and highly desirable attribute in children and adolescents. Generally defined as the dynamic process of coping adaptively with traumatic life events or chronic stress, resilience researchers emphasize different aspects of the construct, leading to variance in measurement tools. No known studies address technical adequacy of self-report assessments of the construct for school-age youth. A systematic review of published literature identified 68 potential instruments; six met inclusion criteria for measuring resilience via the self-report of school-age children and adolescents in the USA. Discussion of psychometric properties and availability information for each instrument is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress has a major negative impact on the development of psychopathology and contributes to the onset of adverse physical conditions. Timely recognition and monitoring of stress-related problems are therefore important, especially in client populations that are more vulnerable to stress, such as people with mild intellectual disabilities (MID). Recent research on the use of physiological measures to assess stress levels emphasize that, in addition to these measures, self-report instruments are necessary to gain insight into the individual perception and impact of stress on daily life. However, there is no current overview of self-report stress measures that focus on the experience of stress in the present moment or in daily life. To provide an overview of the existing self-report stress measures for clinicians and researchers, a scoping review was conducted. In addition, to advise clinical professionals on the use of self-report measures of stress for people with MID, the results of an expert consultation were used to refine the preliminary findings. A systematic scoping literature search resulted in a total of 13 self-reported stress measures that met the final inclusion criteria, of which three were developed specifically for assessing stress in adults with MID (GAS-ID, LI, and SAS-ID). For each included self-report stress measure, the psychometric quality, assessment procedure, and suitability for adults with MID were reported. These were supplemented by the findings from the expert consultation. Implications for clinical practice on the use of self-report stress measures, particularly for people with MID, are discussed. Recommendations for future research and development are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research examining the prevalence, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) in shift workers show mixed results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare PA and SB in shift workers with non-shift workers following the PRISMA guidelines. Ebscohost megafile ultimate (CINHAL, E-journals, Academic search ultimate, health source consumer edition, SPORT Discus), PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases were searched up to April 2021. Cross-sectional and baseline data from longitudinal studies reporting PA and SB in full time workers were eligible. Data on participants characteristics and time spent in PA and SB and/or prevalence of workers meeting PA guidelines were extracted and pooled with random effects model. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) 10-item checklist was adapted and used. A total of 49 studies met inclusion criteria and 21 studies included for meta-analysis. The prevalence of meeting physical activity guidelines (OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.68, 1.03) and standardized mean difference (SMD) of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (SMD −0.1, 95% CI: −0.4, 0.20) were similar in shift and non-shift workers. Time spent in sedentary behaviour was lower in shift workers than non-shift workers (SMD −0.2, 95% CI: 0.50, −0.001). While the differences in PA are not so evident between shift and non-shift workers, the prevalence of sufficient PA was low in both groups. These preliminary findings provide support for inclusion of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in health promotion interventions targeted at shift workers.

This study examined whether scores on self-report measures of executive functions varied in accordance with level of self-professed paranormal ability. The investigators compared three groups varying in attribution of paranormal facilities: practitioners (Mediums, Psychics, Spiritualists and Fortune-Tellers), self-professed ability and no ability. Consistent with recent research on cognitive-perceptual factors allied to delusional formation and thinking style, the researchers anticipated that practitioners would score higher on paranormal belief and self-reported executive function disruption. Correspondingly, the investigators also hypothesised that the self-professed ability group would demonstrate greater belief in the paranormal and higher levels of executive function disruption than the no ability group. A sample of 499 (219 males, 279 females) respondents completed the measures online. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) found a large effect size, alongside significant differences on all variables apart from Cognitive Reappraisal. Pairwise comparisons indicated that Paranormal Belief increased as a function of level of ability; practitioners scored higher than self-professed, who in turn scored higher than the no ability group. For executive functioning, significant differences emerged only for the no ability vs. self-professed ability and no ability vs. practising groups. Collectively, outcomes indicated that perception of ability, regardless of intensity of paranormal conviction, influenced subjective appraisal of executive functions. Failure to find consistent differences between practitioner and self-professed ability groups suggested that discernment of ability was sufficient to heighten awareness of executive functioning disruptions.

Stress has a major negative impact on the development of psychopathology and contributes to the onset of adverse physical conditions. Timely recognition and monitoring of stress-related problems are therefore important, especially in client populations that are more vulnerable to stress, such as people with mild intellectual disabilities (MID). Recent research on the use of physiological measures to assess stress levels emphasize that, in addition to these measures, self-report instruments are necessary to gain insight into the individual perception and impact of stress on daily life. However, there is no current overview of self-report stress measures that focus on the experience of stress in the present moment or in daily life. To provide an overview of the existing self-report stress measures for clinicians and researchers, a scoping review was conducted. In addition, to advise clinical professionals on the use of self-report measures of stress for people with MID, the results of an expert consultation were used to refine the preliminary findings. A systematic scoping literature search resulted in a total of 13 self-reported stress measures that met the final inclusion criteria, of which three were developed specifically for assessing stress in adults with MID (GAS-ID, LI, and SAS-ID). For each included self-report stress measure, the psychometric quality, assessment procedure, and suitability for adults with MID were reported. These were supplemented by the findings from the expert consultation. Implications for clinical practice on the use of self-report stress measures, particularly for people with MID, are discussed. Recommendations for future research and development are given.

Self-reported wellness scores subjectively measure general fatigue from stressors and training load. Counter movement jump (CMJ) objectively measures neuromuscular fatigue. This study aimed to examine the correlation between selfreported wellness scores and CMJ in women's collegiate lacrosse players and evaluate differences in wellness and CMJ during pre-season and in-season training. Athletes (n = 27) completed daily wellness surveys inquiring about muscle soreness, energy level, sleep, and stress, providing a composite wellness score (arbitrary units, AU). Athletes performed three maximal CMJ efforts at the start of each week. The average height of the three jumps was correlated with corresponding wellness scores. Trivial correlations between CMJ and wellness were found for the entire training year (r=.036, p=.808) and pre-season (r=.069, p=.257), and a low correlation was shown for in-season (r=.162, p=.837). There were differences between pre-season and in-season for wellness (pre-season: 70.2±19.1 AU, in-season: 74.7±15.7 AU, p=.017) and CMJ (pre-season: 48.0±4.8 cm, in-season: 46.9±4.8 cm, p=.030). There was no correlation found between CMJ and wellness scores either in season or pre-season. Thus, both objective and subjective assessments may be beneficial to assess athlete fatigue in a collegiate female population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathophysiological theories assume importance of metabolic abnormalities in patients with major depression - and possibly chronic tinnitus. Although chronic tinnitus frequently correlates with depression, links between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and depression are uninvestigated. Two-hundred patients with chronic tinnitus (M age = 55; 51% female) were examined. Serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), HDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), non-HDL, as well as LDL/HDL and TC/HDL ratios were analysed. Questionnaires included depression subscales of the ICD-10 Symptom Rating, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS_D), and the Berlin Mood Questionnaire (BSF). Multivariate analyses of covariance and linear regression models - which controlled age, tinnitus-related distress and perceived stress - investigated between-subgroup differences (p < 0.05) and linear associations between HDL indices and depression (p < 0.01). HDL levels did not differ for tinnitus-symptom durations, smoking and alcohol use levels, statin or antihypertensive drug use, and body-mass indices. Relative to non-to-mildly depressed patients with chronic tinnitus, patients with moderate-to-severe depression (n = 45; 23%) had significantly lower HDL levels (d = −0.35) and higher LDL/HDL (d = 0.39) and TC/HDL ratios (d = 0.40). Across participants, HDL-levels were negatively associated with depression as measured by the HADS_D and BSF_indifference scales. In keeping with general depression research, low serum HDL levels correlate with depressive symptomatology in patients with chronic tinnitus. This association may be influenced by proximal (e.g. modulations of HPA-axis activity) or distal factors (e.g. maladaptive coping behaviours) – both of which should be conceptualized within psychological stimulus-processing frameworks. • Lipid markers index depression in chronic tinnitus patients. • HDL levels are negatively associated with depression indices. • Tinnitus-duration, smoking, alcohol, medication and BMI do not explain the effect. • HDL effects likely reflect general depression, not 'chronic tinnitus'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This longitudinal study investigated the self-reported adjustment of 75 young adults (aged 17–22 years) newly admitted to a Portuguese prison, and examines changes, correlates, and outcomes of their prison adjustment. The prisoners were assessed at the first, third, and sixth month after their entry in prison. Regression analyses revealed that, overall, adjustment problems remained relatively stable during the first six months of incarceration. Having more prison visits, a lower educational level, and being White were associated with more adjustment problems in general. Adjustment problems were, in turn, associated with subsequent mental health symptoms and severe disciplinary infractions. The current study shows that self-report measures may be useful in assessing the adjustment of young adult offenders' over time in prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: PTSD self-report measures are frequently used in mental health services but very few have been evaluated in clinical samples that include civilians. The PCL-5 was developed to assess for DSM-5 PTSD. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PCL-5 in a sample of trauma-exposed mental health service users who were evidencing symptoms of PTSD. Method: Reliability and validity of the PCL-5 were investigated in a sample of 273 participants who reported past diagnosis for PTSD or who had screened positively for traumatic stress symptoms. Diagnostic utility was evaluated in comparison to the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Results: The PCL-5 demonstrated high internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validity, acceptable stability and good diagnostic utility. However, operating characteristics differed from those found in other samples. Scores of 43–44 provided optimal efficiency for diagnosing PTSD. A post hoc regression analysis showed that depression explained more of the variance in PCL-5 total score than the CAPS-5. Conclusion: Whilst the PCL-5 is psychometrically sound it appears to have difficulty differentiating self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms from PTSD in trauma-exposed mental health service users and clinicians should take care to assess full symptomatology when individuals screen positively on the PCL-5. Clinicians and researchers should also take care not to assume that operating characteristics of self-report PTSD measures are valid for mental health service users, when these have been established in other populations.

Background: PTSD self-report measures are frequently used in mental health services but very few have been evaluated in clinical samples that include civilians. The PCL-5 was developed to assess for DSM-5 PTSD. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PCL-5 in a sample of trauma-exposed mental health service users who were evidencing symptoms of PTSD. Method: Reliability and validity of the PCL-5 were investigated in a sample of 273 participants who reported past diagnosis for PTSD or who had screened positively for traumatic stress symptoms. Diagnostic utility was evaluated in comparison to the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Results: The PCL-5 demonstrated high internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validity, acceptable stability and good diagnostic utility. However, operating characteristics differed from those found in other samples. Scores of 43–44 provided optimal efficiency for diagnosing PTSD. A post hoc regression analysis showed that depression explained more of the variance in PCL-5 total score than the CAPS-5. Conclusion: Whilst the PCL-5 is psychometrically sound it appears to have difficulty differentiating self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms from PTSD in trauma-exposed mental health service users and clinicians should take care to assess full symptomatology when individuals screen positively on the PCL-5. Clinicians and researchers should also take care not to assume that operating characteristics of self-report PTSD measures are valid for mental health service users, when these have been established in other populations. • The PCL-5 demonstrated good psychometric properties in this sample of trauma-exposed mental health service users. • An optimal cut off score of 43-44 was higher than reported in other studies evaluating the PCL-5. • A post-hoc analysis suggested that the PCL-5 has difficulty differentiating self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms from PTSD. • Clinicians should undertake further assessment to establish differential diagnosis when PCL-5 scores are raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Inefficient problem solving in the social domain may be one of the difficulties underlying the interpersonal challenges thought to maintain anorexia nervosa (AN). However, past studies have neglected to control for depression, anxiety, and intolerance of uncertainty (IU), which are known to contribute to social problem solving. Methods This study aimed to investigate whether adults with AN would show differences in social problem solving on an experimental task (Means‐End Problem Solving; MEPS) and report differences in their attitudes (positive, negative) toward social problem solving and their use of social problem‐solving styles (rational, impulsive–careless, avoidant) on the Social Problem‐Solving Inventory Revised (SPSRI) compared to a non‐AN control group. Results Seventy‐four adult women took part (30 with AN and 44 non‐AN controls), and data show that those with AN generated significantly less effective solutions on the MEPS (d = 1.96) reported overall poorer social problem solving on the SPSRI (d = 0.58), reporting more negative and less positive attitudes toward social problem solving, and less impulsive and more avoidant social problem‐solving styles. However, those with AN did not differ from controls in being able to rationalize social problems. Once depression (Beck Depression Inventory: BDI), state anxiety (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory: STAI), and IU (Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale‐12; IUS‐12) were included as covariates, these differences were no longer significant, suggesting that comorbid depression, anxiety, and IU symptoms may contribute to social problem solving in AN. Conclusions There was no specific effect of depression. Treating anxiety and IU might help to improve social problem solving and enable people with AN to be able to better access social support to aid their recovery.

IntroductionPractical adherence barriers (e.g., medication frequency) are generally more amenable to intervention than perceptual barriers (e.g., beliefs). Measures which assess adherence barriers exist, however these tend to measure a mix of factors. There is a need to identify what practical barriers are captured by current measures.AimTo identify and synthesise the practical adherence barriers which are assessed by currently available self- or observer-report adherence measures.MethodsA search for systematic reviews of self- or observer-report report adherence measures was conducted. Three electronic databases (Embase, Ovid Medline, and PsycInfo) were searched using terms based on adherence, adherence barriers and measures. Systematic reviews reporting on adherence measures which included at least one self- or observer-report questionnaire or scale were included. Adherence measures were extracted and coded on whether they addressed perceptual or practical barriers, or both. Practical items were then analysed thematically.ResultsFollowing screening of 272 initial abstracts, 20 full-text papers were reviewed. Four were excluded after full-text review, leaving 16 systematic reviews for data extraction. From these, 187 different adherence measures were extracted and coded, and 23 unique measures were identified as assessing practical barriers and included in the final analysis. Seven key themes were identified: formulation; instructions for use; issues with remembering; capability—knowledge and skills; financial; medication supply and social environment.ConclusionExisting adherence measures capture a variety of practical barriers which can be grouped into seven categories. These findings may be used to inform the development of a measure of practical adherence barriers.

Trait self-control is often defined as the ability to inhibit dominant responses including thoughts, emotions, and behavioral impulses. Despite the pivotal role of inhibition for trait self-control, a growing body of evidence found small-to-zero correlations between self-report measures of trait self-control and behavioral inhibition tasks. These observations seem puzzling considering that both types of measures are often seen as operationalizations of the same or at least closely related theoretical constructs. Previous explanations for this non-correspondence focused on psychometric properties of the measures. Here, we discuss three further factors that may explain the empirical non-correspondence between trait self-control scales and behavioral inhibition tasks: (1) the distinction between typical and maximum performance, (2) the measurement of single versus repeated performance, and (3) differences between impulses in different domains. Specifically, we argue that a) self-report measures of trait self-control are designed to assess typical performance, and relative to these, behavioral inhibition tasks are designed to assess maximum performance; b) self-report measures of trait self-control capture central tendencies of aggregates of many different instances of behavior, whereas behavioral inhibition tasks are momentary, one-time state measures; and c) most self-report measures of trait self-control are designed to measure general, cross-domain inhibition, whereas behavioral inhibition tasks also measure narrower, domainspecific inhibition to a substantial degree. In conclusion, we argue that it is implausible to hypothesize more than a low correlation between self-report measures of trait self-control and behavioral inhibition tasks as they genuinely focus on different aspects of the theoretical construct of self-control. We also discuss the broader implications of these issues for self-control as a theoretical construct and its appropriate measurement.

Background Context: Many different pain and functional outcomes are used to determine progress after surgical intervention for lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS); it is unknown how these different outcomes correlate, or whether timing of pain measurement is important.Purpose: The goal was to determine whether method and timing of pain measurement is important in the context of LSS surgical outcomes.Study Design/setting: Cohort study.Patient Sample: LSS patients (N=21).Outcome Measures: Self-report measures.Methods: Each patient completed the 36-item Short Form, Oswestry Disability Index, and Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire 1 week presurgery and 6 months postsurgery. Objective function was measured using the Self-Paced Walking Test (SPWT). Low back and leg pain were assessed by visual analogue scale both immediately before the SPWT (prewalking pain) and at the symptom-limited endpoint (provoked pain). Pain was also assessed before and after surgery using the pain subscales of 36-item Short Form pain, Oswestry Disability Index, and Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire.Results: Patients averaged 65.3 years of age with 15 being female. After surgery, all outcome measures improved significantly. Postwalking pain (provoked pain) demonstrating a strong relationship with objectively measured function (SPWT). Pain (visual analogue scale prewalk and postwalk) showed little correlation with reported changes in disability, general health or physical function.Conclusions: Our results suggest that for patients with LSS, the context of the pain measurement matters, and it is important to measure pain after walking (provoked pain). Results also suggest that when examining the relationship between pain and function, objective measures of function are preferable (eg, a walking test). Finally, given the lack of association between measures of pain, it is important to understand that each pain measure is addressing a different pain construct. Therefore, when conducting outcomes studies, it is imperative to compare the exact same pain measures across time points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]