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Due to the push for carbon neutrality in various human activities, the development of methods for producing electricity without relying on chemical reaction processes or heat sources has become highly significant. Also, the challenge lies in achieving microwatt‐scale outputs due to the inherent conductivity of the materials and diverting electric currents. To address this challenge, our research has concentrated on utilizing nonconductive mediums for water‐based low‐cost microfibrous ceramic wools in conjunction with a NaCl aqueous solution for power generation. The main source of electricity originates from the directed movement of water molecules and surface ions through densely packed microfibrous ceramic wools due to the effect of dynamic electric double layer. This occurrence bears resemblance to the natural water transpiration in plants, thereby presenting a fresh and straightforward approach for producing electricity in an ecofriendly manner. The generator module demonstrated in this study, measuring 12 × 6 cm2, exhibited a noteworthy open‐circuit voltage of 0.35 V, coupled with a short‐circuit current of 0.51 mA. Such low‐cost ceramic wools are suitable for ubiquitous, permanent energy sources and hold potential for use as self‐powered sensors and systems, eliminating the requirement for external energy sources such as sunlight or heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer dielectric materials have recently attracted attention for their versatile applications in emerging electronic devices such as memory, field-effect transistors (FETs), and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This review highlights the advances in polymer dielectric materials and their integration into these devices, emphasizing their unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties that enable high performance and flexibility. By exploring their roles in self-sustaining technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Everything (IoE)), this review emphasizes the importance of polymer dielectric materials in enabling low-power, flexible, and sustainable electronic devices. The discussion covers design strategies to improve the dielectric constant, charge trapping, and overall device stability. Specific challenges, such as optimizing electrical properties, ensuring process scalability, and enhancing environmental stability, are also addressed. In addition, the review explores the synergistic integration of memory devices, FETs, and TENGs, focusing on their potential in flexible and wearable electronics, self-powered systems, and sustainable technologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and prospects of polymer dielectric-based devices in advanced electronic applications by examining recent research breakthroughs and identifying future opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramics have emerged as a leading material for human motion monitoring and energy harvesting applications due to their exceptional piezoelectric properties, high Curie temperature, and versatility in device fabrication. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of PZT ceramics, including their crystal structure, phase diagram, and the mechanisms underlying their piezoelectric response. The intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the piezoelectric properties of PZT are discussed, along with the key factors influencing its performance. Various PZT-based devices for human motion monitoring, such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors, are explored, highlighting their advantages and commercial implementations. Moreover, the application of PZT materials in energy harvesting from human motion is examined, focusing on device configurations, performance metrics, and state-of-the-art PZT energy harvesters. Strategies for enhancing the performance of PZT ceramics and the challenges associated with their use are also addressed. Finally, future research directions are outlined, emphasising the development of lead-free alternatives, advanced manufacturing techniques, and the integration of PZT with other functional materials for multifunctional and self-powered motion monitoring systems.

In recent years, multifunctional applications of the same material have gained wide recognition in various fields. The present study reports the synthesis, characterization, and multifunctional applications of europium (Eu)‐doped yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanophosphor. Synergistic optimization of Eu‐doped Y2O3 results in enhanced photoluminescence (PL) and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance. Eu‐doped Y2O3 nanophosphors are synthesized using an autocombustion method, and comprehensive characterizations are conducted. The investigations indicate that the Eu doping significantly influences the PL intensity, with the highest emission observed at 3 mol% for powders. The synthesized nanophosphors are blended with silicone to fabricate hybrid films, which are utilized for energy harvesting applications using TENG technology. The TENG devices fabricated with these hybrid films demonstrate a notable relationship between the Eu concentration and the electrical output, achieving peak performance at 1 mol% Eu doping. The maximum output voltage of ≈535 V, short‐circuit current of ≈38 μA, and power density of 800 mW m−2 are observed. Further, TENG is demonstrated in a self‐powered UV photodetector application. The present results contribute to the improvement of sustainable energy technologies and open up a new window for multifunctional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising energy‐harvesting technique, an increasing number of researchers seek to exploit the piezoelectric effect to power electronic devices by harvesting the energy associated with water flow. In this emerging field, a variety of research themes attract interest for investigation; these include selection of the excitation mechanism, oscillation structure, piezoelectric material, power management interface circuit, and application. Since there has been no comprehensive review to date with respect to the harvesting of water flow using piezoelectric materials, herein relevant work in the last 25 years is reviewed. To ensure that key aspects of the water‐flow energy harvester are overviewed, they are discussed in the context of energy‐flow theory, which includes the three stages of energy extraction, energy conversion, and energy transfer. The development of each energy‐flow process is reviewed in detail and combined with meta‐analysis of the published literature. Correlations between the harvesting processes and their contribution to the overall energy‐harvesting performance are illustrated, and directions for future research are also proposed. In this review, a comprehensive understanding of water‐flow piezoelectric energy harvesting is provided and it is aimed to guide future research and the development of piezoelectric harvesters for water‐flow‐powered devices is promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanogenerators are attempting to be one of the ideal power supply devices for dealing with the global energy crisis. Nowadays, piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are widely studied in the energy field. Herein, a hybrid arch‐shaped nanogenerator is fabricated by combining piezoelectric and triboelectric effects. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is used for PENGs. The titanium nitride/polydimethylsiloxane (TiN/PDMS) composite films with microporous structures are prepared for use in TENG. The maximum output peak‐to‐peak voltage and output peak‐to‐peak current of the PENG are 24 V and 17 μA, respectively, with peak power of 0.8 μW. The maximum output peak‐to‐peak voltage and peak‐to‐peak current of the TENG are 35 V and 17 μA, respectively, with peak power of 1.6 μW. The hybrid nanogenerator has a maximum output peak‐to‐peak voltage and peak‐to‐peak current of 73 V and 35 μA, respectively, and a peak power of 3.9 μW. In addition, the hybrid nanogenerator has a stable charging voltage of DC 4 V, which is better than a single TENG (DC 0.3 V) or PENG (DC 2.2 V). The hybrid nanogenerator shows excellent output performance and energy conversion efficiency among existing nanogenerators of similar size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the development of electronic technology has provided opportunities for the Internet of Things, biomedicine, and energy harvesting. One of the challenges of the Internet of Things in the electrification era is energy supply. Centralized energy supply has been tested over hundreds of years of history, and its advantages such as ideal output power and stable performance are obvious, but it cannot meet the specific needs of the Internet of Things, and distributed energy supply also has a large demand. Since the invention of nanogenerators, another promising solution for fluid energy harvesting has been opened up. The triboelectric nanogenerator is an emerging platform technology for electromechanical energy conversion, which can realize the collection of fluid energy such as wind energy and wave energy. In this paper, we first introduce the fundamentals of triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications in wind and wave energy harvesting devices. We then discuss the methods of device optimization in the next development of TENG and conclude by considering the future prospects and challenges for triboelectric nanogenerator harvesting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the power density of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) poses a significant obstacle to the advancement of self-powered systems. TENGs present numerous advantages such as cost-effectiveness, simplicity in design, and the ability to harness various forms of energy found in nature. Surface modification has emerged as a promising strategy to improve TENG performance, and in this article, an innovative approach is introduced. The ZnO nanosheet surface is modified by synthesizing zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8 particles on them and used for TENG fabrication. The TENG devices were constructed using pure ZnO and ZIF-8@ZnO films with poly-(methyl methacrylate) as a fixed opposite triboelectric layer. After introducing ZIF-8 on the surface of ZnO, the output performance of TENG was increased by 1.39 times in terms of output voltage and 1.44 times in terms of output current compared to those of pure ZnO-based TENG. Further, the output power density increased from 455 to 800 mW/m2. In addition to the higher power density, the proposed TENG is demonstrated for powering portable electronic devices and an array of light-emitting diodes. This research opens diverse routes for designing and optimizing TENGs using metal–organic framework (MOF)-modified ZnO nanosheets, thereby advancing self-powered devices and renewable energy technologies. Furthermore, similarly exploring different MOFs holds excellent potential for further enhancing the TENG performance, offering exciting prospects for future developments in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quick and effective point-of-care (POC) devices have the chance to revolutionize healthcare in developed and developing countries since they can operate anywhere the patient is, with the possibility of obtaining and sending the results to the doctor without delay. In recent years, significant efforts have focused on developing new POC systems that can screen for biomarkers continuously and non-invasively in body fluids to prevent, diagnose, and manage diseases. However, one of the critical challenges left to address is how to power them effectively and sufficiently. In developing countries and rural and remote areas, where there are usually no well-established electricity grids or nearby medical facilities, and using batteries is unreliable or not cost-effective, alternative power sources are the most challenging issue for stand-alone and self-sustained POC devices. Here, we provide an overview of the techniques for used self-powering POC devices, where the sample is used to detect and simultaneously generate energy to power the system. Likewise, this paper introduced the state-of-the-art with a review of different research projects, patents, and commercial products for self-powered POCs from the mid-2010s until present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a promising energy‐harvesting technique, an increasing number of researchers seek to exploit the piezoelectric effect to power electronic devices by harvesting the energy associated with water flow. In this emerging field, a variety of research themes attract interest for investigation; these include selection of the excitation mechanism, oscillation structure, piezoelectric material, power management interface circuit, and application. Since there has been no comprehensive review to date with respect to the harvesting of water flow using piezoelectric materials, herein relevant work in the last 25 years is reviewed. To ensure that key aspects of the water‐flow energy harvester are overviewed, they are discussed in the context of energy‐flow theory, which includes the three stages of energy extraction, energy conversion, and energy transfer. The development of each energy‐flow process is reviewed in detail and combined with meta‐analysis of the published literature. Correlations between the harvesting processes and their contribution to the overall energy‐harvesting performance are illustrated, and directions for future research are also proposed. In this review, a comprehensive understanding of water‐flow piezoelectric energy harvesting is provided and it is aimed to guide future research and the development of piezoelectric harvesters for water‐flow‐powered devices is promoted.

Polymer dielectric materials have recently attracted attention for their versatile applications in emerging electronic devices such as memory, field-effect transistors (FETs), and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). This review highlights the advances in polymer dielectric materials and their integration into these devices, emphasizing their unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties that enable high performance and flexibility. By exploring their roles in self-sustaining technologies (e.g., artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Everything (IoE)), this review emphasizes the importance of polymer dielectric materials in enabling low-power, flexible, and sustainable electronic devices. The discussion covers design strategies to improve the dielectric constant, charge trapping, and overall device stability. Specific challenges, such as optimizing electrical properties, ensuring process scalability, and enhancing environmental stability, are also addressed. In addition, the review explores the synergistic integration of memory devices, FETs, and TENGs, focusing on their potential in flexible and wearable electronics, self-powered systems, and sustainable technologies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state and prospects of polymer dielectric-based devices in advanced electronic applications by examining recent research breakthroughs and identifying future opportunities.

With the advancement of internet of things and wireless sensing technology, the need for personnel track and position monitoring are greatly increasing. Commercial global positioning system (GPS) and Global system for mobile communications (GSM) position methods cannot meet the demand for low power consumption and three‐dimensional indoor position monitoring. Herein, a self‐powered position monitoring system (SPMS) based on an insole‐type wearable triboelectric nanogenerator (IW‐TENG) and Bluetooth beacon for human kinetic energy harvesting and sustainable position monitoring is proposed. The SPMS consists of an insole‐type wearable triboelectric nanogenerator, an energy management module (EMM), and a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) beacon module. Benefitting from the multilayers structure, a maximum energy of 120 µJ per step can be harvested by the IW‐TENG with EMM for a typical adult. By every 3–4 steps, SPMS can transmit Bluetooth signals to obtain the location information. A single BLE signal transmission consumes only 136 µJ, and the transmission distance can reach 100 m. The SPMS is applied to intelligent attendance in office rooms and shows great prospects in intelligent navigation and trajectory tracking in local area network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) connects everything with intelligence, while the increase in energy consumption generated by numerous electronic devices puts forward an impending demand on the power supply. Energy harvesting technology has emerged as a compelling innovation technology for the net zero emissions of the power supply for the AIoT. Although significant advances have been witnessed in energy harvesting, some issues such as poor electrical output, weak environmental adaptability, and low reliability are difficult to satisfactorily resolve. Mechanical intelligent energy harvesting can be defined as the system identifying the external excitation or its own state and reacting to it, rather than relying on electrical sensing elements or a central controller for certain adaptive or programmed functions. The adaptive and programmed functions exhibit great potential in solving the above‐mentioned issues that seriously restrict the development of the energy harvesting technology. Here, a generalized definition of mechanical intelligent energy harvesting is given critically and the design methodology is elaborated. The typical reported energy harvesting systems with the characteristics of mechanical intelligence are reviewed. The key research directions in mechanical intelligent energy harvesting are discussed. The mechanical intelligence is expected to revolutionize the development of the energy‐harvesting technology and pave the way for applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self‐powered system for the Internet of Things (IoT) is demonstrated for efficient energy harvesting of naturally available mechanical energy. In this system, new contact‐separation mode triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), based on fluorinated ethylene propylene, are investigated using the segmented multi‐TENG configuration to reduce the effect of parasitic capacitance. The TENG extraction is optimized using a unit step excitation involved with the Dawson function to achieve a high voltage (400 V) and a high current (26.6 µA). To fully extract the power of the TENGs, the power management integrated circuit (PMIC) specially designed for adaptively controlled, high‐voltage (HV) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is proposed. The PMIC implemented in a bipolar CMOS‐DMOS 180 nm process can handle a wide input range (5–70 V) by consuming 420 nW. The MPPT control allows a wide range of impedance matching from 10 to 300 MΩ, achieving a tracking efficiency of up to 98.2%. The end‐to‐end efficiency of 88% demonstrates state‐of‐the‐art performance. To supply a higher instantaneous power than that available from the TENGs, a duty‐cycling technique is successfully demonstrated. The proposed energy harvesting system provides a promising approach to realizing sustainable and autonomous energy sources for various IoT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetone is widely used as a solvent in industry, which is volatile and harmful to the environment and people' health. Hence, it is very important for real-time detection of acetone concentration in exhaust gas or the surrounding air. Herein, a self-powered acetone gas-sensing system (SASS) based on passive halfwave rectification power management circuits (HW-PMCs), enhanced pulsed triboelectric nanogenerator (pulsed-TENG), and Co3O4 acetone gas sensor is reported. First, HW-PMC is developed based on the half-wave rectifier with 470 µF capacitor and limited capacitor voltage (<5.5 V) to store energy efficiently. Results demonstrate that simulated energy storage efficiency of HW-PMC is 42.2% and is 26.3 times higher than that of conventional PMCs. Then, the external capacitor is connected to electrodes of pulsed-TENG, which forms enhanced pulsed-TENG. The highest energy storage efficiency of HW-PMC can reach 25.8% using enhanced pulsed-TENG. The calculator is successfully powered using enhanced pulsed-TENG and HW-PMC. Finally, according to the characteristics of HW-PMC, enhanced pulsed-TENG, and Co3O4 gas sensor, SASS is developed and can detect 2 ppm of acetone at room temperature. SASS is important to environmental protection and reduction of production cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is regarded as an efficient electrical energy generation technology for powering sterilization and disinfection systems. However, TENG‐based sterilization systems usually involve special materials and additional equipments. Additionally, the energy dissipation in TENG application, especially the breakdown discharge phenomenon, also restricts its practicability. In this work, based on the newly optimized high‐performance soft‐contact freestanding rotary TENG and "undesired" breakdown discharge, the self‐powered sterilizer is presented. The experiments demonstrate that this self‐powered sterilizer can effectively inactivate representative bacteria and mixed bacteria. Meanwhile, the analysis of active bacteria density and antibacterial rate reveal the effects of the system airtightness and the flow velocity of bacterial solution on sterilization performance. Furthermore, the investigations on bacterial morphology and solution composition demonstrate that the superior sterilization efficiency of self‐powered sterilizer is caused by the current‐induced deformation of bacteria membranes, and the generation of active chlorine and superoxide in sterilization system. As a result, the air breakdown‐based multimodal sterilization endows the self‐powered sterilizer with wide antibacterial spectrum without the emergence of drug resistance. This work not only provides an effective and straightforward strategy for developing self‐powered sterilization systems but also offers useful insights for the optimal use of TENG‐based energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the development of electronic technology has provided opportunities for the Internet of Things, biomedicine, and energy harvesting. One of the challenges of the Internet of Things in the electrification era is energy supply. Centralized energy supply has been tested over hundreds of years of history, and its advantages such as ideal output power and stable performance are obvious, but it cannot meet the specific needs of the Internet of Things, and distributed energy supply also has a large demand. Since the invention of nanogenerators, another promising solution for fluid energy harvesting has been opened up. The triboelectric nanogenerator is an emerging platform technology for electromechanical energy conversion, which can realize the collection of fluid energy such as wind energy and wave energy. In this paper, we first introduce the fundamentals of triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications in wind and wave energy harvesting devices. We then discuss the methods of device optimization in the next development of TENG and conclude by considering the future prospects and challenges for triboelectric nanogenerator harvesting devices.

Energy shortage and environmental degradation are two important challenges facing humanity. Here, a multi‐layer stacked triboelectric nanogenerator (MLS‐TENG) based on a rotation‐to‐translation mechanism is reported for fluid energy harvesting and environmental protection. The mechanism transforms fluid‐induced rotation into a reciprocal translation of the MLS‐TENG, enabling the conversion of fluid energy into electrical energy. In addition, benefiting from a multi‐layer stacked structural design, the open‐circuit voltage is increased from 860 to 2410 V and an efficient energy harvesting rate of 2 mJ min−1 is obtained in an actual river. Furthermore, with the assistance of the MLS‐TENG, a self‐powered wireless temperature and humidity monitoring system and a metal anticorrosion system are successfully established. Ambient monitoring data can be transmitted continuously at an interval of 49.7 s, and the corrosion rate of steel is significantly slowed down. This study provides guidance for efficient harvesting of ambient fluid energy, with promising applications in environmental monitoring and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating power into fabrics offers exciting opportunities for wearable technologies, which has long remained challenging to make flexible, high temperature resistant textile‐based powers. Here, an all yarns‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (Y‐TENG) is proposed to harvest electrical energy and sense biological motion for temperatures between 25 and 400 °C, the upper limit of temperature is greatly improved. The Y‐TENG is capable of outputting a transferred charge density of 30 nC cm−2, the external load resistance is 180 MΩ, and the peak power reaches 0.17 mW, and the average response time is lower than 15 ms. Based on a simple processing strategy, when introducing silica aerogel during electrospinning of polyimide nano‐covered layer to make multi‐ply and stabilized triboelectric yarns. Unlike ordinary fibers and yarns, the core‐shell structured design also shows a high sensitivity to all kinds of mechanical triggering sources. Furthermore, a self‐powered movement characteristic monitoring system by coordinating smart protective suit is further developed to provide real‐time sensing and rescuing assistance. This aerogel nano‐covered triboelectric yarn has great application prospects for energy generation and motion detection in high‐temperature and many other high‐risk environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) are being investigated as potential solutions for traffic congestion. Triboelectric sensors (TESs) have gained prominence among ITS technologies owing to their efficiency and self-powered capabilities in detecting external changes through friction-generated electrical signals. Herein, a traffic monitoring system using a fiber-reinforced plastic-based TES (FRP-TES) is proposed, designed with high-strength and high-stiffness fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) as the core material. FRP is a structural composite comprising high-strength fibers impregnated with engineering resin. When the surface of the epoxy, which has a charged layer, reacts with the charged tire, electrostatic induction occurs in the carbon fibers. By leveraging the principles of carbon and glass fiber/epoxy-reinforced infrastructure, along with corresponding electrical properties, we analyze electrical signals produced when a tire traverses the FRP-TES. We subject the FRP-TES to electrical durability and tensile tests to verify signal stability and mechanical properties (strength ≤ 1770.87 MPa, modulus ≤ 41.38 GPa). The analysis proposes an effective method for obtaining the tire position, movement direction, speed, and acceleration using paired FRP-TES units. The proposed approach achieves significant reduction in maximum errors (0.52 % in speed, 3.24 % in acceleration) with eight evenly spaced FRP-TES units in a 240 mm section. A larger FRP-TES is fabricated to demonstrate practicality for personal mobility. Incorporating FRP-TES units into road infrastructure can enhance structural stability while providing reliable real-time data for traffic monitoring, accident response, and prediction. [Display omitted] • The fiber-reinforced plastic-based triboelectric sensors (FRP-TESs) can reinforce infrastructure and monitor traffic. • The FRP-TES exhibited excellent mechanical properties, including strength (≤ 1770.87 MPa) and modulus (≤ 41.38 GPa). • The FRP-TES monitored tire motion parameters with low errors: 0.52 % for speed and 3.24 % for acceleration. • The FRP-TES was validated by monitoring the speed of personal mobility devices in driving tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quick and effective point-of-care (POC) devices have the chance to revolutionize healthcare in developed and developing countries since they can operate anywhere the patient is, with the possibility of obtaining and sending the results to the doctor without delay. In recent years, significant efforts have focused on developing new POC systems that can screen for biomarkers continuously and non-invasively in body fluids to prevent, diagnose, and manage diseases. However, one of the critical challenges left to address is how to power them effectively and sufficiently. In developing countries and rural and remote areas, where there are usually no well-established electricity grids or nearby medical facilities, and using batteries is unreliable or not cost-effective, alternative power sources are the most challenging issue for stand-alone and self-sustained POC devices. Here, we provide an overview of the techniques for used self-powering POC devices, where the sample is used to detect and simultaneously generate energy to power the system. Likewise, this paper introduced the state-of-the-art with a review of different research projects, patents, and commercial products for self-powered POCs from the mid-2010s until present day.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are meeting significant advancements in biomedical sectors by replacing conventional healthcare systems. TENGs have a significant productive impact on the future commercialization of self-powered medical devices. Architecting biocompatible TENGs for in vivo and in vitro applications without compromising their overall performance is one amongst the significant challenge in impregnating TENG science into biomedical technologies. This review article is committed to presenting the most recent advancements of TENG materials in therapeutics and healthcare monitoring, tissue repairing, cell proliferation and regenerative medicine, implantable devices, drug delivery, and microbial disinfection. A special emphasis on cutting-edge TENG applications in neural prosthesis and muscle stimulation which are inevitable assets to the near future medical ailment is discussed in detail. Besides, a thrust on the importance of impregnating biomaterials in TENG-based healthcare system is specified. Eventually, the difficulties and challenges in the current methods are examined, along with discussions on workable ideas for future improvements in the conclusive remarks.

Natural wind energy harvesting enables a far‐reaching and sustainable solution to supply pervasive sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT). Electromagnetic generators (EMGs) struggle to harvest energy from breezes, which causes regrettable energy wastage. Herein, a triboelectric‐electromagnetic hybridized nanogenerator (TEHG) is designed with a dual‐rotor structure to consolidate harvesting band for high efficiency of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in breeze and the EMG in high wind speeds. The TEHG performs an efficient energy collection (41.05 W m−3) and a smooth output in the wind speed of 2−16 m s−1, attributed to the environmental self‐adaptive cooperation between TENGs and EMGs. The TENG output power contribution is more than 70% at low wind speeds (<5 m s−1). Moreover, a dual‐channel power management topology (DcPMT) is established to co‐manage outputs of two modules in TEHG. By virtue of the DcPMT hierarchically combining the isolated storage with undervoltagelockout strategy, the TEHG steadily supplies a standardized 3.3 V voltage for commercial electronics. Furthermore, a TEHG‐based self‐powered system is demonstrated for driving sensors to monitor meteorological information. The TEHG with DcPMT is advantageous in broad‐band and high‐efficiency of wind energy harvesting, thus exhibiting a great potential for elevating the environmental self‐adaptability and stability margin of the IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the improvement of the airtightness of modern buildings, installing ventilation systems indoors is becoming increasingly important, which works for a long time continuously and needs to be monitored in real‐time. However, the complex wiring of monitoring sensors makes assembly and maintenance more difficult. This work reports a hybridized triboelectric‐electromagnetic nanogenerator (HNG) as a power supply of a self‐powered wireless monitoring system for ventilation systems. The HNG integrates an air inlet cover, a stator with coils and interdigitated copper electrodes, a rotor with magnets, fluorinated ethylene propylene films, and optimized built‐in wind blades. The HNG scavenges wind energy from a ventilation system and serves as a power supply for electric applications. Under the wind speed of 6.5 m s−1 in the ventilation system, the maximum stabilized voltage and maximum instantaneous current of the HNG are 177.5 V and 0.049 A, which can charge smartphones and light up a bulb. Furthermore, the HNG realizes the self‐powered wireless transmission of temperature and humidity sensing nodes. This work demonstrates an effective wind energy harvester, providing an innovative strategy for monitoring the condition of the ventilation system and broadening the thoughts of prospective energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomechanical energy harvesting shows great potential in the fields of smart electronics and biomedical Internet of Things. However, it is a significant challenge to develop a biomechanically driven energy harvester with high output power and fast charging as a sustainable power source for extended practical applications. Herein, an ultrahigh‐output triboelectric and electromagnetic hybrid generator (UHO‐TEHG) is developed to efficiently harvest biomechanical energy and provide self‐powered systems for numerous applications. The Halbach magnet array is used to concentrate additional magnetic flux in the coil and significantly enhance electromagnetic performance, while the novel poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers enhance the triboelectric performance. Through the implementation of a mechanical spring‐mass model, and rational integration of electromagnetic and triboelectric generators, the UHO‐TEHG can provide an excellent output power of 1.02 W. Compared with existing mechanical energy harvesting devices, the fabricated device exhibits a much faster battery charging performance. Experimental results reveal remarkable performance related to biomechanical energy harvesting during walking, running, hiking, mountaineering, and self‐powered wireless human motion sensor. Real‐time charging of smartphones, smartwatches, Buds Live, and iTag via customized power management circuits is demonstrated. In addition, the fabricated UHO‐TEHG demonstrates the capability to power healthcare monitoring systems using a laser‐induced hierarchical carbon nanofiber‐based e‐tattoo sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless wearable sweat analysis devices can monitor biomarkers at the molecular level continuously and in situ, which is highly desired for personalized health care. The miniaturization, integration, and wireless operation of sweat sensors improve the comfort and convenience while also bringing forward new challenges for power supply technology. Herein, a wireless self‐powered wearable sweat analysis system (SWSAS) is designed that effectively converts the mechanical energy of human motion into electricity through hybrid nanogenerator modules (HNGMs). The HNGM shows stable output characteristics at low frequency with a current of 15 mA and a voltage of 60 V. Through real‐time on‐body sweat analysis powered by HNGM, the SWSAS is demonstrated to selectively monitor biomarkers (Na+ and K+) in sweat and wirelessly transmit the sensing data to the user interface via Bluetooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With increasing global warming, catastrophic floods have threatened people's lives seriously and caused huge economic losses. However, present water hazard alarming systems generally rely on commercial batteries, limiting the intelligent development of disaster prevention planning and maintenance costs. In order to break the limitation, this work applies triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to water hazard alarming. A spherical TENG device with four spiral units is designed to harvest water wave energy, and charge excitation modules (CEMs) are created and integrated with the TENG to improve its electric output. The output current and output power of the spherical TENG with CEMs can reach 15.09 mA and 24.48 mW, which are increased by 250.5 and 4.0 times, compared to the TENG without CEMs. Based on the charge excitation TENG, a self‐powered intelligent buoy is constructed. Utilizing the buoy to transmit 433 MHz radio frequency signals to 25 meters away, a water level alarm system and a water level information exchange system with a mobile phone are successfully realized. This work extends applications of TENGs toward water wave energy harvesting and provides a new strategy for water hazard alarming, which is conducive to the fields of carbon neutralization, Internet of Things, and disaster prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An agglomeration phenomenon characterized by nanoparticle dispersion is a decisive factor that reflects the degree of the maintained overall performance of nanofluids and other nanocomposites. However, the quantitative characterization and non‐destructive measurement for nanofluid dispersion (NFD) still remain challenged. Herein, an in situ NFD measurement system based on a variable frequency liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerator (VFLS‐TENG) is developed. This work utilizes VFLS‐TENG as a passive probe and proposes an equivalent capacitance circuit model for detecting NFD based on the electric double layer model at liquid–solid interfaces. In the circuit model, a quantitative calculation process for both particle size and spacing is introduced through parameter identification using the Quantum Genetic and Levenberg–Marquardt hybrid algorithm, and parameter separation using the Runge–Kutta algorithm. The results demonstrates a good agreement with the traditional methods, among which the measured particle size is more accurate than the hydrodynamic diameter of dynamic light scattering by 28.6% with a high sensitivity of 1667 nm nF−1. The proposed method is capable of measuring the effective charge on the nanoparticle surface in situ, and simultaneously obtaining the particle size and spacing for the online monitoring NFD, thus further facilitating the controllable preparation during the nano‐composites modification, and quantitative optimization of nanofluid design performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystalline silicon solar cells dominate the photovoltaic market nowadays. However, they are rarely used in self‐powered systems (with an operating voltage of 1.5∼12.0 V) mainly because of the low integration of silicon solar cell modules, which need slicing and then series connection. Herein, a series‐interconnected solar cell which can be prepared on a monolithic silicon wafer, with the capability to output high voltage by controlling the number of sub‐cells, is proposed. Further, based on a technology computer aided design (TCAD) numerical simulation, an in‐depth analysis of an unconventional non‐shunt resistance type of leakage mechanism under electric and light injection which has not been reported before is proposed and performed, finding that the leakage current can be divided into three stages that are closely related to the variation in the conductivity (resistance) of the transition region (TR) under injection conditions. Then, several targeted methods especially an unusual method of increasing the recombination to constrain the rise in conductivity in TR are proposed to improve its efficiency by suppressing leakage current at different stages. Finally, simulation reveals that the proposed monolithic on‐chip solar micromodules enable not only high voltage but also high efficiency (≥24.0%), which well meets the requirements of self‐powered systems at low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overhead transmission lines are vulnerable to aeolian vibrations that threaten the operation of the power grid. A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based self‐powered system offers a desirable way for vibration online‐monitoring with potential for large‐scale deployment. In this work, a self‐powered sensor network constructed by active vibration sensor (AVS) units with a spring‐mass based TENG (S‐TENG) is reported for effective energy harvesting and broadband vibration sensing. The basic TENG with structural parameters is first discussed from the aspects of efficiency and response characteristics, then the spring constant and mass weight are also adjusted for S‐TENGs with different optimal operation regions, thus the overall vibration amplitude and frequency response are further enhanced by the mutual compensation of S‐TENGs with a weight allocation strategy. Furthermore, the S‐TENGs are combined with external circuits to compose the AVS units, which are deployed in a distributed manner on a simulated transmission line to demonstrate a self‐powered wireless warning system and an aeolian vibration mapping system, enabling abnormal vibration warnings and vibration distribution monitoring over the whole line. This work represents a novel strategy for utilizing TENG technology for transmission line aeolian vibration monitoring and provides valuable guidance for further sensor network construction and power grid visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low frequency, portable power source is one of the key challenges for applications of wearable alternating‐current electroluminescent (ACEL) device because it typically requires a working frequency above 500 Hz. Here, an extremely low frequency self‐powered ACEL system is proposed, which consists of a vertical contact‐separation triboelectric nanogenerator and a self‐made flexible ACEL device. It achieves directly‐driven electroluminescence phenomenon in real‐time by triboelectrification and works completely self‐powered through converting kinetic energy of human body into electricity. The working frequency has fallen from 500 to 1 Hz, i.e., the real frequency needed for electroluminescence has dropped 500 times, which is due to the favorable low‐frequency high‐voltage advantages of the triboelectric nanogenerator. It delivers a stabilized open‐circuit voltage of 160 V and a short‐circuit current of 6 µA for applied force of 0.1 N. Meanwhile, a strong blueshift is also observed experimentally with the change of working frequency. Furthermore, a self‐powered medical protective gown is demonstrated that is real‐time monitoring both the temperature and humidity. This work breaking the bottleneck of high‐frequency driving, demonstrates the great potential of self‐powered ACEL systems in wearable electronics and medical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a low‐cost and transparent counter electrode (CE) for a self‐powered electrochromic device (SP‐ECD) can address the requirements of building‐integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs). Herein, a new partly covered poly(3,4‐(2,2‐dimethylpropylenedioxy) thiophene) (PProDOT‐Me2) on MoS2 nanosheets CE is developed for replacing an expensive Pt CE and achieving high‐performance SP‐ECD. The device consists of the proposed CE, an electrolyte containing Br−/Br3− redox pair, and a working electrode made with a dye‐sensitized TiO2 photoanode integrated with PProDOT‐Me2. ECD changes its color between deep blue and colorless by varying the illuminated light on and off. Measurements reveal that the ECD achieves a transmittance modulation of 46% at 580 nm with cycling stability over 500 cycles (4% contrast attenuation) that are about five times stable than that based on Pt or MoS2 CE. In addition, the switching speed between colored and bleached states is fast under a light on and off, with a coloration time of 2.1 s and a bleaching time of 1.5 s. These characteristics result from the unique design of CE and can be beneficial in accelerating the electrochromic process and enhancing the self‐powered performance for good cycling stability. This study reveals a new approach to prepare good CE for efficient SP‐ECD in BIPVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) remains a key area of interest for academic research due to its fast advancement and growing demand for low-powered electronics. In this study we have investigated various energy harvesting scenarios including PZT bimorph cantilever, circular bimorph with a fixed constraint at the center and at the perimeter, roller constraint at the center and at the perimeter, and circular unimorph disc with a fixed constraint at the center and at the perimeter, as well as a unimorph with two different dimensions. Modeling and simulation are performed in COMSOL for all scenarios starting from an aluminum shim (for stress/strain analysis) then bimorph/unimorph (for analysis of voltage/power). Samples are prepared in accordance with model analysis and tested on a custom-made experimental setup. Simulated and experimental results are compared and found to be in agreement. Surprisingly, a circular unimorph disc with a fixed constraint at the center shows the best result producing 7.1 V at 500 Hz with a broadband curve (450 Hz to 650 Hz). The PZT circular unimorph disc with the highest power density of 1.6234 mW/cm2 is found to be the most efficient variant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which can transfer surrounding environmental mechanical stimuli into electricity effectively, could be an ideal candidate as a sustainable power supply for electrical devices. High voltage TENG is one of the four main application directions of TENG. There have already been many studies on TENG as a high voltage source. However, the high-voltage TENG has developed so rapidly that it has strong necessity to summarize the latest reports. In this review, we focus on the recent progress in the design and diverse applications of the high-voltage TENG. Firstly, we systematically analyze and summarize the effective ways of improving the output properties of TENG. Secondly, a detailed overview of several latest self-powered smart systems and applications based on the high-voltage TENG are illustrated, including micro/nano electromechanical systems, electrically responsive materials, drug delivery systems, capacitive sterilization systems, electrostatic manipulation systems and microplasma control systems. Finally, the possible trends and perspectives of the high voltage TENG are summarized.

Since 2012, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has provided new possibilities to convert tiny and effective mechanical energies into electrical energies by the physical contact of two objects. Over the past few years, with the advancement of materials’ synthesis and device technologies, the TENGs generated a high instantaneous output power of several mW/cm2, required to drive various self-powered systems. However, TENGs may suffer from intrinsic and practical limitations such as air breakdown that affect the further increase of the outputs. This article provides a comprehensive review of high-output TENGs from fundamental issues through materials to devices. Finally, we show some strategies for fabricating high-output TENGs.

Integration of advanced triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with burgeoning 3D printing (3DP) technology fosters the emergence of 3DP-based TENG, which will inevitably promote the rapid development and widespread applications of distributed energy supply and self-powered system. A review is presented more systematic and comprehensive of 3DP-based TENGs for the first time in distributed energy supply and self-powered system. The quantitatively statistics and correlation data of 3DP-based TENG's research progress are given for the first time. This review will not only deepen the intersection and synthesis between 3DP technologies and TENGs, but also conducive to promoting more in-depth research and applications of future TENGs. [Display omitted] Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an innovative technology that it has sparked a revolution in distributed energy supply and self-powered system. Integration of advanced TENG with burgeoning 3D printing (3DP) technologies fosters the emergence of 3DP-based TENGs. It will inevitably promote the rapid development and widespread applications of next-generation portable electronics and multifaceted artificial intelligence. However, due to the different subject field between researchers specializing in TENG and those good at 3DP, they are not always a perfect combination. It is rather difficult to achieve with both excellent electrical properties and outstanding practical performances. For that, a review is presented more systematic and comprehensive of 3DP-based TENGs for the first time. In which the quantitatively statistics and correlation data of research progress are given, such as publications, 3DP technologies and materials, structure designs and functionalities, working modes and mechanisms, output performances, unique advantages, potential technical challenges and promising application fields that can impede their sizable production and applications are discussed. It is hoped that this review will not only deepen the intersection and amalgamation between 3DP and TENGs, but also push forward more in-depth research and applications of future TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The color‐tuning capability of solid‐state lighting (SSL) systems are highly demanded for smart lighting according to the environmental conditions, as well as wireless sensing of the environmental information. In the meanwhile, state‐of‐the‐art triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)‐based sensing systems rely on bulky and expensive devices, which require cable connections and additional power consumptions. This work aims at solving these challenges, through developing a tribo‐induced color tuner that can be integrated into the vastly distributed commercial SSL system. This tribo‐induced color tuner includes a concentric color conversion plate consisting of (Sr,Ca)AlSiN3:Eu phosphor and TiO2, a tribo‐induced liquid lens, and a rotary freestanding sliding TENG. The color oscillation between purple and pink is achieved upon the tribo‐charging by the TENG, which reveals the input mechanical motion signals. The signal can be conveniently sent by everywhere‐existed lamps and processed by everyone‐owned smartphone cameras or closed‐circuit televisions. Through this approach, the function of wireless sensing is achieved without the need of preamplification, with no additional power supply required, as demonstrated for wireless sensing of the rotation speed. The smart lighting for underwater photographing is also demonstrated by the color‐tunable SSL system with the best imaging quality achieved.

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based self‐powered system for wind energy harvesting introduces a desirable solution to alleviate the expanding energy supply concerns in the development of the internet of things. In this work, an auto‐switching self‐powered system based on a dual‐rotation shaft TENG (D‐TENG) is reported to effectively harvest wind energy over a broad‐band wind speed (2.2–16 m s−1). The D‐TENG is designed in a concentric dual‐rotation shaft structure, in which two independent TENGs with different shapes, sizes, and arm lengths of wind cups are rationally coupled. The integration of the two TENGs with varied structural parameters achieves mutual compensation of their own merits, enabling the whole system to have preferable aerodynamics and high energy conversion efficiency over a broad range of wind speeds. Moreover, an electromagnetic generator (EMG) with the same energy collection module is also fabricated for a comparison with TENG in the start‐up properties and average output power. Furthermore, a packaged self‐powered system is demonstrated for simulated wind energy harvesting, while the charging characteristics are also discovered. The proposed TENG renders a more efficient technique for energy harvesting and greatly expands its potential in the large‐scale wind energy harvesting that can be attributed to the multi‐stage strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The color‐tuning capability of solid‐state lighting (SSL) systems are highly demanded for smart lighting according to the environmental conditions, as well as wireless sensing of the environmental information. In the meanwhile, state‐of‐the‐art triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)‐based sensing systems rely on bulky and expensive devices, which require cable connections and additional power consumptions. This work aims at solving these challenges, through developing a tribo‐induced color tuner that can be integrated into the vastly distributed commercial SSL system. This tribo‐induced color tuner includes a concentric color conversion plate consisting of (Sr,Ca)AlSiN3:Eu phosphor and TiO2, a tribo‐induced liquid lens, and a rotary freestanding sliding TENG. The color oscillation between purple and pink is achieved upon the tribo‐charging by the TENG, which reveals the input mechanical motion signals. The signal can be conveniently sent by everywhere‐existed lamps and processed by everyone‐owned smartphone cameras or closed‐circuit televisions. Through this approach, the function of wireless sensing is achieved without the need of preamplification, with no additional power supply required, as demonstrated for wireless sensing of the rotation speed. The smart lighting for underwater photographing is also demonstrated by the color‐tunable SSL system with the best imaging quality achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing new energy technology is a significant challenge in the context of the energy crisis. As a novel energy conversion device to convert mechanical energy into electricity, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has attracted significant attention in the past few years. The choice of component materials directly affects the cost, environmental performance, output performance, and preparation process of a TENG. In recent years, cellulose paper has become an ideal material for fabricating a TENG due to its lightweight, biodegradability, low‐cost, high flexibility, environmental friendliness, porosity, and easy modification. Cellulose paper‐based TENG has become a hot topic in the field of green energy. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of the cellulose paper‐based TENG. The advantages of cellulose paper as raw material to fabricate a TENG, followed by introducing the different roles of cellulose paper in paper‐based TENGs, are first discussed. Then the recent progress in energy storage, performance optimization methods, hybridization, and applications of cellulose paper‐based TENGs is successively elaborated. Finally, some perspectives and challenges for the future development of cellulose paper‐based TENG are discussed to provide guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self-powered sensing system could harness ambient energy to power the sensor without the need for external electrical energy. Recently, the concept of photovoltaic (PV) self-powered gas sensing has aroused wider attentions due to room-temperature operation, low power consumption, small size and potential applications. The PV self-powered gas sensors integrate the photovoltaic effects and the gas sensing function into a single chip, which could truly achieve the goal of zero power consumption for an independent gas sensing device. As an emerging concept, the PV self-powered gas sensing has been achieved by using different strategies, including integrated gas sensor and solar cell, integrated light filter and solar cell, gas-sensitive heterojunction photovoltaics, and gas-sensitive lateral photovoltaics, respectively. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances of PV self-powered gas sensing and also remark on the directions for future research in this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly durable piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with high conversion efficiency and high power density are of great interest. Here, a foldable, scalable, durable, cost‐effective, sensitive, and high current output PENG developed by the direct integration of van der Waals heteroepitaxial growth of GaN nanowires (NWs) by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition using a graphene coating on a Cu‐foil is reported where the direct growth of GaN on the metallic substrate plays a key role in achieving the high stability of the PENG. The PENG provides a durable and highly sensitive output compared to the previously reported GaN NW‐based PENGs fabricated by transferring NWs onto a foreign substrate. The reported PENG can harvest energy from a variety of ambient actuation sources such as bending, vibrations, air flow, finger pressing, foot striking, fluid flow, and normal force by weights, with the maximum piezoelectric output voltage and current density recorded as 19.7 V and 1.9 mA cm−2, respectively. Due to its high conversion efficiency, the PENG can power several LEDs and thus can be used to power electronic devices. More importantly, the PENG retains its performance after more than 4 million actuation cycles, demonstrating the potential of the design for practical applications using biomechanical and ambient actuation sources for self‐powered systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can convert energy in the surrounding environment to electricity. Therefore, in recent years, research related to TENGs has significantly increased owing to its simple and low‐cost manufacturing process, high portability, and high efficiency. The principle of the TENG lies in the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction. Its output performance is directly proportional to the square of the surface charge density, which is related to friction materials. To increase the output power of a TENG and continuously provide electricity for other electronic equipment, many scholars have conducted detailed studies on the triboelectric properties of materials. Particularly, there has been research interest in the chemical functionalization of TENGs due to their unique advantages, such as high triboelectric charge density, durability, stability, and self‐cleaning properties. This Progress Report highlights the research progress in chemical modification methods for improving the charge density of TENGs, and classifies their modification methods according to their mechanisms. The effects of chemical reaction, surface chemical treatment, and chemical substance doping on the output performance of TENGs are systematically elaborated. Furthermore, the applications of chemically modified TENG in self‐powered sensors and emerging fields, including wearable electronic devices, human‐machine interfaces, and implantable electronic devices, are introduced. Lastly, the challenges faced in the future developments of chemical modification methods are discussed, thereby guiding researchers to the use of chemical modification methods for the improvement of charge density for further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in the Internet of Things (IoTs) technology have accelerated the realization of micro or nano systems that necessitate not only the development of a self‐powered sensing system, but also devices that are able to protect personal security. Here, a direct ink write (DIW) 3D‐printed ultrathin fuse is fabricated and coupled with a high performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). By triggering the high‐AC voltage TENG with a low‐frequency sliding motion, the fuse, which initially has low resistance, can instantly transition from a short‐circuit state to an open circuit state. Utilizing this method, a variety of self‐powered applications can be realized. Here, the first triboelectric, fully self‐powered system is demonstrated, which can accurately detect package drops without the use of a computing element or an external power source. In addition, by coupling the TENG, 3D printed fuse, and logic circuit elements, a self‐powered security device is developed, in which users are able to quickly change sensitive information if it is at risk of exposure by a single sliding motion on the TENG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2012, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has provided new possibilities to convert tiny and effective mechanical energies into electrical energies by the physical contact of two objects. Over the past few years, with the advancement of materials' synthesis and device technologies, the TENGs generated a high instantaneous output power of several mW/cm2, required to drive various self-powered systems. However, TENGs may suffer from intrinsic and practical limitations such as air breakdown that affect the further increase of the outputs. This article provides a comprehensive review of high-output TENGs from fundamental issues through materials to devices. Finally, we show some strategies for fabricating high-output TENGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT), sustainable self-powered wireless sensory systems and diverse wearable and implantable electronic devices have surged recently. Under such an opportunity, nanogenerators, which can convert continuous mechanical energy into usable electricity, have been regarded as one of the critical technologies for self-powered systems, based on the high sensitivity, flexibility, and biocompatibility of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). In this review, we have thoroughly analyzed the materials and structures of wearable and implantable PENGs and TENGs, aiming to make clear how to tailor a self-power system into specific applications. The advantages in TENG and PENG are taken to effectuate wearable and implantable human-oriented applications, such as self-charging power packages, physiological and kinematic monitoring, in vivo and in vitro healing, and electrical stimulation. This review comprehensively elucidates the recent advances and future outlook regarding the human body’s self-powered systems.